CBSE Class 11

Here we are providing Class 11 Biology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants. Important Questions for Class 11 Biology are the best resource for students which helps in Class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Biology Chapter 5 Important Extra Questions Morphology of Flowering Plants

Morphology of Flowering Plants Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by morphology?
Answer:
Morphology refers to external structures.

Question 2.
What are the hanging roots of a banyan tree called?
Answer:
Prop roots

Question 3.
In which type of plants, the primary root is short-lived and is replaced by a large number of roots?
Answer:
Monocotyledonous

Question 4.
Name one plant which has a fibrous root system.
Answer:
Wheat plant

Question 5.
Name one plant which has adventitious roots?
Answer:
Banyan

Question 6.
What is a root cap?
Answer:
The root is covered at the apex by a thimble-like structure called the root cap.

Question 7.
Name the region a few millimetres above the root cap?
Answer:
Region of meristematic activity.

Question 8.
What is the function of root hairs?
Answer:
To absorb water and minerals from the soil.

Question 9.
Name two plants whose taproots store food.
Answer:
Carrot and turnip

Question 10.
Name one plant whose roots come out of the ground and grow vertically upwards.
Answer:
Rhizophora.

Question 11.
What are pneumatophores?
Answer:
Roots which help to get oxygen for respiration.’

Question 12.
Which part of the plant bears nodes and internodes?
Answer:
Stem

Question 13.
Name the region of the stem where leaves are born.
Answer:
Nodes

Question 14.
What is the portion between two nodes called?
Answer:
Internode

Question 15.
Name two plants whose stems are modified to store food in them.
Answer:
Potato and ginger.

Question 16.
Name two plants whose stems are modified into woody, straight and pointed thorns.
Answer:
Citrus and Bougainvillea.

Question 17.
What is a leaf?
Answer:
The leaf is a lateral, generally flattened structure borne on the stem.

Question 18.
Name the three main parts of a leaf.
Answer:
Leaf base, Petiole and Lamina.

Question 19.
What is the relation?
Answer:
The arrangement of veins and the veinlets in the lamina of the leaf is termed venation.

Question 20.
Name the two types of compound leaves.
Answer:
(a) Pinnately compound leaf
(b) Palmately compound leaf,

Morphology of Flowering Plants Biology Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What are the functions of the root system?
Answer:
The main functions of the root system are as follows:
(a) Absorption of water and minerals from the soil.
(b) To provide a proper anchorage to the plant parts.
(c) To store reserved food material
(d) Synthesis of plant growth regulators.

Question 2.
Write a note on different types of root systems.
Answer:
(a) In most of the dicotyledonous plants, the direct elongation of the radicle leads to the formation of primary roots which grows inside the soil. The primary roots and their branches constitute the taproot system. For example-mustard plant.

(b) In monocotyledonous plants the primary root is short-lived and is replaced by a large number of roots. Their roots originate from the base of the stem and constitute the fibrous root system. For example wheat plant.

(c) In some plants, roots arise from parts of the plant other than the radicle. Such roots are called adventitious roots. For example grass, banyan tree etc.

Question 3.
Write a short note on the stem.
Answer:
The stem is the ascending part of the axis bearing branches leaves, flowers and fruits. It develops from the plumule of the embryo of a germinating seed. The stem bears nodes and internodes. The region of the stem where leaves are born is called nodes while the portion between two nodes is called an internode. The stem is generally green when young and later becomes woody and dark brown.

Question 4.
What are the main functions of the stem?
Answer:
The main functions of stem are as follows:
(a) Spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers and fruits.
(b) To conduct water, minerals and photosynthates.
(c) Some stems perform the function of storage of food, support, protection and vegetative propagation.

Question 5.
Describe the main parts of a leaf.
Answer:
The leaf consists of three main parts-leaf base, petiole and lamina.
(a) Leaf base: The leaf is attached to the stem by the leaf base.
(b) Petiole: The petiole help hold the blade to light.
(c) Lamina: It is the green expanded part of the leaf with veins and veinlets.

Question 6.
What are the functions of petiole and lamina?
Answer:
Functions of petiole:
(a) The petiole helps hold the blade to light.
(b) It allows leaf blades to flutter in wind, thereby cooling the leaf and bringing fresh air to the leaf surface.

Functions of Lamina
(a) The veins of the lamina provide rigidity to the leaf blade
(b) It acts as channels of transport for water, minerals and food materials.

Question 7.
What do you mean by venation?
Answer:
The arrangement of veins and the veinlets in the lamina of the leaf is termed venation. The veinlets in the form of a network are termed reticulate and when the veins run parallel to each other within a lamina, the venation is termed as parallel. Dicotyledonous plants generally possess reticulate venation while monocotyledonous generally possess parallel venation.

Question 8.
Explain the two types of compound leaves.
Answer:
The two types of compound leaves are:
(a) Pinnately compound leaf: In which a number of leaflets are present on a common axis, the rachis, which represents the midrib of the leaf as in neem.
(b) Palmately compound leaves: The leaflets are attached at a common point, i.e., at the tip of the petiole, as in silk cotton.

Question 9.
What do you mean by phyllotaxy?
Answer:
The pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch is termed phyllotaxy.

It is usually of three types:
(a) Alternate: A single leaf arises at each node in an alternate manner, as in a china rose.
(b) Opposite: A pair of leaves arise at each node and lie opposite to each other as in calotropis and guava plants.
(c) Whorled: When more than two leaves arise at a node and form a whorl, as in Alstonia.

Question 10.
What are the functions of leaves?
Answer:
(a) Photosynthesis
(b) Some leaves are converted into tendrils for climbing as in peas.
(c) Some leaves are converted into spines for defence as in cacti
(d) Some leaves store food as in onion and garlic.

Question 11.
What is inflorescence? Name two types of inflorescences.
Answer:
The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is termed an inflorescence

Types of inflorescences:
(a) Racemose: In racemose the main axis continues to grow, the flowers are borne laterally in acropetal succession.
(b) Cymose: In the cymose type of inflorescence, the main axis terminates in a flower. The flowers are borne in a basipetal order.

Question 12.
What is a flower?
Answer:
The flower is the reproductive unit in the angiosperms. It is meant for sexual reproduction. A typical flower has four different kinds of whorls arranged successively on the swollen end of the stalk or pedicel called the thalamus. The different kinds of whorls are calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. The androecium and gynoecium are reproductive organs while calyx and corolla are accessory organs.

Question 13.
Write a note on the symmetry of a flower.
Answer:
The flower may be actinomorphic (radical symmetry) or zygomorphic (bilateral symmetry) in symmetry.
(a) Actinomorphic: When a flower can be divided into two equal radical halves in any radical plane passing through the centre, it is said to be actino-morphic, e.g., mustard, datura, chilli.
(b) Zygomorphic: When a flower is divided into two similar halves only in one particular vertical plane, it is said to be zygomorphic, e.g., pea, bean, cassia.

Question 14.
Write a short note on the fruit.
Answer:
Fruit is a natural or ripened ovary, developed after fertilization.

Fruit is called a parthenocarpic fruit if it is formed without fertilization of the ovary.

The fruit consists of a wall or pericarp and seeds. The pericarp may be dry or fleshy. If the pericarp is thick and fleshy, it is differentiated into the outer part called epicarp, a middle part called mesocarp and an inner part called the endocarp.

Question 15.
Write a note on the structure of a dicotyledonous seed.
Answer:
The outermost covering of a seed is called the seed coat. The seed coat has two layers, the outer testa and the inner tegmen. The developing seeds are attached to the fruit by means of a scar called the hilum, on the seed coat. A small pore called the micropyle is situated above the hilum. In the inner region of the seed coat is the embryo, consisting of an embryonal axis and two cotyledons. The cotyledons are fleshy and full of reserve food materials. At the end of the embryonal axis are present the radicle and the plumule.

Morphology of Flowering Plants Biology Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Write a note on the regions of the root.
Answer:
At the apex, the root is covered by a thimble-like structure called the root cap. The root cap protects the tender apex of the root as it penetrates the soil. A few millimetres above the root cap is the region of meristematic activity. The cells present in this region are very small, thin-walled and with dense protoplasm.

The cells proximal to this region undergo rapid elongation and enlargement and are also responsible for the growth of the root in length. This region is called the region of elongation. The cells of this region gradually differentiate and mature. This zone proximal to the region of elongation is called the region of maturation. Some epidermal cells, from this region, form very fine and delicate, thread-like structures called root hairs. The functions of these root hairs are to absorb water and minerals from the soil.

The regions of the root-tip

Question 2.
Write a note of different types of leaves and phyllotaxy.
Answer:
When the lamina of the leaf is entire or incised and the incisions do not touch the midrib, the leaf is said to be simple. A leaf is said to be compound when the incisions of the lamina reach up. to the midrib breaking it into a number of leaflets. In both simple and compound leaves a bud is present in the axil of the petiole. However, a bud is not present in the axil of leaflets of the compound leaf.

There are two types of compound leaves:
(a) Pinnately compound leaf
(b) Palmately compound leaf

In a pinnately compound leaf, a number of leaflets are present on a common axis, the rachis, which represents the midrib of the leaf. However in palmately compound leaves, the leaflets are attached at a common point,
i. e, the tip of the petiole.

Phyllotaxy refers to the pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch. Phyllotaxy is of three types alternate, opposite and whorled. A single leaf that arises at each node in an alternate manner is called alternate phyllotaxy, for example, as in china rose. When a pair of leaves arise at each node and lie opposite to each other it is called opposite phyllotaxy, for example in calotropis. If more than two leaves arise at a node and form a whorl it is called whorled phyllotaxy, as in Alstonia.

Different types of phyllotaxy: (a) Alternate (b) Opposite(c) Whorled

Question 3.
Write in details about a flower.
Answer:
A flower is a reproductive unit in the angiosperms. It is meant for sexual reproduction. Four different kinds of whorls are found in a flower. These are arranged successively on the swollen end of the stalk or pedicel, called the thalamus or receptacle.

These are calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium.
(a) Calyx: It is the outermost whorl of the flower and its members are called sepals. Mostly the sepals are green in colour, leaf-like and protect the flower in the bud stage. The calyx may be gamosepalous (in which sepals are united or polysepalous (in which sepals are free).

(b) Corolla: It is composed of petals that are usually brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination. The shape of the corolla may be tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped or wheel-shaped.

(c) Aestivation: The pattern of arrangement of sepals or petals in the floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl is known as aestivation. The main types of aestivation are valvate, twisted, imbricate and vexillary.

Types of aestivation in corolla: (a) Valvate (b) Twisted (c) Imbricate (d) Vexillary

(d) Androecium: It is composed of stamens which are male reproductive organs of a flower. Each stamen consists of a stalk or a filament and an anther. Each anther is usually bilobed. There are two chambers (pollen sacs) in each lobe. The pollen grains are produced in pollen sacs.

Position of floral parts on thalamus : (a) Hypogynous (b) and (c) Perigynous (d) Epigynous

(e) Gynoecium: It is the female reproductive part of the flower. It is made up of one or more carpels. A carpel consists of three parts ovary, stigma and style. The stigma is at the tip of the style and is the receptive surface for pollen grains. The ovary is an enlarged basal part. The style connects the ovary to the stigma. Each ovary bears one or more ovules attached to a flattened, cushion-like placenta.

A flower may be trimerous tetramerous or pentamerous when the floral appendages are in multiples of 3, 4 and 5 respectively.

The flowers are described as hypogynous perigynous and epigynous based on the position of calyx, corolla and androecium in respect of the ovary on the thalamus.

Studying from CBSE Class 11th Maths Revision Notes helps students to prepare for the exam in a well-structured and organised way. Making Class 11 Maths NCERT Notes saves students time during revision as they don’t have to go through the entire textbook. In CBSE Notes, students find the summary of the complete chapters in a short and concise way. Students can refer to the NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Maths, to get the answers to the exercise questions.

Class 11th Maths NCERT Notes | Maths Notes Class 11

Notes of Maths Class 11

1. Sets Class 11 Notes
2. Relations and Functions Class 11 Notes
3. Trigonometric Functions Class 11 Notes
4. Principle of Mathematical Induction Class 11 Notes
5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations Class 11 Notes
6. Linear Inequalities Class 11 Notes
7. Transformations and Combinations Class 11 Notes
8. Binomial Theorem Class 11 Notes
9. Sequences and Series Class 11 Notes
10. Straight lines Class 11 Notes
11. Conic Sections Class 11 Notes
12. Introduction to three Dimensional Geometry Class 11 Notes
13. Limits and Derivatives Class 11 Notes
14. Mathematical Reasoning Class 11 Notes
15. Statistics Class 11 Notes
16. Probability Class 11 Notes

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Important Questions for Class 11 Maths Chapter Wise with Solutions 2020-2021: Here we are providing CBSE Important Extra Questions for Class 11 Maths with Solutions State Board Pdf download in Hindi and English Medium. Students can get Class 11 Maths NCERT Solutions, Maths Class 11 Important Extra Questions and Answers designed by subject expert teachers.

CBSE Class 11th Maths Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter Wise Pdf

Maths Class 11 Important Questions | Important Questions of Maths Class 11

1. Sets Important Question of Maths for Class 11
2. Relations and Functions Class 11 Important Questions
3. Trigonometric Functions Class 11 Important Questions
4. Principle of Mathematical Induction Class 11 Important Questions
5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations Class 11 Important Questions
6. Linear Inequalities Class 11 Important Questions
7. Permutations and Combinations Class 11 Important Questions
8. Binomial Theorem Class 11 Important Questions
9. Sequences and Series Class 11 Important Questions
10. Straight lines Class 11 Important Questions
11. Conic Sections Class 11 Important Questions
12. Introduction to three Dimensional Geometry Class 11 Important Questions
13. Limits and Derivatives Class 11 Important Questions
14. Mathematical Reasoning Class 11 Important Questions
15. Statistics Class 11 Important Questions
16. Probability Class 11 Important Questions

We hope the given CBSE Important Questions for Class 11 Maths State Board Chapter Wise Pdf download in Hindi and English Medium will help you. If you have any queries regarding NCERT Class 11 Maths Extra Important Questions and Answers, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

Here we are providing Class 11 Biology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom. Important Questions for Class 11 Biology are the best resource for students which helps in Class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Important Extra Questions Animal Kingdom

Animal Kingdom Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
List the levels or grades of the organization
Answer:

1. Cellular level
2. Tissue level
3. Organ level
4. Organ- system level

Question 2.
Define the term incomplete digestive system.
Answer:
An incomplete digestive system has only a single opening to the outside of the body that serves as both mouth and anus.

Question 3.
Define the term complete digestive system.
Answer:
A complete digestive system has two openings, mouth, and anus.

Question 4.
Define the term open-type circulatory system.
Answer:
Open type, with the blood being pumped out of the heart and bathing the cells and tissues.

Question 5.
Define the term closed type circulatory system.
Answer:
Closed type, in which the blood is circulated through a series of tubes of varying diameters (arteries, veins, and capillaries)

Question 6.
Define radial symmetry.
Answer:
When any plane passing through the central axis of the body- divides the organism (like spokes of a bicycle wheel) into halves that approximately mirror images, it is called radial symmetry:

Question 7.
Define the bilateral symmetry
Answer:
Animals like annelids, arthropods, etc., where the body can be divided into identical left and right halves in only one plane, exhibit bilateral symmetry.

Question 8.
What is the diploblastic organization?
Answer:
Animals, in which the cells are arranged into two embryonic layers, external ectoderm and internal endoderm, are called diploblastic animals.

Question 9.
What is the triploblastic organization?
Answer:
Those animals in which the developing embryo has a third germinal layer, mesoderm, in between the ectoderm and endoderm are called triploblastic animals.

Question 10.
Define the coelom.
Answer:
The body cavity is lined by a mesoderm is called coelom.

Question 11.
Define the coelomates.
Answer:
Animals possessing coelom are called coelomates.

Question 12.
Define the acoelomates.
Answer:
The animals in which the body cavity is absent are called acoelomates.

Question 13.
What are pseudocoelomates?
Answer:
Such a body cavity is called pseudocolor and the animals possessing them are called pseudocoelomates.

Question 14.
Define metamerism.
Answer:
In some animals, the body has many segments, which show serial repetition of parts. This kind of segmentation is called metameric segmen¬tation, and the phenomenon is known as metamerism.

Question 15.
Name the major groups of the animals.
Answer:

1. Invertebrates and
2. Vertebrates

Question 16.
What are non-chordates and chordates?
Answer:
Animals are also grouped into nonchordates and chordates.

Question 17.
What are the sponges?
Answer:
Members of the Porifera phylum are commonly known as sponges.

Question 18.
Define the terms polyp and medusa.
Answer:
Cnidarians exhibit two basic body forms called polyp and medusa.

Question 19.
What is brain ganglion?
Answer:
Hooks and suckers possess a concentration of nervous tissue in the head called the brain ganglion.

Question 20.
Define the flame cells.
Answer:
Specialized cells called flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion.

Question 21.
List the examples of Arthropoda.
Answer:
Charaxes (Butterfly), Musca (Housefly), Anax (Dragonfly), Lepisma (silverfish), Periplaneta (Cockroach) Apis (Bee), Buthus (Scorpion).

Question 22.
Give comments on Hemichordata in one sentence.
Answer:
Recently, M.J. (2005) has two placed Hemichordata as a phylum under Invertebrata.

Question 23.
Write one difference in chordates and non-chordates.
Answer:
Cordates, heart is ventral, non-chordates, heart is dorsal.

Question 24.
Give examples of Cyclostomata.
Answer:
Petromyzon (Lamprey) and Myxine (Hagfish)

Question 25.
Define colacal aperture.
Answer:
Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a common chamber called the cloaca, which opens to the exterior through an aperture called cloaca! aperture.

Animal Kingdom Biology Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Discuss the level or grades of the organization.
Answer:
The kingdom Animalia includes multicellular heterotrophic animals, which exhibit different levels of organization as given below.

Cellular LevelAnimal such as sponges, which are loose associations of cells, fall into this group. Some division of labor (activities) occurs among the cells, but these cells do not organize themselves into a definite tissue.

Tissue Level Animals that have certain cells grouped together to form specific tissue are placed in this group, e.g. cnidarians and ctenophores.

Organ Level This is observed in animals that have different kinds of tissues organized into distinct organs each specialized for a particular function, e.g. some platyhelminths.

Organ-system Level Animals that have organs grouped together into functional systems, each system primarily concerned with a specific function are placed in this group, e.g., some platyhelminths, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates.

Question 2.
Discuss the types of patterns in the organ system.
Answer:
Various patterns of the complexity of organ systems serve as one of the useful criteria in classifying animals. For example, the digestive system may be absent, incomplete, or complete. An incomplete digestive system has only a single opening to the outside of the body that serves as both mouth and anus. A complete digestive system has two openings, mouth, and anus.

Similarly, the circulatory system may be of two types

1. Open type, with the blood being pumped out of the heart and bathing the cells and tissues directly or,
2. Closed Type, in which the blood is circulated through a series of tubes of varying diameters (arteries, veins, and capillaries).

Question 3.
Define radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry.
Answer:
Animals can be grouped into two categories based on symmetry. When any plane passing through the central axis of the body divides the organism (like spokes of a bicycle wheel) into halves that approximately mirror images, it is called radial symmetry. Cnidarians, ctenophores, and echinoderms have this kind of body plan (a).

(a) Radial symmetry

Animals like annelids, arthropods, etc (b), where the body can be divided into identical left and right halves in only one plane, exhibit bilateral symmetry.

(b) Bilateral symmetry

Question 4.
Define the diploblastic and triploblastic organization.
Answer:
Animals, in which the cells are arranged into two embryonic layers, external ectoderm and internal endoderm, are called diploblastic animals in the below figure. Those animals in which the developing embryo has a third germinal layer, mesoderm, in between the ectoderm and endoderm are called triploblastic animals.

Showing germinal layers: (a) Diplobiastic (b) Triploblastic

Question 5.
Outline the role of body cavity and coelom in animals.
Answer:
The nature of the space (body cavity) between the body wall and alimentary canal is very important in the classification. The body cavity, which is lined by mesoderm is called a column. Animals possessing coelom are called coelomates (e.g. annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms,

(a) Diagrammatic sectional view of Coelomate

(b) Diagrammatic sectional view of Pseudocoelomate

(c) Diagrammatic sectional view of Aceolomate

hemichordates and chordates) (a). The animals in which the body cavity is absent are called acoelomates (e.g., platyhelminths) (c). In some animals, the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm. Instead, the mesoderm is present as scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm. Such a body cavity is called pseudocolor and the animals possing them are called pseudocoelomates (e.g., as helminths) (b)

Question 6.
Define metamerism.
Answer:
In some animals (e.g., earthworm), the body has many segments, which show serial repetition of parts (like railway compartment). This kind of segmentation is called metameric segmentation, and the phenomenon is known as metamerism.

Question 7.
Draw the diagram broad classification of Kingdom Animalia based on common fundamental features.
Answer:

Question 8.
Describe the phylum Cnidaria.
Answer:
Cnidaria is aquatic, mostly marine, sessile, or free-swimming animals. The phylum name is derived from the stinging cells (nematocysts) or cnidoblasts present on the ectoderm of tentacles and on the body of these carnivorous animals. Cnidoblasts are used for anchorage, defense, and for capture of prey. Cnidarians exhibit tissue level of organization and exhibit radial symmetry. They are diploblastic.

The digestive system is incomplete. They have a central gastro-vascular cavity with a single opening, mouth. Digestion is extracellular and intracellular. Some of the cnidarians, e.g., corals, have skeletons composed of calcium carbonate.

Cnidarians exhibit two basic body forms called a polyp (e.g., Hydra) and medusa (e.g., Auralia). The former, a sessile and cylindrical form, whereas, the latter, umbrella-shaped and free-swimming. Those cnidarians which exist in both forms exhibit alternation of generation, i.e. polyps asexually produce medusae and medusae forming the polyps sexually (e.g., Ophelia)

Examples of cnidaria: Hydra, Porpita, Vellala, Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war), Aurelia (Jellyfish), Adamisia (Sea anemone), Pennatula (Sea- pen), Gorgonia (Sea-fan), and Meandrina (Brain coral).

Some cnidarians (a) Obelia (b) Jellyfish (c) Physalia (d) Sea anemone

Polyp and medusa body from (a) sessile poy (b) swimming medusa

Structure of Hydra

Question 9.
Distinguish between the Chordates and Non-Chordates.
Answer:

Question 10.
Explain the class amphibia.
Answer:
As their name indicates (Gr. Amphi, dual, double + bios, life), most amphibians can exist in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats. Most of them have two pairs of limbs. The body is divisible into the head and trunk; the tail may be present in some. The amphibian skin is moist (without scales). The eyes have eyelids. A tympanum represents the ear.

The alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a common chamber called the cloaca, which opens to the exterior through an aperture called the cloacal aperture. Respiration may be by gills, lungs, or through the skin. The heart is three-chambered (2 auricles and 1 ventricle). These are cold-blooded animals.

Sexes are separate Fertilization is external. They are oviparous and development is direct or indirect.

Examples of Amphibia: Bufo (Toad), Rana (Frog), Hyla (Tree frog),

Salamandra (Salamander), Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia).

Frog

Question 11.
Describe the class Reptilia.
Answer:
The class name refers to their creeping or crawling mode of locomotion. They are mostly terrestrial animals with a body covered by dry and cornified skin, epidermal scales, or scutes. They do not have external ear openings. Limbs, when present, are two pairs. The heart is usually three-chambered, but four-chambered in crocodiles, Reptiles are cold-blooded animals. The excretory organ is the kidney. Snakes and lizards shed their scales as skin cast.

Sexes are separate. Fertilization is internal. They are oviparous and development is direct.

Examples of Reptilia T Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree lizard), Calotes (Garden lizard), Naja (Cobra), Crocodilus (Croco¬dile), Aligator (Alligator).

(a) Tortoise, (b) Monitor (Indian goh) (c) Naja (d) Crocodile (e) Chameleon

Question 12.
Explain the important characteristics of Mammalia.
Answer:
Mammalia is generally terrestrial, found in a variety of habitats- polar ice caps, deserts, mountains, forests, grasslands, and dark cover. Some of them have even adapted to fly or live in water. The most unique mammalian characteristic is the presence of milk-producing glands (mammary glands) by which the young ones are nourished.

Mammalia has two pairs of limbs, which are variously adapted for walking, running, climbing, burrowing, swimming, and flying. The skin of mammals is unique in possessing hairs. External ears or pinnae are present. Different types of teeth are present in the jaw. The heart is four-chambered. The lungs are well developed. Mammals show the greatest intelligence among all the animals.

Sexes are separate and fertilization is internal. They are viviparous with few exceptions and development is direct.

Some mammals:

Ornithorhynchus

Balaenoptera

Pteropus

Macropus

Question 13.
Describe the main characteristic of class-Aves.
Answer:
The characteristic features of birds are the presence of feathers and most of them can fly with few exceptions, generally called flightless birds (e.g. Ostrich). They possess beak. The forelimbs are modified into wings. The hind limbs generally have scales and are modified for walking, swimming, or clasping the tree branches. Skin is dry without glands except for the oil gland at the base of the tail. The endoskeleton is fully ossified (bony) and the long bones are hollow with air cavities.

The digestive tract of birds has additional chambers, the crop, and the gizzard. The heart is completely four-chambered. They are warm-blooded (homeotherms) animals, i.e., they are able to maintain constant body temperature. Respiration is by lungs that contain air sacs. Birds have a good sense of sight. The excretory organ is a kidney.

Sexes are separate. Fertilization is internal. They are oviparous and development is direct. Examples of Aves are Corvus (crow), Columba (pigeon), Prittacula (parrot), Struthio (Ostrich) Paver (Peacock), Aptenodytes (Penguin)

Some birds : (a) Neophron (b) Struthio (c) Psittacula (d) Pavo

Question 14.
Write some basic characterize- features of the following Phyla:
Ctenophora, Annelida, Mo.llusca, Echino Desmata and Hemichordata.
Answer:
Represents some basic characteristic features of different phyla.

Question 15.
Draw the diagram of the classification of phylum Chordata.
Answer:

Classification of phylum Chordata

Animal Kingdom Biology Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Describe the phylum Arthropods.
Answer:
The phylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum of the animal kingdom consisting of more than 900,000 species, which include many economically important insects.

1. They have an organ-system level of body organization. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, segmented, and acoelomate animals.
2. The body of arthropods is covered by a chitinous cuticle which forms the exoskeleton. The body segments are fused to form the head, thorax, and abdomen.
3. They have jointed appendages. The appendages are variously modified to form antennae, mouthparts, pincers (chelicerae), or walking legs.
4. The digestive system is complete.
5. Respiratory organs are gills, book gills, book lungs, or tracheal system.
6. The circulatory system is open type.
7. The nervous system is almost similar to that of the annelids. Sensory organs include antennae for perceiving odor, receptors for taste, eyes (compound and simple), statocysts or balance, organs, and sound receptors.
8. Excretion takes place through green glands or malpighian tubules.
9. They are mostly dioecious. Reproduction is sexual. Fertilization is usually internal. They are mostly oviparous.

Development may be direct or indirect, passing through many larval stages. The process of transformation of a larva into an adult is called metamorphosis.

Some common arthropods (a) Centipede (b) Millipede (c) Beetle (d) Prawn (e) Spider and (f) Scorpian

Examples of Arthropoda: Araneus (Garden spides), Limulus (King crab),

Buthus (Scorpion), Scolopendra (Centipede), Cancer (Common crab), Balanus (Barnacle), Lepisma (Silverfish), Periplaneta (Cockroach), Apis (Bee) Anopheles (Mosquito), Musca (Housefly), Charaxes (Butterfly), Attelabus (Beetle), Locusta (Locust) and An ax (Dragonfly).

Question 2.
Describe the phylum Porifera.
Answer:
Members of this phylum are commonly known as sponges. They are generally marine, diploblastic bilaterally symmetrical with a significant water transport mechanism. They are considered as very primitive multi-cellular animals and have a cellular level of organization.

Water can enter through minute pores (Ostia) in the body wall directly or through the canal into a central cavity, spongocoel, from where it goes out through the osculum.

This pathway of water transport is called the canal system and is helpful in food gathering, respiratory exchange, and removal of water. Choanocytes or collar cells line the spongocoel and the canals. Digestion is intracellular. The body is supported by a skeleton made up of spicules or spongin fibers.

Sexes are not separate (monoecious/hermaphrodite/bisexual), i.e., eggs and sperms are produced by the same individual. Sponges reproduce asexually by fragmentation and sexually by the formation of gametes. Fertilization is internal and development is indirect having a larval stage that is morphologically distinct from the adult.

Examples of Porifera are Sycon (Scypha), Spongilla, Chalina, (Dead man’s finger), and Euspongia (Bath sponge)

Examples for Porifera: (a) Sycon (b) Euspongia (c) Spongilla

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English Class 11 Notes Summary | Summary of Class 11 English Hornbill Snapshots

Hornbill Class 11 Chapters Summary | Class 11 English Hornbill Summary

• The Portrait of A Lady Summary
• We Are Not Afraid To Die If We Can All Be Together Summary
• Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues Summary
• Landscape of The Soul Summary
• The Ailing Planet: The Green Movements Role Summary
• The Browning Version Summary
• The Adventure Summary
• Silk Road Summary
• A Photograph Poem Summary
• The Laburnum Top Poem Summary
• The Voice of The Rain Poem Summary
• Childhood Poem Summary
• Father To Son Poem Summary

Snapshots Class 11 Chapters Summary | Class 11 English Snapshots Summary

• The Summer of The Beautiful White Horse Summary
• The Address Summary
• Ranga’s Marriage Summary
• Albert Einstein At School Summary
• Mother’s Day Summary
• The Ghat of The Only World Summary
• Birth Summary
• The Tale of Melon City Summary

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