NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 15 Biodiversity and Conservation

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 15 Biodiversity and Conservation

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 15 Biodiversity and Conservation

Question 1.
Name the three important components of biodiversity
Solution:
The three important components of biodiversity are genetic diversity, species diversity and ecological diversity. These components are the basic building blocks of biodiversity. These are intimately linked and may have common elements.

Question 2.
How do ecologists estimate the total number of species present in the world?
Solution:
The diversity of living organisms present on the earth is very vast. According to an estimate by researchers, it is about seven million. The total number of species present in the world is calculated by ecologists by statistical comparison between species richness of a well-studied group of insects of temperate and tropical regions. Then, these ratios are extrapolated with other groups of plants and animals to calculate the total species richness present on the earth.

Question 3.
Give three hypotheses for explaining why tropics show the greatest levels of species richness.
Solution:
The three hypotheses for higher species richness in tropical areas are:

  1. Prolong evolutionary time – Temperate areas have undergone frequent glaciation in the past. It killed most of the species. No such disturbance occurred in the tropics where species continued to flourish and evolve undisturbed for millions of years.
  2. Favourable environment – There are no unfavourable seasons in the tropics. The continued favourable environment has helped tropical organisms to gain more niche specialisation and increased diversity.
  3. More sunlight – More solar energy is available in the tropics. This promotes higher productivity and increased biodiversity.

Question 4.
What is the significance of the slope of regression in a species-area relationship?
Solution:
The slope of regression/regression co-efficient of species-area relationship indicates that species richness decreases with a decrease in area.

  • The regression coefficient is between 0.1 – 0.2 regardless of taxonomic group or region, eg: Plants in Britain, Birds in California.
  • But in large areas like continents value is eg:- Frugivorous birds, mammals is tropical forests.

Question 5.
What are the major causes of species losses in a geographical region?
Solution:
The major causes of species losses in a geographical area are:

  1. Habitat loss and fragmentation
  2. Overexploitation
  3. Alien species invasion
  4. Co-extinctions
  5. Disturbance and degradation
  6. Pollution
  7. Intensive agriculture and forestry.

Question 6.
How is biodiversity important for ecosystem functioning?
Solution:
An ecosystem with high species diversity is much more stable than an ecosystem with low species diversity. Also, high biodiversity makes the ecosystem more stable in productivity and more resistant to disturbances such as alien species invasions and floods.

If an ecosystem is rich in biodiversity, then the ecological balance would not get affected. Various trophic levels are connected through food chains. If anyone organism or all organisms of any one trophic level is illed, then it will disrupt the entire food chain. For example, in a food chain, if all plants are killed, then all deer will die due to the lack of food.

If all deer are dead, soon the tigers will also die. Therefore, it can be concluded that if an ecosystem is rich in species, then there will be other food alternatives at each trophic level which would not allow any organism to die due to the absence of their food resource. Hence, biodiversity plays an important role in maintaining the health and ecological balance of an ecosystem.

Question 7.
What are sacred groves? What is their role in conservation?
Solution:
Sacred groves are forest patches around places of work. These are held in high esteem by tribal communities/state or central government. Tribals do not allow to cut even a single branch of trees in these sacred groves. Preserved over the course of many generations, sacred groves represent native vegetation in a natural or near-natural state & thus is rich in biodiversity & harbour many rare species of plants & animals. This is the reason why many endemic species flourish in these regions.

Question 8.
Among the ecosystem services are control of floods and soil erosion. How is this achieved by the biotic components of the ecosystem?
Solution:

  • Control of soil erosion: Plant roots hold the soil particles tightly and do not allow the topsoil to be drifted away by winds or moving water. Plants increase the porosity and fertility of the soil.
  • Control of floods: It is carried out by retaining water and preventing runoff rainwater. Litter and humus of plants function as sponges thus, retaining the water which percolates down and gets stored as underground water. Hence, the flood is controlled.

Question 9.
The species diversity of plants (22 percent) is much less than that of animals (72 percent). What could be the explanations for how animals achieved greater diversification?
Solution:
Scientists recorded 22% of plant species diversity including algae, fungi, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. But they recorded 72% of animal species (including insects, mollusks, fishes, mammals, birds etc.) diversity. Plants have the less adaptive capacity as compared to animals. Animals show locomotory movements and can move from one place to another to suit the environment and also in search of food. On the contrary, plants are fixed. Moreover, animals have well organised body structure with various organs to help adjust to the environment.

Question 10.
Can you think of a situation where we deliberately want to make a species extinct? How would you justify it?
Solution:
Yes, there are various kinds of parasites and disease-causing microbes that we deliberately want to eradicate from the earth. Since these micro-organisms are harmful to human beings, scientists are working hard to fight against them. Scientists have been able to eliminate the smallpox virus from the world through the use of vaccinations. This shows that humans deliberately want to make these species extinct. Several other eradication programmes such as polio and hepatitis B vaccinations are aimed to eliminate these disease-causing microbes.

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Editing and Omission Exercises for Class 11 With Answers

Editing and Omission Exercises for Class 11 With Answers

This grammar section explains English Grammar in a clear and simple way. There are example sentences to show how the language is used. NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English will help you to write better answers in your Class 11 exams. Because the Solutions are solved by subject matter experts.

Editing and Omission Exercises for Class 11 With Answers

Editing and Omission Exercises for Class 11 CBSE With Answers Pdf

Question 1.
In the given paragraph, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before the word and the word that comes after it in the space provided as shown.

Tears are produced tear glands which keep the eyee.g.produced by tear
moist and are normally drained the(a)……………………………………..
nose. Onions a number of water-soluble volatile(b)……………………………………..
substances containing sulphur, cutting the onion(c)……………………………………..
these spread the air and cause irritation in the eyes.(d)……………………………………..
The tear glands start secreting more and more tears wash out the irritants.(e)……………………………………..
The tears are produced fast that they cannot be drained out(f)……………………………………..
through nose and so run(g)……………………………………..
down the eyes thus making cry.(h)……………………………………..

Question 2.
There is an error in each of the following lines. Write the incorrect word and the correct word in the given space. The first one has been done as an example:

Intelligence is praised to one and all.
We say that intelligence means
being able to solve problems. Some animal
seem abled to do this. For ex. cats often
find her way home from long distances.
To do this they had to remember and think.
Young birds are also able to made long
journeys. They are borne with this ability.
This is not intelligence. We call these instinct.

Incorrect – Correct
to           –        by

(a) …………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………….
(h) …………… – ……………….

Answer:
Incorrect – Correction

(a) mean – means
(b) animal – animals
(c) abled – able
(d) her – their
(e) had – have
(f) made – make
(g) borne – born
(h) these – this

Question 3.
The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in the blank spaces. The first one has been done as an example. [NCT 2019, 2016]

The next day during an break
when all the teacher and students
was eating their snacks, the mother
left the school building hurrily.
The boy saw him walking
quickly from of the school gate
when he was drank water after
his meal and wonder where
his mother is going.

Incorrect – Correct
an            –   the

(a) …………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………….
(h) …………… – ……………….

Answer:
Incorrect – Correct

(a) teacher – teachers
(b) was – were
(c) hurrily – hurriedly
(d) him – her
(e) from – out
(f) drank – drinking
(g) wonder – wondered
(h) is – was

Question 4.
The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in the underlined words. Correct the word and write in the space provided:

Although, their is no direct evidence that
salt is a cause of highly blood pressure
that reducing salt intake lower
blood pressure. Some scientist are also
concern that excessive use of salt may
caused asthma and kidney disease.
Asthma should not be deal with lightly.

Incorrect – Correct

(a) …………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………….
(h) …………… – ……………….

Answer:

(a) there
(b) high
(c) are
(d) lowers
(e) scientists
(f) concerned
(g) cause
(h) dealt

Question 5.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in your answer sheet as given below against the correct blank number. [NCT 2012]

Mamta lost hey father when she is still
a child. Her uncle looked at all the property
that she inherit from her father.
Since a few years her. uncle worked very
sincerely. Afterwards he thinks, “This
property should make me rich. How long
should I kept serving my niece?
I must do anything.

Incorrect – Correct

(a) …………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………….
(h) …………… – ……………….

Answer:
Incorrect – Correction

(a) is – was
(b) at – after
(c) inherit – had inherited
(d) since – For
(e) thinks – thought
(f) should – can
(g) kept – keep
(h) anything – something

Question 6.
The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in each line. Underline the error and write the correct word in front of it in your answer sheet.

It has been said that anyone lives by
sell something or the other. In the light of
this statement, teachers live off selling
knowledge, philosophers by selling wise
and priests by selling spiritual comforts.
It is extreme difficult to estimate the
true value for the service which people perform to us.

Incorrect – Correct

(a) …………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………….
(h) …………… – ……………….

Answer:
Incorrect  –  Correction

(a) anyone – everyone
(b) sell – selling
(c) off – by
(d) wise – wisdom
(e) comforts – comfort
(f) extreme – extremely
(g) for – of
(h) to – for

Question 7.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Underline the error and write the correct word in front of it in your answer sheet. The first one has been done for you as an example [NCT 2010]

The next day during a break
when all the teacher and students
was eating their snacks, the mother
left the school building hurrily.
The boy saw him walking
quickly from of the school gate.
He was drinking water after
his meal and wondered where
his mother was going.

Incorrect – Correct

(a) …………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………….
(h) …………… – ……………….

Answer:
Incorrect – Correction

(a) Teacher – teachers
(b) was – were
(c) hurrily – hurriedly
(d) him – her
(e) from – out
(f) drank – drinking

Question 8.
A passage has been given below. It has not been edited properly. Underline the error and write the correction in the space provided. One has been done as an example.

My father become the Chief Secretary of Tamil Nadu e.g. become became
op 1962. Soon after, he told my cousin and me,
whenever we accompanied him to any functions,
we were to sit on the car on either side of him
and gave him a nudge if we saw a policeman
salute him which he was preoccupied studying
his notes. He said so that he was concerned
of the policeman standing in the hot sun.
He felt that he would return their greetings
when they took the trouble of saluting him.

Incorrect – Correct
become  –  became

(a) …………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………….
(h) …………… – ……………….

Answer:
Incorrect – Correction

(a) On – in
(b) functions – function
(c) on – in
(d) gave – give
(e) which – while
(f) that – because
(g) of – for
(h) would – should

Question 9.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in vour answer sheet.

It takes a long time for a country to rebuild after
an earthquake. There must be aftershocks for days
or weeks. Rebuilt cannot start until all the
aftershocks have stopped. Aftershocks are small
tremors when shaking the ground after an earthquake.
When rebuilding starts, new buildings may be very
carefully planned. Sometimes they are built on huge
blocks of rubber that will absorb no further earthquake.

Incorrect – Correct

(a) …………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………….
(h) …………… – ……………….

Answer:
Incorrect – Correction

(a) take – takes
(b) must – may
(c) rebuilt – rebuilding
(d) stop – stopped
(e) when – which
(f) may – must
(g) build – built
(h) no – any

Question 10.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Underline the error and write the correct word in front of it in your answer sheet. The first one has been done for you as an example.

The camel is the oldest of domestic
animals. It has been used since thousands
of years by the desert people to supply many
of their needs. Camels pulled ploughs
and carry well to market. In the desert,
they are almost the only means of
transport. This animal can adapt to
life in drylands and is often calling the ship
of the desert, it could survive on
dry leaves, seeds, and bones.

Incorrect – Correct

(a) …………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………….
(h) …………… – ……………….

Answer:
Incorrect – Correction

(a) since – for
(b) year – years
(c) pulled – pull
(d) good – goods
(e) an – the
(f) with – to
(g) calling – called
(h) could – can

Question 11.
The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in each line. Write the incorrect world and the correction in your answer sheet. The first one has been done as an example.

Traders of nearly 2,250 roads and streets
across Delhi got the respite from
sealing and demolition of the Municipal
Corporation of Delhi following a Supreme
Courts order in September 29 allowing
continuation of commercial activities on
residential areas, pending the final
decision in the matter. But the
MCD’s sealing drive has already
claimed four lives.

Incorrect – Correct
of            –    on

(a) …………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………….
(h) …………… – ……………….

Answer:
Incorrect – Correction

(a) the – a
(b) of – by
(c) a – the
(d) in – of
(e) on – in
(f) the – a
(g) in – on
(h) has – had

Question 12.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Underline the error arid write the correct word in front of it in your answer sheet. The first one has been done for you as an example.

Kut was an hardworking
squirrel. She lived on a tree-hole.
she was over the impression that
she has enough food in store for the
bad days until she find that
someone had been stealing his nuts.
She goes to the old owl to
find a solution to her problem.
The old owl listen to her problem patiently.

Incorrect – Correct
an           –       a

(a) …………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………….
(h) …………… – ……………….

Answer:
Incorrect – Correction

(a) on – in
(b) over – under
(c) has – had
(d) find – found
(e) his – her
(f) go – went
(g) an – a
(h) listen – listened

Question 13.
In the following passage, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and after it.

Since the magpie bird was most
intelligent and clever birds at
building nests, all the birds the
Air kingdom came her and
asked her to teach how to build
their nests. So she all the
birds to gather her and began
to show them to go about it.

Before – Word – After

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….
(g) …………… – ………………. – ………………
(h) …………… – ………………. – ………………

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) was – the – most
(b) clever – of – birds
(c) birds – of – the
(d) came – to – her
(e) teach – them – how
(f) she – asked – all
(g) gather – around – her
(h) them – how – to

Question 14.
In the following passage, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that conies before and the word that comes after it in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Ensure that the word that forms your answer is underlined. [NCT 2015]

The moment he switched the eg.
television there silence in
the room, we all looked each
other not knowing to react.
He burst out laughing said,
“How you like it?” We felt too
scared open our mouths.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
Switched – off – the

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) there – was – a
(b) looked – at – each
(c) knowing – how – to
(d) laughing – and – said
(e) how – do – you
(f) scared – to – open

Question 15.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word in the space provided. The first one has been as an example.

On the banks of Ganga, where
it emerges of the Himalayan foot-hills,
there is long stretches forest. There are
villages the fringe of the forest inhabited
by bamboo cutters and farmers. This area an
ideal hunting ground and animals
are not numerous as they used to be.
The trees, too, have disappearing slowly
, and as the recedes the animals lose
their food and shelter.

e g.
Before – Word – After
of the Ganga

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) emerges – from/ out – of
(b) stretches – of – forest
(c) villages – on – the
(d) area – is – an
(e) and – wild – animals
(f) not – as – numerous
(g) have – been – disappearing
(h) the – forest – recedes

Question 16.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one word missing in each line. Find the places of omission and write the missing words for each line.

Seeing the man, I instantly got my feet
ready for anything. He was trying to the
handle of the door. He had a strap his neck
and carried trayful of toothpowders and
tablets, selling a penny or two a phial. I
stood to the door, barring his further entry.

Before – Word – After

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) got – on – my
(b) to – turn – the
(c) strap – around his
(d) carried – a – trayful
(e) selling – for – a
(f) stood – close – to

Question 17.
One word is omitted in each line in the following passage. Write the missing word along with the word coming before it and the word coming after it. The first one is done as an example:

I never forget one of my childhood
experiences. I was trying climb a tree
when my foot slipped and fell and
fainted. My friends thought I dead.
They all left me and ran. When
I regained consciousness I found
not move part of my body. I
had a terrible pain in back and
legs. I not know what to do.

Before – Word – After
I           – can   – never

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………… – ………………..
(h) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) trying – To – climb
(b) and – I – fell
(c) I – Was – dead
(d) ran – away – When
(e) found – That – I
(f) move – any – part
(g) in – My – back
(h) I – did – not

Question 18.
One word is omitted in each line in the following passage. Write the missing word along with the word coming before it and the word coming after it. The first one has been done as an example.

The old owl said, “It is someone your
neighbours.” Kutkut with surprise,
“How you be so sure?” The old owl
looking thick glasses replied, “That
is, thief knows the exact time when
you not at home. As if he watches
you nearby. He then told a plan to
catch the thief.” morning, Kutkut told
all her neighbours that she kept sweets
inside and kept a vigil for the thief.

Before – Word – After
someone – amongst – your

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………… – ………………..
(h) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) Kutkut – asked – with
(b) How – can – you
(c) Looking – through – thick
(d) is – the – thief
(e) you – are – not
(f) you – from – nearby
(g) thief – Next – morning
(h) she – had – kept

Question 19.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and after the word. The first one has been done as an example.

Ten months I decided to leave
my native country and went the
USA. When reached there
I suddenly found labelled
as a foreign student. Gradually
I discovered a foreign student
had problems whether he was Japan
like me or from other country. A
foreign student had to work twice
as hard an American to succeed in college.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
months – ago  –    I

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………… – ………………..
(h) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) go – to – the
(b) when – I – reached
(e) found – myself – labelled
(d) as – a – foreign
(e) discovered – that – a
(f) was – from – Japan
(g) from – some – other
(h) hard – as – an

Question 20.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms your answer.

A decision rolling out the odd-even
traffic restrictions in city will
now taken op Tuesday after
the Delhi government filed review petition in
the National Green Tribunal asking exemptions
for two-wheelers women for
one year or 2000 when more buses will start operating in
the capital. The petition came on day when the spell
of ‘severe’ air quality in Delhi completed full week.

Before – Word – After
decision – on –  rolling

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………… – ………………..
(h) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) in – the – city
(b) now – be – taken
(c) filed – a – review
(d) asking – for – exemptions
(e) wheelers – and – women
(f) or – till – 2000
(g) on – a – day
(h) completed – a – full

Question 21.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms vour answer.

Dinosaurs reigned supreme over 180 million years. Their
the dynasty came to close 66 million years ago when an
an asteroid crashed the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico at a
the site knew the Chicxuluh crater paving the way for
mammals-and eventually humans-inherit the Earth.
But had extraterrestrial impact happened nearly anywhere
else, like the ocean or in the middle of most continents,
some scientists now say it is possible dinosaurs could be survived
annihilation. Other researchers question the findings.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
supreme – for –  over

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………… – ………………..
(h) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) to – a – close
(b) crashed – into – the
(c) known – as – the
(d) humans – to – inherit
(e) had – the – extraterrestrial
(f) like – in – the
(g) could – have – survived
(h) question – their – findings

Question 22.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms your answer.

When the asteroid struck, found a
rich source sulphur and hydrocarbons,
or organic deposits fossil fuels,
according to the researchers. Scorching hot temperatures at the
impact crater have ignited the fuel. The Chicxulub impact
spewed an extraordinary amount of black carbon or soot from
the rocks, the researchers said. That turn, launched nearly
60 Hoover Dams worth of soot the upper atmosphere,
cooling the Earth’s surface by as much 18 degrees Fahrenheit.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
struck   –   it    –  found

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………… – ………………..
(h) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) source – of – sulphur
(b) deposits – like – fossil
(c) according – to – the
(d) crater – would – have
(e) spewed – an – extraordinary
(f) hat – in – turn
(g) soot – into – the
(h) much – as – 18

Question 23.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms vour answer.

Australian scientists launched Monday a
smartphone app challenges people to eat
more veggies. This app called ‘Veg Eze’.
It aims to motivate people to add vegetables
to daily diets and form long-term, healthier habits
through a 21-day ‘Do 3 at Dinner’ challenge.
It helps track their intake and tally up vegetable
serves, with daily reminders rewards to help people
stay motivated and track. Committing to eating more
vegetables every day is of the most important dietary
habits we can adopt to improve our health.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
launched – on – Monday

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………… – ………………..
(h) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) app – that – challenges
(b) app – is – called
(c) aims – to motivate
(d) to – their – daily
(e) helps – people – Track
(f) reminders – and rewards
(g) and – on – Track
(h) is – one – of

Question 24.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms vour answer.

Every smog episode Delhi is blamed on crop
stubble burning farmers in the neighbouring
states. Scientists agree that events Diwali and
stubble burning may pushing pollution levels to
“emergency levels” briefly, that cannot take
away the fact that Delhi’s local emissions have
only risen the years. Central Pollution Control Board’s
national air quality monitoring programme which been
tracking annual PM 2.5 and PM 10 levels 2009, shows a
clear trend of rising PM 2.5 level over the years.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
episode – in  –   Delhi

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………… – ………………..
(h) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) burning – by – farmers
(b) events – like – Diwali
(c) may – be – pushing
(d) briefly – but – that
(e) away – from – the
(f) risen – over – the
(g) which – has – been
(h) levels – since – 2009

Question 25.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms your answer.

More than 400 people killed in
Iran a magnitude 7.3 earthquake jolted the country, state
media said on Monday. Rescuers searching for dozens
trapped rubble in the mountainous area. At least
six died in Iraq as well.
Iran’s state television said more 407 people were killed in
the earthquake making it the deadliest earthquake of 2017.
Local officials said the death toll rise, as search and rescue
teams reached remote areas of Iran. The earthquake felt in
several western provinces of Iran as well.

Before – Word – After
400    –    were –  killed

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………… – ………………..
(h) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) Iran – when – a
(b) Rescuers – were – Searching
(c) trapped – under – rubble
(d) six – have – Died
(e) more – than – 407
(f) it – the – deadliest
(g) toll – would – rise
(h) earthquake – was – felt

Question 26.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms your answer.

The most sought Indian goods are spices
followed cosmetics. Textiles and home
decoration pieces are sale. Buyers
include vast community of expatriates including
Pakistanis, Japanese, Arabs,
Africans, and even Europeans who are fond curried food.
Over a million expats live in different Chinese cities.
There are more 100 physical stores selling Indian
products China. These shops most
of are run by local traders, also sell online. Indian products
usually sell a premium.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
sought  – after –  Indian

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………… – ………………..
(h) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) followed – by – cosmetics
(b) are – on – sale
(c) include – the – vast
(d) fond – of – curried
(e) more – than – 100
(f) products – across/in – China
(g) of – which – are
(h) sell – at – a

Question 27.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms vour answer.

An Agra girl fulfilled the last wish of father, fighting
against all odds. Daughter of irrigation department
employee who passed in 2015, Sonia Sharma, 22,
won the gold medal Para Shooting
World Cup in Bangkok November 10, 2017.
She won 10 m. air pistol event in the team category. Her
team scored a total 1070 points, 22 points more than nearest
rivals. Sonia scored 357 in
four rounds, while her teammates Pooja Delhi
scored 358 Rubina of Bhopal scored 355.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
of         –  her   –  father

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………… – ………………..
(h) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) of – an – irrigation
(b) passed – away – in
(c) medal – in – Para
(d) Bangkok – on – November
(e) won – the – 10 m
(f) than – their – nearest
(g) Pooja – of/from – Delhi
(h) 358 – and – Rubina

Question 28.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms vour answer.

It was Irani Cup.
Wriddhiman Saha smashed a match-winning double
hundred to notch an unlikely win for Rest of India
against Gujarat. Asked a reaction, Saha said, ‘I felt all
the comfortable because Puji
was the other end. No chance of his getting out”,-that
sums Cheteshwar Pujara’s batting. His
182 the Ranji Trophy match against Gujarat helped him
get the top 10 averages for players who have more than
10,000 runs in first-class cricket.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
was     –    the  – Irani

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………… – ………………..
(h) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) Saha – had – smashed
(b) notch – up – an
(c) Asked – for – a
(d) the – more – comfortable
(e) was – at – the
(f) sums – up – Cheteshwar
(g) 182 – in – the
(h) get – into – the

Question 29.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms vour answer.

“Two the world’s great democracies should also have
the world’s greatest militaries”, The US India resolved
on Monday in unprecedented commitment,
following a meeting between PM Modi and President Trump
on the sidelines of the ASEAN Summit in the Philippines.
Supporting India’s rise a global power
has an objective for the last two U.S. administrations. But never
before the goal been stated in such militaristic terms. The
The US seems set helping expand India’s military capabilities.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
Two     –  of     –   the

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………… – ………………..
(h) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) US – and – India
(b) in – an – unprecedented
(c) following – a – meeting
(d) on – the – sidelines
(e) rise – as – a
(f) has – been – an
(g) before – has – the
(h) set – on – helping

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Hornbill Poem 1 A Photograph

Here we are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Hornbill Poem 1 A Photograph. Students can get Class 11 English A Photograph NCERT Solutions, Questions and Answers designed by subject expert teachers.

A Photograph NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Hornbill Poem 1

A Photograph NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What does the word ‘cardboard’ denote in the poem? Why has this word been used?
Answer:
The word “cardboard” in the poem refers to the photograph. It is just a piece of paper a memory as the poet’s mother is dead and gone. It signifies the transience of life and what remains is an insignificant piece of paper.

Question 2.
What has the camera captured?
Answer:
The camera has captured the scene when the poet’s mother and her two female cousins, Betty and Dolly, went paddling. They were holding the poet’s mother’s hands. The elder of the three was about twelve years. The three of them stood smiling as the wind tousled their hair.

Question 3.
What has not changed over the years? Does this suggest something to you?
Answer:
The sea has not changed over the years. It remains the same through generations. On the contrary, life is transient. The mother has now been dead for years. Human life is transitory and this transience is contrasted with the permanence of nature.

Question 4.
The poet’s mother laughed at the snapshot. What did this laugh indicate?
Answer:
The mother laughed at the fleeting moments that had long passed. She relived the memories when they were dressed as children and taken out. She laughed as she recalled the happy memories.

Question 5.
What is the meaning of the line “Both wry with the laboured ease of loss.”
Answer:
The poet’s mother had been out on a beach holiday, years back and felt nostalgic about it, similar to what the poet felt when she relived the memories of her dead mother. The memories, in each case, were beautiful, but painful to recall as time slipped away, so easily.

Question 6.
What does “this circumstance” refer to?
Answer:
“This circumstance” is the death of the mother. This fact is as true and as real as the one that her mother had experienced, on the beach. Both the situations are now a memory of the past. The first is a memory of the mother’s past and the second of the poet’s past.

Question 7.
The three stanzas depict three different phases. What are they?
Answer:
The first stanza is the poet’s description of the photograph that had been captured from her mother’s childhood. The second stanza deals with recollections. The mother’s recollection of her childhood just as the poet recalls her mother who is now dead. The third stanza philosophises death and the transience of life.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Snapshots Chapter 4 Albert Einstein at School

Here we are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Snapshots Chapter 4 Albert Einstein at School. Students can get Class 11 English Albert Einstein at School NCERT Solutions, Questions and Answers designed by subject expert teachers.

Albert Einstein at School NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Snapshots Chapter 4

Albert Einstein at School NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you understand of Einstein’s nature from his conversations with his history teacher, his mathematics teacher and the head teacher?
Answer:
Albert Einstein was an intelligent student but was not good at rote learning of dates and facts in history. However, only his mathematics teacher acknowledged his brilliance. Young Albert Einstein hated learning dates and facts by heart. This forever displeased Mr Braun, his history teacher.

Einstein explained his desire to know the reason a battle is fought, rather than remember its date. Mr Braun taunted him by calling his views the “Einstein theory of education” and punished him by detaining him for an extra period at school.

Albert’s brilliance was recognised by his mathematics teacher, Mr Koch, who accepted Einstein’s superiority of knowledge over his own. He gave Einstein a “glowing reference” to aid him continue his higher education. However, his principal clearly did not recognise his merit and expelled him from school. He accused Einstein of disrupting the class and of not making an effort to learn.

Question 2.
The school system often curbs individual talents. Discuss.
Answer:
Hint
1. If no

  • It often advances by giving opportunities in co-curricular and extra-curricular activities
  • Different options for different aptitudes
  • Offers subject choices/options that help develop the talent a student may not know she/he possesses
  • Encourages interaction

2. If yes

  • Examination system thrust on learning
  • Teacher student ratio often does not permit individual attention
  • Time bound classes/specific syllabi permits adherence to standard procedures
  • Facilities to cater to individual choices may not be permissible due to lack of resources

Question 3.
How do you distinguish between information gathering and insight formation?
Answer:
Gathering information: Gathering information, generally means, sorting out facts that are relevant to your work. It is usually a passive process and involves a lower level of understanding. It is more of a mechanical process based on the memorisation of facts.

Insight formation: This is a more complex process by which the actual learning occurs. The learner assimilates facts, and based on the acquired knowledge, is able to develop a better understanding of herself/himself, her/his world, and the people in her/his life. Insight formation comprises three ‘primary processes’:

  • information reception or perception,
  • encoding or interpretation, and
  • recall and use.

 

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Hornbill Chapter 8 Silk Road

Here we are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Hornbill Chapter 8 Silk Road. Students can get Class 11 English Silk Road NCERT Solutions, Questions and Answers designed by subject expert teachers.

Silk Road NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Hornbill Chapter 8

Silk Road NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers

Silk Road Understanding the text

I. Give reasons for the following statements.

Question 1.
The article has been titled ‘Silk Road.’
Answer:
The article has been titled Silk Road because it chronicles the author’s expedition to Mount Kailash through the Silk Road region. The name Silk Road or Silk Routes, coined by German geographer and traveller, Ferdinand von Richthofen, refers to a network of trade roads that connected the East and the West. The road’owes its name to the silk trade that was established between China, Europe and Africa.

Question 2.
Tibetan mastiffs were popular in China’s imperial courts.
Answer:
Tibetan mastiff is a ferocious breed of dog found in Tibet. These dogs are used as guards and hunting dogs. These are big dogs with massive jaws. They cock their big heads when they see an approaching stranger and fix them in their sights. They are totally fearless and shoot straight at the stranger like a bullet from a gun. While passing by nomads’ tents, the author’s car was chased by Tibetan mastiffs.

They put up a fierce chase for about a hundred meters and gave up only when they realised the car was off the property. The sinister sight of the dogs and their aggressive behavior made the author realise why the Tibetan mastiff was popular in China’s imperial courts as hunting dogs.

Question 3.
The author’s experience at Hor was in stark contrast to earlier accounts of the place.
Answer:
The earlier travel accounts the author read or heard of presented the town in a completely different light from what he saw before his eyes. He found the place grim and miserable, dusty and rocky with no vegetation. Years of accumulated refuse scattered all over the place. It was an unfortunate sight given the fact that Hor was situated on the shore of Lake Manasarovar.

The author expected something spectacular which would appeal to his senses and his psyche. According to one of the earlier accounts, Ekai Kawaguchi, a Japanese monk who arrived at Lake Manasarovar in 1900, was so moved by the sight that he burst into tears. The same happened to a Swedish traveller, Sven Hedin, who broke into tears too at the Lake. However, the author found his experience in stark contrast to the earlier accounts.

Question 4.
The author was disappointed with Darchen.
Answer:
The author was slightly disappointed in Darchen. To begin with, he had an acute breathing problem. Due to cold as well as the height of the place from the sea level, he felt heaviness in his chest and was unable to breathe every time he tried to lie down. He literally spent the first night in Darchen sitting wide awake against a wall. The problem, however, subsided after he visited a doctor the next day and took Tibetan medicine.

Secondly, the place was dusty and partly neglected. There were heaps of rubbish scattered around. Since the author was too early to arrive, there were hardly any pilgrims in Darchen. He was lonely and felt so because there was hardly anyone who spoke English. Had it not been for a clear sky and a brightly shining sun, Darchen would itself gloomier than ever to the author.

Question 5.
The author thought that his positive thinking strategy worked well after all
Answer:
The author was dejected in Darchen. A bad health, a gloomy town, almost no pilgrims and no one around to talk to made his stay in the town quite demoralising. Although he was trying to boost himself up with positive thinking, his options to make it to Mount Kailash seemed severely limited to him. It was then that he met Norbu, a Tibetan academic, in the only cafe of Darchen. Norbu worked in Beijing, spoke English and was on his way to Mount Kailash.

When the author revealed that that was his intention too, Norbu suggested that they made a team. This was something the author wanted and hoped for. He needed a company, someone who knew the region and could also spoke English. At that point in time, there could not be any better companion for him than Norbu. This made the author feel his positive thinking really worked.

II. Briefly comment on

Question 1.
The purpose of the author’s journey to Mount Kailash.
Answer:
The author, Nick Middleton, is a geographer and a traveller. His purpose of the journey to Mount Kailash was to do the kora, which is the pilgrimage walk around Tibet’s most sacred mountain, Mount Kailash.

Question 2.
The author’s physical condition in Darchen.
Answer:
The author’s physical condition in Darchen was far from being good. He had already been suffering from cold and one of his nostrils was blocked compelling him to breathe through only one nostril. He also suffered from breathlessness due to high altitude. The first night in Darchen was all the more difficult for him as he could not sleep due to heaviness in the chest. This problem, however, was cured by the Tibetan treatment he received the next day.

Question 3.
The author’s meeting with Norbu.
Answer:
The author’s meeting with Norbu was accidental, which, for him was more than a welcome accident. He met Norbu at the cafe of Darchen where he sat pondering over his options of making it to Mount Kailash. Norbu approached the author and struck up a conversation with him. The author was happy to meet Norbu, primarily because he spoke English. Norbu was a Tibetan academic working at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, in Beijing. He was in Darchen for the Kailash kora on which he had written many academic papers but never did it himself. When he heard the author also hoped to do the kora, he suggested that they made a team. This was what the author wanted too to complete his expedition and hence it was a happy meeting for him.

Question 4.
Tsetan’s support to the author during the journey.
Answer:
Tsetan was a good guide and a competent driver. He was very careful driving the car in the rough terrain. He knew everything about the region which made the journey of the author quite easy. Tsetan also took care of the author when he fell sick. He took the author to the hospital and saw to it that the latter got proper treatment.

Question 5.
“As a Buddhist, he told me, he knew that it didn’t really matter if I passed away, but he thought it would be bad for business. ”
Answer:
Tsetan was a Buddhist and believed that death was not the end of all. Moreover, passing away at the Manasarovar Lake near Mount Kailash would actually be a good thing. So he told the author that it didn’t really matter if the author passed away at Darchen. However, it wouldn’t be good for his business because if any of his tourists passed away, he would lose his credibility as someone who could not look after his tourists.

Silk Road Talking about the text

Discuss in groups of four

Question 1.
The sensitive behaviour of hill-folk.
Answer:
Hill-folk shown in the text are shown to be very cordial and empathetic towards the narrator. The driver Tsetan shows perseverance to ensure the narrator’s safety, while he struggles with breathing and a persisting cold in the freezing high altitude. The Tibetan doctor’s unusual local medicine help the author with his recovery, while Norbu is willing to team up on their pilgrimage after a brief meeting with the narrator. All these characters show a sense of concern and desire to help visitors adapt to an unfamiliar environment.

Question 2.
The reasons why people willingly undergo the travails of difficult journeys.
Answer:
In this text, the narrator undertakes this difficult journey because he wishes to complete the Kailash kora, a difficult pilgrimage through several rocky mountain passes to the high altitude Mount Kailash. Both Darchen and he are academics, who decide to travel together for scholarly purposes. However, many other pilgrims undertake this difficult journey for spiritual growth. Other reasons that people may undergo such difficult journeys include a desire for such adventures or as tourists a genuine interest in visiting such historic sites.

Question 3.
The accounts of exotic places in legends and the reality.
Answer:
The narrator describes his experiences in the small Tibetan town Hor as very different from the accounts of earlier travellers that he has read. Accounts by a Japanese monk and a Swede visitor describe how they were both sentimentally overwhelmed by the sanctity of the lake. However the narrator describes Hor as a miserable place full of rocks and years of accumulated garbage. This indicates that portrayals in exotic accounts may starkly differ from personal experiences of places.

Silk Road Thinking about language

Question 1.
Notice the kind of English Tsetan uses while talking to the author. How do you think he picked it up?
Answer:
We notice the influence of Tsetan’s mother tongue Tibetan on his use of the English language. Phrases like “Not knowing, Sir” when queried about snowfall and “but no smoking” referring to the car’s petrol tank, indicate that he is relatively comfortable communicating in English and he prefers to use short sentences while speaking the language. As a driver who regularly takes foreign visitors all over Tibet, Tsetan may have learned English through his interactions , with these visitors.

Question 2.
What do the following utterances indicate?
i) “I told her, through Daniel…”
Answer:
This utterance indicate that since the narrator doesn’t speak Tibetan, Daniel translates his sentences from English to Tibetan so he can communicate with Lhamo, to tell her that he plans to complete the kora pilgrimage.

(ii) “It’s a cold, ” he said finally through Tsetan.
Answer:
The doctor, who speaks Tibetan, gets Tsetan to translate his words into English, to inform the narrator that he has a cold and will be giving him medicine to cure this.

Question 3.
Guess the meaning of the following words,
kora , drokba , kyang
In which language are these words found?
Answer:

  • Kora – A Tibetan meditation practice or Pilgrimage
  • Drokba – Tibetan Nomads who manage herds
  • Kyang – Wild asses found in Tibet

Silk Road Working with words

Question 1.
The narrative has many phrases to describe the scenic beauty of the mountainside like:
A flawless half-moon floated in a perfect blue sky.
Scan the text to locate other such picturesque phrases.
Answer:
Other picturesque phrases include:
Extended banks of cloud like long French loaves glowed pink
Sun emerged to splash the distant mountain tops with a rose-tinted blush
Snow-capped mountains gathering on the horizon
River was wide and mostly clogged with ice, brilliant white and glinting in the sunshine.
The trail hugged its bank, twisting with the meanders Big rocks daubed with patches of bright orange lichen.
It was marked by a large cairn of rocks festooned with white silk scarves and ragged prayer flags.
The plateau is pockmarked with salt flats and brackish lakes

Question 2.
Explain the use of the adjectives in the following phrases.

  • shaggy monsters – Tibetan mastiff dogs with lots of fur
  • brackish lakes – Water bodies with lots of salt
  • rickety table – Table that shook because its legs were not fastened well together
  • hairpin bend – A U-shaped bend along a road
  • rudimentary general stores – Basic stores found everywhere that sell most necessary provisions

Silk Road Noticing form

Question 1.
The account has only a few passive voice sentences. Locate them. In what way does the use of active voice contribute to the style of the narrative.
Answer:
What was the likelihood of that I asked.
By late afternoon we had reached.
That night, after my first full day’s course, I slept very soundly.
Once he saw that I was going to live Tsetan left me…
The pilgrimage trail was well-trodden…
The cafe had a single window beside which I’d taken up position…
Active voice is used to indicate that the subject is the person, place or thing that is responsible for the action. The use of the active voice in this narrative puts the reader in the position of the narrator. It makes us identify with his journey as the “I” in the narrative, and also makes us feel like we are travelling along with them through Tibet.

Question 2.
Notice this construction: Tsetan was eager to have them fixed. Write five sentences with a similar structure.
Answer:

  • I was hoping to have the windows repaired.
  • The man was impatiently waiting to have his teeth fixed.
  • The driver was going to have his license cancelled.
  • The kids were waiting to get their ice-cream cones refilled.
  • The teacher was longing to have her tenure extended.