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Class 10 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions and Answers The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China

January 5, 2022September 4, 2021 by Murali

CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions and Answers The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science SST History Chapter 2 The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China.

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The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China Class 10 Extra Questions History Chapter 2

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Answers should not exceed 30 words.

Question 1.
Which modern countries were part of Indo-China ?
Answer:
Indo-China comprises the modern countries of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.

Question 2.
State one feature of early history of Indo-China.
Answer:
Its early history shows many different groups of people living there under the shadow of the powerful empire of China. Even after independence, its rulers continued to maintain the Chinese system of government as well as Chinese culture.

Question 3.
How was the maritime silk route useful for Vietnam ? [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
Vietnam was linked through the maritime silk route that brought in goods, people and ideas.

Question 4.
What was the importance of the port of Faibo ?
Answer:
This port was founded by Portuguese merchants. It was one of the ports used by European trading companies much before the nineteenth century.

Question 5.
What was one most visible form of French control over Vietnam ?
Answer:
The most visible form of French control was military and economic domination but the French also built a system that tried to reshape the culture of the Vietnamese.

Question 6.
Who was Francis Gamier ?
Answer:
Francis Gamier was part of the French team that explored the Mekong river. In 1873 he was commissioned by the French to try and establish a French colony in Tonkin in the north. Gamier carried out an attack on Hanoi but was killed in the fight.

Question 7.
French colonisation of Vietnam was based on which two issues ?
Answer:

To supply natural resources.
Civilising mission i.e., to bring the benefits of civilisation to backward people.

Question 8.
By 1931 what was the position of Vietnam as an exporter of rice in the world ?
Answer:
By 1931 Vitenam had become the third largest exporter of rice in the world.

Question 9.
According to Bernard what were the barriers to economic growth in Vietnam ? Mention any three.
Answer:

High population levels.
Low agricultural productivity.
Extensive indebtedness amongst the peasants.

Question 10.
What do you understand by indentured labour ?
Answer:

It was a form of labour widely used in the plantations from the mid-nineteenth century.
Labourers worked on the basis of contracts that did not specify any rights of labourers but gave immense power to employers.
Employers could bring criminal charges against labourers and punish and jail them for non-fulfillment of contracts.

Question 11.
What was the basis of colonial economy in Vietnam ?
Answer:
The colonial economy in Vietnam was primarily based on rice cultivation and mbber plantations owned by the French and a small Vietnamese elite.

Question 12.
Who was Jean Dupuis ?
Answer:
Jean Dupuis was a French weapons merchant who explored the regions in the hope of making profit from trade. He was one of those who persuaded the French to try and establish a base in Vietnam.

Question 13.
Who were called colons in Vietnam ? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
French citizens living in Vietnam were called colons.

Question 14.
State any one problem that was faced by the French in the field of education if. Vietnam.
Answer:
The problem was that the elites in Vietnam were powerfully influenced by the Chinese culture.

Question 15.
There were two opinions about the medium of education in Vietnam. State a ay one opinion.
Answer:
One opinion was that the French language should be the medium of instruction because by learning the language they would be introduced to the culture and civilisation of France. This would help create an ‘Asiatic France solidly tied to European France.’

Question 16.
How were Vietnamese represented in the textbooks ?
Answer:
The Vietnamese were represented as primitive and backward, capable of manual labour but not of intellectual reflection. They could work in the fields but not rule themselves.

Question 17.
When was Tonkin Free School started and why ?
Answer:
The Tonkin Free School was started in 1907 to provide a western style education.

Question 18.
How did the school encourage the Vietnamese to look modem ?
Answer:
The school encouraged the adoption of Western styles such as having a short hair cut. For the Vietnamese this meant a major break with their own identity since they traditionally kept long hair.

Question 19.
By 1920s the students in Vietnam were publishing nationalist journals. Name one such journal.
Answer:
Annanese Student.

Question 20.
How did the teachers oppose the French educational system with silent resistance ?
Answer:
While teaching, Vietnamese teachers quietly modified the text and criticised what was stated. As the number of teacher in lower classes was large, it was difficult to control what was actually taught.

Question 21.
State any one difference between the French part of Hanoi and the ‘native quarter’.
Answer:
The French part of Hanoi was built as a beautiful and clean city with wide avenues and well-laid-out sewer system, while the ‘native quarter’ was not provided with any modern facilities.

Question 22.
In which year was the modern part of Hanoi struck by bubonic plague ?
Answer:
In 1903, the modern part of Hanoi was struck by bubonic plague.

Question 23.
What does the rat menace show about the French in Vietnam ?
Answer:
The rat menace shows the limits of French power and contradictions in their ‘civilising mission’.

Question 24.
What were the religious beliefs of the Vietnamese ?
Answer:

Vietnam’s religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices.
The Vietnamese tendency was to revere the supernatural.

Question 25.
When and why was the Scholars Revolt started ?
Answer:

The Scholars Revolt started in 1868. 4
It was an early movement against French control and the spread of Christianity. This revolt was led by officials at the imperial court angered by the spread of Catholicism and French power.

Question 26.
What do you understand by syncretic traditions ?
Answer:
Syncretic traditions aim to bring together different beliefs and practices seeing their essential unity rather than difference.

Question 27.
What was a concentration camp ?
Answer:
Concentration camp was a prison where people were detained without due process of law. The word evokes an image of a place of torture and brutal treatment.

Question 28.
Who was founder of Hoa Hao movement ?
Answer:
The founder of Hoa Hao movement was Huynh Phu So.

Question 29.
State any one main idea of Phan Boi Chau.
Answer:
He maintained that first the foreign enemy should be driven out, and after their nation’s independence was restored other things could be done later.

Question 30.
Describe one main idea of Phan Chu Trinh.
Answer:

He was intensely hostile to the monarchy and opposed to the idea of resisting the French with the help of the court.
His desire was to establish a democratic republic.

Question 31.
Which provinces were called the ‘electrical fuses’ of Vietnam ?
Answer:
Nghe An and Ha Tinh were called the ‘electrical fuses’ of Vietnam.

Question 32.
Which was Phan Boi Chau’s most influential book ?
Answer:
The History of the Loss of Vietnam was Phan’s most influential book.

Question 33.
What was the main clause of the peace negotiations in Geneva ?
Answer:
In the peace negotiations in Geneva, the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. North and south were split; Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the north while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in the south.

Question 34.
What is a Republic ?
Answer:
Republic is a form of government based on popular consent and popular representation. It is based on the power of the people as opposed to monarchy.

Question 35.
When did ‘go east movement’ become popular ?
Answer:
In the first decade of the twentieth century, a ‘go east movement’ became popular.

Question 36.
When was the monarchy overthrown in China and what was the result ?
Answer:
In 1911, monarchy was overthrown by a popular movement under Sun Yat-sen and a republic was setup.

Question 37.
Why did the US enter into the war in Vietnam ?
Answer:
With the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north, the NLF fought for the unification of the country. The US feared that this alliance would help the communists to gain power. This made the US worried and it decided to intervene decisively sending in troops and arms.

Question 38.
Why the phase of struggle with the US is considered brutal ? State one reason.
Answer:
The phase of struggle with the US was considered brutal because civilians died in large numbers. Many villages were destroyed and jungles decimated as a result of use of chemical weapons – Napalm, Agent Orange, and phosphorous bombs.

Question 39.
How Vietnam was divided in Geneva ?
Answer:
North and south were split: Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the north while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in the south.

Question 40.
Which film was made in Hollywood in support of war in Vietnam in 1968 ?
Answer:
John Wayne’s Green Berets.

Question 41.
What is the importance of Ho Chi Minh trail ?
Answer:

It symbolises how the Vietnamese used their limited resources to great advantage.
It was used to transport men and materials from the north to the south.

Question 42.
Who were Trung sisters ?
Answer:
Trung sisters were rebel women. They had fought against Chinese domination in 39-43 CE. They were idealised and glorified. It is said that they gathered a force of over 30,000 and resisted the Chinese for two years. When defeated they committed suicide instead of surrendering to the enemy.

Question 43.
When was peace settlement signed and with what results ?
Answer:

A peace settlement was signed in Paris in January 1974.
This ended the conflict with US.

Question 44.
When and how was Vietnam unified ?
Answer:

After Paris Settlement, fighting between the Saigon regime and the NLF continued.
The NLF occupied the presidential palace in Saigon on 30 April 1975 and unified Vietnam.

QUESTIONS OF 3/5 MARKS

Answers should be in about 80/100 words.

Question 1.
How the French established their control over Vietnam ? What were its results ?
Answer:
(1) The French established their control over Vietnam by their military power as
mentioned below :

French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858 and by the mid 1880s they had established a firm grip over the northern region.
After the Franco-Chinese war the French assumed control of Tonkin and Anaam.
In 1887, French Indo-China was formed.

(2) Effects :

There was conflict in all the spheres of life between the people of Vietnam and the French colonisers.
French control was maintained through military and economic domination but they also tried to re-shape the culture of the Vietnamese. This led to the emergence of nationalism in Vietnam and the different sections of society fought against the French and their activities.
As the French consolidated their position, the people in Vietnam began reflecting on the nature of the loss that Vietnam was suffering. This increased the nationalist resistance.
The knitting together of a modern Vietnamese nation that brought the different communities together was in part the result of colonisation.

Question 2.
Describe any five steps taken by the French for the development of the Mekong Delta Region.
[CBSE 2015]
Answer:
The steps taken by the French for the development of the Mekong Delta Region were as mentioned below :

The French built canals.
They started the draining of lands to increase cultivation.
A vast system of earthworks was built mainly with forced labour.
Trans-Indo-China rail network was constructed. It linked the northern and southern parts of Vietnam and China. The final link with Yunan in China was completed by 1910.
Another line linking Vietnam to Siam (Thailand), via the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh was also built.
Also see Textbook Question 2(b).

Question 3.
How did Paul Bernard argue in favour of economic development of Vietnam ? [CBSE2015]
Answer:
(1) Generally, the colonies serve the interests of the mother country. Paul Bernard believed that the economies of the colonies should be developed because the aim of acquiring colonies was to make profits. He argued that if the economy was developed and the standard of living of the people improved, they would buy more goods. The market would consequently expand, leading to better profits for French business.

(2) According to Bernard there were following barriers to the economic growth of Vietnam :

High population level.
Low agricultural productivity.
Extensive indebtedness amongst the peasants.

(3) Bernard suggested that to reduce poverty and increase agricultural productivity, it was necessary to carry out land reforms as the Japanese had done in 1890s. However, this could not ensure sufficient employment. As the experience of Japan showed, industrialisation would be essential to create jobs.

Question 4.
Describe the features of colonial economy in Vietnam.
Answer:
The features of colonial economy in Vietnam were as mentioned below :

The colonial economy was primarily based on rice-cultivation and rubber plantations owned by the French and a small Vietnamese elite.
Rail and port facilities were set up to service this sector.
Indentured Vietnamese labour was widely used in the rubber plantations.
The French did little to industrialise the economy.
In the rural areas, landlordism spread and the standard of living declined.

Question 5.
Why did French Policy makers want to educate the people of Vietnam ? What were the problems before the French in spreading education to the Vietnamese ?
Or
Describe the major problems in the Held of education for the French in Vietnam. [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
(1) French colonisation was based on economic exploitation as well as on the idea of a ‘civilising mission’ like the British in India. Education was seen as one way to civilise the ‘native’ or the Vietnamese people.
Secondly the French needed an educated local labour force.

(2) Problems : The French faced the problems in the sphere of education as mentioned below :

They feared that once educated, the Vietnamese may begin to question colonial domination.
The French citizens living in Vietnam, called colons, feared that they might lose their jobs as teachers, shopkeepers, policemen to the educated Vietnamese. Thus they opposed the idea of giving to the natives full access to education.
In addition to above the elites in Vietnam were under the influence of Chinese culture. It was necessary for the French to counter that influence too.

Question 6.
“French tried to solve educational problems in Vietnam in different ways.” Support the statement with examples. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
(1) Problems before French : See Question Number 5 above.
(2) To solve the problem in the educational field, the French took the steps as mentioned below :

They systematically dismantled the traditional educational system. French schools were established for the Vietnamese e.g., Tonkin Free School.
School textbooks glorified the French and justified colonial rule,
(1) The Vietnamese were represented as primitive and backward and capable of manual labour but not of intellectual reflection.
(2) The Vietnamese could work only in the fields and could not rule themselves,
(3) They were ‘skilled copyists’ but not creative. School children were told that only French rule could ensure peace in Vietnam. “Since the establishment of French rule the Vietnamese peasant no longer lives in constant terror of pirates. Calm is complete and the peasant can work with a good heart.”
Although the French opened schools to spread a Western-style education, they also adopted a policy of failing the Vietnamese students so that they could not qualify for better-paid jobs. For example, in 1925, in a population of 17 million, there were less than 400 who passed the examination.
Results : The French policy of education resulted in resistance from the Vietnamese to their system of education.
Also see Textbook Question 2(a) and 3.

Question 7.
Why did the question of medium of education arise in Vietnam ? What were different opinions about it ? Explain.
Answer:
The elites in Vietnam were powerfully influenced by Chinese culture. To consolidate their power it was necessary for them to counter this influence. So they systematically dismantled the traditional educational system and established French schools for the Vietnamese. But the question arose about the medium of instruction in the educational system. Whether it should be French or Chinese used by elites. There was difference of opinion as mentioned below :
(1) Use of French language : It had following advantages :

Vietnamese would know about French culture and civilisation,
This would help create an ‘Asiatic France, solidly tied to European France’,
The educated people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments and ideals. They would see the superiority of French culture, and work for the French.

Mixed use of languages : Other opinion was in favour of mixed use of languages i.e., use of Vietnamese in lower classes and French in the higher classes. It was argued that the few who learnt French and acquired French culture might be given French citizenship as a reward.
However in practice only a small fraction of the population – only the Vietnamese elite – could enroll in the schools and only a few among those admitted ultimately passed the school leaving examination.

Question 8.
Describe the major protest which erupted in Saigon Native Girls School in 1926 Vietnam. [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
(1) A major protest erupted in 1926 in the Saigon Native Girls School because a Vietnamese girl sitting in one of front seats was asked to move to the back of the class and allow a local French student to occupy the front bench. She refused. The principal, a colon (French people living in the colonies), expelled her, leading to a further spread of open protests. Seeing the situation getting out of control, the government forced the school to take the students back. The principal reluctantly agreed but warned the students, “I will crush all the Vietnamese under my feet. Ah! You wish my deportation. Know well that I will leave only after I am assured Vietnamese no longer inhabit Cochinchina.”
(2) Effects and Importance :

Elsewhere the students fought against the colonial government’s effort to prevent the Vietnamese from qualifying for white collar jobs.
The students were inspired by patriotic feelings that it was duty of the educated to fight for the benefit of society.
This led to a conflict with the French.
By the 1920s, students formed various political parties such as the Party of Young Annan.
Students started publishing nationalist journals such as Annanese Student.

Question 9.
Compare the role and effect of education as envisaged by the French and the Vietnamese intellectuals.
Or
Why the schools in Vietnam had become an important place for political and cultural battles ?
Answer:
The schools in Vietnam had become an important place for political and cultural battles due to fact that the role and effect of education were different as envisaged by the French and the Vietnamese intellectuals.

- The French sought to strengthen their rule in Vietnam through the control of education.
- They tried to change the values, norms and perceptions of the people, to make them believe in the superiority of French civilisation and the inferiority of the Vietnamese.
- Vietnamese intellectuals, on the other hand, feared that Vietnam was losing not just control over its territory but its very identity.
- They thought their own culture and customs were being devalued and the people were developing a master-slave mentality.
  As a result of above, the battle against French colonial education became part of the larger battle against colonialism and for independence.

Question 10.
“The measures taken by the French to control the spread of Bubonic plague in Hanoi created a serious problem.” Explain the statement.
Answer:
The measures taken by the French to control the spread of bubonic plague in Hanoi wfere as mentioned below :

A rat hunt was started in 1902.
The French hired Vietnamese workers and were paid for each rat they caught. Bounty was paid when a tail was given as proof of killing a rat.

Results :

Thousands of rats were caught.
Vietnamese got a lesson in the success of collective bargaining because they came together and successfully negotiated with the government for a higher bounty.
The rat-catchers discovered new ways to earn more profit, such as clipping the tails of the rats and raising of rats to earn money. This led to scrapping of the bounty programme. The
spread of plague became a serious problem. It swept through the area in 1903 and the subsequent years.

Results and importance :

The rat menace marks the limits of French power and contradictions in their ‘civilising mission’.
The actions of the rat-catchers tell us of the numerous small ways in which colonialism was fought in everyday life.

Question 11.
How did nationalism emerge in Vietnam through the efforts of different sections of society to fight against the French ? Analyse. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
Nationalism emerged in Vietnam through the efforts of different sections of society to fight against the French as mentioned below :

Religious movements : The Christianity could not tolerate the reverence of super natural powers by the Vietnamese. This led to the Scholars Revolt in 1868 and Hoa Hao Movement in 1839.
These movements were against French control and spread of Christianity. They were anti¬colonial. Thus, these movements played an important role in arousing anti-colonial feelings in Vietnam.
In the late 19th century, the resistance to French domination was led by Confucian Scholars – Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu Trinh.
Another movement ‘Go East Movement’ in the first decade of the 20th century too helped in emergence of nationalism.
Developments in China i.e., setting up a republic under Sun Yat-sen too aroused the feeling of nationalism in Vietnam.

Question 12.
Describe the role of religious groups in the development of anti-colonial feeling in Vietnam.
Answer:
In Vietnam, the French tried to control all areas of private and public life. People in Vietnam believed in Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices. They had an easy going attitude. They revered the supernatural powers. The Christianity, however, could not tolerate such feelings of the Vietnamese. This resulted in the following movements that were hostile to the western presence :

The Scholars Revolt in 1868 — This revolt was led by officials at the imperial court angered by the spread of Catholicism and French power. This led to general uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces. The French crushed the movement but this uprising served to inspire other patriots to rise up against them.
Hoa Hao in 1939 — See Textbook Exercise Question 1(6).
These movements were against the French and played an important role in arousing feelings of nationalism among the Vietnamese people.
Also see next questions on Phan Boi Chou and ‘Go East Movement’.

Question 13.
Evaluate the role of Phan Boi Chou as an activist to resist the French domination in 19th century.
Answer:
In the late 19th century, resistance to French domination was very often led by Confucian scholar-activists, who saw their world crumbling. One such nationalist was Phan Boi Chou. His role in resistance to French domination was as mentioned below :

He formed the Revolutionary Society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903 with Prince Cuong De as the head.
He met the Chinese reformer Liang Qichao in Yokohama in 1905.
His most influential book, The History of the Loss of Vietnam was written under the strong influence and advice of Qichao. It became a widely read best seller in Vietnam and China and was even made into a play.
The book focuses on two connected themes : The loss of sovereignty and the severing of ties with China — ties that bound the elites of the two countries within a shared culture. It is this double loss that Phan laments, a lament that was typical of reformers from within the traditional elite.

Question 14.
Describe the ‘Go East Movement’ of the first decade of the 20th century.
Answer:
(1) The early Vietnamese nationalists had a close relationship with Japan and China because they provided models for those looking to change. They provided a refuge to escape French police and enabled them to have contact with a wider Asian network of revolutionaries.
(2)

One such movement was ‘Go East Movement’. In 1907-08, some 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire modem education.
Their primary objective was to drive out the French from Vietnam, overthrow the puppet emperor and re-establish the Nguyen dynasty that had been deposed by the French.
These nationalists looked for foreign arms and help.
They appealed to Japan as fellow Asians. It may be mentioned that Japan had modernised itself and had resisted colonisation by the west. It had defeated Russia in 1907 and proved its military capabilities.
Vietnamese students established a branch of the Restoration Society in Tokyo but after 1908, the Japanese Ministry of Interior clamped down on them. Many including Phan Boi Chau were deported and forced to seek exile in China and Thailand.

Question 15.
How did the development in China in the early 20th century inspire the Vietnamese nationalists ?
Answer:
(a) Developments in China inspired the Vietnamese nationalists. For example in 1911 the long established monarchy in China was overthrown by a popular movement under Sun Yat- Sen. A Republic was set up.
(b)

Inspired by these developments, Vietnamese students organised the Association for the Restoration of Vietnam.
Now the objective of the anti-French independence movement was no longer to set up a constitutional monarchy but a democratic republic.

Question 16.
Describe the effects of Great Depression of the 1930s on Vietnam.
Answer:
The effects of the Great Depression of the 1930s on Vietnam were as mentioned below :

The prices of rubber and rice fell.
As a result of falling prices, the rural debts rose.
Unemployment increased.
There were rural uprisings as in the provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh which were among the poorest and had an old radical tradition.
In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist Party later renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party. He was inspired by the militant demonstrations of the European communist parties.

Question 17.
How was the Democratic Republic of Vietnam formed ? What were the problems before the republic ?
Answer:
(1)

The World War II started in September 1939.
In 1940, Japan occupied Vietnam as part of its imperial drive to control Southeast Asia.
As a result of Japanese occupation, nationalists now had to fight against the Japanese as well as the French.
The League for the Independence of Vietnam which came to be known as the Vietminh fought the Japanese occupation and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945.
The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed and Ho Chi Minh became chairman.

(2) The problem/challenges faced by the new Republic of Vietnam were as mentioned below:

The French tried to regain control by using the emperor, Bao Dai, as their puppet.
As a result of French offensive, the Vietminh retreated to the hills. Fighting continued for almost eight years.
In 1954, the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu. More than 16000 soldiers of the French were taken prisoner.
Peace negotiations at Geneva were held and peace was restored.

Question 18.
What was the result of the peace-negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat in Vietnam. [CBSE 2016]
Or

“The peace-negotiations in Geneva followed the division of Vietnam that set in motion a series of events that turned Vietnam into a battle field.” Analyse the statement with arguments. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
As a result of peace-negotiations in Geneva in 1954, Vietnam was divided into two i.e., North and South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh and the Communists took over power in the north while Bao Dai’s regime came to power in the south. This division set in motion a series of events that turned Vietnam into a battlefield as mentioned below :

Bao Dai regime was overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Dinh Diem who established a repressive and authoritarian government.
Diem’s rule was opposed by a broad opposition led by National Liberation Front.
With the help of Ho Chi Minh’s government (communist government) in the north, the National Liberation Front struggled for the unification of the country. Thus, if united, the country would become a communist. The alliance between the National Liberation Front and the government of Ho Chi Minh was, therefore, watched with fear by the United States which was against communist expansion. So, it decided to intervene in the civil war in Vietnam. This brought more misery and destruction for all.
Ultimately a peace settlement was signed in Paris in January 1974. The conflict with the US came to an end.
The fighting between the Saigon regime and NLF came to an end on 30 April 1975 and unified Vietnam came into existence .
From above it is clear that the Vietnam remained a battle field from 1954 to till its unification in April 1975.

Question 19.
“US entry into war in Vietnam marked a new phase that proved costly to Vietnamese as well as to Americans.” Analyse the statement. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
US entry into the war in Vietnam marked a new phase that proved costly to Vietnamese as well as to the Americans as mentioned below :
To Vietnamese :
(1) Effects on Vietnam :

The widespread attacks and use of chemical weapons destroyed many villages and decimated jungles.
Civilians died in large numbers.

(2) Effects of US involvement on life within US itself were as follows :

Many people became critical of the government for involvement in the war that was seen as indefensible.
Compulsory service in the armed-forces was introduced. It mostly affected the minorities and the children of working-class families because it could be waived for university graduates who belonged to the privileged elite.
The US media and films played a major role in both supporting as well as criticising the war. For example, John Wayne’s Green Berets (1968) supported the war. It was responsible for motivating many young men to die in the war. Some films were more critical as they tried to understand the reasons for the war. Francis Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now (1979) reflected the moral confusion that the war had caused in the US.

Question 20.
What was the fear among US policy-planners about Vietnam ? Were they right in estimating the power of Vietnam ?
Answer:
(1) The fear among US policy-planners was that the victory of Ho Chi Minh would lead to establishing communist governments in other countries in the area.
(2) The US policy-planners, however, underestimated the power of nationalism to move people to action, inspire them to sacrifice their home and family, live under horrific conditions, and fight for independence.

They also underestimated the power of a small country to fight the most technologically advanced country in the world. Thus, Vietnamese struggled against all odds and ultimately the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was set up.

Question 21.
“The Ho Chi Minh Trail became advantageous to Vietnamese in the war against US.” Support the statement with argument. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The Ho Chi Minh Trail became advantageous to Vietnamese in the war against US as mentioned below :

It symbolises how the Vietnamese used their limited resources to great advantage.
The trail, an immense network of footpaths and roads, was used to transport men and materials from the north to the south.
From 1967 about 20,000 North Vietnamese troops came south each month on this trail.
The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way.
In some parts supplies were transported in trucks, but mostly they were carried by porters who were mainly women. These porters carried about 25 kilos on their backs or about 70 kilos on their bicycles.
Most of the trail was outside Vietnam in neighbouring Laos and Combodia with branch ‘’’lines extending into south Vietnam.
The US regularly bombed the trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts to destroy this important supply line by intensive bombing failed because they were rebuilt very quickly.

Question 22.
Describe the role of woman in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam.
Answer:
Role of women in the anti-imperial struggle was significant as given below :

Women rebelled against social conventions. For example, in the 1930s, a famous novel by Nhat Linh showed a woman leaving a forced marriage and marrying someone of her choice, someone who was involved in nationalist politics.
The Heroism of the Trung sisters against Chinese domination in 39-43 CE was idealised and glorified.
In third century CE, Trieu Au who was orphaned in childhood lived with her brother. On growing up she left home, went into the jungles, organised a large army and resisted the Chinese rule. When her army was crushed, she drowned herself. She became a sacred figure who fought for the honour of the country.
Women took part in women militia and proved themselves to be brave fighters such as Nguyen Thi Xuan who shot down a jet with just twenty bullets.
Women helped in nursing the wounded and fighting the enemy. They took part in various activities along the Ho Chi Minh trail.
According to one estimate, there were 1.5 million women in the regular army, the militia, the local forces and professional teams.

Question 23.
How was the US government pressurised to negotiate an end to the war in Vietnam ?
Answer:
The US government was pressurised in the following ways to negotiate an end to the war :

US had failed to achieve its objectives.
The Vietnamese resistance could not be crushed.
The US could not get the support of the Vietnamese people.
Thousands of young US soldiers had lost their lives.
The scenes of the war were shown on the television. There were strong reactions in the US as well as other countries.
Writers such as Mary McCarthy and actors like Jane Fonda visited North Vietnam and praised their heroic defence of the country.
The scholar Noam Chomsky called the war ‘the greatest threat to peace, to national self-determination, and to international cooperation’.
Under above circumstances, a peace-settlement in Paris was signed in January 1974 and war with US came to an end.

Question 24.
“Women were represented as warriors as well as workers in Vietnam in the 1960s.” Analyse the statement with examples. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
Women were represented as warriors as well as workers in Vietnam in the 1960s as mentioned below :

Photographs in magazines and journals showed women as brave fighters.
There were pictures of women militia shooting down planes.
They were portrayed as young, brave, and dedicated.
They were shown as very happy while joining the army and could carry a rifle.
Some stories spoke of their incredible bravery in single-handedly killing the enemy – Nguyen Thi Xuan, for instance, was reputed to have shot down a jet with just twenty bullets.
Women were represented as workers too as mentioned below :
1. They were shown with a rifle in one hand and a hammer in the other.
2. Whether young or old, women began to be depicted as selflessly working and fighting to save the country.
3. As casualties in the war increased in the 1960s, women were urged to join the struggle in large numbers.
4. Many women joined the resistance movement. They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels and fighting the enemy. They took significant part in Hochi Minh Trail. One military historian argues that there were 1.5 million women in regular army, the militia, the local forces and professional teams.

Hope given Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 2 are helpful to complete your homework.

If you have any doubts, please comment below. Learn Insta try to provide online tutoring for you.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 4 Extra Questions and Answers Gender Religion and Caste

January 5, 2022September 4, 2021 by Murali

CBSE Class 10 Civics Chapter 4 Extra Questions and Answers Gender Religion and Caste Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science SST Civics Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste.

Learnintsa.com Committed to provides Extensive NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Civics Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste, Students can read and score more marks in your CBSE board examination.

Gender Religion and Caste Class 10 Extra questions Civics Chapter 4

QUESTIONS OF 1 MARK

Answers should not exceed 30 words.

Question 1.
What is sexual division of labour ?
Answer:
It is system in which all work inside the home is either done by the women of the family, or organised by them through the domestic helpers.

Question 2.
State one result of division of labour.
Answer:
The result of the division of labour is that although women constitute half of the humanity, their role in public life, especially politics, is minimal in most societies.

Question 3.
What do you understand by feminist ?
Answer:
Feminist is a woman or a man who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men.

Question 4.
In which countries in the world, the participation of women in public life is very high ?
Answer:
Scandinavian countries i.e., Sweden, Norway and Finland.

Question 5.
What is patriarchy ?
Answer:
Literally, rule by father, this concept is used to refer to a system that values men more and gives them power over women.

Question 6.
What is the literacy rate among men and women in India ?
Answer:

Men 76 percent.
Women 54 percent.

Question 7.
What was the child sex ratio in India in 2001 census and why ?
Answer:
1000 males to 927 females. The reason for this ratio i.e., less females is that in India parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born.

Question 8.
What is the Equal Wages Act ?
Answer:
The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work to men and women.

Question 9.
What is the national average of child sex ratio ?
Answer:
National average of child sex ratio is 927.

Question 10.
How the problems of women’s representation, harassment and exploitation can be solved ? State one way as suggested by women’s movements.
Answer:
One way to solve the problems of women is to ensure that there are more women as elected representatives.

Question 11.
How many seats have been reserved for women in local government bodies i.e., in panchayats and municipalities and since when ?
Answer:
In 1992 the Constitution was amended and one-third of seats in local government bodies – in panchayats and municipalities – are now reserved for women.

Question 12.
What did Gandhiji say about relation been religion and politics ?
Answer:
Gandhiji said that religion can never be separated from politics. For him religion was not any particular religion like Hinduism or Islam but moral values that inform all religions. He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.

Question 13.
What are family laws ?
Answer:
Family laws are those laws that deal with family related matters such as marriage, divorce, adoption, inheritance, etc. In our country, different family laws apply to followers of different religions.

Question 14.
Give one instance that shows relationship between religion and politics.
Answer:
Women’s movement has argued that Family Laws of all religions discriminate against women. So they have demanded that government should change these laws to make them more equitable.

Question 15.
On which idea is communal politics based ?
Answer:
Communal politics is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community.

Question 16.
State any one feature of communalism.
Answer:
The followers of a particular religion must belong to one community. Their fundamental interests are the same. Any difference that they may have is irrelevant or trivial for community life. It also follows that people who follow different religions cannot belong to the same social community.

Question 17.
What is the most common expression of communalism ?
Answer:
The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs. These routinely involve religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions.

Question 18.
How is communalism used in electoral politics ?
Answer:
In electoral politics, communalism involves special appeal to the interests or emotions of voters of one religion in preference to others.

Question 19.
State any one feature that makes India a secular state.
Answer:
The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.

Question 20.
What is a special feature of caste system in India ? How is it different from other societies in the world ?
Answer:
In most societies, occupations are passed on from one generation to another. Caste system is an extreme form of this. In India hereditary occupational division was sanctioned by rituals.

Question 21.
Name a few political leaders and social reformers who advocated and worked to establish a society with inequalities.
Answer:
Jotiba Phule, Gandhiji, BR Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswami.

Question 22.
Why the word ‘scheduled’ is used for ‘scheduled castes’ and ‘scheduled tribes’ ?
Answer:
These groups include hundreds of castes or tribes whose names are listed in an official Schedule. Hence the prefix ‘Scheduled’ is used for them.

Question 23.
Who are called ‘Scheduled Castes’ and why are they called so ?
Answer:

The Scheduled Castes, commonly known as Dalits include those who were previously regarded as ‘out caste’ in the Hindu social order.
They were subjected to exclusion and untouchability.

Question 24.
Who are ‘Scheduled Tribes’ ?
Answer:
The ‘Scheduled Tribes’ often referred to as ‘Adivasis’ include those communities that led a secluded life usually in hills and forests and did not interact much with the rest of society.

Question 25.
What is urbanisation ?
Answer:
Urbanisation is shift of population from rural areas to urban areas.

Question 26.
What do you understand by occupational mobility ?
Answer:
Occupational mobility is shift from one occupation to another, usually when a new generation takes up occupations other than those practiced by their ancestors.

Question 27.
What was the population of different religious groups in India in 2001 ?
Answer:
The population of different religious groups in India in 2001 was as mentioned below :

Hindus – 80.5%
Muslims – 13.4%
Christians – 2.3%
Sikhs – 1.9%
Others – 1.9% (Buddhists — 0.8%, Jain – 0.4%, Others – 0.6%, No religion – 0.1%)

Question 28.
What is caste hierarchy ?
Answer:
Caste hierarchy is a ladder like formation in which all caste groups are placed from the ‘highest’ to the ‘lowest’ caste.

Question 29.
What was the economic status of different caste groups in India in 1999¬2000?
Answer:
The average economic status of different caste groups in 1999-2000 was as mentioned below:

The upper castes were best off.
The Dalits and Adivasis were worst off.
The Backward Classes were in between the upper castes and the Dalits.

Question 30.
Give two examples of caste as it exists in India now.
Answer:
Untouchability has not ended completely.
Even now most people marry with in their own caste or tribe.

Question 31.
State any form which can be taken by caste in politics.
Answer:
Political parties choose candidates in elections keeping in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes so as to muster necessary support to win elections.

Question 32.
Mention any one of the factors that are decisive in elections.
Answer:
People’s assessment, of the performance of the government and the popularity rating ‘ of the leaders matter and are often decisive in elections.

Question 33.
Mention one way in which caste is politicised,
Answer:
New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena like ‘backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups.

Question 34.
State any one negative result of paying exclusive attention to caste in a democracy.
Answer:
Politics based on caste identity alone can divert attention from other pressing issues like poverty, development and corruption.

QUESTIONS OF 3/5 MARKS

Answers should he in about 80/100 words.

Question 1.
‘Gender division is not based on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes.’ Support the statement.
[CBSE 2016-17]
Or
What is Gender division ? How is it practiced ? What are its consequences ?
Answer:

Gender division : It is a form of hierarchial social division. Generally, it is considered as natural and unchangeable. Actually it is based not on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes.
Division in practice :
1. There is common belief that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children as reflected in a sexual division of labour.
2. Men do the work such as cooking, tailoring if these jobs are paid for. For example most tailors or cooks in hotels are men.
3. Women too work outside their home. Poor women work as domestic servant in middle
  class homes while in urban area women work in offices along with men. It is done in addition
4. their domestic work. But their work is not valued and does not get recognition.
Results :
1. Although the population of women is half of the humanity, their role in . public life especially politics, is minimal in most societies.
2. This has led to agitations for equal rights for women such as voting rights, enhancing the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities. These movements are called ‘feminist’ movements.

Question 2.
What are feminist movements ? How have they brought improvement in the condition of women ?
Answer:

A woman or man who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men is a feminist. Thus these feminist movements aimed at equality in personal and family life.
As a result of these feminist movements, the condition of women has improved as mentioned
below :
1. Their role in public life was improved.
2. They are working as scientists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers, college and university teachers which were earlier not considered suitable for women.
3. In Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland, the participation of women in public life is very high.

Question 3.
‘In our country, women still lag much behind men despite some improvements since independence.’ Justify this statement by giving three reasons.
Or
“How women in India still face discrimination and oppression in various ways ?” Support the statement with five examples.
Or
“Women in Indian society still suffer from discrimination and oppression.” Support the statement with suitable examples.
Or
“Women are discriminated or disadvantaged in India.” Justify the statement with any three suitable examples.
Or
In what ways are women discriminated in our country ? Write any three points.
Answer:
Refer to Textbook Question No. 1.

Question 4.
Why the work done by men is visible but work done by women remains unpaid and invisible ?
Answer:
A survey conducted in six states in India shows that an average woman works everyday for a little over seven and half hours while an average man works for six and a half hours. Yet the work done by men is more visible because most of their work leads to generation of income. Women also do a lot of direct income generating work, but the bulk of their work is household related. This work remains unpaid and invisible.

Question 5.
What were feminist movements ? What were the causes of these movements ? Explain the demands of these movements in India.
Answer:
(1) Feminist movements were those movements which believed in equal rights and opportunities for women and men.
(2) The reason for these movements was that the issues related to women’s well being or otherwise are not given adequate attention by the government or the society.
(3) The main political demands of the Feminists in India were/are as mentioned below :

To have fair proportion of women in elected bodies. In the sphere of Panchayati Raj it
has been done. Under it at least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.
Women organisations’ demand is a similar reservation of at least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. A bill with this proposal has been pending before the Parliament for more than a decade. Also see Textbook Question 5.

Question 6.
Describe relationship between religion and politics. Mention three instances. Also mention its effects. t
Answer:
(1) The instances showing relationship between religion and politics are as mentioned below :

Religion cannot be separated from politics :
1. Gandhiji considered religion a part of politics. Man’s activities cannot be divided into water-tight compartments.
2. He believed that without religion, politics would be dirty and a shameful game. For Gandhiji religion was not particular religion like Hinduism or Islam but moral values that inform all religions. Religion brings morality into politics. He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.
Government to protect religious minorities : Human rights groups are of the view that the communal riots in the country affect the religious minorities – who are the only victims in such incidents. They demand that the government should protect the religious minorities.
Family laws : Women’s movement has argued that the family laws of all religions discriminate against women. They demand that steps should be taken by the government to enhance their rights and to bring equality between men and women.

(2) Effects :

All these instances involve a relationship between religion and politics. These are not dangerous ideas.
Ideas, ideals and values drawn from different religions can and should play a role in politics.
People should be able to express in politics their needs, interests and demands as a member of a religious community.
The government/state should be able to regulate the practice of religion so as to prevent discrimination and oppression. Every religion should be treated equally.

Question 7.
What is communal politics ? Highlight different situations when the problem of communalism becomes acute.
Answer:

Communal politics/Communalism relates to the use of religion in politics.
The problem of communalism begins and becomes acute in the following situations :
- When religion is seen as the basis of the nation.
- When religion is expressed in politics in exclusive and partisan terms. One religion and its followers are pitted against another.
- When beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions.
- When the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another and state power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest.

Question 8.
What are the ideas that involve communalism ? Explain.
Answer:
(A) The ideas that involve communalism are as mentioned below :

It is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community.
It believes that the followers of a particular religion must belong to one community. Their fundamental interests are the same. Any difference that they may have is irrelevant or trivial for community life.
It also follows that people who follow different religions cannot belong to the same social community. If the followers of different religions have some commonalities these are superficial and immaterial. Their interests are bound to be different and involve a conflict.
In its extreme form communalism leads to the belief that people belonging to different religions cannot live as equal citizens within one nation. Either, one of them has to dominate the rest or they have to form different nations.

(B) Drawbacks : The belief of communalism ha:? flaws as mentioned below :

People of one religion do not have same interests and aspirations in every context.
Everyone has several other roles, positions and identities. There are many voices inside every communities. For example before independence Muslims were members of the Congress as well as Muslim League. It implies that there are many voices inside every community. All these voices have a right to be heard and should not be suppressed.

Question 9.
How can communalism take various forms in politics ? Explain. [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
See Textbook Question 2.

Question 10.
What is a secular state ? Explain factors which make India a secular state. [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:

A secular state is a concept of secularism, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion. It grants equal status to all religions.
In India secularism means equal treatment of all religions by the state. With the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution of India enacted in 1976, the Preamble to the Constitution asserted that India is a secular nation.
The factors that make India a secular state are as mentioned below :
1. There is no official religion in India. Our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion as has been done in Sri Lanka (Buddhism), Pakistan (Islam) and England (Christianity).
2. The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, preach and practice their own religion. It grants the right to establish and maintain their educational institutions.
3. The Constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion.
4. The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities. For example, it bans untouchability. The state could also help religious communities by giving aid to educational institutions run by them.
  Thus, in India secularism is not just an ideology of some parties or persons. This idea constitutes one of the foundations of our country. The makers of our Constitution were aware that communalism was and continues to be one of the major challenges to democracy in India. Hence^they chose the model of a secular state. A secular constitution like ours is necessary along with countering communal prejudices and propaganda.

Question 11.
Describe features of caste inequalities in India.
Or
Why is caste system in India different from other societies ?
Answer:
The main features of caste system in India are as mentioned below :

Caste division is special to India. It is different from other societies because here hereditary occupational division was sanctioned by rituals.
Members of same caste group used to form a social community that practiced the same
or similar occupation.
The members of a community used to marry within the caste group and did not eat with members from other caste groups.
People of lower caste were subjected to inhuman and discriminatory treatment. Sometime a caste of a person, becomes a curse for life for none of his fault. Thus, caste system was based on exclusion of and discrimination against the ‘outcaste groups’. They were called untouchables. That is why political leaders and social reformers like Jotiba Phule, Gandhiji, B.R. Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswami Naicker advocated and worked to establish a society in which caste inequalities are absent.

Question 12.
Explain reasons for the declining of caste system in India. [CBSE 2016-17]
Or
Assess the circumstances prevalent in contemporary India which are responsible for bringing about a change in the caste system.
Or
Why the caste barriers are breaking down in India ? Explain any five reasons.
Answer:
The reasons for breaking down of caste hierarchy are as mentioned below :

Urbanisation : In urban areas, people do not bother who is walking along next to us on a street or eating at the next table in a restaurant. There is a shift of population from rural to urban areas.
Economic development: As a result of economic development, the economic condition of lower castes has improved. They live in the areas where people of upper castes are living in the cities.
Occupational mobility : There is a shift from one occupation to another, usually when a new generation takes up occupations other than those practiced by their ancestors. This has helped in breaking the caste hierarchy.
provisions : The Constitution of India too prohibits discrimination on the basis of caste. So we find people of different castes working together in offices. Untouchability is a legal offence. The Constitution laid the foundations of policies to reverse the injustices of the caste system.
The role played by political leaders and social reformers like Jotiba Phule, Mahatma Gandhi, B.R. Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswami Naicker was important in this direction. Gandhiji called untouchable ‘Harijan’. The efforts of these leaders tried to remove caste-based inequalities from society.

Question 13.
Describe three forms of caste politics in India.
Or
Explain the role of caste in India in politics.
Or
Describe various forms of caste in politics.
Answer:
Caste is the sole basis of social community. It can take various forms in politics as given below :

Selection of candidates : At the time of election, political parties select their candidates on the basis of caste of the voters in a constituency so that they may muster necessary support to win elections.
Formation of governments : At the time of formation of government or Council of Ministers, effort is made to have representatives from all castes and communities.
Appeal to voters : During election campaign appeals are made to voters to cast their votes in favour of the candidate of their own caste. Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their representatives.
Effect of Universal Adult Franchise : Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-one vote compelled political leaders to gear up to the task of mobilising and securing political support. It also brought new consciousness among the people of castes that were hitherto treated as inferior and low.
Formation of political parties : Political parties are also formed on the basis of caste to attract the voters in the elections. The BSP in UP, DMK and AIDMK are examples of such political parties.

Question 14.
Assess the influence of politics on caste system.
Or
How caste is politicised ? Explain any three points.
Or
Describe the ways in which politics influences the caste system and caste identities.
Answer:
Politics influences the caste system and caste identities in the following ways :

Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it neighbouring castes or sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it.
In the age of coalition politics, various caste groups enter into a coalition with other castes or communities. They enter into a dialogue and negotiate in order to win the election. For example, in May 2002, BSP in UP entered into an agreement with BJP and formed a coalition government there.
Backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups : Now new caste groups known as ‘backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups have emerged in political field.Thus, caste plays different roles in politics.

Question 15.
Describe advantages and disadvantages of the political expression of caste differences.
Answer:
(1) Advantages of the political expression of caste differences are as mentioned below :

The caste-politics in India has helped Dalits and OBCs to gain better access to decision making.
Several political and non-political organisations have come forward in support of particular castes. They have demanded to end discrimination against them. Their demands include more dignity for them, more access to land, resources and opportunities.

(2) Disadvantages of the political expression of caste differences are as mentioned below :

It can divert attention from other pressing issues like poverty, development and corruption.
In some cases caste division leads to tensions, conflict and even violence.

We hope the Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste
help you. If you have any query regarding Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers Minerals and Energy Resources

January 5, 2022September 4, 2021 by Murali

CBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers Minerals and Energy Resources Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science SST Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources.

Learnintsa.com Committed to provides Extensive NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources, Students can read and score more marks in your CBSE board examination.

Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 5

Very Short Answer Questions :

Answers should not exceed 30 words.

Question 1.
State some products/things we use that are made of metals.
Answer:
Railway lines, a tiny pin, machinery, cars etc. are all made of metals.

Question 2.
Name the minerals which do the cleaning work.
Answer:
Silica, oxide and phosphate minerals do the cleaning work.

Question 3.
Which rock consists of single mineral only ? [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
Limestone.

Question 4.
What is a mineral ?
Answer:
Mineral is a “homogenous” naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.

Question 5.
How do Geographers study minerals ?
Answer:
Geographers study minerals as part of the earth’s crust for a better understanding of landforms.

Question 6.
What is the interest of a geologists in minerals ?
Answer:
A geologist is interested in the formation of minerals, their age and physical and chemical composition.

Question 7.
State some of the non-metallic minerals.
Answer:
Non-metallic minerals are mica, salt, potash, sulphur, granite, limestone, marble sand stone etc.

Question 8.
Give some examples of energy minerals.
Answer:
Coal, petroleum and natural gas are energy minerals.

Question 9.
What type of mineral is copper ?
Answer:
Copper is a metallic mineral.

Question 10.
Where are minerals found ?
Answer:
Minerals are found in ores.

Question 11.
What is an ‘ore’ ?
Answer:
The term ‘ore’ is used to describe an accumulation of any material mixed with other elements.

Question 12.
Where are a number of minerals found in sedimentary rocks ? Give example.
Answer:
In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. Examples are coal and some forms of iron ore.

Question 13.
Which minerals are formed as a result of evaporation ? Name any two.
Answer:
Potash salt and sodium salt.

Question 14.
Placer deposits contain minerals which are not corroded by water. Which are these minerals ?
Answer:
Gold, silver, tin and platinum.

Question 15.
What do you understand by Rat-hole mining ?
Answer:
In the tribal areas of the north-east India, minerals are owned by individuals or communities. Thus, coal mining in Jowai and Cherapunjee is done by family member in the form of a long narrow tunnel, known as ‘Rat-hole’ mining.

Question 16.
Which reserves of minerals are found in peninsular rocks ?
Answer:
Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals mica and many other non-metallic minerals.

Question 17.
Where petroleum deposits are found in India ?
Answer:
Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern flanks of the peninsula, in Gujarat and Assam have most of the petroleum deposits.

Question 18.
Which part of India has no minerals or is devoid of economic minerals ?
Answer:
The vast alluvial plains of north India are almost devoid of economic minerals.

Question 19.
Which is the main reason for variations in distribution of minerals in India ?
Answer:
The variations in distribution of minerals in India is due to differences in the geological structure, processes and time involved in the formation of minerals.

Question 20.
Which is the finest iron ore and why ?
Answer:
Magnetite is the finest ore with a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent. It has excellent magnetic qualities.

Question 21.
From which belt iron ore is exported via Vishakhapatnam port and to which countries ?
Answer:
Iron ore from the mines of Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port.

Question 22.
Which are main non-ferrous minerals ?
Answer:
Copper, lead, bauxite, zinc and gold are non-ferrous metals.

Question 23.
What is the advantage of copper’s use in electrical cables ?
Answer:
The copper is malleable, ductile-‘and good conductor and therefore its use is advantageous in electrical cables.

Question 24.
Which place in India produces more copper ?
Answer:
The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh produce 52 per cent of India’s copper.

Question 25.
How are bauxite deposits formed ?
Answer:
Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.

Question 26.
Which state is the largest bauxite producing in India ?
Answer:
Orrisa.

Question 27.
Why is mica the most indispensable mineral used in electric and electronic industries ?
Answer:
Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is one of the most indispensable mineral used in electric and electronic industries.

Question 28.
From which minerals energy can be generated ?
Answer:
Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity.

Question 29.
Which are non-conventional source of energy ? Mention any three.
Answer:
Non-conventional source of energy are solar, wind, biogas, tidal energy.

Question 30.
Which are different types of coal ?
Answer:
Lignite, bituminous and anthracite.

Question 31.
State two types of electricity.
Answer:

Hydro-electricity.
Thermal electricity.

Question 32.
Where is Kaiga thermal power plant ?
Answer:
Kaiga thermal power plant is in Karnataka.

Question 33.
In which state the largest solar power plant is located ?
Answer:
The largest solar power plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj.

Question 34.
How hiogas is produced in rural areas ?
Answer:
Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas.

Question 35.
Which nuclear plant is situated in Tamil Nadu ?
Answer:
Kalpakkam nuclear power plant is located in Tamil Nadu.

Question 36.
Which country is ranked as a ‘wind super power’ in the world ?
Answer:
India is ranked as a ‘wind super power’ in the world.

Question 37.
In India which place provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy ?
Answer:
Gulf of Kuchchh.

Question 38.
What is geothermal energy ?
Answer:
Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the earth.

Question 39.
How you can contribute towards the conservation of energy resources ? State one way.
Answer:
We can contribute towards the conservation of energy by using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.

Question 40.
Which are the two planks of sustainable energy ?
Answer:
Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy.

QUESTIONS OF 3/5 MARKS

Answers should be in about 80/100 words.

Question 1.
Describe the importance of minerals in human life.
Answer:

Minerals are an indispensable part of human life. Almost all things we use are made of minerals.
Human beings use minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial rites.
Buildings, ships, railway lines, cars, buses, aeroplanes, various implements etc. are manufactured from minerals and run on power resources derived from the earth.
Our food too contains minerals. Life processes cannot occur without minerals.
They are very important part of total food intake.
It is only 0.3 per cent of the total intake of nutrients but they are so potent and so important that without them we would not be able to utilise the other 99.7 per cent of the foodstuffs.
In toothpaste, fluoride which is used to reduce cavities, comes from a mineral fluorite.

Question 2.
“Minerals are found in varied forms in nature ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc.” Why are they so varied ?
Answer:
The reasons are as mentioned below :

Rocks are combinations of homogenous substances called minerals.
Majority of the rock consist of several minerals except limestone that consists of a single mineral only.
A particular mineral depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the material forms.
This in turn, results in a wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, luster and density that a particular mineral possesses. Geologists use these properties to classify the minerals.

Question 3.
Which are the ideal conditions under which minerals may be mined ?
Answer:
The ideal conditions for mining of minerals are as given below :

The mineral content of the ore must be in sufficient concentration to make its extraction commercially viable.
The type of formation determines the relative ease with which mineral ores may be mined.
This also determines the cost of extraction.

Question 4.
Describe the main types of formations in which minerals occur.
Answer:
The minerals occur in various types of formations as given below :

(1) Igneous and metamorphic rocks : See Textbook Exercise Question 2(3).
(2) In sedimentary rocks : Minerals occur in beds or layers.

They are formed, as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal
strata e.g., coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long periods under heat and pressure.
Gypsum, potash, salt and sodium salt are formed as a result of evaporation, especially in arid regions.

(3) Some minerals like bauxite are formed due to decomposition of surface rocks and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores, e.g., bauxite is formed this way.
(4) Certain minerals like gold, silver, tin and platinum occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. These are called ‘placer deposits’ and contain minerals, which are not corroded by water.
(5) Ocean waters : Some minerals like common salt, magnesium and bromine are largely derived from ocean waters. The ocean beds too are rich in manganese nodules.
Thus, minerals are found in various types of formations.

Question 5.
Describe the factors that play an important role in affecting the economic viability of a reserve. How does reserve turns into a mine ?
Answer:
(1) Important factors affecting the economic viability of reserve are as mentioned below :

Concentration of mineral in the ore must be sufficient.
There should be ease of extraction.
It must be close to the market.

(2) To meet the demand, a choice is made between a number of possible options.

When this is done a mineral ‘deposit’ or ‘reserve’ turns into a mine.

Question 6.
“India has fairly rich and varied mineral resources but they are unevenly distributed.” Explain.
Answer:
(1) The above statement is correct. India is rich in mineral resources but they are unevenly distributed as mentioned below :

Peninsular rocks : These rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica and many other non-metallic minerals.
Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern flanks of the peninsula, in Gujarat and Assam have most of the petroleum deposits.
Rajasthan with the rock systems of the peninsula, has reserves of many non-ferrous minerals.
The vast alluvial plains of north India are almost devoid of economic minerals.

(2) Causes of these variations are differences in the geological structure, processes and time involved in the formation of minerals.

Question 7.
Describe the different types of iron ores and their importance or uses.
Answer:
(1) There are four types of iron ores :

Magnetite : It is the finest quality with a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent. It has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in electrical industry.
Haematite : It has content of iron between 50 to 60 per cent. It is the most important
industrial iron that is used in industries. ,
Limonite : It has iron content of about 40-60 per cent.
Siderite : It has content of between 40 to 50 per cent.

(2) Iron ore is very important for the industrial development of the country. It is a metal of universal use. It is used for manufacturing of machines, agricultural implements and items of general use.

Question 8.
Describe the major iron ore belts in India.
Answer:
The major iron ore belts in India are given below :
(1) Orissa-Jharkhand belt :

High grade haematite ore is found in Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts.
Gua and Noamundi in Singbhum district of Jharkhand.

(2) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt:

It is in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra.
Very high grade haematite is found in Bailadila hills in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. It is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam. The range of hills comprise of 14 deposits of super high grade haematite iron ore. It has the best physical properties needed for steel making.

(3) Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt:

It is in Karnataka.
Kudremukh mines in the Western Ghats of Karnataka are a 100% export unit.
Kudremukh deposits are the largest in the world. The ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangalore.

(4) Maharashtra-Goa belt:

In the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.
Iron ores are not of very high quality, but efficiently exploited and exported through Marmagao port.

Question 9.
Describe the uses of manganese. Where is it found in India ?
Answer:
(1) Uses :

Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy.
10 kg of manganese is used to manufacture, one tonne of steel.
It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.

(2) Orissa is the largest producer of manganese ores. It produced one-third of the country’s total production in 2000-01. Karnataka produces 15%, Madhya Pradesh 22% and other states produce 30% manganese in the country. See the figure given below :

Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers Minerals and Energy Resources 1

Question 10.
Describe the distribution of copper in India. What are its uses and what is the position of India regarding its availability ?
Answer:

Copper is found in the Balaghat mines (Madhya Pradesh), Singbhum district of Jharkhand and Khetri mines in Rajasthan. The Balaghat mines produce 52 per cent of India’s copper. However, India is critically deficient in the reserve and production of copper.
Copper is malleable, ductile and a good conductor and is, therefore, mainly used in electrical cables, electronic and chemical industries.

Question 11.
Write a short note on bauxite, its formation, features and distribution in India.
Answer:
(1) Type of mineral : Bauxite is a clay-like substance from which alumina and later aluminium is obtained. Aluminium is an important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malle-ability.
(2) Formation : Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.
(3) Distribution :

It is found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal Hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni. Orissa is the largest bauxite producing state in India with 45 per cent of the country’s total production in 2000-01.
Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district are the most important bauxite deposits in the state.

Question 12.
Name the non-metallic mineral which can split easily into thin sheets ? Mention its uses.
Or
Describe the formation, distribution and uses of mica in India.
Answer:

Mica is a non-metallic mineral which can be split easily into thin sheets that a thousand can be layered into a mica sheet of a few centimeters height. It is made up of a series of plates or leaves.
Mica can be clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown.
Uses : It has excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, and is, therefore, very useful and indispensable mineral in electric and electronic industries.
Distribution : It is found in the northern edge of the Chhota Nagpur plateau, around Ajmer in Rajasthan and Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh. Koderma Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer of mica.

Question 13.
Describe how limestone is found. What are its uses ? Describe its distribu¬tion in India.
Answer:

Limestone is found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates. It is found in sedimentary rocks of most geological formations.
Uses : Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry. It is essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.
Limestone is produced in Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and some other states.

Question 14.
Describe the hazards of mining or describe the impact of mining on the health of the miners and the environment. What is the position of miners in India ?
Answer:
(1) The hazards of mining or the impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the environment are given below :

The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.
The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coalmines are a constant threat to miners.
The water sources in the area get contaminated due to mining.
It leads to degradation of soil and land due to dumping of waste and slurry.
It increases pollution in stream and river.

(2) The condition in coal mines in India are sometimes not satisfactory. Underground fires start mostly from burning trash close to coal pits. Over 50% of coal-belt mines are not safe in India. The companies which own mines do not meet the basic safety standards. The safety status of mines has been graded second and third degrees in the past. Lack of security measures in the coal mines leads to disasters. It has, in practice, become a ‘killer industry’ because many miners are killed every year due to explosions or other incidents in the mines.

Question 15.
Explain the importance of conservation of minerals. Highlight any three measures to conserve them
[CBSE 2016]
Or
Why is conservation of minerals necessary ? Explain three methods to conserve them ? [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
See Textbook Question 2(4).

Question 16.
State another name of lignite coal and write any one feature and use of the same.
Or
Describe qualities of different types of coal found in India. Describe its formation, distribution and uses.
Answer:
(1) There are four types of coal. Their qualities are given below :

Peat : It has low carbon and high moisture contents and low heating capacity.
Lignite : It is a low grade brown coal. It is soft with high moisture content. It is used for generation of electricity.
Bituminous : It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal, a high grade bituminous coal has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces.
Anthracite : It is the highest quality hard coal.

(2) Formation : It is formed due to the compression of plant material over millions of years.
(3) Distribution : Coal is found in Damodar valley i.e., West Bengal, Jharkhand, Jharia, Raniganj, Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys, Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
(4) Uses of coal :

It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.
It meets most of the commercial energy requirements in India.

Question 17.
Highlight the importance of petroleum. Explain the occurrence of petrolei ? in India. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
(1) Importance : It is the second major energy source in India after coal. Its uses are as given below:

It provides fuel for heat and lighting.
It provides lubricants for machinery.
It provides raw materials for many manufacturing industries.
Petroleum refineries act as a ‘nodal industry’ for synthetic, textile, fertiliser an numerous chemical industries.

(2) Occurrences of petroleum is as mentioned below :

Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.
In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.
The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow.
The oil is prevented from rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers.

(3) Distribution of petroleum : Distribution of petroleum is given below :

63% of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai High, 18 per cent from Gujarat and 16 per cent from Assam.
Ankeleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat.
Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Digboi, Naharkatiya and Mora a Hugrijan are the important oil fields in the state.

Question 18.
Write a short note on natural gas as a conventional source of energy with special reference to its uses, features and distribution.
Answer:

Uses : Natural gas is found in association with or without petroleum. It is an important clean energy resource. It is used as a source of energy and an industrial raw materia ; in the petrochemical industry. The power and fertiliser industries are the main users of natural gas. CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) is used in vehicles in place of liquid fuels.
Features : It is environment friendly because of low carbon dioxide emissions.
Distribution : Large-reserves are in the Krishna-Godavari basin, Mumbai High, Gulf of Cambay, Andaman and Nicobar islands.
The 1700 km long Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur cross country gas pipeline links Muml High and Bassien with the fertiliser, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India.

Question 19.
What are the two main ways of generating electricity ? How are they different from each other ?
Or
Differentiate between hydro electricity and thermal electricity.
Or
Why per capita consumption of electricity is considered as an index of development ?
Answer:
(1) Electricity is generated in two ways :

Hydro electricity : It is generated by fast flowing water which is a renewable source. India is producing hydro electricity through a number of multi-purpose projects like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Corporation, the Ropili Hydel Project.
Thermal electricity : It is generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas. The thermal power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels for generating electricity. There are over 310 thermal power plants in India.

(2) For progress and prosperity of individuals and the nation, electricity is an important requirement. It is used at homes as well as in offices and in industries. It has a very wide range of applications in today’s world. That is why its per capital consumption is considered as an index of development.

Question 20.
How nuclear or atomic energy is obtained ? Mention the nuclear power stations and the states where they are located.
Answer:
(1) Nuclear or atomic energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms. When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power. It is produced by using uranium and thorium. These are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan. Monazite sands of Kerala contain uranium. India has vast deposits of thorium which is about 50 per cent of world’s deposits.
(2) Six nuclear power stations are located in the states as mentioned below :

Naraura – Uttar Pradesh
Rawat Bhata – Rajasthan
Kakrapara – Gujarat
Tarapur – Maharashtra
Kaiga – Karnataka
Kalpakkam — Tamil Nadu.

Question 21.
Why should non-conventional energy be used more ? Explain.
Or
Why is there a pressing need for using renewable energy sources in India ? Explain.
Answer:
The reasons for using renewable energy sources or non-conventional energy such as solar, wind, water are as mentioned below :

Use of fossil fuels has caused serious environmental problems.
Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about energy resources in the future.
India has abundance of sunlight, water, wind and biomass.
Rising prices of oil etc. has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy as we have to make payment for import of oil in foreign exchange.

Question 22.
Describe the importance of wind energy in India with special reference to its uses.
Answer:
India has a wind power potential of 20,000 MW. This energy requires only initial cost on the establishment of wind farm. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. Wind farms have been established in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep. India now ranks as a “wind super power” in the world.

Question 23.
How is biogas produced ? What are its uses ?
Answer:
(1) Production : Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
(2) Uses of biogas :

Biogas plants are set up at municipal, cooperative and individual levels.
The plants using cattle dung are known as ‘Gobar gas plants’ which are used in rural India.
Gobar gas plants are very beneficial for the farmers because they provide energy to the farmers as well as improve quality of manure.
It prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.

Question 24.
What is tidal energy ? How does it generate electricity ? Which area provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy in India ?
Answer:
(1) Tidal energy means use of oceanic tides to generate electricity.
(2) Generation of electricity : To generate electricity, floodgate dams are built across inlets. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. After the tide falls outside the floodgate, the water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power-generating turbine.
(3) Areas of ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy : The Gulf of Kuchchh provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy. The National Hydropower Corporation has set up a 900 MW tidal energy power plant in the Gulf of Kuchchh.

Question 25.
What is Geothermal Energy ? Name the places where experimental projects for geothermal energy have been set up in India.
Answer:
(1) Geothermal Energy : It refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the earth.
(2) In India, two experimental projects have been set up as mentioned below :

In the Parvati Valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh.
In the Puga Valley, Ladakh.

Question 26.
Describe the steps that should be taken for conservation of energy re¬sources.
Answer:
The following steps should be taken for conservation of energy resources :

Use more and more of public transport system and less of individual vehicles.
Switch off electricity whenever not required.
Use power-saving devices.
Check the power equipment regularly.
Greater use of non-conventional sources of energy.
These steps are necessary because “energy saved is energy produced”.

MAP QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Show important places where the following minerals are found :

Iron ore
Manganese
Bauxite
Mica

Answer:

Iron ore : Gua, Mayurbhanj, Chandrapur, Bailadila, Ratnagiri, Bellary, Chitradurga and Kudremukh.
Manganese : Shimoga, Nagpur, Balaghat, Sundergarh and Kendujhar.
Bauxite : Katni, Amarkantak, Bilaspur, Koraput and Maikala.
Mica : Ajmer, Beawar, Gaya, Nellore and Hazaribagh.

Question 2.
Six features with serial numbers (1) to (6) are marked in the given political outline map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map.

A bauxite mine
A mica mine
Iron ore mines
Manganese
Iron ore fields
Iron ore exporting port

Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers Minerals and Energy Resources 3
Answer:
The correct names are as given below :

Katni
Nellore
Ratnagiri
Shimoga
Orissa-Jharkh and Belt
Paradip

See map given below :

Question 3.
On the map of India, show the important places of conventional energy resources.
Answer:
Important places of conventional energy resources are given below :

(1) Coal mines: Neyvali, Singareni, Talcher, Korba, Sirfgarauli, Bokaro, Jharia, Raniganj and Janji.

Oil fields : Mumbai High, Bassien, Kalol, Ankeleshwar, Hajira and Digboi.
Major natural gas reserves : Krishna-Godavari Basin, Gulf of Cambay and Mumbai High.
HVJ natural gas pipeline : Murn Sai High and Bassien – 1,700 km long.

See the map given below :

Question 4.
On the map of India show the nuclear and thermal power plants.
Answer:

Nuclear power plants : Six power plants are at Kalpakkam, Kaiga, Tarapur, Ki krapara, Rawat Bhata and Naraura.
Hermal power plants : There are over Thermal power plants. The main plants are at Delhi, Faridabad, Panki, Barauni, Loktak, Durgapur, Kolkata, Singrauli, Bhusawal, ivawada. Sabarmati and other places.

see the map given below :

We hope the Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources help you. If you have any query regarding Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers Lifelines of National Economy

January 5, 2022September 4, 2021 by Murali

CBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers Lifelines of National Economy Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science SST Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy.

Learnintsa.com Committed to provides Extensive NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy, Students can read and score more marks in your CBSE board examination.

Lifelines of National Economy Class 10 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 7

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Answers should not exceed 30 words.

Question 1.
Why is there the need for transport system ? Mention any one reason.
Answer:
The movement of goods and products from the supply locations to demand locations (markets) necessitates the need for transport.

Question 2.
Which are the different types of transport ?
Answer:
The transport can be classified into land, water and, air transport.

Question 3.
Mention two types of airways.
Answer:
Domestic Airways and International Airways.

Question 4.
What are the factors for growing importance of the roadways ? State two factors.
Answer:

Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines.
It provides door-to-door service.

Question 5.
How are roads classified in India ?
Answer:
In India roads are classified into six classes as mentioned below :

Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways
National Highways
State Highways
District Roads
Other roads that link rural areas with towns
Border Roads.

Question 6.
What is road density ?
Answer:
The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of roads.

Question 7.
What was national average density of roads in 1996-97 ?
Answer:
The national average density of roads in India in 1996-97 was 75 km per 100 sq. km.

Question 8.
Mention one drawback of roads in India.
Answer:
Most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow.

Question 9.
When and where the first train steamed off in India ?
Answer:
In India, the first train steamed off from Mumbai to Thane in 1853, covering a distance of 34 km.

Question 10.
The northern plains provide favourable conditions for the growth of the railways. Mention any two.
Answer:

Vast level land.
High population density.

Question 11.
Why railway track are laid with difficulty in Rajasthan ?
Answer:
It is difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of Rajasthan.

Question 12.
In recent times which railway has been developed along the west coast ?
Answer:
Konkan Railway.

Question 13.
The railways is facing many problems. Mention any two problems.
Answer:

Many passengers travel without ticket.
People pull the chain unnecessarily.

Question 14.
What is the use of pipelines transport ?
Answer:
Pipelines are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants.

Question 15.
There are three important networks of pipeline transportation in the country. Mention any one.
Answer:
Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh via Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahjahanpur, Babrala and other places in Uttar Pradesh.

Question 16.
Why are the waterways useful ? State any two advantages.
Answer:

Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.
It is a fuel efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.

Question 17.
Which waterways have been declared as National Waterways by the government ?
Answer:

The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km) NW No. 1.
The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km) NW No. 2.
The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (205 km) NW No. 3.

Question 18.
What is the length of India’s coastline ?
Answer:
7516.6 km.

Question 19.
Which port was the first port developed after independence and why ?
Answer:
Kandla in Kuchchh was the first port developed after independence to ease the volume of trade on Mumbai port in the wake of loss of Karachi port of Pakistan after the Partition.

Question 20.
Which is the biggest port ? State its one feature.
Answer:

Mumbai is the biggest port.
It has a spacious, natural and well-sheltered harbour.

Question 21.
Which is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country ?
Answer:
Marmagao (Goa) is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country.

Question 22.
Which is one of the oldest artificial port in the country ?
Answer:
Chennai is one of the oldest artificial ports of the country.

Question 23.
What type of port is Kolkata ?
Answer:
Kolkata is an inland riverine port.

Question 24.
State one feature of Airways.
Answer:
Airways is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport.

Question 25.
Which is the extreme south-western port located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour ?
Answer:
Kochchi.

Question 26.
When was air transport nationalised ?
Answer:
In 1953.

Question 27.
Which company provides helicopter services to ONGC and where ?
Answer:
Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. provides helicopter services to Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its far off-shore operations.

Question 28.
In which states special provisions have been made to provide air services to the common people ?
Answer:
It is only in the north-eastern states that special provisions are made to extend the air services to the common people.

Question 29.
How many telephone exchanges are there in India ?
Answer:
About 37565.

Question 30.
How many villages are covered with STD telephone facility in India ?
Answer:
More than two-thirds villages in India have already been covered with Subscriber Trunk Dialing (STD) telephone facility.

Question 31.
What is trade ?
Answer:
The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as trade.

Question 32.
Which states are important destinations of foreign tourists in India ?
Answer:
Rajasthan, Goa, Jammu and Kashmir and Temple towns of south India.

QUESTIONS OF &S MARKS

Answers should he in about 80/100 words.

Question 1.
“Efficient means of transport are pre-requisites for the fast development.” Express your views in favour of this statement. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
I agree with the above statement. Without efficient means of transport, no development can be made in a country. The arguments in favour of the statement are as mentioned below :

The goods and services do not move from supply locales to demand locales on their
own.
The movement of goods and services from supply locations to demand locations necessitates the need for transport.
A large number of workers are engaged in doing this work so that the needs of people may be fulfilled.
Traders too use transport facilities for sending and receiving goods for selling to the consumers.
If no transport facility is available, they may not be able to send their goods and products to different places. Their trade will, thus, be concentrated to one place only. The pace of development of a country, thus, depends upon the production and movement of goods and services to all the parts.

Question 2.
Do you agree with the view that transport, communication and trade are complementary to each other ? Explain you views.
Answer:
Yes, means of transport, communication and trade are complementary to each other as mentioned below :

Transport and communication provide the infrastructural basis for conducting trade.
The growth in trade also leads to creation of more infrastructure to match the volume of trade because increase in the volume of trade may need more means of transport.
More trade creates avenue for investment in infrastructure through the revenue generated by trade.
The growth in trade means more transport like roads, railways, air, water and pipelines to be developed to keep the wheels of economy moving.
Communication helps in commercial transactions to be completed across different places all over the world. It helps to cross the geographical barriers and keeps the traders informed about their business instantly. The modern means of communication such as e-mail, mobile etc. are of great help for the traders all over the world. The world has become a village.
Thus it can be said that progress in science, technology, means of transport and communication are responsible for increase in trade and commerce.

Question 3.
“Roadways still have an edge over railways in India.” Support the statement with arguments.
[CBSE 2016]
Answer:
See Textbook Question 2(1) and (2).

Question 4.
Describe different kinds of roads according to their capacity.
Answer:
The roads are classified into six classes according to their capacity as mentioned below :
(1) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways :

It is a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways.
The object of these Super Highways is to meet the requirements of fast movement of traffic in the country and to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India.
North-South corridor connects Srinagar (JK) to Kanniyakumari (Tamil Nadu).
East-West corridor connects Silchsr, (Assam) to Porbandar (Gujarat).
These highway projects are being implemented by the National Highway Authority of
India (NHAI). ”

(2) National Highways :

National Highways link extreme parts of the country including one state with another.
These are primary road systems of national importance. Therefore, these are con¬structed and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) of the central government.
The historical Sher Shah Suri Marg is called National Highway No. 1 between Delhi and Amritsar.
A number of major National Highways run in North-South and East-West directions.

(3) State Highways :

These roads link a state capital with different district headquarters.
These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department in State and Union Territories.

(4) District Roads :

These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district.
These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad.

(5) Rural Roads :

Rural roads or village roads link rural areas and villages with towns.
Under Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana provisions have been made to link every village in the country to a major town by an all season motorable road. Thus, it is hoped that the condition of rural roads will improve in future.

(6) Border Roads :

These roads are in the border areas of the country.
Border Roads Organisation which is a Government of India undertaking constructs and maintains these roads.
These roads are of strategic importance in the northern and north-eastern border areas.
These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain.
These roads have also helped in the economic development of these areas.

Question 5.
How roads are classified on the basis of the type of material used for their construction ?
Answer:
On the basis of type of material use for their construction, roads are classified into two types as mentioned below :
(1) Metalled roads :

These roads are made of cement concrete or even bitumen or coal tar.
One can go fast on metalled roads.
These are all weather roads.
These are maintained by the government.

(2) Unmetalled roads :

These are not all weather roads.
These are made of mud and gravel which are generally found in the rural areas.
These are sometimes made even of sand and laid as extended roads.
These may not be fit for use in rainy season.
The unmetalled roads are maintained by common people.
One cannot go fast on these roads.

Question 6.
Describe the problems that are being faced in road transportation in India.
Answer:
The problems that are being faced in road transportation in India are as given below :

Inadequate network in view of the volume of traffic and passengers.
Half of the roads are unmetalled that cannot be used during rainy season.
National highways are inadequate to meet the rush of traffic.
Roads in the cities are highly congested.
Most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow.
Roadside amenities like emergency health services, police protection on the highways are not adequate.
The above problems need immediate attention of the government to make road transport more popular and useful in the country.

Question 7.
“Railways are the principal mode of transportation in India.” Explain.
Answer:
The railways are the main artery of inland transport in India. It is the lifeline of the country as mentioned below :

Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers.
The Indian Railways have a network of 7,031 stations, 7,817 locomotives, 5,321 passenger service vehicles, 4,904 other coach vehicles and 228,170 wagons as on 31st March, 2004.
The total length of railways is 63,221 km.
Railways are useful in conducting business, sightseeing, pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances.
1. It is the largest public undertaking in the country. Thus, it is clear that the railways are playing an important role in our economy. It has played an important role in the integration of the country as people can go from one region to another easily.

Question 8.
Give brief description of the Indian Railway’s gauge operations.
Answer:
A table showing Indian Railway’s Track on multiple gauge operations is given below
(Source : India Year Book, 2006)

Gauge in metres

Route (km)

Running Track (km)

Total Track (km)

(1) Broad Gauge (1.676)

(2) Meter Gauge (1.000)

(3) Narrow Gauge (0.762 & 0.610)

46,807

13,209

3,124

66,754

13,976

3,129

88,517

16,489

3,450

Total

63,221

83,859

1,08,486

Question 9.
Analyse the physiographic and economic factors that have influenced the distribution pattern of railway network in our country. [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
Physical and economic factors have influenced the distribution pattern of the Indian Railway network in the following ways :
(1) Northern plains :

Level land, high population density and rich agricultural re¬sources has favoured development of railways in these plains,
However, a large number of rivers requiring construction of bridges across their wide river beds posed some obstacles

(2) Peninsular region and the Himalayan region :

It is a hilly terrain. The railway tracks are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels. So, it is very difficult to lay the railway lines.
The Him alayan mountainous regions too are not favourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and. lack of economic opportunities.

(3) Desert of Rajasthan : On the sandy plain of western Rajasthan too, it is very difficult to lay railway lines which has hindered the development of railways.
(4) Swamps of Gujarat, forested tracts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Jharkhand : These are also not suitable for the development of the railways.
(5) The contiguous stretch of Sahyadri could be crossed only through gaps or passes (ghats). Although the Konkan railway along the west coast has been developed but it has also faced a number of problems such as sinking of track in some stretches and landslides.

Question 10.
Describe the problems being faced by the railways.
Answer:
The problems being faced by the railways are as mentioned below :

Old track and poor state rolling stock : The major problem faced by Indian railways is that the tracks are old and outdated. These old tracks cause many serious railway accidents. This has also resulted in speed restrictions.
Travel without tickets : A large number of passengers travel without purchasing tickets. Indian railways have to bear extra loss of about ? 5 crore every year on account of travelling without tickets.
Railway accidents : The incidence of railway accidents in our country is greater as compared to other countries of the world. Accidents occur due to the errors and negligence of the employees.
Attack on railways : During disturbances or strikes, people attack railway stations. This leads to loss of railway property. For instance, there was heavy loss of railways in the movements of West Bengal, Telangana and Assam and other places in the past.
Lack of modern management : There is lack of modern management as railway failed to attract suitable talent. It also could not make economic analysis for perspective planning tariff.
Outmoded technology : The rolling stock technology is outmoded. This has made railways incapable of coping with increasing transport demand and of raising and imporving the traffic volume and flows at lower unit cost of operation.
Problem of laying double lines : Most of the railway lines are single lines which create great inconvenience to the railway organisation and passengers.
Competition with road transport : The competition with road transport is harming the railways. The lack of coordination between railways and road transport has lowered the earning capacity of the railways.

Question 11.
What is pipeline transportation ? Give any two points of importance of pipeline transportation.
Or
Explain uses and advantages of pipeline transportation.
Answer:

(1) Under pipeline transportation now pipelines are used to transport crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to oil refineries, fertiliser factories and big thermal power plants.
(2) Advantages :

Crude oil and other petroleum products can be transported to far away inland locations like Barauni and Panipat.
Pipelines have proved beneficial for gas based fertiliser plants.
Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
Running cost of pipelines is minimal but initial cost of laying pipeline is high.
There are no trans-shipment losses or delays.

(3) Networks of pipelines : There are three networks of pipeline transportation as given below :

From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur iJJttar Pradesh) via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad. It has branches from Barauni to Haldia via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to Maurigram and Guwahati to Siliguri.
From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat. It has branches to connect Koyali (near Vadodara, Gujarat), Chakshu and other places.
Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh via Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahjahanpur, Babrala and other places in Uttar Pradesh.

Question 12.
Describe the inland navigation waterways in India. What are its advan¬tages ?
Answer:
(1)

India has inland navigation waterways of 14,500 km in length. Out of these only 3,700 km are navigable by mechanised boats.
National waterways : The following waterways have been declared as the National Waterways by the government:
- The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1,620 km) — N.W. No. 1.
- The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km) — N.W. No. 2.
- The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Komman, Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals – 205 km) — N.W. No. 3.
The other inland waterways include the Godavari, Krishna, Barak, Sunderbans, Buckingham canal, Brahmani. East-West canal and Damodar Valley Corporation Canal.

(2) The advantages of waterways are as given below :

Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.
They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
It is a fuel-efficient transport.
It is environment friendly mode of transport.

Question 13.
Describe the major sea ports of India.
Answer:
India has a long coastline of 7,516.6 km. There are 12 major and 181 medium and minor ports. These major ports handle 95 per cent of India’s foreign trade.
The major sea ports of India are as given below :

Kandla in Kuchchh (Gujarat): Kandla is a tidal port. It caters to the needs of handling of exports and imports of highly productive granary and industrial belt stretching across the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Mumbai port (Maharashtra) : It is the biggest port with natural and well-sheltered harbdhr. Jawaharlal Nehru port was planned with a view to decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a support for this region.
Marmagao port (Goa): It is the premier iron ore exporting port. This port accounts for about 50% of India’s iron ore export.
New Mangalore port (Karnataka): It exports iron ore from Kudremukh mines.
Kochchi port: It is the extreme south-western port which is located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour.
Tuticorin port (Tamil Nadu): It has a natural harbour and rich hinterland. It handles cargoes to Sri Lanka and Maldives too.
Chennai port (Tamil Nadu): It is one of the oldest artificial ports of India. It is next to Mumbai in volume of trade and cargo.
Vishakhapatnam port (Andhra Pradesh) : It is the deepest landlocked and well-protected port.
Paradip port (Orissa): It specialises in the export of iron ore.
Kolkata port (West Bengal): It is ar»-inland riverine port. It is a tidal port and requires constant dredging of Hoogly.
Haldia port: It was developed as a subsidiary port in order to relieve growing pressure
on the Kolkata port.

Question 14.
Describe the air transport in India. What are the advantages of airways ?
Answer:
(1)

In India, air transport was nationalised in 1953.
Domestic air services : These services are provided by Indian Airlines, Alliance Air, private scheduled airlines and non-scheduled air operators.
International air services : These are provided by Air India.
Helicopter services : These services are provided by Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. to Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its off-shore operations, to inaccessible areas and difficult areas like north-eastern states and the interior parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
Neighbouring countries : Indian Airlines provides services to the neighbouring countries of South and south-east Asia and the Middle east.

(2) The advantages of airways are as given below :

It is the fastest and most comfortable mode of transport. One can reach his destination at far away places within a short period.
It can cover very difficult areas like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests and
long oceanic stretches easily.
It is very useful in hostile areas and natural and human-made calamities like floods, famines and earthquakes.

Question 15.
Explain why is air transport preferred in north-eastern states of India ?
Answer:
The north-eastern states are full of big rivers, dissected relief, dense forests, frequent
floods. It has international frontiers with Myanmar, Bangladesh and China. Under these conditions, air transport is preferred in these hilly areas of north-eastern states because air transport can cover very difficult areas like high mountains and dense forests. It is also useful t in hostile areas and natural and human-made calamities like floods. It is only in the north¬ eastern states that special provisions are made to extend the air services to the common people. As such air travel is within their reach and preferred.

Question 16.
Describe the main features of the Indian postal network.
Answer:
Main features of the Indian postal network are as given below :

The Indian postal network is the largest network in the world.
Types of mail: There are two types of mail :
- First-class mail: Cards and envelops fall in this category.
- Second-class mail : It includes book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals.
Mail channels : For quick delivery of mails, six channels have been introduced. These are – Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail Channel and Periodical Channel.

Question 17.
Write a short note on the telecom networks in India.
Answer:

India’s telecom network is one of the largest networks in Asia.
All urban places and two-thirds of the villages have Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) telephone facility. Special provisions have been made to extend twenty-four hours STD facility to all villages. ‘
There is a uniform STD rate in the country. It has been made possible by integrating the development in space technology with communication technology.

Question 18.
Which are the main means of mass communication ? Explain the importance of ‘Radio’ and ‘Television’ as an effective mere of mass communication in India.
Answer:

Radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and films are the main means of mass communication.
The importance of‘Radio’ and ‘Television’ as an effective means of communication in India is due to the factors as mentioned below :
- Radio and television provide entertainment to the people.
- These create awareness among people about various national programmes and poli¬cies as debates are conducted on television and radio.
- Programmes are broadcasted in different languages for all types of people.
- Doordarshan, the national television channel of India and one of the largest terres¬trial networks in the world, broadcasts various types of programmes from entertainment, educational to sports etc., for different age groups.

Question 19.
What is the position of India in the production of films ? What type of Rims are produced and which authority certifies them ?
Answer:

India is the largest producer of feature films in the world.
Various types of films are produced – such as short films, video feature films and video short films.
The Central Board of Film Certification certifies both Indian and foreign films.

Question 20.
Why is international trade considered the economic barometer for a country ?
Answer:
The progress in international trade leads to economic prosperity. If the value of
exports exceeds the value of imports, the country is considered to have made advancement in international trade. It is called favourable balance of trade. Developed countries come in this category. On the other hand, if the value of imports exceeds the value of exports, it is termed as unfavourable balance of trade. Thus, advancement of international trade is an index to its economic prosperity and considered the economic barometer for a country.

Question 21.
Write a short note on how tourism as a trade has flourished in India.
Answer:
The tourism as a trade has flourished in India as mentioned below :

There has been increase of 23.5 per cent during the year 2004 as against the year 2003 and contributed ? 21,828 crore of foreign exchange.
Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year.
Over 15 million people are directly employed in the tourism industry in the country.
It promotes national integration because people from India also go from one place to another place.
It helps- in the development of international understanding. Foreign tourists are attracted by Indian culture and traditions.
It supports local handicrafts and cultural pursuits because tourists purchase many products during their visits.
Foreign tourists visit India for visiting places of heritage or to have adventure in hilly region or to have business with India.
Rajasthan, Goa, Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of south India have attracted many tourists from all over the world.

MAP QUESTIONS

Question 1.
On the map of India show the following :
(1) Golden Quadrilateral
(2) North-South corridor
(3) East-West corridor
(4) National Highways with number.
Answer:

Golden Quadrilateral will connect Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Delhi. Its length will be 5,846 km.
North-South corridor : It will connect Srinagar and Kanniyakumari.
East-West corridor will connect Silchar and Porbandar.
National Highways connect one state with another. They are of national importance. These roads are maintained by the Central Government.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers Lifelines of National Economy 1

Question 2.
On the outline map of India show the following :

Sea ports
International Airports.

Answer:
Major sea ports and airports are as given below :

Sea ports: Kandla, Mumbai, Marmagao, New Mangalore, Kochchi, Tuticorin, Paradip, Vishakhapatnam, Chennai and Haldia.
International Airports: Amritsar (Raja Sansi), Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram, Kolkata. See map given below :

Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers Lifelines of National Economy 2
Question 3.
On the map of India locate headquarters of the railway zones in India.
Answer:

The headquarters of the sixteen zones are as given below :

Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers Lifelines of National Economy 5

Question 4.
Six features with serial numbers (1) to (6) are marked in the given political outline map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map.
(1) Southern point of North-South corridor.
(2) A point in Golden Quadrilateral.
(3) An International Airport.
(4) A major sea port.
(5) Headquarter of Eastern Railways.
Answer:

Kaniyakumari
Delhi
Mumbai
Paradip
chinnai
Kolkata

Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers Lifelines of National Economy 6

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Class 10 Civics Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers Democracy and Diversity

January 5, 2022September 4, 2021 by Murali

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Democracy and Diversity Class 10 Extra Questions Civics Chapter 3

QUESTIONS OF 1 MARK

Answers should not exceed 30 words.

Question 1.
When did the Civil Rights Movement in the USA take place ?
Answer:
Civil Rights Movement in the USA was carried during 1954-1968.

Question 2.
What led to the Civil Rights Movement in the USA ? [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
It was against the racially discriminatory laws and practices that were being followed in the USA.

Question 3.
Give one feature of Civil Rights Movement. [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
It aimed at abolishing legal racial discrimination against African-Americans.

Question 4.
Who were Afro-Americans ? [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
Afro-American, Black-American or Black are the terms used to refer mainly to the descendants of Africans who were brought into America as slaves between the 17th century and early 19th century.

Question 5.
What do you understand by the Black Power ?
Answer:
It was a movement that emerged in 1966 and lasted till 1975 which was a more militant anti-racist movement, advocating even violence if necessary to end racism in the US.

Question 6.
What did Tommie Smith and John Carlos try to do by protest at the Mexico Olympics in 1968 ?
Answer:
They tried to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States.

Question 7.
Who led the Civil Rights Movement in the USA ?
Answer:
Martin Luther King Jr.

Question 8.
What action was taken against Carlos and Smith by the International Olympic Association and why ?
Answer:

Carlos and Smith were held guilty of violating the Olympic spirit by making a political statement.
Their medals were taken back.

Question 9.
State one country where linguistic as well as religious differences exist.
Answer:
Sri Lanka.

Question 10.
What are the basis of social differences ?
Answer:

Social differences are based on accident of birth.
Some differences are also based on our choice. For example which religion to follow or what to study or to adopt a profession.

Question 11.
What was one similarity between Carlos and Smith ? How were they different from Norman ?
Answer:
They – Carlos and Smith – were Afro-American but Norman was white.

Question 12.
Why the difference between the Blacks and Whites becomes a social division in the USA ?
Answer:
It is because the Blacks are poor and homeless. Policy of discrimination is followed against them.

Question 13.
What is a Homogeneous Society ?
Answer:
Homogeneous society is a society that has similar kind of people, especially where there are no significant ethnic differences.

Question 14.
Who is a migrant ?
Answer:
Anybody who shifts from one region or country to another region within a country or to another country, usually for work or other economic opportunities.

Question 15.
State one effect of overlapping social differences as is the case in Northern Ireland.
Ans.
Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions.

Question 16.
How is the population of Northern Ireland divided into two major sects ? What is their percentage in the population ?
Answer:

Christianity :
- Protestants – 53 per cent
- Roman catholics – 44 percent.

Question 17.
Why were the people of Belgium successful in bringing reconciliation among different communities ?
Answer:
Belgians feel that they are Belgians as well as Dutch or French or German-speaking.

Question 18.
What was the result of political competition along religious and ethnic lines ?
Answer:
Political competition along religious and ethnic lines led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.

Question 19.
Mention any one factor which is crucial in deciding the outcome of politics of social divisions.
Answer:
It depends on how the political leaders raise the demands of any community.

Question 20.
How can social divisions become more threatening ? Give one example.
Answer:
If the rulers try to suppress the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become more threatening as has happened in Sri Lanka.

QUESTIONS OF 3/5 MARKS

Answers should be in about 80/100 words.

Question 1.
Taking example of Carlos, SmitKand Peter Norman, analyse how do social differences divide similar people from one another but also unite very different people.
Or
“Every social difference does not lead to social division.” Explain. [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:

It is true that every social difference does not lead to social division. Social differences divide similar people from one another, but they also unite very different people.
People belonging to different social groups share differences and similarities cutting across the boundaries of their groups.
In the case of Carlos, Smith and Peter Norman, Carlos and Smith were similar in one way i.e., both were African-American and thus different from Norman who was white.
They were also similar in other ways – they were all athletes who stood against racial discrimination.
It is also fairly common for people belonging to same religion to feel that they do not belong to the same community due to different castes or sects. Similarly it is possible for people from different religions to have the same caste and feel close to each other.
Rich and poor persons from the same family do not have close relations with each other. They feel that they are different. It is all due to the fact that all the persons have more than one identity and can belong to more than one social group.

Question 2.
Give one example to show that we all have more than one identity.
Answer:

It is true that we all have more than one identity in different contexts. Take the example of Carlos, Smith and Norman.
Carlos and Smith have common identity as African-American.
Carlos and Smith have different identity from Norman who is white.
All three have common identity as they are all athletes who are against racial discrimination.

Question 3.
What did the African-American athletes do in order to draw international attention to Black poverty in the Mexico Olympics ?
Or
Write in brief the story of medal ceremony of the 200 meters race in 1968 Olympics.
Or
What were the consequences of Tommie Smith and John’s reaction to the social discrimination ?
Answer:

In the 1968 Mexico Olympics, the US athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos had won the gold and bronze medals of the 200 meters race. They were African-Americans.
At the medal ceremony they wore black socks and no shoes to represent Black poverty.
Aim :
With this gesture they tried to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States.
The black-gloved and raised clenched fists were meant to symbolise Black Power.
Peter Norman, an Australian silver medalist, wore a human rights badge on his shirt during the ceremony to show his support to the two Americans.
Consequences :
1. The International Olympic Association held Carlos and Smith guilty of violating the Olympic spirit by making a political statement and took their medals back.
2. In USA they were criticised for their action.
3. In Australia, Norman was not included in the Australian team for the next Olympic.
4. As a result of their action, the athletes succeeded in drawing international attention
  for the Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).
5. Later on ‘San Jose State’ University honoured Carlos and Smith, their former students, and installed their statues in the University Campus.
6. When Norman died in 2006, Smith and Carlos were pallbearers at his funeral.

Question 4.
How were Civil Rights Movement and the Black Power Movement different from each other ? Give three features of each.
Answer:
The differences between the Civil Rights Movement and the Black Power Movement were as mentioned below :

Civil Rights Movement

Black Power Movement

1. It started in 1954 and lasted till 1968.

2. Its aim was abolishing legal racial discrimination against African-Amercians.

3. It was led by Martin Luther King Jr.

4. This movement practiced non-violent methods of civil disobedience against racially discriminatory laws and practices.

1. It started in 1966 and lasted till 1975.

2. It was anti-racist movement.

3. It was a more militant anti-racist movement and even advocated violence, if necessary to end racism in the US.

4. This movement was highlighted in 1968 Mexico Olympics when Carlos and Smith wore black socks and no shoes at the medal ceremony to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States.

Question 5.
Differentiate between social difference and social division with the help of examples.
Answer:

A social difference exists in every society. People do have differences based on language, caste, religion, region, economic status, profession or any other issue. People are discriminated against on these basis of social, economic and racial inequality.
On the other hand, a social division would mean that the differences overlap. For example if one belongs to a ‘lower caste’, race, religion, class or ethnic group, he will be treated as inferior, will be discriminated against, and be subjected to harsh treatment. For example in the US earlier the division existed between blacks and whites. Blacks were poor, homeless. They were discriminated. Even law was against them. The same can be said about low castes in India
(though our constitution prohibits it).
Social differences can be easily accommodated with some reservation policies. But social division sometimes lead to political division of the country.

Question 6.
Why do the Catholics and Protestants have conflicts in Northern Ireland but not in Netherlands ?
Or
Compare the conditions in Northern Ireland with that of Netherlands.
Answer:
The Catholics and Protestants have conflicts in Northern Ireland but not in Netherlands due to different conditions as mentioned below :

Civil Rights Movement

Black Power Movement

(1) In Northern Ireland class and religion overlap each.

(2) Catholics are generally poor and are discriminated.

(3) Overlapping social differences create conflicts. These differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. One group of people can be pitted against the other.

(1) In Netherlands class and religion tend to cut across each other.

(2) Both Catholics and Protestants are poor as well as rich.

(3) Cross-cutting differences do not lead to conflicts because cross-cutting social differences are easier to accommodate. One group of people cannot be pitted against the other because different groups share a common interest on one issue but are likely to be on different sides on a different issue as has happened in Netherlands

Question 7.
Explain cross-cutting of social differences. [CBSE 2016-17]
Or
Differentiate between overlapping difference and cross-cutting difference.
Answer:
The difference between overlapping and cross-cutting differences is as mentioned below

Civil Rights Movement

Cross-cutting Difference

(1) Overlapping difference leads to social division because some social differences overlaps with other differences.

(2) Overlapping differences are difficult to accommodate.

(3) In Northern Ireland, Christians are divided between Catholics and Protestants. Here class and religion overlap with each other. Catholics are poor and have faced discrimination. This has resulted in conflicts. So overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tension.

(1) It does not lead to social division because it is difficult to pit one group of people against the other because different groups share a common interest on one issue but are likely to be on different sides on different issues.

(2) Cross-cutting differences are easier to accommodate as in the case of Netherlands.

(3) In the Netherlands, class and religion tend to cut-across each other. Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be poor or rich. So they do not have conflicts so their differences are easily accommodated.

Question 8.
“Social divisions exist in most of the countries.” Explain.
Or
Social divisions of one kind or the other exist in most countries. Explain with examples. [CBSE 2016-17]
Or
How far is it correct to say that social divisions exist only in big countries like India ?
Or
‘Social divisions exist in the most countries of the world.’ Explain.
Answer:
It is correct to say that social divisions exist in most of countries of the world. It does not matter whether the country is small or big. The examples are as given below :
(1)

India is a vast country with many communities i.e., Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Christian and others.
On the other hand Belgium is a small country with many communities i.e., French, Dutch and German-speaking,
Even those countries such as Germany and Sweden, where there were no significant ethnic differences, are undergoing rapid change with influx of people from other parts of the world,
Migrants bring with them their own culture and form a different social community,
Indians have also settled in many countries such as Great Britain and USA.

(2) There are people of different castes in countries like India. Caste too leads to social divisions.
(3) Society is divided on the basis of status i.e., rich, poor, literate and illiterate. For example, we find a wide gap between the rich and the poor in india, particularly in rural areas.
(4) There may be social divisions on the basis of culture too as in India.

Question 9.
“In democracy, competition can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country.” Explain with examples.
Or
Give negative effects in which social divisions affect politics. [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
It is a fact that if social divisions are changed to political divisions, it can have negative effects. Take the example of Northern Ireland. Its population is divided into Protestants – 53 per cent and Roman Catholics – 44 per cent. These are represented by the Nationalists and Unionists. Nationalists demanded that Northern Ireland be unified with the Republic of Ireland a predominantly Catholic country. But the Unionists wanted to remain with the UK, a predominantly Protestant. This resulted in a fight between Unionists and Nationalists and between the security forces of the UK and the Nationalists. Hundreds of civilians, militants and security forces were killed. It was only in 1998, that the UK government and the Nationalists reached an agreement. As a result of treaty the struggle was suspended.
In another case of Yugoslavia, the political competition along the religious and ethnic lines led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.
Thus social divisions can have negative effects on politics.

Question 10.
In a democracy, “every expression of social divisions in politics is not disastrous”. Establish the truth of the statement with the help of an example.[CBSE 2016-17]
Or
‘Democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity.’ Support the above statement with any three arguments.
Or
“Assertion of social diversities in a country, need not be seen as a source of danger.” Explain. ,
Or
“In a democracy, political expression of social divisions is normal and can be healthy.” Support this statement by giving three suitable arguments.[CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:

Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries of the world. Wherever they exist, these divisions are reflected in politics. In a democracy it is only natural that political parties would talk about these divisions. They make different promises to different communities and make policies to redress the grievances of the disadvantaged communities. People from one community may prefer one party more than others. But all this does not lead to disintegration.
The assertion of social diversities in a country need not be seen as a source of danger because in a democracy, political expression of social divisions is very normal and can be healthy. This allows various disadvantaged and marginal social groups to express their grievances and get the government to attend to these.
Expression of various kinds of social divisions in politics often results in their cancelling one another out and thus reducing their intensity. This leads to strengthening of a democracy.
This has happened in Belgium where there are Dutch, French and German-speaking communities but they do not cause any danger to the democracy.

Question 11.
What are the difficulties that come in the way of a positive attitude towards diversity and a willingness to accommodate it ?
Answer:
It is easy to say that people should have a positive attitude towards diversity and a willingness to accommodate it but difficult to implement in practice. People who are the sufferers try to fight against injustice. Take any example of social divisions and the fact will be that those who are discriminated in the society or elsewhere have fought to get justice. In South Africa, Nelson Mandela and others fought against the white minority government. The disadvantaged or discriminated or poor people adopt democratic means as well as violent means against inequalities. Such people who have struggled and suffered cannot adopt a positive attitude unless their grievances are removed. However, democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity because in democracy people can voice their demands in a peaceful and constitutional way. They can be in a better position by electing candidates of their choice in elections because such candidates will protect their interests.

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