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CBSE Class 10 Civics Chapter 4 Extra Questions and Answers Gender Religion and Caste Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science SST Civics Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste.

Learnintsa.com Committed to provides Extensive NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Civics Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste, Students can read and score more marks in your CBSE board examination.

Gender Religion and Caste Class 10 Extra questions Civics Chapter 4

QUESTIONS OF 1 MARK

Answers should not exceed 30 words.

Question 1.
What is sexual division of labour ?
Answer:
It is system in which all work inside the home is either done by the women of the family, or organised by them through the domestic helpers.

Question 2.
State one result of division of labour.
Answer:
The result of the division of labour is that although women constitute half of the humanity, their role in public life, especially politics, is minimal in most societies.

Question 3.
What do you understand by feminist ?
Answer:
Feminist is a woman or a man who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men.

Question 4.
In which countries in the world, the participation of women in public life is very high ?
Answer:
Scandinavian countries i.e., Sweden, Norway and Finland.

Question 5.
What is patriarchy ?
Answer:
Literally, rule by father, this concept is used to refer to a system that values men more and gives them power over women.

Question 6.
What is the literacy rate among men and women in India ?
Answer:

1. Men 76 percent.
2. Women 54 percent.

Question 7.
What was the child sex ratio in India in 2001 census and why ?
Answer:
1000 males to 927 females. The reason for this ratio i.e., less females is that in India parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born.

Question 8.
What is the Equal Wages Act ?
Answer:
The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work to men and women.

Question 9.
What is the national average of child sex ratio ?
Answer:
National average of child sex ratio is 927.

Question 10.
How the problems of women’s representation, harassment and exploitation can be solved ? State one way as suggested by women’s movements.
Answer:
One way to solve the problems of women is to ensure that there are more women as elected representatives.

Question 11.
How many seats have been reserved for women in local government bodies i.e., in panchayats and municipalities and since when ?
Answer:
In 1992 the Constitution was amended and one-third of seats in local government bodies – in panchayats and municipalities – are now reserved for women.

Question 12.
What did Gandhiji say about relation been religion and politics ?
Answer:
Gandhiji said that religion can never be separated from politics. For him religion was not any particular religion like Hinduism or Islam but moral values that inform all religions. He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.

Question 13.
What are family laws ?
Answer:
Family laws are those laws that deal with family related matters such as marriage, divorce, adoption, inheritance, etc. In our country, different family laws apply to followers of different religions.

Question 14.
Give one instance that shows relationship between religion and politics.
Answer:
Women’s movement has argued that Family Laws of all religions discriminate against women. So they have demanded that government should change these laws to make them more equitable.

Question 15.
On which idea is communal politics based ?
Answer:
Communal politics is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community.

Question 16.
State any one feature of communalism.
Answer:
The followers of a particular religion must belong to one community. Their fundamental interests are the same. Any difference that they may have is irrelevant or trivial for community life. It also follows that people who follow different religions cannot belong to the same social community.

Question 17.
What is the most common expression of communalism ?
Answer:
The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs. These routinely involve religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions.

Question 18.
How is communalism used in electoral politics ?
Answer:
In electoral politics, communalism involves special appeal to the interests or emotions of voters of one religion in preference to others.

Question 19.
State any one feature that makes India a secular state.
Answer:
The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.

Question 20.
What is a special feature of caste system in India ? How is it different from other societies in the world ?
Answer:
In most societies, occupations are passed on from one generation to another. Caste system is an extreme form of this. In India hereditary occupational division was sanctioned by rituals.

Question 21.
Name a few political leaders and social reformers who advocated and worked to establish a society with inequalities.
Answer:
Jotiba Phule, Gandhiji, BR Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswami.

Question 22.
Why the word ‘scheduled’ is used for ‘scheduled castes’ and ‘scheduled tribes’ ?
Answer:
These groups include hundreds of castes or tribes whose names are listed in an official Schedule. Hence the prefix ‘Scheduled’ is used for them.

Question 23.
Who are called ‘Scheduled Castes’ and why are they called so ?
Answer:

1. The Scheduled Castes, commonly known as Dalits include those who were previously regarded as ‘out caste’ in the Hindu social order.
2. They were subjected to exclusion and untouchability.

Question 24.
Who are ‘Scheduled Tribes’ ?
Answer:
The ‘Scheduled Tribes’ often referred to as ‘Adivasis’ include those communities that led a secluded life usually in hills and forests and did not interact much with the rest of society.

Question 25.
What is urbanisation ?
Answer:
Urbanisation is shift of population from rural areas to urban areas.

Question 26.
What do you understand by occupational mobility ?
Answer:
Occupational mobility is shift from one occupation to another, usually when a new generation takes up occupations other than those practiced by their ancestors.

Question 27.
What was the population of different religious groups in India in 2001 ?
Answer:
The population of different religious groups in India in 2001 was as mentioned below :

1. Hindus – 80.5%
2. Muslims – 13.4%
3. Christians – 2.3%
4. Sikhs – 1.9%
5. Others – 1.9% (Buddhists — 0.8%, Jain – 0.4%, Others – 0.6%, No religion – 0.1%)

Question 28.
What is caste hierarchy ?
Answer:
Caste hierarchy is a ladder like formation in which all caste groups are placed from the ‘highest’ to the ‘lowest’ caste.

Question 29.
What was the economic status of different caste groups in India in 1999¬2000?
Answer:
The average economic status of different caste groups in 1999-2000 was as mentioned below:

1. The upper castes were best off.
2. The Dalits and Adivasis were worst off.
3. The Backward Classes were in between the upper castes and the Dalits.

Question 30.
Give two examples of caste as it exists in India now.
Answer:
Untouchability has not ended completely.
Even now most people marry with in their own caste or tribe.

Question 31.
State any form which can be taken by caste in politics.
Answer:
Political parties choose candidates in elections keeping in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes so as to muster necessary support to win elections.

Question 32.
Mention any one of the factors that are decisive in elections.
Answer:
People’s assessment, of the performance of the government and the popularity rating ‘ of the leaders matter and are often decisive in elections.

Question 33.
Mention one way in which caste is politicised,
Answer:
New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena like ‘backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups.

Question 34.
State any one negative result of paying exclusive attention to caste in a democracy.
Answer:
Politics based on caste identity alone can divert attention from other pressing issues like poverty, development and corruption.

QUESTIONS OF 3/5 MARKS

Answers should he in about 80/100 words.

Question 1.
‘Gender division is not based on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes.’ Support the statement.
[CBSE 2016-17]
                                                    Or
What is Gender division ? How is it practiced ? What are its consequences ?
Answer:

1. Gender division : It is a form of hierarchial social division. Generally, it is considered as natural and unchangeable. Actually it is based not on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes.
2. Division in practice :
   1. There is common belief that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children as reflected in a sexual division of labour.
   2. Men do the work such as cooking, tailoring if these jobs are paid for. For example most tailors or cooks in hotels are men.
   3. Women too work outside their home. Poor women work as domestic servant in middle
      class homes while in urban area women work in offices along with men. It is done in addition
   4. their domestic work. But their work is not valued and does not get recognition.
3. Results :
   1. Although the population of women is half of the humanity, their role in . public life especially politics, is minimal in most societies.
   2. This has led to agitations for equal rights for women such as voting rights, enhancing the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities. These movements are called ‘feminist’ movements.

Question 2.
What are feminist movements ? How have they brought improvement in the condition of women ?
Answer:

1. A woman or man who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men is a feminist. Thus these feminist movements aimed at equality in personal and family life.
2. As a result of these feminist movements, the condition of women has improved as mentioned
   below :
   1. Their role in public life was improved.
   2. They are working as scientists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers, college and university teachers which were earlier not considered suitable for women.
   3. In Scandinavian countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland, the participation of women in public life is very high.

Question 3.
‘In our country, women still lag much behind men despite some improvements since independence.’ Justify this statement by giving three reasons.
                                                     Or
“How women in India still face discrimination and oppression in various ways ?” Support the statement with five examples.
                                                     Or
“Women in Indian society still suffer from discrimination and oppression.” Support the statement with suitable examples.
                                                     Or
“Women are discriminated or disadvantaged in India.” Justify the statement with any three suitable examples.
                                                    Or
In what ways are women discriminated in our country ? Write any three points.
Answer:
Refer to Textbook Question No. 1.

Question 4.
Why the work done by men is visible but work done by women remains unpaid and invisible ?
Answer:
A survey conducted in six states in India shows that an average woman works everyday for a little over seven and half hours while an average man works for six and a half hours. Yet the work done by men is more visible because most of their work leads to generation of income. Women also do a lot of direct income generating work, but the bulk of their work is household related. This work remains unpaid and invisible.

Question 5.
What were feminist movements ? What were the causes of these movements ? Explain the demands of these movements in India.
Answer:
(1) Feminist movements were those movements which believed in equal rights and opportunities for women and men.
(2) The reason for these movements was that the issues related to women’s well being or otherwise are not given adequate attention by the government or the society.
(3) The main political demands of the Feminists in India were/are as mentioned below :

1. To have fair proportion of women in elected bodies. In the sphere of Panchayati Raj it
   has been done. Under it at least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.
2. Women organisations’ demand is a similar reservation of at least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. A bill with this proposal has been pending before the Parliament for more than a decade. Also see Textbook Question 5.

Question 6.
Describe relationship between religion and politics. Mention three instances. Also mention its effects. t
Answer:
(1) The instances showing relationship between religion and politics are as mentioned below :

1. Religion cannot be separated from politics :
   1. Gandhiji considered religion a part of politics. Man’s activities cannot be divided into water-tight compartments.
   2. He believed that without religion, politics would be dirty and a shameful game. For Gandhiji religion was not particular religion like Hinduism or Islam but moral values that inform all religions. Religion brings morality into politics. He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.
2. Government to protect religious minorities : Human rights groups are of the view that the communal riots in the country affect the religious minorities – who are the only victims in such incidents. They demand that the government should protect the religious minorities.
3. Family laws : Women’s movement has argued that the family laws of all religions discriminate against women. They demand that steps should be taken by the government to enhance their rights and to bring equality between men and women.

(2) Effects :

1. All these instances involve a relationship between religion and politics. These are not dangerous ideas.
2. Ideas, ideals and values drawn from different religions can and should play a role in politics.
3. People should be able to express in politics their needs, interests and demands as a member of a religious community.
4. The government/state should be able to regulate the practice of religion so as to prevent discrimination and oppression. Every religion should be treated equally.

Question 7.
What is communal politics ? Highlight different situations when the problem of communalism becomes acute.
Answer:

1.  Communal politics/Communalism relates to the use of religion in politics.
2. The problem of communalism begins and becomes acute in the following situations :
   • When religion is seen as the basis of the nation.
   • When religion is expressed in politics in exclusive and partisan terms. One religion and its followers are pitted against another.
   • When beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions.
   • When the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another and state power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest.

Question 8.
What are the ideas that involve communalism ? Explain.
Answer:
(A) The ideas that involve communalism are as mentioned below :

1. It is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community.
2. It believes that the followers of a particular religion must belong to one community. Their fundamental interests are the same. Any difference that they may have is irrelevant or trivial for community life.
3. It also follows that people who follow different religions cannot belong to the same social community. If the followers of different religions have some commonalities these are superficial and immaterial. Their interests are bound to be different and involve a conflict.
4. In its extreme form communalism leads to the belief that people belonging to different religions cannot live as equal citizens within one nation. Either, one of them has to dominate the rest or they have to form different nations.

(B) Drawbacks : The belief of communalism ha:? flaws as mentioned below :

1. People of one religion do not have same interests and aspirations in every context.
2. Everyone has several other roles, positions and identities. There are many voices inside every communities. For example before independence Muslims were members of the Congress as well as Muslim League. It implies that there are many voices inside every community. All these voices have a right to be heard and should not be suppressed.

Question 9.
How can communalism take various forms in politics ? Explain. [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
See Textbook Question 2.

Question 10.
What is a secular state ? Explain factors which make India a secular state. [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:

1. A secular state is a concept of secularism, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion. It grants equal status to all religions.
2. In India secularism means equal treatment of all religions by the state. With the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution of India enacted in 1976, the Preamble to the Constitution asserted that India is a secular nation.
   The factors that make India a secular state are as mentioned below :
   1. There is no official religion in India. Our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion as has been done in Sri Lanka (Buddhism), Pakistan (Islam) and England (Christianity).
   2. The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, preach and practice their own religion. It grants the right to establish and maintain their educational institutions.
   3. The Constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion.
   4. The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities. For example, it bans untouchability. The state could also help religious communities by giving aid to educational institutions run by them.
      Thus, in India secularism is not just an ideology of some parties or persons. This idea constitutes one of the foundations of our country. The makers of our Constitution were aware that communalism was and continues to be one of the major challenges to democracy in India. Hence^they chose the model of a secular state. A secular constitution like ours is necessary along with countering communal prejudices and propaganda.

Question 11.
Describe features of caste inequalities in India.
                                Or
Why is caste system in India different from other societies ?
Answer:
The main features of caste system in India are as mentioned below :

1. Caste division is special to India. It is different from other societies because here hereditary occupational division was sanctioned by rituals.
2. Members of same caste group used to form a social community that practiced the same
   or similar occupation.
3. The members of a community used to marry within the caste group and did not eat with members from other caste groups.
4. People of lower caste were subjected to inhuman and discriminatory treatment. Sometime a caste of a person, becomes a curse for life for none of his fault. Thus, caste system was based on exclusion of and discrimination against the ‘outcaste groups’. They were called untouchables. That is why political leaders and social reformers like Jotiba Phule, Gandhiji, B.R. Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswami Naicker advocated and worked to establish a society in which caste inequalities are absent.

Question 12.
Explain reasons for the declining of caste system in India. [CBSE 2016-17]
                                            Or
Assess the circumstances prevalent in contemporary India which are responsible for bringing about a change in the caste system.
                                             Or
Why the caste barriers are breaking down in India ? Explain any five reasons.
Answer:
The reasons for breaking down of caste hierarchy are as mentioned below :

1. Urbanisation : In urban areas, people do not bother who is walking along next to us on a street or eating at the next table in a restaurant. There is a shift of population from rural to urban areas.
2. Economic development: As a result of economic development, the economic condition of lower castes has improved. They live in the areas where people of upper castes are living in the cities.
3. Occupational mobility : There is a shift from one occupation to another, usually when a new generation takes up occupations other than those practiced by their ancestors. This has helped in breaking the caste hierarchy.
4. provisions : The Constitution of India too prohibits discrimination on the basis of caste. So we find people of different castes working together in offices. Untouchability is a legal offence. The Constitution laid the foundations of policies to reverse the injustices of the caste system.
5. The role played by political leaders and social reformers like Jotiba Phule, Mahatma Gandhi, B.R. Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswami Naicker was important in this direction. Gandhiji called untouchable ‘Harijan’. The efforts of these leaders tried to remove caste-based inequalities from society.

Question 13.
Describe three forms of caste politics in India.
                              Or
Explain the role of caste in India in politics.
                          Or
Describe various forms of caste in politics.
Answer:
Caste is the sole basis of social community. It can take various forms in politics as given below :

1. Selection of candidates : At the time of election, political parties select their candidates on the basis of caste of the voters in a constituency so that they may muster necessary support to win elections.
2. Formation of governments : At the time of formation of government or Council of Ministers, effort is made to have representatives from all castes and communities.
3. Appeal to voters : During election campaign appeals are made to voters to cast their votes in favour of the candidate of their own caste. Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their representatives.
4. Effect of Universal Adult Franchise : Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-one vote compelled political leaders to gear up to the task of mobilising and securing political support. It also brought new consciousness among the people of castes that were hitherto treated as inferior and low.
5. Formation of political parties : Political parties are also formed on the basis of caste to attract the voters in the elections. The BSP in UP, DMK and AIDMK are examples of such political parties.

Question 14.
Assess the influence of politics on caste system.
                                Or
How caste is politicised ? Explain any three points.
                                Or
Describe the ways in which politics influences the caste system and caste identities.
Answer:
Politics influences the caste system and caste identities in the following ways :

1. Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it neighbouring castes or sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it.
2. In the age of coalition politics, various caste groups enter into a coalition with other castes or communities. They enter into a dialogue and negotiate in order to win the election. For example, in May 2002, BSP in UP entered into an agreement with BJP and formed a coalition government there.
3. Backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups : Now new caste groups known as ‘backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups have emerged in political field.Thus, caste plays different roles in politics.

Question 15.
Describe advantages and disadvantages of the political expression of caste differences.
Answer:
(1) Advantages of the political expression of caste differences are as mentioned below :

1. The caste-politics in India has helped Dalits and OBCs to gain better access to decision making.
2. Several political and non-political organisations have come forward in support of particular castes. They have demanded to end discrimination against them. Their demands include more dignity for them, more access to land, resources and opportunities.

(2) Disadvantages of the political expression of caste differences are as mentioned below :

1. It can divert attention from other pressing issues like poverty, development and corruption.
2. In some cases caste division leads to tensions, conflict and even violence.

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CBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers Minerals and Energy Resources Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science SST Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources.

Learnintsa.com Committed to provides Extensive NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources, Students can read and score more marks in your CBSE board examination.

Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 5

Very Short Answer Questions :

Answers should not exceed 30 words.

Question 1.
State some products/things we use that are made of metals.
Answer:
Railway lines, a tiny pin, machinery, cars etc. are all made of metals.

Question 2.
Name the minerals which do the cleaning work.
Answer:
Silica, oxide and phosphate minerals do the cleaning work.

Question 3.
Which rock consists of single mineral only ? [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
Limestone.

Question 4.
What is a mineral ?
Answer:
Mineral is a “homogenous” naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.

Question 5.
How do Geographers study minerals ?
Answer:
Geographers study minerals as part of the earth’s crust for a better understanding of landforms.

Question 6.
What is the interest of a geologists in minerals ?
Answer:
A geologist is interested in the formation of minerals, their age and physical and chemical composition.

Question 7.
State some of the non-metallic minerals.
Answer:
Non-metallic minerals are mica, salt, potash, sulphur, granite, limestone, marble sand stone etc.

Question 8.
Give some examples of energy minerals.
Answer:
Coal, petroleum and natural gas are energy minerals.

Question 9.
What type of mineral is copper ?
Answer:
Copper is a metallic mineral.

Question 10.
Where are minerals found ?
Answer:
Minerals are found in ores.

Question 11.
What is an ‘ore’ ?
Answer:
The term ‘ore’ is used to describe an accumulation of any material mixed with other elements.

Question 12.
Where are a number of minerals found in sedimentary rocks ? Give example.
Answer:
In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. Examples are coal and some forms of iron ore.

Question 13.
Which minerals are formed as a result of evaporation ? Name any two.
Answer:
Potash salt and sodium salt.

Question 14.
Placer deposits contain minerals which are not corroded by water. Which are these minerals ?
Answer:
Gold, silver, tin and platinum.

Question 15.
What do you understand by Rat-hole mining ?
Answer:
In the tribal areas of the north-east India, minerals are owned by individuals or communities. Thus, coal mining in Jowai and Cherapunjee is done by family member in the form of a long narrow tunnel, known as ‘Rat-hole’ mining.

Question 16.
Which reserves of minerals are found in peninsular rocks ?
Answer:
Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals mica and many other non-metallic minerals.

Question 17.
Where petroleum deposits are found in India ?
Answer:
Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern flanks of the peninsula, in Gujarat and Assam have most of the petroleum deposits.

Question 18.
Which part of India has no minerals or is devoid of economic minerals ?
Answer:
The vast alluvial plains of north India are almost devoid of economic minerals.

Question 19.
Which is the main reason for variations in distribution of minerals in India ?
Answer:
The variations in distribution of minerals in India is due to differences in the geological structure, processes and time involved in the formation of minerals.

Question 20.
Which is the finest iron ore and why ?
Answer:
Magnetite is the finest ore with a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent. It has excellent magnetic qualities.

Question 21.
From which belt iron ore is exported via Vishakhapatnam port and to which countries ?
Answer:
Iron ore from the mines of Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port.

Question 22.
Which are main non-ferrous minerals ?
Answer:
Copper, lead, bauxite, zinc and gold are non-ferrous metals.

Question 23.
What is the advantage of copper’s use in electrical cables ?
Answer:
The copper is malleable, ductile-‘and good conductor and therefore its use is advantageous in electrical cables.

Question 24.
Which place in India produces more copper ?
Answer:
The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh produce 52 per cent of India’s copper.

Question 25.
How are bauxite deposits formed ?
Answer:
Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.

Question 26.
Which state is the largest bauxite producing in India ?
Answer:
Orrisa.

Question 27.
Why is mica the most indispensable mineral used in electric and electronic industries ?
Answer:
Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is one of the most indispensable mineral used in electric and electronic industries.

Question 28.
From which minerals energy can be generated ?
Answer:
Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity.

Question 29.
Which are non-conventional source of energy ? Mention any three.
Answer:
Non-conventional source of energy are solar, wind, biogas, tidal energy.

Question 30.
Which are different types of coal ?
Answer:
Lignite, bituminous and anthracite.

Question 31.
State two types of electricity.
Answer:

1. Hydro-electricity.
2. Thermal electricity.

Question 32.
Where is Kaiga thermal power plant ?
Answer:
Kaiga thermal power plant is in Karnataka.

Question 33.
In which state the largest solar power plant is located ?
Answer:
The largest solar power plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj.

Question 34.
How hiogas is produced in rural areas ?
Answer:
Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas.

Question 35.
Which nuclear plant is situated in Tamil Nadu ?
Answer:
Kalpakkam nuclear power plant is located in Tamil Nadu.

Question 36.
Which country is ranked as a ‘wind super power’ in the world ?
Answer:
India is ranked as a ‘wind super power’ in the world.

Question 37.
In India which place provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy ?
Answer:
Gulf of Kuchchh.

Question 38.
What is geothermal energy ?
Answer:
Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the earth.

Question 39.
How you can contribute towards the conservation of energy resources ? State one way.
Answer:
We can contribute towards the conservation of energy by using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.

Question 40.
Which are the two planks of sustainable energy ?
Answer:
Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy.

QUESTIONS OF 3/5 MARKS

Answers should be in about 80/100 words.

Question 1.
Describe the importance of minerals in human life.
Answer:

1. Minerals are an indispensable part of human life. Almost all things we use are made of minerals.
2. Human beings use minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial rites.
3. Buildings, ships, railway lines, cars, buses, aeroplanes, various implements etc. are manufactured from minerals and run on power resources derived from the earth.
4. Our food too contains minerals. Life processes cannot occur without minerals.
5. They are very important part of total food intake.
6. It is only 0.3 per cent of the total intake of nutrients but they are so potent and so important that without them we would not be able to utilise the other 99.7 per cent of the foodstuffs.
7. In toothpaste, fluoride which is used to reduce cavities, comes from a mineral fluorite.

Question 2.
“Minerals are found in varied forms in nature ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc.” Why are they so varied ?
Answer:
The reasons are as mentioned below :

1. Rocks are combinations of homogenous substances called minerals.
2. Majority of the rock consist of several minerals except limestone that consists of a single mineral only.
3. A particular mineral depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the material forms.
4. This in turn, results in a wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, luster and density that a particular mineral possesses. Geologists use these properties to classify the minerals.

Question 3.
Which are the ideal conditions under which minerals may be mined ?
Answer:
The ideal conditions for mining of minerals are as given below :

1. The mineral content of the ore must be in sufficient concentration to make its extraction commercially viable.
2. The type of formation determines the relative ease with which mineral ores may be mined.
3. This also determines the cost of extraction.

Question 4.
Describe the main types of formations in which minerals occur.
Answer:
The minerals occur in various types of formations as given below :

(1) Igneous and metamorphic rocks : See Textbook Exercise Question 2(3).
(2) In sedimentary rocks : Minerals occur in beds or layers.

• They are formed, as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal
  strata e.g., coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long periods under heat and pressure.
• Gypsum, potash, salt and sodium salt are formed as a result of evaporation, especially in arid regions.

(3) Some minerals like bauxite are formed due to decomposition of surface rocks and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores, e.g., bauxite is formed this way.
(4) Certain minerals like gold, silver, tin and platinum occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. These are called ‘placer deposits’ and contain minerals, which are not corroded by water.
(5) Ocean waters : Some minerals like common salt, magnesium and bromine are largely derived from ocean waters. The ocean beds too are rich in manganese nodules.
Thus, minerals are found in various types of formations.

Question 5.
Describe the factors that play an important role in affecting the economic viability of a reserve. How does reserve turns into a mine ?
Answer:
(1) Important factors affecting the economic viability of reserve are as mentioned below :

1. Concentration of mineral in the ore must be sufficient.
2. There should be ease of extraction.
3. It must be close to the market.

(2) To meet the demand, a choice is made between a number of possible options.

1. When this is done a mineral ‘deposit’ or ‘reserve’ turns into a mine.

Question 6.
“India has fairly rich and varied mineral resources but they are unevenly distributed.” Explain.
Answer:
(1) The above statement is correct. India is rich in mineral resources but they are unevenly distributed as mentioned below :

1. Peninsular rocks : These rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica and many other non-metallic minerals.
2. Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern flanks of the peninsula, in Gujarat and Assam have most of the petroleum deposits.
3. Rajasthan with the rock systems of the peninsula, has reserves of many non-ferrous minerals.
4. The vast alluvial plains of north India are almost devoid of economic minerals.

(2) Causes of these variations are differences in the geological structure, processes and time involved in the formation of minerals.

Question 7.
Describe the different types of iron ores and their importance or uses.
Answer:
(1) There are four types of iron ores :

1. Magnetite : It is the finest quality with a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent. It has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in electrical industry.
2. Haematite : It has content of iron between 50 to 60 per cent. It is the most important
   industrial iron that is used in industries. ,
3. Limonite : It has iron content of about 40-60 per cent.
4. Siderite : It has content of between 40 to 50 per cent.

(2) Iron ore is very important for the industrial development of the country. It is a metal of universal use. It is used for manufacturing of machines, agricultural implements and items of general use.

Question 8.
Describe the major iron ore belts in India.
Answer:
The major iron ore belts in India are given below :
(1) Orissa-Jharkhand belt :

• High grade haematite ore is found in Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts.
• Gua and Noamundi in Singbhum district of Jharkhand.

(2) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt:

• It is in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra.
• Very high grade haematite is found in Bailadila hills in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. It is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam. The range of hills comprise of 14 deposits of super high grade haematite iron ore. It has the best physical properties needed for steel making.

(3) Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt:

• It is in Karnataka.
• Kudremukh mines in the Western Ghats of Karnataka are a 100% export unit.
• Kudremukh deposits are the largest in the world. The ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangalore.

(4) Maharashtra-Goa belt:

• In the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.
  Iron ores are not of very high quality, but efficiently exploited and exported through Marmagao port.

Question 9.
Describe the uses of manganese. Where is it found in India ?
Answer:
(1) Uses :

1. Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy.
2. 10 kg of manganese is used to manufacture, one tonne of steel.
3. It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.

(2) Orissa is the largest producer of manganese ores. It produced one-third of the country’s total production in 2000-01. Karnataka produces 15%, Madhya Pradesh 22% and other states produce 30% manganese in the country. See the figure given below :

Question 10.
Describe the distribution of copper in India. What are its uses and what is the position of India regarding its availability ?
Answer:

1. Copper is found in the Balaghat mines (Madhya Pradesh), Singbhum district of Jharkhand and Khetri mines in Rajasthan. The Balaghat mines produce 52 per cent of India’s copper. However, India is critically deficient in the reserve and production of copper.
2. Copper is malleable, ductile and a good conductor and is, therefore, mainly used in electrical cables, electronic and chemical industries.

Question 11.
Write a short note on bauxite, its formation, features and distribution in India.
Answer:
(1) Type of mineral : Bauxite is a clay-like substance from which alumina and later aluminium is obtained. Aluminium is an important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malle-ability.
(2) Formation : Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.
(3) Distribution :

1. It is found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal Hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni. Orissa is the largest bauxite producing state in India with 45 per cent of the country’s total production in 2000-01.
2. Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district are the most important bauxite deposits in the state.

Question 12.
Name the non-metallic mineral which can split easily into thin sheets ? Mention its uses.
                                                                   Or
Describe the formation, distribution and uses of mica in India.
Answer:

1. Mica is a non-metallic mineral which can be split easily into thin sheets that a thousand can be layered into a mica sheet of a few centimeters height. It is made up of a series of plates or leaves.
2. Mica can be clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown.
3. Uses : It has excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, and is, therefore, very useful and indispensable mineral in electric and electronic industries.
4. Distribution : It is found in the northern edge of the Chhota Nagpur plateau, around Ajmer in Rajasthan and Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh. Koderma Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer of mica.

Question 13.
Describe how limestone is found. What are its uses ? Describe its distribu¬tion in India.
Answer:

1. Limestone is found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates. It is found in sedimentary rocks of most geological formations.
2. Uses : Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry. It is essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.
3. Limestone is produced in Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and some other states.

Question 14.
Describe the hazards of mining or describe the impact of mining on the health of the miners and the environment. What is the position of miners in India ?
Answer:
(1) The hazards of mining or the impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the environment are given below :

1. The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.
2. The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coalmines are a constant threat to miners.
3. The water sources in the area get contaminated due to mining.
4. It leads to degradation of soil and land due to dumping of waste and slurry.
5. It increases pollution in stream and river.

(2) The condition in coal mines in India are sometimes not satisfactory. Underground fires start mostly from burning trash close to coal pits. Over 50% of coal-belt mines are not safe in India. The companies which own mines do not meet the basic safety standards. The safety status of mines has been graded second and third degrees in the past. Lack of security measures in the coal mines leads to disasters. It has, in practice, become a ‘killer industry’ because many miners are killed every year due to explosions or other incidents in the mines.

Question 15.
Explain the importance of conservation of minerals. Highlight any three measures to conserve them
[CBSE 2016]
                                                              Or
Why is conservation of minerals necessary ? Explain three methods to conserve them ? [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
See Textbook Question 2(4).

Question 16.
State another name of lignite coal and write any one feature and use of the same.
                                                               Or
Describe qualities of different types of coal found in India. Describe its formation, distribution and uses.
Answer:
(1) There are four types of coal. Their qualities are given below :

1. Peat : It has low carbon and high moisture contents and low heating capacity.
2. Lignite : It is a low grade brown coal. It is soft with high moisture content. It is used for generation of electricity.
3. Bituminous : It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal, a high grade bituminous coal has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces.
4. Anthracite : It is the highest quality hard coal.

(2) Formation : It is formed due to the compression of plant material over millions of years.
(3) Distribution : Coal is found in Damodar valley i.e., West Bengal, Jharkhand, Jharia, Raniganj, Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys, Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
(4) Uses of coal :

1. It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.
2. It meets most of the commercial energy requirements in India.

Question 17.
Highlight the importance of petroleum. Explain the occurrence of petrolei ? in India. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
(1) Importance : It is the second major energy source in India after coal. Its uses are as given below:

1. It provides fuel for heat and lighting.
2. It provides lubricants for machinery.
3. It provides raw materials for many manufacturing industries.
4. Petroleum refineries act as a ‘nodal industry’ for synthetic, textile, fertiliser an numerous chemical industries.

(2) Occurrences of petroleum is as mentioned below :

1. Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.
2. In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.
3. The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow.
4. The oil is prevented from rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers.

(3) Distribution of petroleum : Distribution of petroleum is given below :

1. 63% of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai High, 18 per cent from Gujarat and 16 per cent from Assam.
2. Ankeleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat.
3. Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Digboi, Naharkatiya and Mora a Hugrijan are the important oil fields in the state.

Question 18.
Write a short note on natural gas as a conventional source of energy with special reference to its uses, features and distribution.
Answer:

1. Uses : Natural gas is found in association with or without petroleum. It is an important clean energy resource. It is used as a source of energy and an industrial raw materia ; in the petrochemical industry. The power and fertiliser industries are the main users of natural gas. CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) is used in vehicles in place of liquid fuels.
2. Features : It is environment friendly because of low carbon dioxide emissions.
3. Distribution : Large-reserves are in the Krishna-Godavari basin, Mumbai High, Gulf of Cambay, Andaman and Nicobar islands.
4. The 1700 km long Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur cross country gas pipeline links Muml High and Bassien with the fertiliser, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India.

Question 19.
What are the two main ways of generating electricity ? How are they different from each other ?
                                                             Or
Differentiate between hydro electricity and thermal electricity.
                                                             Or
Why per capita consumption of electricity is considered as an index of development ?
Answer:
(1) Electricity is generated in two ways :

1. Hydro electricity : It is generated by fast flowing water which is a renewable source. India is producing hydro electricity through a number of multi-purpose projects like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Corporation, the Ropili Hydel Project.
2. Thermal electricity : It is generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas. The thermal power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels for generating electricity. There are over 310 thermal power plants in India.

(2) For progress and prosperity of individuals and the nation, electricity is an important requirement. It is used at homes as well as in offices and in industries. It has a very wide range of applications in today’s world. That is why its per capital consumption is considered as an index of development.

Question 20.
How nuclear or atomic energy is obtained ? Mention the nuclear power stations and the states where they are located.
Answer:
(1) Nuclear or atomic energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms. When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power. It is produced by using uranium and thorium. These are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan. Monazite sands of Kerala contain uranium. India has vast deposits of thorium which is about 50 per cent of world’s deposits.
(2) Six nuclear power stations are located in the states as mentioned below :

1. Naraura – Uttar Pradesh
2. Rawat Bhata – Rajasthan
3. Kakrapara – Gujarat
4. Tarapur – Maharashtra
5. Kaiga – Karnataka
6. Kalpakkam — Tamil Nadu.

Question 21.
Why should non-conventional energy be used more ? Explain.
                                                              Or
Why is there a pressing need for using renewable energy sources in India ? Explain.
Answer:
The reasons for using renewable energy sources or non-conventional energy such as solar, wind, water are as mentioned below :

1. Use of fossil fuels has caused serious environmental problems.
2. Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about energy resources in the future.
3. India has abundance of sunlight, water, wind and biomass.
4. Rising prices of oil etc. has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy as we have to make payment for import of oil in foreign exchange.

Question 22.
Describe the importance of wind energy in India with special reference to its uses.
Answer:
India has a wind power potential of 20,000 MW. This energy requires only initial cost on the establishment of wind farm. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. Wind farms have been established in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep. India now ranks as a “wind super power” in the world.

Question 23.
How is biogas produced ? What are its uses ?
Answer:
(1) Production : Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
(2) Uses of biogas :

1. Biogas plants are set up at municipal, cooperative and individual levels.
2. The plants using cattle dung are known as ‘Gobar gas plants’ which are used in rural India.
3. Gobar gas plants are very beneficial for the farmers because they provide energy to the farmers as well as improve quality of manure.
4. It prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.

Question 24.
What is tidal energy ? How does it generate electricity ? Which area provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy in India ?
Answer:
(1) Tidal energy means use of oceanic tides to generate electricity.
(2) Generation of electricity : To generate electricity, floodgate dams are built across inlets. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. After the tide falls outside the floodgate, the water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power-generating turbine.
(3) Areas of ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy : The Gulf of Kuchchh provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy. The National Hydropower Corporation has set up a 900 MW tidal energy power plant in the Gulf of Kuchchh.

Question 25.
What is Geothermal Energy ? Name the places where experimental projects for geothermal energy have been set up in India.
Answer:
(1) Geothermal Energy : It refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the earth.
(2) In India, two experimental projects have been set up as mentioned below :

1. In the Parvati Valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh.
2. In the Puga Valley, Ladakh.

Question 26.
Describe the steps that should be taken for conservation of energy re¬sources.
Answer:
The following steps should be taken for conservation of energy resources :

1. Use more and more of public transport system and less of individual vehicles.
2. Switch off electricity whenever not required.
3. Use power-saving devices.
4. Check the power equipment regularly.
5. Greater use of non-conventional sources of energy.
   These steps are necessary because “energy saved is energy produced”.

MAP QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Show important places where the following minerals are found :

1. Iron ore
2. Manganese
3. Bauxite
4. Mica

Answer:

• Iron ore : Gua, Mayurbhanj, Chandrapur, Bailadila, Ratnagiri, Bellary, Chitradurga and Kudremukh.
• Manganese : Shimoga, Nagpur, Balaghat, Sundergarh and Kendujhar.
• Bauxite : Katni, Amarkantak, Bilaspur, Koraput and Maikala.
• Mica : Ajmer, Beawar, Gaya, Nellore and Hazaribagh.

Question 2.
Six features with serial numbers (1) to (6) are marked in the given political outline map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following informa­tion and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map.

1. A bauxite mine
2. A mica mine
3. Iron ore mines
4. Manganese
5. Iron ore fields
6. Iron ore exporting port

Answer:
The correct names  are as given below :

1. Katni
2. Nellore
3. Ratnagiri
4. Shimoga
5. Orissa-Jharkh and    Belt
6. Paradip

See map given below :

Question 3.
On the map of India, show the important places of conventional energy resources.
Answer:
Important places of conventional energy resources are given below :

(1) Coal mines: Neyvali, Singareni, Talcher, Korba, Sirfgarauli, Bokaro, Jharia, Raniganj and Janji.

• Oil fields : Mumbai High, Bassien, Kalol, Ankeleshwar, Hajira and Digboi.
• Major natural gas reserves : Krishna-Godavari Basin, Gulf of Cambay and Mumbai High.
• HVJ natural gas pipeline : Murn Sai High and Bassien – 1,700 km long.

See the map given below :

Question 4.
On the map of India show the nuclear and thermal power plants.
Answer:

1. Nuclear power plants : Six power plants are at Kalpakkam, Kaiga, Tarapur, Ki krapara, Rawat Bhata and Naraura.
2. Hermal power plants : There are over Thermal power plants. The main plants are at Delhi, Faridabad, Panki, Barauni, Loktak, Durgapur, Kolkata, Singrauli, Bhusawal, ivawada. Sabarmati and other places.

see the map given below :

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CBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers Lifelines of National Economy Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science SST Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy.

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Lifelines of National Economy Class 10 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 7

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Answers should not exceed 30 words.

Question 1.
Why is there the need for transport system ? Mention any one reason.
Answer:
The movement of goods and products from the supply locations to demand locations (markets) necessitates the need for transport.

Question 2.
Which are the different types of transport ?
Answer:
The transport can be classified into land, water and, air transport.

Question 3.
Mention two types of airways.
Answer:
Domestic Airways and International Airways.

Question 4.
What are the factors for growing importance of the roadways ? State two factors.
Answer:

1. Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines.
2. It provides door-to-door service.

Question 5.
How are roads classified in India ?
Answer:
In India roads are classified into six classes as mentioned below :

1. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways
2. National Highways
3. State Highways
4. District Roads
5. Other roads that link rural areas with towns
6. Border Roads.

Question 6.
What is road density ?
Answer:
The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of roads.

Question 7.
What was national average density of roads in 1996-97 ?
Answer:
The national average density of roads in India in 1996-97 was 75 km per 100 sq. km.

Question 8.
Mention one drawback of roads in India.
Answer:
Most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow.

Question 9.
When and where the first train steamed off in India ?
Answer:
In India, the first train steamed off from Mumbai to Thane in 1853, covering a distance of 34 km.

Question 10.
The northern plains provide favourable conditions for the growth of the railways. Mention any two.
Answer:

1. Vast level land.
2. High population density.

Question 11.
Why railway track are laid with difficulty in Rajasthan ?
Answer:
It is difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of Rajasthan.

Question 12.
In recent times which railway has been developed along the west coast ?
Answer:
Konkan Railway.

Question 13.
The railways is facing many problems. Mention any two problems.
Answer:

1. Many passengers travel without ticket.
2. People pull the chain unnecessarily.

Question 14.
What is the use of pipelines transport ?
Answer:
Pipelines are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants.

Question 15.
There are three important networks of pipeline transportation in the country. Mention any one.
Answer:
Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh via Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahjahanpur, Babrala and other places in Uttar Pradesh.

Question 16.
Why are the waterways useful ? State any two advantages.
Answer:

1. Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.
2. It is a fuel efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.

Question 17.
Which waterways have been declared as National Waterways by the government ?
Answer:

1. The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km) NW No. 1.
2. The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km) NW No. 2.
3. The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (205 km) NW No. 3.

Question 18.
What is the length of India’s coastline ?
Answer:
7516.6 km.

Question 19.
Which port was the first port developed after independence and why ?
Answer:
Kandla in Kuchchh was the first port developed after independence to ease the volume of trade on Mumbai port in the wake of loss of Karachi port of Pakistan after the Partition.

Question 20.
Which is the biggest port ? State its one feature.
Answer:

1. Mumbai is the biggest port.
2. It has a spacious, natural and well-sheltered harbour.

Question 21.
Which is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country ?
Answer:
Marmagao (Goa) is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country.

Question 22.
Which is one of the oldest artificial port in the country ?
Answer:
Chennai is one of the oldest artificial ports of the country.

Question 23.
What type of port is Kolkata ?
Answer:
Kolkata is an inland riverine port.

Question 24.
State one feature of Airways.
Answer:
Airways is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport.

Question 25.
Which is the extreme south-western port located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour ?
Answer:
Kochchi.

Question 26.
When was air transport nationalised ?
Answer:
In 1953.

Question 27.
Which company provides helicopter services to ONGC and where ?
Answer:
Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. provides helicopter services to Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its far off-shore operations.

Question 28.
In which states special provisions have been made to provide air services to the common people ?
Answer:
It is only in the north-eastern states that special provisions are made to extend the air services to the common people.

Question 29.
How many telephone exchanges are there in India ?
Answer:
About 37565.

Question 30.
How many villages are covered with STD telephone facility in India ?
Answer:
More than two-thirds villages in India have already been covered with Subscriber Trunk Dialing (STD) telephone facility.

Question 31.
What is trade ?
Answer:
The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as trade.

Question 32.
Which states are important destinations of foreign tourists in India ?
Answer:
Rajasthan, Goa, Jammu and Kashmir and Temple towns of south India.

QUESTIONS OF &S MARKS

Answers should he in about 80/100 words.

Question 1.
“Efficient means of transport are pre-requisites for the fast development.” Express your views in favour of this statement. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
I agree with the above statement. Without efficient means of transport, no development can be made in a country. The arguments in favour of the statement are as mentioned below :

1. The goods and services do not move from supply locales to demand locales on their
   own.
2. The movement of goods and services from supply locations to demand locations necessitates the need for transport.
3. A large number of workers are engaged in doing this work so that the needs of people may be fulfilled.
4. Traders too use transport facilities for sending and receiving goods for selling to the consumers.
5. If no transport facility is available, they may not be able to send their goods and products to different places. Their trade will, thus, be concentrated to one place only. The pace of development of a country, thus, depends upon the production and movement of goods and services to all the parts.

Question 2.
Do you agree with the view that transport, communication and trade are complementary to each other ? Explain you views.
Answer:
Yes, means of transport, communication and trade are complementary to each other as mentioned below :

1. Transport and communication provide the infrastructural basis for conducting trade.
2. The growth in trade also leads to creation of more infrastructure to match the volume of trade because increase in the volume of trade may need more means of transport.
3. More trade creates avenue for investment in infrastructure through the revenue generated by trade.
4. The growth in trade means more transport like roads, railways, air, water and pipelines to be developed to keep the wheels of economy moving.
5. Communication helps in commercial transactions to be completed across different places all over the world. It helps to cross the geographical barriers and keeps the traders informed about their business instantly. The modern means of communication such as e-mail, mobile etc. are of great help for the traders all over the world. The world has become a village.
   Thus it can be said that progress in science, technology, means of transport and communication are responsible for increase in trade and commerce.

Question 3.
“Roadways still have an edge over railways in India.” Support the statement with arguments.
[CBSE 2016]
Answer:
See Textbook Question 2(1) and (2).

Question 4.
Describe different kinds of roads according to their capacity.
Answer:
The roads are classified into six classes according to their capacity as mentioned below :
(1) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways :

1. It is a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways.
2. The object of these Super Highways is to meet the requirements of fast movement of traffic in the country and to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India.
3. North-South corridor connects Srinagar (JK) to Kanniyakumari (Tamil Nadu).
4. East-West corridor connects Silchsr, (Assam) to Porbandar (Gujarat).
5. These highway projects are being implemented by the National Highway Authority of
   India (NHAI). ”

(2) National Highways :

1. National Highways link extreme parts of the country including one state with another.
2. These are primary road systems of national importance. Therefore, these are con¬structed and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) of the central government.
   The historical Sher Shah Suri Marg is called National Highway No. 1 between Delhi and Amritsar.
3. A number of major National Highways run in North-South and East-West directions.

(3) State Highways :

1. These roads link a state capital with different district headquarters.
2. These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department in State and Union Territories.

(4) District Roads :

1. These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district.
2. These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad.

(5) Rural Roads :

1. Rural roads or village roads link rural areas and villages with towns.
2. Under Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana provisions have been made to link every village in the country to a major town by an all season motorable road. Thus, it is hoped that the condition of rural roads will improve in future.

(6) Border Roads :

1. These roads are in the border areas of the country.
2. Border Roads Organisation which is a Government of India undertaking constructs and maintains these roads.
3. These roads are of strategic importance in the northern and north-eastern border areas.
4. These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain.
5. These roads have also helped in the economic development of these areas.

Question 5.
How roads are classified on the basis of the type of material used for their construction ?
Answer:
On the basis of type of material use for their construction, roads are classified into two types as mentioned below :
(1) Metalled roads :

1. These roads are made of cement concrete or even bitumen or coal tar.
2. One can go fast on metalled roads.
3. These are all weather roads.
4. These are maintained by the government.

(2) Unmetalled roads :

1. These are not all weather roads.
2. These are made of mud and gravel which are generally found in the rural areas.
3. These are sometimes made even of sand and laid as extended roads.
4. These may not be fit for use in rainy season.
5. The unmetalled roads are maintained by common people.
6. One cannot go fast on these roads.

Question 6.
Describe the problems that are being faced in road transportation in India.
Answer:
The problems that are being faced in road transportation in India are as given below :

1. Inadequate network in view of the volume of traffic and passengers.
2. Half of the roads are unmetalled that cannot be used during rainy season.
3. National highways are inadequate to meet the rush of traffic.
4. Roads in the cities are highly congested.
5. Most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow.
6. Roadside amenities like emergency health services, police protection on the highways are not adequate.
   The above problems need immediate attention of the government to make road transport more popular and useful in the country.

Question 7.
“Railways are the principal mode of transportation in India.” Explain.
Answer:
The railways are the main artery of inland transport in India. It is the lifeline of the country as mentioned below :

1. Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers.
2. The Indian Railways have a network of 7,031 stations, 7,817 locomotives, 5,321 passenger service vehicles, 4,904 other coach vehicles and 228,170 wagons as on 31st March, 2004.
3. The total length of railways is 63,221 km.
4. Railways are useful in conducting business, sightseeing, pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances.
   1. It is the largest public undertaking in the country. Thus, it is clear that the railways are playing an important role in our economy. It has played an important role in the integration of the country as people can go from one region to another easily.

Question 8.
Give brief description of the Indian Railway’s gauge operations.
Answer:
A table showing Indian Railway’s Track on multiple gauge operations is given below
(Source : India Year Book, 2006)

Question 9.
Analyse the physiographic and economic factors that have influenced the distribution pattern of railway network in our country. [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
Physical and economic factors have influenced the distribution pattern of the Indian Railway network in the following ways :
(1) Northern plains :

1. Level land, high population density and rich agricultural re¬sources has favoured development of railways in these plains,
2. However, a large number of rivers requiring construction of bridges across their wide river beds posed some obstacles

(2) Peninsular region and the Himalayan region :

• It is a hilly terrain. The railway tracks are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels. So, it is very difficult to lay the railway lines.
• The Him alayan mountainous regions too are not favourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and. lack of economic opportunities.

(3) Desert of Rajasthan : On the sandy plain of western Rajasthan too, it is very difficult to lay railway lines which has hindered the development of railways.
(4) Swamps of Gujarat, forested tracts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Jharkhand : These are also not suitable for the development of the railways.
(5) The contiguous stretch of Sahyadri could be crossed only through gaps or passes (ghats). Although the Konkan railway along the west coast has been developed but it has also faced a number of problems such as sinking of track in some stretches and landslides.

Question 10.
Describe the problems being faced by the railways.
Answer:
The problems being faced by the railways are as mentioned below :

1. Old track and poor state rolling stock : The major problem faced by Indian railways is that the tracks are old and outdated. These old tracks cause many serious railway accidents. This has also resulted in speed restrictions.
2. Travel without tickets : A large number of passengers travel without purchasing tickets. Indian railways have to bear extra loss of about ? 5 crore every year on account of travelling without tickets.
3. Railway accidents : The incidence of railway accidents in our country is greater as compared to other countries of the world. Accidents occur due to the errors and negligence of the employees.
4. Attack on railways : During disturbances or strikes, people attack railway stations. This leads to loss of railway property. For instance, there was heavy loss of railways in the movements of West Bengal, Telangana and Assam and other places in the past.
5. Lack of modern management : There is lack of modern management as railway failed to attract suitable talent. It also could not make economic analysis for perspective planning tariff.
6. Outmoded technology : The rolling stock technology is outmoded. This has made railways incapable of coping with increasing transport demand and of raising and imporving the traffic volume and flows at lower unit cost of operation.
7. Problem of laying double lines : Most of the railway lines are single lines which create great inconvenience to the railway organisation and passengers.
8. Competition with road transport : The competition with road transport is harming the railways. The lack of coordination between railways and road transport has lowered the earning capacity of the railways.

Question 11.
What is pipeline transportation ? Give any two points of importance of pipeline transportation.
                                            Or
Explain uses and advantages of pipeline transportation.
Answer:

(1) Under pipeline transportation now pipelines are used to transport crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to oil refineries, fertiliser factories and big thermal power plants.
(2) Advantages :

1. Crude oil and other petroleum products can be transported to far away inland locations like Barauni and Panipat.
2. Pipelines have proved beneficial for gas based fertiliser plants.
3. Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
4. Running cost of pipelines is minimal but initial cost of laying pipeline is high.
5. There are no trans-shipment losses or delays.

(3) Networks of pipelines : There are three networks of pipeline transportation as given below :

1. From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur iJJttar Pradesh) via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad. It has branches from Barauni to Haldia via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to Maurigram and Guwahati to Siliguri.
2. From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat. It has branches to connect Koyali (near Vadodara, Gujarat), Chakshu and other places.
3. Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh via Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahjahanpur, Babrala and other places in Uttar Pradesh.

Question 12.
Describe the inland navigation waterways in India. What are its advan¬tages ?
Answer:
(1)

1.  India has inland navigation waterways of 14,500 km in length. Out of these only 3,700 km are navigable by mechanised boats.
2. National waterways : The following waterways have been declared as the National Waterways by the government:
   
   • The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1,620 km) — N.W. No. 1.
   • The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km) — N.W. No. 2.
   • The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Komman, Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals – 205 km) — N.W. No. 3.
3. The other inland waterways include the Godavari, Krishna, Barak, Sunderbans, Buckingham canal, Brahmani. East-West canal and Damodar Valley Corporation Canal.

(2) The advantages of waterways are as given below :

1. Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.
2. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
3. It is a fuel-efficient transport.
4. It is environment friendly mode of transport.

Question 13.
Describe the major sea ports of India.
Answer:
India has a long coastline of 7,516.6 km. There are 12 major and 181 medium and minor ports. These major ports handle 95 per cent of India’s foreign trade.
The major sea ports of India are as given below :

1. Kandla in Kuchchh (Gujarat): Kandla is a tidal port. It caters to the needs of handling of exports and imports of highly productive granary and industrial belt stretching across the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
2. Mumbai port (Maharashtra) : It is the biggest port with natural and well-sheltered harbdhr. Jawaharlal Nehru port was planned with a view to decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a support for this region.
3. Marmagao port (Goa): It is the premier iron ore exporting port. This port accounts for about 50% of India’s iron ore export.
4. New Mangalore port (Karnataka): It exports iron ore from Kudremukh mines.
5. Kochchi port: It is the extreme south-western port which is located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour.
6. Tuticorin port (Tamil Nadu): It has a natural harbour and rich hinterland. It handles cargoes to Sri Lanka and Maldives too.
7. Chennai port (Tamil Nadu): It is one of the oldest artificial ports of India. It is next to Mumbai in volume of trade and cargo.
8. Vishakhapatnam port (Andhra Pradesh) : It is the deepest landlocked and well-protected port.
9. Paradip port (Orissa): It specialises in the export of iron ore.
10. Kolkata port (West Bengal): It is ar»-inland riverine port. It is a tidal port and requires constant dredging of Hoogly.
11. Haldia port: It was developed as a subsidiary port in order to relieve growing pressure
    on the Kolkata port.

Question 14.
Describe the air transport in India. What are the advantages of airways ?
Answer:
(1)

1. In India, air transport was nationalised in 1953.
2. Domestic air services : These services are provided by Indian Airlines, Alliance Air, private scheduled airlines and non-scheduled air operators.
3. International air services : These are provided by Air India.
4.  Helicopter services : These services are provided by Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. to Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its off-shore operations, to inaccessible areas and difficult areas like north-eastern states and the interior parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
5. Neighbouring countries : Indian Airlines provides services to the neighbouring countries of South and south-east Asia and the Middle east.

(2) The advantages of airways are as given below :

1. It is the fastest and most comfortable mode of transport. One can reach his destination at far away places within a short period.
2. It can cover very difficult areas like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests and
   long oceanic stretches easily.
3. It is very useful in hostile areas and natural and human-made calamities like floods, famines and earthquakes.

Question 15.
Explain why is air transport preferred in north-eastern states of India ?
Answer:
The north-eastern states are full of big rivers, dissected relief, dense forests, frequent
floods. It has international frontiers with Myanmar, Bangladesh and China. Under these conditions, air transport is preferred in these hilly areas of north-eastern states because air transport can cover very difficult areas like high mountains and dense forests. It is also useful t in hostile areas and natural and human-made calamities like floods. It is only in the north¬ eastern states that special provisions are made to extend the air services to the common people. As such air travel is within their reach and preferred.

Question 16.
Describe the main features of the Indian postal network.
Answer:
Main features of the Indian postal network are as given below :

1. The Indian postal network is the largest network in the world.
2. Types of mail: There are two types of mail :
   • First-class mail: Cards and envelops fall in this category.
   • Second-class mail : It includes book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals.
3. Mail channels : For quick delivery of mails, six channels have been introduced. These are – Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail Channel and Periodical Channel.

Question 17.
Write a short note on the telecom networks in India.
Answer:

1. India’s telecom network is one of the largest networks in Asia.
2. All urban places and two-thirds of the villages have Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) telephone facility. Special provisions have been made to extend twenty-four hours STD facility to all villages. ‘
3. There is a uniform STD rate in the country. It has been made possible by integrating the development in space technology with communication technology.

Question 18.
Which are the main means of mass communication ? Explain the importance of ‘Radio’ and ‘Television’ as an effective mere of mass communication in India.
Answer:

1. Radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and films are the main means of mass communication.
2. The importance of‘Radio’ and ‘Television’ as an effective means of communication in India is due to the factors as mentioned below :
   • Radio and television provide entertainment to the people.
   • These create awareness among people about various national programmes and poli¬cies as debates are conducted on television and radio.
   • Programmes are broadcasted in different languages for all types of people.
   •  Doordarshan, the national television channel of India and one of the largest terres¬trial networks in the world, broadcasts various types of programmes from entertainment, educational to sports etc., for different age groups.

Question 19.
What is the position of India in the production of films ? What type of Rims are produced and which authority certifies them ?
Answer:

1. India is the largest producer of feature films in the world.
2. Various types of films are produced – such as short films, video feature films and video short films.
3. The Central Board of Film Certification certifies both Indian and foreign films.

Question 20.
Why is international trade considered the economic barometer for a country ?
Answer:
The progress in international trade leads to economic prosperity. If the value of
exports exceeds the value of imports, the country is considered to have made advancement in international trade. It is called favourable balance of trade. Developed countries come in this category. On the other hand, if the value of imports exceeds the value of exports, it is termed as unfavourable balance of trade. Thus, advancement of international trade is an index to its economic prosperity and considered the economic barometer for a country.

Question 21.
Write a short note on how tourism as a trade has flourished in India.
Answer:
The tourism as a trade has flourished in India as mentioned below :

1. There has been increase of 23.5 per cent during the year 2004 as against the year 2003 and contributed ? 21,828 crore of foreign exchange.
2. Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year.
3. Over 15 million people are directly employed in the tourism industry in the country.
4. It promotes national integration because people from India also go from one place to another place.
5. It helps- in the development of international understanding. Foreign tourists are attracted by Indian culture and traditions.
6. It supports local handicrafts and cultural pursuits because tourists purchase many products during their visits.
7. Foreign tourists visit India for visiting places of heritage or to have adventure in hilly region or to have business with India.
8. Rajasthan, Goa, Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of south India have attracted many tourists from all over the world.

MAP QUESTIONS

Question 1.
On the map of India show the following :
(1) Golden Quadrilateral
(2) North-South corridor
(3) East-West corridor
(4) National Highways with number.
Answer:

1. Golden Quadrilateral will connect Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Delhi. Its length will be 5,846 km.
2. North-South corridor : It will connect Srinagar and Kanniyakumari.
3. East-West corridor will connect Silchar and Porbandar.
4. National Highways connect one state with another. They are of national importance. These roads are maintained by the Central Government.

Question 2.
On the outline map of India show the following :

• Sea ports
• International Airports.

Answer:
Major sea ports and airports are as given below :

• Sea ports: Kandla, Mumbai, Marmagao, New Mangalore, Kochchi, Tuticorin, Paradip, Vishakhapatnam, Chennai and Haldia.
• International Airports: Amritsar (Raja Sansi), Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram, Kolkata. See map given below :

Question 3.
On the map of India locate headquarters of the railway zones in India.
Answer:

The headquarters of the sixteen zones are as given below :

Question 4.
Six features with serial numbers (1) to (6) are marked in the given political outline map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following informa­tion and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map.
(1) Southern point of North-South corridor.
(2) A point in Golden Quadrilateral.
(3) An International Airport.
(4) A major sea port.
(5) Headquarter of Eastern Railways.
Answer:

1. Kaniyakumari
2. Delhi
3. Mumbai
4. Paradip
5. chinnai
6. Kolkata

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Democracy and Diversity Class 10 Extra Questions Civics Chapter 3

QUESTIONS OF 1 MARK

Answers should not exceed 30 words.

Question 1.
When did the Civil Rights Movement in the USA take place ?
Answer:
Civil Rights Movement in the USA was carried during 1954-1968.

Question 2.
What led to the Civil Rights Movement in the USA ? [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
It was against the racially discriminatory laws and practices that were being followed in the USA.

Question 3.
Give one feature of Civil Rights Movement. [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
It aimed at abolishing legal racial discrimination against African-Americans.

Question 4.
Who were Afro-Americans ? [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
Afro-American, Black-American or Black are the terms used to refer mainly to the descendants of Africans who were brought into America as slaves between the 17th century and early 19th century.

Question 5.
What do you understand by the Black Power ?
Answer:
It was a movement that emerged in 1966 and lasted till 1975 which was a more militant anti-racist movement, advocating even violence if necessary to end racism in the US.

Question 6.
What did Tommie Smith and John Carlos try to do by protest at the Mexico Olympics in 1968 ?
Answer:
They tried to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States.

Question 7.
Who led the Civil Rights Movement in the USA ?
Answer:
Martin Luther King Jr.

Question 8.
What action was taken against Carlos and Smith by the International Olympic Association and why ?
Answer:

1. Carlos and Smith were held guilty of violating the Olympic spirit by making a political statement.
2. Their medals were taken back.

Question 9.
State one country where linguistic as well as religious differences exist.
Answer:
Sri Lanka.

Question 10.
What are the basis of social differences ?
Answer:

1. Social differences are based on accident of birth.
2. Some differences are also based on our choice. For example which religion to follow or what to study or to adopt a profession.

Question 11.
What was one similarity between Carlos and Smith ? How were they different from Norman ?
Answer:
They – Carlos and Smith – were Afro-American but Norman was white.

Question 12.
Why the difference between the Blacks and Whites becomes a social division in the USA ?
Answer:
It is because the Blacks are poor and homeless. Policy of discrimination is followed against them.

Question 13.
What is a Homogeneous Society ?
Answer:
Homogeneous society is a society that has similar kind of people, especially where there are no significant ethnic differences.

Question 14.
Who is a migrant ?
Answer:
Anybody who shifts from one region or country to another region within a country or to another country, usually for work or other economic opportunities.

Question 15.
State one effect of overlapping social differences as is the case in Northern Ireland.
Ans.
Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions.

Question 16.
How is the population of Northern Ireland divided into two major sects ? What is their percentage in the population ?
Answer:

1. Christianity :
2. • Protestants – 53 per cent
   • Roman catholics – 44 percent.

Question 17.
Why were the people of Belgium successful in bringing reconciliation among different communities ?
Answer:
Belgians feel that they are Belgians as well as Dutch or French or German-speaking.

Question 18.
What was the result of political competition along religious and ethnic lines ?
Answer:
Political competition along religious and ethnic lines led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.

Question 19.
Mention any one factor which is crucial in deciding the outcome of politics of social divisions.
Answer:
It depends on how the political leaders raise the demands of any community.

Question 20.
How can social divisions become more threatening ? Give one example.
Answer:
If the rulers try to suppress the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become more threatening as has happened in Sri Lanka.

QUESTIONS OF 3/5 MARKS

Answers should be in about 80/100 words.

Question 1.
Taking example of Carlos, SmitKand Peter Norman, analyse how do social differences divide similar people from one another but also unite very different people.
                                                      Or
“Every social difference does not lead to social division.” Explain. [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:

1. It is true that every social difference does not lead to social division. Social differences divide similar people from one another, but they also unite very different people.
2. People belonging to different social groups share differences and similarities cutting across the boundaries of their groups.
3. In the case of Carlos, Smith and Peter Norman, Carlos and Smith were similar in one way i.e., both were African-American and thus different from Norman who was white.
4. They were also similar in other ways – they were all athletes who stood against racial discrimination.
5. It is also fairly common for people belonging to same religion to feel that they do not belong to the same community due to different castes or sects. Similarly it is possible for people from different religions to have the same caste and feel close to each other.
6. Rich and poor persons from the same family do not have close relations with each other. They feel that they are different. It is all due to the fact that all the persons have more than one identity and can belong to more than one social group.

Question 2.
Give one example to show that we all have more than one identity.
Answer:

1. It is true that we all have more than one identity in different contexts. Take the example of Carlos, Smith and Norman.
2. Carlos and Smith have common identity as African-American.
3. Carlos and Smith have different identity from Norman who is white.
4. All three have common identity as they are all athletes who are against racial discrimination.

Question 3.
What did the African-American athletes do in order to draw international attention to Black poverty in the Mexico Olympics ?
                                                             Or
Write in brief the story of medal ceremony of the 200 meters race in 1968 Olympics.
                                                            Or
What were the consequences of Tommie Smith and John’s reaction to the social discrimination ?
Answer:

1. In the 1968 Mexico Olympics, the US athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos had won the gold and bronze medals of the 200 meters race. They were African-Americans.
2. At the medal ceremony they wore black socks and no shoes to represent Black poverty.
   Aim :
3. With this gesture they tried to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States.
4. The black-gloved and raised clenched fists were meant to symbolise Black Power.
5. Peter Norman, an Australian silver medalist, wore a human rights badge on his shirt during the ceremony to show his support to the two Americans.
   Consequences :
   1. The International Olympic Association held Carlos and Smith guilty of violating the Olympic spirit by making a political statement and took their medals back.
   2. In USA they were criticised for their action.
   3. In Australia, Norman was not included in the Australian team for the next Olympic.
   4. As a result of their action, the athletes succeeded in drawing international attention
      for the Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).
   5. Later on ‘San Jose State’ University honoured Carlos and Smith, their former students, and installed their statues in the University Campus.
   6. When Norman died in 2006, Smith and Carlos were pallbearers at his funeral.

Question 4.
How were Civil Rights Movement and the Black Power Movement different from each other ? Give three features of each.
Answer:
The differences between the Civil Rights Movement and the Black Power Movement were as mentioned below :

Question 5.
Differentiate between social difference and social division with the help of examples.
Answer:

1. A social difference exists in every society. People do have differences based on language, caste, religion, region, economic status, profession or any other issue. People are discriminated against on these basis of social, economic and racial inequality.
   On the other hand, a social division would mean that the differences overlap. For example if one belongs to a ‘lower caste’, race, religion, class or ethnic group, he will be treated as inferior, will be discriminated against, and be subjected to harsh treatment. For example in the US earlier the division existed between blacks and whites. Blacks were poor, homeless. They were discriminated. Even law was against them. The same can be said about low castes in India
   (though our constitution prohibits it).
2. Social differences can be easily accommodated with some reservation policies. But social division sometimes lead to political division of the country.

Question 6.
Why do the Catholics and Protestants have conflicts in Northern Ireland but not in Netherlands ?
                                                   Or
Compare the conditions in Northern Ireland with that of Netherlands.
Answer:
The Catholics and Protestants have conflicts in Northern Ireland but not in Netherlands due to different conditions as mentioned below :

Question 7.
Explain cross-cutting of social differences. [CBSE 2016-17]
                                            Or
Differentiate between overlapping difference and cross-cutting difference.
Answer:
The difference between overlapping and cross-cutting differences is as mentioned below

Question 8.
“Social divisions exist in most of the countries.” Explain.
                                                          Or
Social divisions of one kind or the other exist in most countries. Explain with examples. [CBSE 2016-17]
                                                          Or
How far is it correct to say that social divisions exist only in big countries like India ?
                                                         Or
‘Social divisions exist in the most countries of the world.’ Explain.
Answer:
It is correct to say that social divisions exist in most of countries of the world. It does not matter whether the country is small or big. The examples are as given below :
(1)

• India is a vast country with many communities i.e., Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Christian and others.
• On the other hand Belgium is a small country with many communities i.e., French, Dutch and German-speaking,
• Even those countries such as Germany and Sweden, where there were no significant ethnic differences, are undergoing rapid change with influx of people from other parts of the world,
• Migrants bring with them their own culture and form a different social community,
• Indians have also settled in many countries such as Great Britain and USA.

(2) There are people of different castes in countries like India. Caste too leads to social divisions.
(3) Society is divided on the basis of status i.e., rich, poor, literate and illiterate. For example, we find a wide gap between the rich and the poor in india, particularly in rural areas.
(4) There may be social divisions on the basis of culture too as in India.

Question 9.
“In democracy, competition can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country.” Explain with examples.
                                                              Or
Give negative effects in which social divisions affect politics. [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
It is a fact that if social divisions are changed to political divisions, it can have negative effects. Take the example of Northern Ireland. Its population is divided into Protestants – 53 per cent and Roman Catholics – 44 per cent. These are represented by the Nationalists and Unionists. Nationalists demanded that Northern Ireland be unified with the Republic of Ireland a predominantly Catholic country. But the Unionists wanted to remain with the UK, a predominantly Protestant. This resulted in a fight between Unionists and Nationalists and between the security forces of the UK and the Nationalists. Hundreds of civilians, militants and security forces were killed. It was only in 1998, that the UK government and the Nationalists reached an agreement. As a result of treaty the struggle was suspended.
In another case of Yugoslavia, the political competition along the religious and ethnic lines led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.
Thus social divisions can have negative effects on politics.

Question 10.
In a democracy, “every expression of social divisions in politics is not disastrous”. Establish the truth of the statement with the help of an example.[CBSE 2016-17]
                                                         Or
‘Democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity.’ Support the above statement with any three arguments.
                                                         Or
“Assertion of social diversities in a country, need not be seen as a source of danger.” Explain. ,
                                                          Or
“In a democracy, political expression of social divisions is normal and can be healthy.” Support this statement by giving three suitable arguments.[CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:

1. Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries of the world. Wherever they exist, these divisions are reflected in politics. In a democracy it is only natural that political parties would talk about these divisions. They make different promises to different communities and make policies to redress the grievances of the disadvantaged communities. People from one community may prefer one party more than others. But all this does not lead to disintegration.
2. The assertion of social diversities in a country need not be seen as a source of danger because in a democracy, political expression of social divisions is very normal and can be healthy. This allows various disadvantaged and marginal social groups to express their grievances and get the government to attend to these.
3. Expression of various kinds of social divisions in politics often results in their cancelling one another out and thus reducing their intensity. This leads to strengthening of a democracy.
4. This has happened in Belgium where there are Dutch, French and German-speaking communities but they do not cause any danger to the democracy.

Question 11.
What are the difficulties that come in the way of a positive attitude towards diversity and a willingness to accommodate it ?
Answer:
It is easy to say that people should have a positive attitude towards diversity and a willingness to accommodate it but difficult to implement in practice. People who are the sufferers try to fight against injustice. Take any example of social divisions and the fact will be that those who are discriminated in the society or elsewhere have fought to get justice. In South Africa, Nelson Mandela and others fought against the white minority government. The disadvantaged or discriminated or poor people adopt democratic means as well as violent means against inequalities. Such people who have struggled and suffered cannot adopt a positive attitude unless their grievances are removed. However, democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity because in democracy people can voice their demands in a peaceful and constitutional way. They can be in a better position by electing candidates of their choice in elections because such candidates will protect their interests.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

CBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers Resource and Development Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science SST Geography Chapter 1 Resource and Development.

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Resource and Development Class 10 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 1

QUESTIONS OF 1 MARK

Answers should not exceed 30 words.

Question 1.
What do you understand by Resource ?
Answer:
Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’.

Question 2.
Classify resources on the basis of exhaustibility.
Answer:
Renewable and non-renewable resources.

Question 3.
Classify resources on the basis of development.
Answer:
Potential, developed stock and reserves.

Question 4.
Give an example of Biotic resources.
Answer:
Human beings, flora and fauna are examples of biotic resources.

Question 5.
What types of resources are solar and wind energy ?
Answer:
Solar and wind energy are renewable resources.

Question 6.
Mention a non-renewable source that cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use.
Answer:
Fossil fuel.

Question 7.
What do you understand by international resources ? Give example.
Answer:
These resources are regulated by international institutions. Examples are the oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no [ individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions.

Question 8.
What are developed resources ?
Answer:
Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation. The development of resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility.

Question 9.
Which are the results of using resources indiscriminately by human beings ? Mention any one.
Answer:

1. Accumulation of resources in a few hands.
2. Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.

Question 10.
What is sustainable development ?
Answer:
Sustainable economic development means ‘development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations’.

Question 11.
What was the object of Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992 ?
Answer:
The Summit was convened for addressing urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development at the global level.

Question 12.
What is Agenda 21 ?
Answer:
It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nation’s Conference on Environment and Development which took place at Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).

It aims at achieving global sustainable development. It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global cooperation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.

Question 13.
Which states in India are rich in minerals and coal deposits ?
Answer:
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.

Question 14.
How did Gandhiji voice his concern about resource conservation ?
Answer:
Gandhiji said, “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.”

Question 15.
What was the main reason for the colonial countries to exploit resources of countries under their
control ?
Answer:
High level of technological development.

Question 16.
Which report in 1987 introduced the concept of ‘Sustainable Development’ ?
Answer:
Brundtland Commission Report.

Question 17.
How much area of land in India is plain and what is its importance ?
Answer:
About 43 per cent of the land area is plain. It provides facilities for agriculture and industry.

Question 18.
What is the use of mountains ?
Answer:
Mountains ensure perennial flow of some rivers, provide facilities for tourism and ecological aspects.

Question 19.
What is gross cropped area ?
Answer:
Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area.

Question 20.
What is total geographical area of India ?
Answer:
3.28 million sq. km.

Question 21.
When the National Forest Policy was formed in India ?
Answer:
1952.

Question 22.
How much degraded land is in India ?
Answer:
At present there are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India.

Question 23.
Which are the factors that determine the use of land ?
Answer:
The factors are topography, climate, soil types, population, density, technological capability and culture and traditions.

Question 24.
State factors responsible for land degradation.
Answer:
Overgrazing, mining, quarrying and deforestation.

Question 25.
Which are the ways to solve the problems of land degradation ?
Answer:
Afforestation, proper management of grazing, control of mining activities etc.

Question 26.
How mining is responsible for the degradation of land ?
Answer:
Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of overburdening.

Question 27.
Mention the states where overgrazing and over-irrigation are responsible for degradation.
Answer:

1. Overgrazing – Gujarat, Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
2. Over-irrigation – Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh.

Question 28.
Which part of India is made of alluvial soil ?
Answer:
The entire Northern Plains are made of alluvial soil.

Question 29.
How are alluvial soils classified on the basis of their age ?
Answer:
According to their age alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial soil — Bangar and new alluvial – Khadar.

Question 30.
What is the other name of black soils ?
Answer:
Regur soils.

Question 31.
Where are red and yellow soils found ?
Answer:
Red and yellow soils are found in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau, in parts of Orissa, Chattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.

Question 32.
State one feature of laterite soils.
Answer:
The laterite soils are suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manures and fertilisers.

Question 33.
Which soil is suitable for production of Cashew Nut and where ?
Answer:
Red laterite soil in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala is suitable for the crop of cashew nuts.

Question 34.
What is soil erosion ?
Answer:
The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion.

Question 35.
Which are two causes for soil erosion ?
Answer:
Deforestation, overgrazing and mining activities.

Question 36.
What are ravines ?
Answer:
The land that becomes unfit for cultivation is known as bad land. In the Chambal basin such lands are called ravines.

Question 37.
What is the significance of the shelter belts in the desert in western India ?
Answer:
The shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilisation of sand dunes and in stabilising the desert in western India.

Question 38.
What is the use of contour ploughing ?
Answer:
Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes.

Question 39.
What is use of shelter belts ?
Answer:
Shelter belts contribute significantly to the stabilisation of sand dunes and in stabilising the desert in western India.

QUESTIONS OF 3/4 MARKS

Answers should he in about 80/100 words.

Question 1.
What is meant by resource ? Mention the four basis to classify the resources.
Answer:
(1) Resource : Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as resource.
(2) Four basis to classify resources are as mentioned below :

1. On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic.
2. On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable.
3. On the basis of ownership – individual, community, national and international.
4. On the basis of status of development – potential, developed stock and reserves.

Question 2.
Are resources free gifts of nature ?
Answer:
No. Resources are not free gifts of nature. Resources are a function of human activities. Human beings themselves are essential components of resources. They transform material available in our environment into resources and use them.

Question 3.
What are biotic and abiotic resources ? Give two examples for each.
Answer:
On the basis of origin resources are divided as given below :

1. Biotic resources : These are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries and livestock.
2. Abiotic resources : All those things which are composed of non-living things are called aboitic resources e.g., rocks and metals.

Question 4.
Explain the types of resources on the basis of exhaustibility by giving examples.
Answer:
On the basis of exhaustibility, the resources are of two types as mentioned below :
(1) Renewable resources :

1. These can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical process. Examples are solar and wind energy, water and forests.
2. The renewable resources may further be divided into continuous or flow and biological,
3. Continuous or flow resources are wind and water,
4. Biological resources are vegetation (forests) and wildlife,
5. These resources are available continuously.

(2) Non-renewable resources :

1. They exhaust and take millions of years in their formation.
2. Examples are minerals and fossil fuels,
3. Some of the resources like metals are recyclable and some like fossil fuels cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use.
4. These resources cannot be regenerated.

Question 5.
Provide a suitable classification for resources on the basis of ownership. Mention main features of any three types of such resources.
Answer:
These are divided as individual, community owned, national and international resources.
(1) Individual resources :

1. These are owned privately by individuals,
2. Many farmers own land in the villages which is allotted to them by government against payment of revenue,
3. Urban people .own plots, houses and other property,
4. Plantation, pasture lands, ponds are also owned by individuals.

(2) Community owned resources :

1. These are owned by community.
2. These are accessible to all the members of the community,
3.  Village commons (grazing grounds, burial grounds), public parks, picnic spots in urban areas are accessible to all the people living there.

(3) National resources :

1. These are owned and belong to the nation or state,
2. All the minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife land within the political boundaries and oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles (19.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources there-in belong to the nation.

(4) International resources :
These do not belong to any country. Some of these resources are regulated by international institutions. Oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive. Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions.

Question 6.
How are the resources divided on the basis of the status of development ? Give example of each type.
                                 Or
Differentiate between stock resources and reserves.
Answer:
These can be divided into four types :

(1) Potential resources : These are found in a region but have not been utilised, e.g., enormous potential for development of wind and solar energy in Rajasthan and Gujarat. But so far these have not been developed properly.

(2) Developed resources :

1. Resources whose quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation.
2. Their development depends on technology and their level of feasibility.

(3) Stock :
Materials in the environment which can satisfy human needs but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these e.g., two components of water — hydrogen and oxygen can be used as a rich source of energy but we, human beings, do not have technology to use them. Hence it is considered as stock.

(4) Reserves :

1. These are the subset of the stock which can be used by present technology but their use has not been started fully.
2. River water can be used for generating hydroelectric power but presently it is being used only to a limited extent,
3. Such resources can be used for meeting future requirements,
4. Water in the dams, forests etc. is a reserve which can be used in the future.

Question 7.
Highlight any three problems associated with the indiscriminate use of resources by the human beings.
Answer:
The indiscriminate use of resources by the human beings has resulted in the following :

1. Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.
2. Accumulation of resources in few hands which has divided the society into rich and poor or have and have nots.
3. Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.
   Thus, an equitable distribution of resources has become essential for a sustained quality of life and global peace. If the present trend of resource depletion by some individuals and countries continues, the future of our planet is in danger.

Question 8.
Why is the issue of sustainability important for development ? Explain.
Answer:
Sustainable development means that a development should meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. However, since the second half of the twentieth century, a number of scientists have been warning that the present type and levels of development are not sustainable. The issue of sustainable development has emerged from rapid industrialisation of the world in the past century. It is felt that the economic growth and industrialisation have led to reckless exploitation of natural resources. On the other hand, the stock of natural resources are limited. So, the growth of all countries in future is likely to be endangered if the limited resources are completely exhausted. Under these circumstances, the issue of sustainability has become important for development.

Question 9.
Write a note on the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992.
Answer:
(1) Place : In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil for the first International Earth Summit.
(2) Objective : The Summit was convened for addressing urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development at the global level.
(3) Achievements :

1. The assembled leaders signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity,
2. The Rio convention endorsed the Global Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21 for achieving Sustainable Development in the 21st century.

Question 10.
Explain Agenda 21.
Answer:

1. Declaration : It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) which took place at Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).
2. Aims :
   1. It aims at achieving global sustainable development.
   2. It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global cooperation on common interest, mutual needs and shared responsibilities,
   3. One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21.

Question 11.
Explain the consequences of indiscriminate use of resources by human beings. How has the indiscriminate use of resources led to the necessity of resource development or resource planning ?
                                             Or
Why is it essential to have resource planning ? Explain with reasons.
Answer:

1. Development of resources or resource development implies not only exploitation, but also preservation and reuse. In case of natural resources, at the time of using them, their nature, type and the size of their reserve should be considered. These should not be used indiscriminately. Therefore, an equitable distribution of resources is necessary for a sustained quality of life and global peace. The resources must not be put to wrong use. This may lead to their depletion.
2. Some resources like coal and petroleum are available in limited quantity. If they are continued to be used at the present rate, they would not be left for the future generations.
3. Accumulation of resources in a few hands has also restricted equitable access to the resources.
   Thus, in view of above factors resource planning is necessary.

Question 12.
“In India some regions are rich in certain types of resources but deficient in some other resources.” Do you agree with the statement ? Support your answer with any three examples.
Answer:
(1) I agree with the statement that in India some regions are rich in certain types of resources but deficient in some other resources as mentioned below :

1. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh – rich in minerals and coal deposits.
2. Arunachal Pradesh – abundance of water resources.
3. Rajasthan — lot of solar and wind energy.
4. Ladakh – rich cultural heritage.

(2) There is great variation in the availability of resources. Some regions are rich in one resource but deficient in other, as mentioned below : 

1. Arunachal Pradesh – Lack of infrastructural development.
2. Rajasthan – Lack of water resources.
3. Ladakh – Deficient in water, infrastructure and vital minerals.

(3) There is lack of technology in some regions. Thus there are regions that are rich in resources but these are included in economically backward regions.

Question 13.
Explain the three stages of Resource Planning in India. [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
Three stages of Resource Planning in India are as given below :

1. Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of resources.
2. Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
3. Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

Question 14.
How did Gandhiji voice his concern about resource conservation ? Explain. [CBSE 2016-17]
                                                 Or
What is conservation ? Why is conservation of resources necessary ? What are the views of Gandhiji about resource conservation ?
Answer:
(1) Conservation is defined as the management of resources by human beings in a judicious and planned way without disturbing environment.
(2) It is necessary due to the following reasons :

1. We have limited quantity of resources.
2. Irrational consumption and over-utilisation of resources may lead to socio-economic and environmental problems.
3. It is also required for sustainable development.

(3) Gandhiji said, ‘There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed’. He stated that the root cause for resource depletion at the global level was the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology. He was against mass production and was in favour of the production by the masses.

Question 15.
Describe the relief features of land in India and their importance.
Answer:
India has a variety of relief features of land i.e., mountains, plateaus, plains and islands.

1. 43 per cent of land is plain. It is useful for agriculture and industry.
2. 30 per cent of the total land area is mountainous which ensures perennial flow of some rivers. The mountains provide facilities for tourism and ecological aspects.
3. 27 per cent area is plateau region which possesses rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels and forests.

Question 16.
How are land resources used ?
Answer:
Land resources are used for the following purposes :

1. Forests.
2. Land not available for cultivation.
   1. Barren and wasteland.
   2. Land put to non-agricultural uses e.g., buildings, roads and factories etc.
3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land).
   1. Permanent pastures and grazing land.
   2. Land under miscellaneous tree crops and groves (not included in net sown area).
   3. Culturable wasteland (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).
4. Fallow lands :
   1. Current fallow (left without cultivation for Ghe or less than one agricultural year).
   2. Other than current fallow (left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).
5. Net sown area : Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area.

Question 17.
Explain causes for land degradation.
                                                      Or
Explain any four human activities which are mainly responsible for land degradation in India.
Answer:
(1) At present there is about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India as mentioned below :

1. Forest degraded area — 28%
2. Water eroded area — 56%
3. Wind eroded area — 10%
4. Saline and Alkaline land — 6%

(2) Following factors/human factors are responsible for land degradation in India :

1. Mining : Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over burdening.
2. Deforestation : In states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation.
3. Overgrazing : In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is the main reason for land degradation.
4. Over-irrigation : In the states of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, over-irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
5. The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry generate dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into soil after it settles down on the land. Thus industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.

Question 18.
What are the ways to solve the problem of land degradation ?
Answer:
There are many ways to solve the problem of land degradation. These are as given below :

1. Afforestation – Plantation of trees should be encouraged.
2. Proper management of grazing – Separate sites should be fixed for grazing.
3. Planting of shelter belts of plants.
4. Control on overgrazing – Rules for grazing should be framed.
5. Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes to stop land degradation.
6. Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment in industrial and suburban areas.

Question 19.
Explain any three factors responsible for the formation of soil.
                            Or
Give the importance of soil. Explain factors responsible for soil formation.
Answer:
(1) Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organism on the earth.
(2)

1. The soil is a living system. It takes millions of years to form soil up to a few centimeter in depth.
2. Relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil.
3.  Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers contribute to the formation of soil.
4. Chemical and organic changes which take place in the soil are equally important.
5. Soil also consists of organic (humus) and inorganic materials.

Question 20.
How are alluvial soils formed ? How is Bangar different from Khadar ?
Answer:

1. Alluvial soils are formed by the deposition by three important Himalayan river systems – The Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
2. The Bangar is the old alluvial soil. It is less fertile because it has higher concentration of kankar nodules.
   The Khadar is the new alluvial soil. It has more fine particles and is more fertile than the bangar.

Question 21.
Describe features of alluvial soils. Name the places where these are found in India.
Answer:
(1) The features of the alluvial soils are explained as below :

1. The alluvial soils consist of sand, silt and clay,
2. These soils contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime,
3. These soils are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops,
4. Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and need proper treatment and irrigation,
5. These soils are of two types – old alluvial soil known as bangar and new alluvial soil known as khadar.

(2) Places : These soils are found in the entire northern plains, Rajasthan, Gujarat (a narrow corridor), eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers.

Question 22.
What broad category do the soils of Maharashtra fall ?
                         Or
Mention three characteristics of black soil.
                         Or
Describe the features of black soil. Name the places where it is found in India.
Answer:
Black soil
(1) Features :

1. This soil is black in colour,
2. It is also known as regur soil.
3. It is ideal for growing cotton and is known as black cotton soil also,
4.  It is believed that climatic condition along with parent rock material are the important factors for the formation of black soil,
5. It is made of clayey material,
6. It can hold moisture,
7. It is rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime,
8. It is poor in phosphoric contents, It develops deep cracks during hot weather which helps in the proper aeration of the soil,
9. These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the first shower or during the pre-monsoon period.

(2) Places : It is found in Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, and extend in the south-east direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys.

Question 23.
Describe the features of red and yellow soils. Mention the places where they are found in India.
Answer:
Red and yellow soils :
(1) Features :

1. These soils develop reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks,
2. It looks yellow in a hydrated form.
3. They are highly porous and fertile when they are fine grained and deep.

(2) Places : Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. They are also found in parts of Orissa, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.

Question 24.
Describe features of laterite soil. Mention the places where they are found in India.
Answer:
Laterite soil :
(1) Features :

1. Laterite has been derived from the Latin word ‘later’ which means brick. It develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall
2. Humus content of the soil is low.
3. They lack in elements of fertility and are of low value for crop production,
4. They are composed of little clay and much gravel of red sandstones,
5. They are suitable for cultivation with manures and fertilizers

(2) Places :

1. They are found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and hilly areas of Orissa and Assam,
2. After adopting appropriate soil conservation techniques particularly in the hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, this soil is very useful for growing tea and coffee,
3. Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are more suitable for crops like cashew nut.

Question 25.
Describe the features of Arid soils and Forest soils. Mention the places where they are found in India.
Answer:
(1) Arid soils :

1. Features
   1. They range from red to brown in colour.
   2. They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature,
   3. In some areas the salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water. Due to the dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture,
   4. The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by kankar because of increasing calcium content downward.
   5. These soils can become cultivable if irrigation facilities are made available as has been in the case of western Rajasthan.
2. Places :
   1. These soils are found in arid areas of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana.

(2) Forest soils :

1.  Features :
   1. They are found in mountainous area,
   2. They are loamy and silty in valley slides and coarse grained in the upper slopes,
   3. In the snow covered areas of the Himalayas they are acidic with low humus content.
2. Places : They are found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available. These places are Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. The soils found in the lower parts of the valleys particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.

Question 26.
What is soil erosion ? Write human activities that lead to soil erosion.
                          Or
Describe the causes for soil erosion.
Answer:

1. Soil erosion : The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion.
2. Causes for soil erosion :
   (1) Human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, constructon, mining and other activities are responsible for soil erosion.
   (2) Natural forces like wind, glacier and water also cause erosion :
   1. The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes gullies. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land. In Chambal basin such lands are called ravines.
   2. Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope and washes away the top soil. It is known as sheet erosion.
   3. When wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land, it is known as wind erosion.
   4. Soil erosion is also caused by ploughing in a wrong way i.e., up and down the slope from channels for the quick flow of water leading is soil erosion.

Question 27.
Describe measures of soil conservation.
Answer:
The measures for soil conservation are as follows :

1. Contour ploughing i.e., ploughing along the contour lines decelerate the flow of water down the slopes.
2. Terrace cultivation : Steps are cut on the slopes making terraces which restrict erosion. It is done in western and central Himalayas.
3. Strip cropping : It divides large fields into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops.
4. Planting of trees to create shelters are called shelter belts. These shelter belts help in stabilising the desert in western India.

Question 28.
What is the state of India’s environment as depicted by the village Sukhomajri and the district of
Jhabua ?
                                           Or
Describe state of India’s environment with reference to village Sukhomajri and district Jhabua.
Answer:

1. The village of Sukhomajri and the district of Jhabua have shown that it is possible to reverse land degradation by plantation of trees. Tree density in Sukhomajri increased from 13 per hectare in 1976 to 1,272 per hectare in 1992.
2. Regeneration of the environment has led to economic well-being of the people. The annual average household income in Sukhomajri ranged from ? 10,000-15,000 between 1979 and 1984. This was due to greater resource availability, improved agriculture and animal care.
3. Madhya Pradesh government has made people the decision-makers because their participation is essential for ecological restoration. Thus, 2.9 million hectares or 1 per cent of India’s land area are being greened across the state through watershed management.

MAP QUESTION

Question 1.
On the map of India show the places where different types of soils are found.
Answer:
The different types of soils are found as mentioned below :

1. Alluvial soils : Entire northern plains, Rajasthan and Gujarat in a narrow corridor, eastern coastal plains in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers.
2. Black soils : Deccan trap (Basalt) region i.e., plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra,
   Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and extend in the southeast direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys.
3. Red and yellow soils : Red soils are found in eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. Yellow and red soils are found in parts of Orissa, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga Plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.
4. Laterite soils : Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and the hilly areas of Orissa and Assam.
5. Arid soils : Western Rajasthan.
6. Forest soils : Areas of Himalayas – the soils on lower parts of the valleys on the river terraces are fertile.

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