Occurrence of Metals

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Occurrence of Metals

In general, pure metals are shiny and malleable, however, most of them are found in nature as compounds with different properties. Metals having least chemical reactivity such as copper, silver, gold and platinum occur in significant amounts as native elements. Reactive metals such as alkali metals usually occurs in their combined state and are extracted using suitable metallurgical process.

Mineral and Ore

A naturally occurring substance obtained by mining which contains the metal in free state or in the form of compounds like oxides, sulphides etc is called a mineral. In most of the minerals, the metal of interest is present only in small amounts and some of them contains a reasonable percentage of metal. For example iron is present in around 800 minerals.

However, some of them such as hematite magnetite etc., containing high percentage of iron are commonly used for the extraction of iron. Such minerals that contains a high percentage of metal, from which it can be extracted conveniently and economically are called ores.

Hence all ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores. Let us consider another example, bauxite and china clay (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O). Both are minerals of aluminium. However, aluminium can be commercially extracted from bauxite while extraction from china clay is not a profitable one.

Hence the mineral, bauxite is an ore of aluminium while china clay is not. The extraction of a metal of interest from its ore consists of the following metallurgical processes.

  1. Concentration of the Ore
  2. Extraction of Crude Metal
  3. Ref Ning of Crude Metal

Occurrence of Metals img 1

Table 1.1 List of some metals and their common ores with their chemical formula
Occurrence of Metals img 2

Chemistry | Definition, Topics & History Concepts, Free Resources

Chemistry | Definition, Topics & History Concepts, Free Resources

Metallurgy

P-Block Elements – I

P-Block Elements – II

Transition And Inner Transition Elements

Coordination Chemistry

Solid State

Chemical Kinetics

Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations 

Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom 

Periodic Classification of Elements 

Hydrogen 

Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals 

Gaseous State 

Thermo Dynamics 

Ionic Equilibrium 

Electro Chemistry 

Surface Chemistry

Hydroxy Compounds and Ethers

Carbonyl Compounds and Carboxylic Acids

Organic Nitrogen Compounds

Biomolecules

Chemistry In Everday Life

Physical and Chemical Equilibrium 

Solutions

  • Introduction of Solutions
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  • Expressing Concentration of Solutions
  • Solubility of the Solutes
  • Henry’s Law
  • Vapour Pressure of Liquid
  • Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions
  • Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions
  • Colligative Properties
  • Reverse Osmosis (RO)
  • Abnormal Molar Mass

Chemical Bonding

  • Kossel – Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding
  • Types of Chemical Bonds
  • Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
  • Coordinate Covalent Bond
  • Bond Parameters
  • Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
  • Valence Bond Theory
  • Orbital Overlap
  • Hybridisation
  • Molecular Orbital Theory

Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry 

  • Introduction of Organic Chemistry
  • Classification of Organic Compounds
  • Nomenclature of Organic Compounds:
  • Structural Representation of Organic Compounds
  • Isomerism in Organic Compounds
  • Detection of Elements in Organic Compounds
  • Estimation of Elements
  • Purification of Organic Compounds

Basic Concepts of Organic Reactions  

  • Fundamentals Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanism
  • Different Types of Organic Reactions
  • Functional Group Inter Conversion

Hydrocarbons

  • Introduction and Classification of alkanes:
  •  Alkanes:
  • Alkenes:
  • Alkynes
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 

  • Introduction of Haloalkens and Haloarenes
  • Classification of organic halogen compounds
  •  Haloalkenes
  • Organo Metallic Compounds
  • Haloarenes
  • Poly Halogen Compounds

Environmental Chemistry 

  • Environmental Pollution
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