Class 10 Civics Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers Democracy and Diversity

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Democracy and Diversity Class 10 Extra Questions Civics Chapter 3

QUESTIONS OF 1 MARK

Answers should not exceed 30 words.

Question 1.
When did the Civil Rights Movement in the USA take place ?
Answer:
Civil Rights Movement in the USA was carried during 1954-1968.

Question 2.
What led to the Civil Rights Movement in the USA ? [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
It was against the racially discriminatory laws and practices that were being followed in the USA.

Question 3.
Give one feature of Civil Rights Movement. [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
It aimed at abolishing legal racial discrimination against African-Americans.

Question 4.
Who were Afro-Americans ? [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
Afro-American, Black-American or Black are the terms used to refer mainly to the descendants of Africans who were brought into America as slaves between the 17th century and early 19th century.

Question 5.
What do you understand by the Black Power ?
Answer:
It was a movement that emerged in 1966 and lasted till 1975 which was a more militant anti-racist movement, advocating even violence if necessary to end racism in the US.

Question 6.
What did Tommie Smith and John Carlos try to do by protest at the Mexico Olympics in 1968 ?
Answer:
They tried to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States.

Question 7.
Who led the Civil Rights Movement in the USA ?
Answer:
Martin Luther King Jr.

Question 8.
What action was taken against Carlos and Smith by the International Olympic Association and why ?
Answer:

  1. Carlos and Smith were held guilty of violating the Olympic spirit by making a political statement.
  2. Their medals were taken back.

Question 9.
State one country where linguistic as well as religious differences exist.
Answer:
Sri Lanka.

Question 10.
What are the basis of social differences ?
Answer:

  1. Social differences are based on accident of birth.
  2. Some differences are also based on our choice. For example which religion to follow or what to study or to adopt a profession.

Question 11.
What was one similarity between Carlos and Smith ? How were they different from Norman ?
Answer:
They – Carlos and Smith – were Afro-American but Norman was white.

Question 12.
Why the difference between the Blacks and Whites becomes a social division in the USA ?
Answer:
It is because the Blacks are poor and homeless. Policy of discrimination is followed against them.

Question 13.
What is a Homogeneous Society ?
Answer:
Homogeneous society is a society that has similar kind of people, especially where there are no significant ethnic differences.

Question 14.
Who is a migrant ?
Answer:
Anybody who shifts from one region or country to another region within a country or to another country, usually for work or other economic opportunities.

Question 15.
State one effect of overlapping social differences as is the case in Northern Ireland.
Ans.
Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions.

Question 16.
How is the population of Northern Ireland divided into two major sects ? What is their percentage in the population ?
Answer:

  1. Christianity :
    • Protestants – 53 per cent
    • Roman catholics – 44 percent.

Question 17.
Why were the people of Belgium successful in bringing reconciliation among different communities ?
Answer:
Belgians feel that they are Belgians as well as Dutch or French or German-speaking.

Question 18.
What was the result of political competition along religious and ethnic lines ?
Answer:
Political competition along religious and ethnic lines led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.

Question 19.
Mention any one factor which is crucial in deciding the outcome of politics of social divisions.
Answer:
It depends on how the political leaders raise the demands of any community.

Question 20.
How can social divisions become more threatening ? Give one example.
Answer:
If the rulers try to suppress the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become more threatening as has happened in Sri Lanka.

QUESTIONS OF 3/5 MARKS

Answers should be in about 80/100 words.

Question 1.
Taking example of Carlos, SmitKand Peter Norman, analyse how do social differences divide similar people from one another but also unite very different people.
                                                      Or
“Every social difference does not lead to social division.” Explain. [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:

  1. It is true that every social difference does not lead to social division. Social differences divide similar people from one another, but they also unite very different people.
  2. People belonging to different social groups share differences and similarities cutting across the boundaries of their groups.
  3. In the case of Carlos, Smith and Peter Norman, Carlos and Smith were similar in one way i.e., both were African-American and thus different from Norman who was white.
  4. They were also similar in other ways – they were all athletes who stood against racial discrimination.
  5. It is also fairly common for people belonging to same religion to feel that they do not belong to the same community due to different castes or sects. Similarly it is possible for people from different religions to have the same caste and feel close to each other.
  6. Rich and poor persons from the same family do not have close relations with each other. They feel that they are different. It is all due to the fact that all the persons have more than one identity and can belong to more than one social group.

Question 2.
Give one example to show that we all have more than one identity.
Answer:

  1. It is true that we all have more than one identity in different contexts. Take the example of Carlos, Smith and Norman.
  2. Carlos and Smith have common identity as African-American.
  3. Carlos and Smith have different identity from Norman who is white.
  4. All three have common identity as they are all athletes who are against racial discrimination.

Question 3.
What did the African-American athletes do in order to draw international attention to Black poverty in the Mexico Olympics ?
                                                             Or
Write in brief the story of medal ceremony of the 200 meters race in 1968 Olympics.
                                                            Or
What were the consequences of Tommie Smith and John’s reaction to the social discrimination ?
Answer:

  1. In the 1968 Mexico Olympics, the US athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos had won the gold and bronze medals of the 200 meters race. They were African-Americans.
  2. At the medal ceremony they wore black socks and no shoes to represent Black poverty.
    Aim :
  3. With this gesture they tried to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States.
  4. The black-gloved and raised clenched fists were meant to symbolise Black Power.
  5. Peter Norman, an Australian silver medalist, wore a human rights badge on his shirt during the ceremony to show his support to the two Americans.
    Consequences :

    1. The International Olympic Association held Carlos and Smith guilty of violating the Olympic spirit by making a political statement and took their medals back.
    2. In USA they were criticised for their action.
    3. In Australia, Norman was not included in the Australian team for the next Olympic.
    4. As a result of their action, the athletes succeeded in drawing international attention
      for the Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).
    5. Later on ‘San Jose State’ University honoured Carlos and Smith, their former students, and installed their statues in the University Campus.
    6. When Norman died in 2006, Smith and Carlos were pallbearers at his funeral.

Question 4.
How were Civil Rights Movement and the Black Power Movement different from each other ? Give three features of each.
Answer:
The differences between the Civil Rights Movement and the Black Power Movement were as mentioned below :

Civil Rights Movement

Black Power Movement

1. It started in 1954 and lasted till 1968.

2. Its aim was abolishing legal racial discrimination against African-Amercians.

3. It was led by Martin Luther King Jr.

4. This movement practiced non-violent methods of civil disobedience against racially discriminatory laws and practices.

 

 

 

1. It started in 1966 and lasted till 1975.

2. It was anti-racist movement.

3. It was a more militant anti-racist movement and even advocated violence, if necessary to end racism in the US.

4. This movement was highlighted in 1968 Mexico Olympics when Carlos and Smith wore black socks and no shoes at the medal ceremony to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States.

 

Question 5.
Differentiate between social difference and social division with the help of examples.
Answer:

  1. A social difference exists in every society. People do have differences based on language, caste, religion, region, economic status, profession or any other issue. People are discriminated against on these basis of social, economic and racial inequality.
    On the other hand, a social division would mean that the differences overlap. For example if one belongs to a ‘lower caste’, race, religion, class or ethnic group, he will be treated as inferior, will be discriminated against, and be subjected to harsh treatment. For example in the US earlier the division existed between blacks and whites. Blacks were poor, homeless. They were discriminated. Even law was against them. The same can be said about low castes in India
    (though our constitution prohibits it).
  2. Social differences can be easily accommodated with some reservation policies. But social division sometimes lead to political division of the country.

Question 6.
Why do the Catholics and Protestants have conflicts in Northern Ireland but not in Netherlands ?
                                                   Or
Compare the conditions in Northern Ireland with that of Netherlands.
Answer:
The Catholics and Protestants have conflicts in Northern Ireland but not in Netherlands due to different conditions as mentioned below :

Civil Rights Movement Black Power Movement

(1) In Northern Ireland class and religion overlap each.

(2) Catholics are generally poor and are discriminated.

(3) Overlapping social differences create conflicts. These differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. One group of people can be pitted against the other.

 

 

(1) In Netherlands class and religion tend to cut across each other.

(2) Both Catholics and Protestants are poor as well as rich.

(3) Cross-cutting differences do not lead to conflicts because cross-cutting social differences are easier to accommodate. One group of people cannot be pitted against the other because different groups share a common interest on one issue but are likely to be on different sides on a different issue as has happened in Netherlands

Question 7.
Explain cross-cutting of social differences. [CBSE 2016-17]
                                            Or
Differentiate between overlapping difference and cross-cutting difference.
Answer:
The difference between overlapping and cross-cutting differences is as mentioned below

Civil Rights Movement

Cross-cutting Difference

(1) Overlapping difference leads to social division because some social differences overlaps with other differences.

(2) Overlapping differences are difficult to accommodate.

(3)  In Northern Ireland, Christians are divided between Catholics and Protestants. Here class and religion overlap with each other. Catholics are poor and have faced discrimination. This has resulted in conflicts. So overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tension.

(1)  It does not lead to social division because it is difficult to pit one group of people against the other because different groups share a common interest on one issue but are likely to be on different sides on different issues.

(2) Cross-cutting differences are easier to accommodate as in the case of Netherlands.

(3) In the Netherlands, class and religion tend to cut-across each other. Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be poor or rich. So they do not have conflicts so their differences are easily accommodated.

Question 8.
“Social divisions exist in most of the countries.” Explain.
                                                          Or
Social divisions of one kind or the other exist in most countries. Explain with examples. [CBSE 2016-17]
                                                          Or
How far is it correct to say that social divisions exist only in big countries like India ?
                                                         Or
‘Social divisions exist in the most countries of the world.’ Explain.
Answer:
It is correct to say that social divisions exist in most of countries of the world. It does not matter whether the country is small or big. The examples are as given below :
(1)

  • India is a vast country with many communities i.e., Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Christian and others.
  • On the other hand Belgium is a small country with many communities i.e., French, Dutch and German-speaking,
  • Even those countries such as Germany and Sweden, where there were no significant ethnic differences, are undergoing rapid change with influx of people from other parts of the world,
  • Migrants bring with them their own culture and form a different social community,
  • Indians have also settled in many countries such as Great Britain and USA.

(2) There are people of different castes in countries like India. Caste too leads to social divisions.
(3) Society is divided on the basis of status i.e., rich, poor, literate and illiterate. For example, we find a wide gap between the rich and the poor in india, particularly in rural areas.
(4) There may be social divisions on the basis of culture too as in India.

Question 9.
“In democracy, competition can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country.” Explain with examples.
                                                              Or
Give negative effects in which social divisions affect politics. [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
It is a fact that if social divisions are changed to political divisions, it can have negative effects. Take the example of Northern Ireland. Its population is divided into Protestants – 53 per cent and Roman Catholics – 44 per cent. These are represented by the Nationalists and Unionists. Nationalists demanded that Northern Ireland be unified with the Republic of Ireland a predominantly Catholic country. But the Unionists wanted to remain with the UK, a predominantly Protestant. This resulted in a fight between Unionists and Nationalists and between the security forces of the UK and the Nationalists. Hundreds of civilians, militants and security forces were killed. It was only in 1998, that the UK government and the Nationalists reached an agreement. As a result of treaty the struggle was suspended.
In another case of Yugoslavia, the political competition along the religious and ethnic lines led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.
Thus social divisions can have negative effects on politics.

Question 10.
In a democracy, “every expression of social divisions in politics is not disastrous”. Establish the truth of the statement with the help of an example.[CBSE 2016-17]
                                                         Or
‘Democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity.’ Support the above statement with any three arguments.
                                                         Or
“Assertion of social diversities in a country, need not be seen as a source of danger.” Explain. ,
                                                          Or
“In a democracy, political expression of social divisions is normal and can be healthy.” Support this statement by giving three suitable arguments.[CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:

  1. Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries of the world. Wherever they exist, these divisions are reflected in politics. In a democracy it is only natural that political parties would talk about these divisions. They make different promises to different communities and make policies to redress the grievances of the disadvantaged communities. People from one community may prefer one party more than others. But all this does not lead to disintegration.
  2. The assertion of social diversities in a country need not be seen as a source of danger because in a democracy, political expression of social divisions is very normal and can be healthy. This allows various disadvantaged and marginal social groups to express their grievances and get the government to attend to these.
  3. Expression of various kinds of social divisions in politics often results in their cancelling one another out and thus reducing their intensity. This leads to strengthening of a democracy.
  4. This has happened in Belgium where there are Dutch, French and German-speaking communities but they do not cause any danger to the democracy.

Question 11.
What are the difficulties that come in the way of a positive attitude towards diversity and a willingness to accommodate it ?
Answer:
It is easy to say that people should have a positive attitude towards diversity and a willingness to accommodate it but difficult to implement in practice. People who are the sufferers try to fight against injustice. Take any example of social divisions and the fact will be that those who are discriminated in the society or elsewhere have fought to get justice. In South Africa, Nelson Mandela and others fought against the white minority government. The disadvantaged or discriminated or poor people adopt democratic means as well as violent means against inequalities. Such people who have struggled and suffered cannot adopt a positive attitude unless their grievances are removed. However, democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity because in democracy people can voice their demands in a peaceful and constitutional way. They can be in a better position by electing candidates of their choice in elections because such candidates will protect their interests.

 

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