CBSE Class 8

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 3 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 SST Mineral and Power Resources will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Mineral and Power Resources Class 8 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 3

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 3 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Rocks on this earth have several materials mixed in term that are called minerals and minerals are scattered throughout the earth’s rocky crust.

2. Mineral is a naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition.

3. Minerals are formed in different types of geological environments under varying conditions created by natural processes without any human interference.

4. Mineral can be identified on the basis of the physical properties such as colour, density, hardness and chemical property such as solubility.

5. There are over three thousand different minerals and they are classified on the basis of composition and are classified mainly as metallic and non-metallic minerals.

6. Metallic Minerals

• Contain metal in raw form.
• Metals are the hard substances that conduct heat and electricity and have characteristics lustre or shine.
• Metallic minerals may be ferrous or non-ferrous.

7. Ferrous Minerals

• Like iron ore, manganese and chromites contains iron.

8. Non-ferrous Minerals

• Does not contain iron.
• May contain other metals such as gold, silver, copper or lead.

9. Non-metallic Minerals

• Do not contain metals.
• Limestone, mica and gypsum are examples of such minerals.
• The mineral fuels like coal and petroleum are also non-metallic minerals.
• Minerals can be extracted by mining, drilling or quarrying.

10. Mining are of two types:

• Open-cast mining
• Shaft mining

11. Mining is the process of taking out minerals from rocks buried under the earth’s surface.

12. Open-cast mining is when minerals that lie at shallow depths are taken out by removing the surface layer and deep bores called shafts have to be made to reach mineral deposits that lie at great depths and this process is called shaft mining.

13. Drilling is when petroleum and natural gases occur far below the earth’s surface are taken out by deep bored wells.

14. Quarrying is the process in which minerals that lie near the surface are simply dug out.

15. Minerals occur in different types of rocks and these are found in igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and some occur in sedimentary rocks.

16. Asia

• China and India have large iron ore deposits and the continent produces more than half of the world’s tin.
• Asia also has deposits of manganese, bauxite, nickel, zinc and copper.

17. Europe

• Leading producer of iron ore in the world.
• Minerals deposits of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel are found in eastern Europe and European Russia.

18. North America

• The mineral deposits in North America are located in three zones:
•  the Canadian region north of the Great Lakes.
• the Appalachian region.
• the mountain ranges of the west.

19. Western Cordilleras have vast deposits of copper, lead, zinc, gold and silver.

20. South America

• Brazil is the largest producer of high-grade iron ore in the world.
• Chile and Peru are leading producers of copper.
• Brazil and Bolivia are among the world’s largest producers of tin.
• South America also has large deposits of gold silver, zinc, chromium, manganese, bauxite, mica, platinum, asbestos and diamond.

21. Africa

• Rich in mineral resources.
• World’s largest producer of diamonds, gold and platinum.
• South Africa, Zimbabwe and Zaire produce a large portion of the world’s gold.
• Oil is found in Nigeria, Libya and Angola.

22. Australia

• Largest producer of bauxite in the world.
• Leading producer of gold, diamond, iron ore, tin and nickel.
• Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie areas of western Australia have the largest deposits of gold.

23. Antarctica

• Geology of Antarctica is sufficiently well known to predict the existence of variety of mineral deposits, some probably large.
• Significant size of deposits of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains and iron near the Prince Charles Mountains of East Antarctica is forecasted.

24. Distribution in India

25. Iron

• Deposit of high grade iron ore in India.
• The mineral is mainly found in Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

26. Bauxite

• Major bauxite producing areas are Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

27. Mica

• Mica deposits mainly occur in Jharkhand, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. India is the largest producer and exporter of mica in the world.

28. Copper

• Mainly produced in Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

29. Manganese

• Deposits lie in Maharashtra, M.P, Chattisgarh, Odisha, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

30. Limestone

• Major producing states in India are Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, M.P, Chattisgarh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.

31. Gold

• Kolar in Karnataka has deposits of gold in India.
• These mines are among the deepest in the world making the mining of this ore a very expensive process.

32. Salt

• Obtained from sea, lakes and rocks.
• India is one of world’s leading producers and exporters of salt.

33. Uses of Minerals

• Minerals are used in many industries. Those used in gems are usually hard. Silicon is obtained from quartz and Aluminium is obtained from its ore bauxite.
• Minerals are non-renewable resources that takes thousands of years for the formation and concentration of minerals. The rate of formation is much smaller than that of its consumption.
• To conserve mineral resources it is necessary to reduce wastage in the process of mining and with the recycling of metals is another way in which the mineral resources can be conserved.

34. Power resources

• Science and technology changes the lifestyles very fastly.
• Power or energy plays vital role in our lives.
• Power resources are broadly categorised as conventional and non-conventional resources.

35. Conventional sources

• These are those energies which have been in common use for a long time.
• Firewoods and fossil fuels are the two main conventional energy.

36. Fossil Fuel

• The reserve of these minerals are limited.
• Rate at which they are consumed due to rapid growth in population might be the reason that they get exhausted soon.

37. Coal

• Most abundantly found fossil fuel.
• Electricity from coal is called thermal power.
• Coal is referred to as buried sunshine because coal which is used today was formed millions of years ago when giant ferns and swamps got buried under the layers of earth.

38. Petroleum

• It is found between the layers of rocks and is drilled from oil fields located in off-shore and coastal areas. Then this is sent to refineries which process the crude oil and produce a variety of products.
• Petroleum and its derivatives are called Black Gold because they are very valuable.

39. Natural gas

• Found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is brought to the surface.
• Very few countries of the world have sufficient natural gas reserves of their own.

40. Hydel Power

• Rainwater or river water stored in dams is made to fall from heights. The falling water flows through pipes inside the dam over turbine blades placed at the bottom of the dam and the moving blades then turn the generator to produce electricity. This is called hydroelectricity.
• One-fourth of the world’s electricity is produced by hydel power.

41. Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

• The increasing use of fossil fuels is leading to its shortage. It is estimated that if the present rate of consumption continuous, the reserves of these fuel will get exhausted.
• There is need for using non-conventional sources such as solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy the energy which can be renewed.

42. Solar Energy

• Solar energy trapped from the sun can be used in solar cells to produce electricity.
• The technology of utilizing solar energy benefits a lot of tropical countries that are blessed with abundant sunshine.

43. Wind Energy

Wind an inexhaustible source of energy. Windmills have been used for grinding grain and lifting water since times immemorial. In modem time windmills, the high-speed winds rotate the windmill which is connected to a generator to procedure electricity.

44. Nuclear Power

• Obtained from energy stored in the nucleic of atoms of naturally occurring radioactive elements like uranium and thorium.
• These fuels undergo nuclear fission in nuclear reactors and emit power.
• The greatest producers of nuclear power are U.S.A and Europe.
• In India Thorium is found in large quantities in Monazite sands of Kerala.
• The nuclear power stations in India are located in Kalpakkam in Tamilnadu, Tarapur in Maharashtra Ranapratap Sagar near Kota in Rajasthan, Narora in Uttar Pradesh and Kaiga in Karnataka.

45. Geothermal Energy

• Heat energy obtained from the earth is called geothermal energy.
• The temperature in the interior of the earth rises steadily as we go deeper and some times this heat energy may surface itself in the form of hot springs. This heat energy can be used to generate power.
• USA has the world’s largest geothermal power plants.
• In India, geothermal plants are located in Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh and Puga Valley in Ladakh.

46. Tidal Energy

• Energy generated from tides is called tidal energy.
• Tidal energy can be harnessed by building dams at narrow openings of the sea. During high tide the energy of tides is used to turn the turbine installed in the dam to produce electricity.
• Russia, France and the Gulf of Kachchh in India have huge tidal mill farms.

47. Biogas

• Organic waste such as dead plant and animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste can be converted into a gaseous fuel called biogas.
• The organic waste is decomposed by bacteria in biogas digesters to emit biogas which is essentially a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.
• Energy exists on our earth in several forms but saving energy rather than wasting it is more compulsory because the energy saved is the energy generated.

Mineral and Power Resources Class 8 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Mineral: a naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition is a mineral.

Rock: An aggregate of one or more minerals but without definite composition of constituent of mineral.

Ore: Rocks from which minerals are mined are known as ores.

Mining: The process of taking out minerals from rocks buried under the earth’s surface is called mining.

Quarrying: Minerals that lie near the surface are simply dug out, by the process known as quarrying.

Petroleum: It is derived from Latin words – Petra meaning rock and oleum meaning oil. So petroleum means rock oil.

Geothermal Energy: Heat energy obtained from the earth is called geothermal energy.

Tidal Energy: It is the energy generated from the tides.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 2 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 2 SST Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Class 8 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 2

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 2 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. There is difference in the quality of land, soil, water, natural vegetation, animal and the usage of technology and the availability of such resources is the main reason why the different places on the earth differ from each other.

2. Land:

• The most important natural resource which covers only about 30% of the total area of the earth’s surface and not all parts of its are habitable.
• The uneven distribution of population in different parts of the world is mainly due to varied characteristics of land and climate.

3. Land use:

• Land is used for different purposes such as agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses, roads, setting up industries. This is commonly termed as Land use.
• The use of land is determined by the physical factors such as topography, soil, climate, minerals and availability of water.
• Human factors such as population and technology are also important determinants of land use pattern.
• On the basis of ownership land can be classified into private land and community land.
• Private land: owned by individuals.
• Community land: owned by the community for common uses.
• The community lands are also called common property resources.
• The vast changes in the land use pattern also reflect the cultural changes in the society.
• Because of expansion of the agriculture and constructive activities the major threats like land degradation, landslides, soil erosion, desertification are created.

4. Soil:

• The thin layer of grainy substance covering the surface of the earth is called soil.
• It is made up of organic matter, minerals and weathered rocks found on the earth. This happens through the process of weathering.

5. Factors of soil formation:

• The major factors are the nature of the parent rock and climatic factors.
• Topography, role of organic material and time taken for the composition of soil formation are also some other factors of soil formation. All these differ from place to place.

6. Degradation of soil and conservation measures:

• Soil erosion and depletion are the major threats to soil as a resources.
• Factors that lead to soil degradation are deforestation, overgrazing, overuse of chemical fertilizers or pesticides, rain wash, landslides and floods.
• Methods that are useful for the purpose of soil conservation are:

7. Mulching: The bare ground between plants is covered with a layer of organic matter like straw which helps in retaining the soil moisture.

8. Contour barriers: In this stones, grass, soil are used to build barriers along contours. Trenches are made in front of the barriers for collecting water.

9. Rock dam: Rocks are piled up to slow down the flow of water and this prevents gullies and further soil loss.

10. Terrace farming: In this broad flat steps or terraces are made on the steep slopes so that flat surfaces are available for the growing of crops and this reduces surface run off and soil erosion.

11. Intercropping: Different crops are grown in alternate rows and are sown at different times to protect the soil from rain wash.

12. Contour ploughing: Ploughing parallel to the contours of a hill slope to form a natural barrier for water to flow down the slope.

13. Shelterbelts: In the coastal and dry regions, rows of trees are planted to check the wind movement in order to protect soil cover.

14. Water:

• A vital renewable natural resource.
• Three-fourth’s of the earth surface is covered with water.
• Earth is called the ‘water planet’.
• It is found that the life began almost 3.5 billion years back in primitive oceans.
• Freshwater accounts for only about 2.7 per cent.

15 . Only 1 per cent of freshwater is available and fit for the human use found as ground water, as surface water in rivers and lakes and as water vapour in atmosphere.

16. Water can neither be added nor substrated from the earth. Its total volume remains constant.

17. Water cycle: Cycling through the oceans, the air, the land and back again, through the process of evaporation, precipitation and run-off. This process is referred to as the water cycle.

18. Water shortage may be a consequence of variation in seasonal or annual precipitation or the scarcity caused by overexploitation and the contamination of the water resources.

19. Even though water is been categorised under the renewable resource category, its overuse and pollution make it unfit for use.

20. There is scarcity of water in many regions of the world and shortage of water may be a consequence of variation in seasonable on annual precipitation.

21. The scarcity is caused by over-exploitation and contamination of water resources.

22. In today’s world access to clean and adequate water is the major problem.

23. Discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage, agricultural chemicals and industrial effluents in water bodies are major contaminants which pollutes water with nitrates, metals and pesticides. Most of these chemicals are non-biodegradable and reach human bodies through water.

24. Forest and other vegetation cover slow the surface runoff and replenish underground water. Water harvesting saves water runoff, from the surface.

25. The valuable resources of water can be conserved by using and adopting the different means of irrigation.

26. In the eastern and northeastern humid regions of India bamboo, grows in plenty.

27. Silk is obtained from silk worms that are bred on Mulberry trees.

28. Biosphere is the narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere where the natural vegetation and wildlife do exist.

29. The life supporting system in the biosphere where the living beings are inter-related and interdependant on each other for survival is known as the ecosystem.

30. Wildlife includes animals, birds, insects as well as aquatic life forms which all are integral for maintaining balance in the ecosystem.

31. The growth of vegetation depends primarily on temperature and moisture. The major vegetation types of the world are grouped as forests, grasslands, scrubs and tundra.

32. The forests are associated with the areas having abundant water supply.

33. Forests are broadly classified as evergreen and deciduous depending on their sheding of leaves because:

• Evergreen forests do not shed their leaves simultaneously in any season of the year.
• Deciduous forests shed their leaves in a particular season to conserve loss of moisture through transpiration.

34. With the increase in the population of the world there is decrease or we can say rapid decrease in the forest cover all over the world which ultimately creates an urgent need to conserve this valuable resource.

35. Forests are known as our wealth in which plants give shelter to the animals and together they maintain the ecosystem.

36. Changes of climate and human interferences can cause the loss of natural habitats for the plants and animals. Many of the species have became vulnerable or endangered and some are on the verge of extinction.

37. Poaching is one of the main reasons behind the shark decline in the number of particular species. Increasing awareness can help in the conservation.

38. National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves are made to protect our natural vegetation and wildlife.

39. There will be the balance in the environment if the relative number of species is not disturbed.

40. Awareness programmes likes social forestry and Vanamohatasava should be organised in order to appreciate the habitat of varied species and protect extinction or indiscriminate killing of species in the ecosystem.

41. Laws are passed against the trade and killing of birds as well as animals in many countries of the world. In India killing lions, tigers, deers, great Indian bustards and peacocks is illegal.

42. CITES an international convention has been established in order to list several species of animals and birds in which trade is prohibited.

43. It is an ethical duty of every citizen to conserve plants and animals.

Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Class 8 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Biosphere Reserves: Series of protected areas linked through a global network, intended to demonstrate the relationship between conservation and development.

National Park: A natural area designated to protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for the present and the future generations.

Weathering: It is the breaking up and decay of exposed rocks, by temperature changes, frost action, plants, animals and human activity.

Land use: Land is used for different purposes such as agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses, roads and setting up of industries. This is commonly termed as Land use.

Landslide: Defined as the mass movement of rock, debris or earth down a slope.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 8 Geography Chapter 1 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 1 SST Resources will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Resources Class 8 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 1

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 1 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Anything that can be used to satisfy a need is a resource.

2. Utility or usability is what makes an object or substance a resource. For example, water, electricity, rickshaw, vegetable and textbook, etc. have something in common and all have been used by human beings, so they have utility.

3. Things become resources when they have a value. Its use or utility gives it a value and all resources have some value.

4. Value means worth. Some have economic value some do not.

5. Some resources can become economically valuable with time.

6. Time and technology are two important factors that can change substances into resources. Both are related to the needs of the people and people themselves are the most important resource.

7. Resources are classified into following categories:

• Natural resources
• Man-made resources
• Human resources

Natural Resources

8. Resources which are drawn from nature and used without much modification are called natural resources.

9. Natural resources are classified into different groups depending upon their level of development and use; origin; stock and distribution.

10. Based on development and use resources are classified into two groups:

• Actual resources
• Potential resources

11. Actual Resources:

• Resources whose quantity is known and are being used in the present.

12. Potential Resources

• Resources whose entire quantity may not be known and are not being used at present. These could be used in the future.
• The level of technology we have at present may not be advanced enough to easily utilise these resources.

13. Based on their origin, classification of resources can be:

• Abiotic resources – Non-living
• Biotic resources – Living

14. Natural resources are categorised broadly into:

• Renewable resources
• Non-renewable resources

15. Renewable Resources

• Those which get renewed or replenished quickly.
• Some of these are unlimited and even not affected by human activities.

16. Non-renewable Resources

• Those which have a limited stock.
• Once the stocks are exhausted it may take thousands of years to be renewed or replenished.
• On the basis of their distribution resources can be ubiquitous or localized. Those found only in certain places are localized.
• The distribution of natural resources depends upon numbers of physical factors and these factors differ so much over the Earth that distribution of resources is unequal.

17. Human Made resources

Natural substances become resources only when their original form has been changed. People use natural resources to make buildings, bridges, roads, machinery and vehicles, that are known as human-made resources. Even the technology is defined as a human-made resource.

18. Human Resources

People can make the best use of nature to create more resources with the help of their knowledge, skill and technology which they have. This is why human beings are known as special resources. Education and health help in making people a valuable resource.

19. Human Resources Development

• Improvising the quality of skills of people to make them able to create more resources is known as human resource development.

20. Conserving Resources

• Resource conservation is meant by using resources carefully and giving them time to get renewed.
• Sustainable development is defined as balancing the need to use resources and also conserve them for the future needs.
• The future of our planet and its people is co-related with the ability to maintain and preserve the life support system by the nature.

21. It is the duty of people of this Earth to ensure that:

• All uses of renewable resources are sustainable.
• The diversity of life on Earth is conserved.
• The damage to natural environmental system is minimised.

Resources Class 8 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Utility: The state of being useful, profitable or beneficial.

Value: It means worth or considering something to be important or beneficial.

Patent: It means the exclusive right over any idea or invention.

Technology: It is the application of latest knowledge and skill in doing or making things.

Origin: The point or place where something begins, arises or is derived.

Stock of resources: It is the amount of resources available for use.

Human resources: Refers to the number and abilities of the people.

Sustainable development: Carefully utilizing resources so that besides meeting the requirements of the present, they also takes care of future generations.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 12 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes History Chapter 12 SST India After Independence will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

India After Independence Class 8 Notes Social Science History Chapter 12

CBSE Class 8 History Chapter 12 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. India, with its independence in 1947, faced a huge series of challenges.

2. Especially, the challenges were in the form of refugees and of princely states, settlements which were to be addressed immediately.

3. Political system was created in a manner that it could best serve the expectations of the country’s population.

4. In 1947, India had great population of approximately around 345 million that was divided on the basis of castes, community, languages, dress and lifestyle etc., that needed to be united as soon as possible.

5. Problem of unity was added with the problem of development.

6. New nation was willing in the upliftment of its masses that is its people out of poverty.

7. This could only be done by increasing the productivity of agriculture and by promotion of the new job creating industries.

8. The Constitution was written between December 1946 – November 1949 when around 300 members from all over India had series of meetings at the Constituent Assembly in Delhi.

9. These discussions resulted in framing of the Indian Constitution which came into effect on 26 January 1950.

10. First feature of the constitution was the adoption of universal adult franchise, a revolutionary step which was adopted in steps in UK and US also. But in India, just after Independence, this right was granted to the citizens regardless of gender, class or education.

11. Second feature of the Indian Constitution was that it guaranteed its citizen’s equality before the law regardless to their castes, or religious belongingness.

12. Third feature of the constitution was the offering of special privileges to the poorest and the most disadvantaged Indians by describing the practice of untouchability as a “slur and a blot” on the “fair name of India”.

13. Reservation was granted in seats and jobs to former untouchables, the adivasis or scheduled tribes.

14. Many of the days were spent in the discussions about the powers of the central government and the state governments.

15. This was resolved as in Constitution there is mentioned about the three lists of subjects.

• Union List: That discusses about the subjects such as taxes, defence, and foreign affairs, basically the responsibility of the centre is discussed.
• State List: Comprised of subjects like education and health that would be taken care of principally by the states.
• Concurrent List: The subjects discussed in this list are such as forests and agriculture in which the centre and the states would have joint responsibility.

16. Major debate in the Constituent Assembly concerned language.

17. Many Indians played important role in the framing of the constitution but the most important role was played by Dr B.R. Ambedkar, Chairman of the Drafting Committee who supervised and finalised the document.

18. Formation of state was also a problem. It was promised by the Congress before independence that after winning independence each major linguistic group would have its own province. Although the promise was not fulfilled by Congress.

19. Both Prime Minister Nehru and Deputy Prime Minister were against the creation of states on linguistic base.

20. Non-fulfillment of promise by Congress created a great disappointment among the speakers of different languages.

21. Strongest protest was by Telugu speaking districts of the Madras Presidency.

22. New state of Andhra Pradesh came into existence on 1 October 1953. This happened after:

23. Veteran Gandhian named Potti Sriramula went on a hunger fast demanding for the formation of a new state i.e., Andhra Pradesh that will protect the interests of the Telugu speakers.

24. State Reorganisation Commission was set up when the demand for various separate states was raised by the different linguistic communities.

25. The commission submitted its report in 1956. The report recommended the redrawing of district and provincial boundaries to form compact provinces of Assamese, Bengali, Oriya, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and Telugu speakers respectively.

26. The further division was seen in areas of Hindi speaking people and bilingual state. For example, Bombay a bilingual state was divided into Marathi and Gujarati, Punjab divided into Punjab and Haryana etc.

27. Planning for developments started as a process after the country was approximately settled best by the leaders of that period.

• In manner to lift India and Indians out of poverty and building a modern and industrial base were taken as objectives of the new nation.
• Planning Commission was set up in 1950 by the government.
• Planning Commission was aimed at designing and executing suitable policies of economic development.
• 1956 saw the Second Five Year Plan for emulation.
• The Second Five Year Plan focused strongly on the development of heavy industries.
• These sectors would be under the control of the state.
• This approach of development of heavy industries on one side got strong supporters but on the same hand it also saw vocal critics.

28. At present even after such a long time of independence India is still united, democratic and its achievements are what makes its citizens proud of it.

29. Despite of several hurdles we all saw several successes which are not only appreciated by Indians but also by the other world countries and its people.

30. The speciality and features of the Constitution like free press, independent judiciary, unity in diversity made its people proud of‘The Republic of India’.

India After Independence Class 8 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Franchise: The right to vote.

Linguistic: Relating to language.

State: Concerned with the government (here in this chapter).

Refugee: The one who has been forced to leave his country or home due to any specific condition.

Notes of History Class 8 Chapter 12 Time Period

1945: Formation of United Nation.

1947: India became independent (15th August)

1948: Mahatma Gandhi shot by NathuramGodse.

1950: (i) Adopted Indian Constitution (26th January).

(ii) Planning Commission was set up.

1952: First General Election held in India.

1953: The new State of Andhra Pradesh came into existence.

1959: The Bhilai Steel plant was set up with the help of the former Soviet Union in 1959 in the back­ward rural area of Chhattisgarh.

1960: Bombay was divided into separate states for Marathi and Gujarati speakers.

1966: The state of Punjab divided into two states Punjab and Haryana on the basis Punjabi & Haryanvi or Hindi speaking.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 11 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes History Chapter 11 SST The Making of the National Movement 1870s – 1947 will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

The Making of the National Movement 1870s – 1947 Class 8 Notes Social Science History Chapter 11

CBSE Class 8 History Chapter 11 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. The rise of Questions: what is this country India and for whom is it meant?

2. The answers to these questions are: India, was the people of India – all the people of all class, colour, caste, creed, language or gender belong to this nation. The resources of the country were meant for all the people.

3. The gradual rise in the thinking capability of the people of India with time answered many questions and even created awareness in the minds of the people that Britishers were fiercely exercising the control over the resources and lives of the people of India.

4. Indians could not be the part of India unless and untill the control of British got diminished or vanished.

5. The beginning of consciousness was with the formation of political associations like Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, the Bombay Presidency Association, the Madras Mahajan Sabha and the Indian National Congress. Although most of these were led by the English professionals but they clearly stated in their aim to spread consciousness and sovereignity in people.

6. Sovereign can be defined as modern consciousness and key feature of nationalism. In a layman sense, it means that Indias should be empowered for taking their own decisions.

7. During 1870’s and 1880’s dissatisfaction with British rule intensified due to various reasons like Arms Act of 1878, Vernacular Press Act, and in 1883 the government was willing to introduce the Ilbert Bill.

8. These reasons of dissatisfaction created the need for an all India organisation of educated Indians since 1880 and desire for this was deepened with the controversy of Ilbert Bill.

9. In 1885, 72 delegates from all over India met at Bombay and the Indian National Congress (INC) was established.

10. The early leadership comprised of a large number from Bombay and Calcutta.

• Naoroji worked as a guide for the younger nationalists.
• O. Hume, a retired British official, played an important role by bringing Indians from different re­gions together.

11. For the I^st 20 years which is known as the moderate phase of Congress it demanded basically a greater voice for Indians in the government and in administration.

12. They also demanded for the civil service examination to be held in India for their will of establishing Indians in high positions in the governance.

13. Indianisation of the administration can be regarded as the part of movement against racism.

14. By declaring that the British rule had led to poverty and famines, the Congress in its early phase demanded several economic issues like reduction of taxes and revenues on various things, well treatment of labour class etc.

15. Being an elite educated body, it never discussed on behalf of any professional groups.

16. Moderates wanted the development of public awareness regarding the unjust nature of the British rule.

17. They even wanted to make the government aware about the feelings of Indians.

18. By 1890’s criticism of Congress started by questioning about the political style of Congress.

19. The critiques were the radical groups who criticised the moderates for their political prayers in front of the British government.

20. They wanted the people to rely on their own strength and improve themselves to fight for Swaraj.

21. “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it” – Slogan raised by Tilak.

22. In 1905 Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal giving the reason that dividing Bengal would help in the administrative convenience.

23. It was also believed that by dividing Bengal, British had motives to curtail the influence of Bengali politicians and to split the Bengali people.

24. Partition of Bengal was opposed by all sections of the Congress and also infuriated the people all over India.

25. The struggle against the partition of the Bengal came to be known as Swadeshi movement. The movement although happened only in India but had echoed all over India too, for example in deltaic Andhra the movement was named or known as the Vandemataram Movement.

26. Swadeshi Movement not only opposed the British rule but also encouraged the idea of self help, Swadeshi enterprise, national education and of Indian languages.

27. Radicals advocated that to fight for Swaraj there was need for mass mobilisation and boycott.

28. Some even suggested “revolutionary violence” necessary for the overthrowing of the British Rule.

29. All India Muslim League at Dacca was founded in 1906 by group of landlords and nawabs. They were

• supportive to Swadeshi Movement.
• demanded separate electorates for Muslims and the demand was conceded by the government in 1909.

30. Congress split in 1907.

• Moderates opposed using Boycott as they felt that Boycott involved the use of force.
• Split was dominated by the moderate and Tilak’s followers were functioning from outside.
• The both groups of Congress reunited in the year 1915 again and in the next year historical Lucknow Pact was signed between the Congress and the Muslim League.

31. Struggle against the British gradually transformed into a mass movement after 1919.

32. The first world war altered not only economic but also political scenario of India. It led to huge rise in defence expenditure of the government of India, increased military expenditure and with this there was a sharp rise in prices that created unbearable difficulties for the common people of that time.

33. The World war I^st created a great profit earning situation for the business groups.

34. The World war resulted in the expansion of the British army.

35. In 1917 with the revolution in Russia, the spread of ideas of socialism was seen widely resulting in the inspiration for the Indian Nationalists.

36. Advent of Mahatma Gandhi who emerged as mass leader.

37. Arrived in 1915 from South Africa at an age of 46 years.

38. Respected leader of South Africa for the Indians there.

39. Mahatma Gandhi spent I^st year in India by travelling throughout the country, understanding the actual situation of India and the Indians under the British colonial rule.

40. Earlier intervention of Gandhiji in the local movements was seen in Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad.

41. Movements between 1919 – 1922 were led by Gandhiji.

42. In 1919, Satyagraha was initiated against the just passed Rowlatt Act by the British.

• Criticizing the Act as restriction on the basic freedom.
• 6 April 1919 was observed as day of non-violent opposition to the Rowlatt Act.
• The Rowlatt Satyagraha turned to be the first all-India struggle against the British government.
• The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre on April 13 was also part of the repression of his satyagraha.
• Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood expressing his anger against the British.

43. Khilafat agitation and the Non-cooperation Movement have gained momentum.

• As in 1920 Khilafat issue got in front of the world.
• British in 1920 imposed treaty on Khalifa.
• Leaders of Khilafat agitation Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali supported Gandhiji, urged the Congress to campaign against Jallianwala Massacre, the Khilafat issue and also to demand Swaraj.
• With the peak in the Non-cooperation movement complete boycott of British was seen.

44. The National Movement started to be linked with the local grievances by the people. In many forest villages peasants even proclaimed Swaraj and started believing about the establishment of the Gandhi Raj.

45. Khilafat – non-cooperation alliance gave enormous communal unity with the strenghtning of national movement.

46. In Punjab – Akali agitation of Sikhs was seen, in Assam tea garden labourers’ demand for increasing wages was raised. They all were seen as part of non-cooperation only.

47. Gandhiji was seen as a kind of Messiah by some people.

• Ordinary people credited Gandhiji for their own achievements.

48. Mahatma Gandhi was strong opposer of violent movement. This resulted in calling off of the non­cooperation movement after crowd of peasants set police station in Chauri Chaura on fire in 1922.

49. In order to influence government policies it was stressed by some leaders that Congress should fight elections to the councils.

50. In the mid of 1920’s the two important development were seen in the form of formation of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Communist Party of India (CPI).

51. Revolutionary nationalist Shri Shaheed Bhagat Singh was too active during the period of mid 1920’s.

52. The “Independence Day” was observed on 26^th January 1930 as under the Presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru. Congress fought in the 1920’s decade for the objective of complete independence (ie. Poorna Swaraj).

53. In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi broke the salt law. Marching with 20 followers Gandhiji marched 240 miles from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi.

54. Combined struggles of Indian people resulted in Government of India Act 1935 prescribing about provincial autonomy and announcing elections for the provincial legislatures in 1937. Congress won 7 out of 11 provinces.

55. In September 1939, with outbreak of II^nd world war, Congress leaders got ready to support the British but in return demanded independence after the war which was refused by the British. In return Congress Ministries resigned as protest against the refusal.

56. Mahatma Gandhi initiated a new phase of movement against the British in middle of II^nd world war, he said people to “do or die” to fight the British but with non-violence.

• This movement attracted specially the peasants and youths.
• The British Rai was brought to its knees.

57. In 1940, Muslim League moved resolution demanding “Independent States” for Muslims in north-west and east part of India.

58. From 1930’s Muslims were viewed as separate nation from the Hindu concluding with the history of tension.

59. Congress failed in mobilising Muslim masses and in 1930 this condition allowed Muslim League to widen its social support.

60. Muslim League persisted with its demand for Pakistan.

• In March 1946, British cabinet sent 3 member mission to examine the demand of Pakistan.
• The mission suggested that Indians should remain united and constitute itself as a loose confederation giving some autonomy for Muslim majority areas.
• The Congress and the Muslim League did not agree on the details of proposal resulting in the more inevitability of the partition.
• Failure of cabinet mission led to mass agitation of Muslim League for the demand of Pakistan.
• 16^th August 1946 was announced as “Direct Action Day”. Riots broke in Calcutta and by March 1947 violence spread to different parts of Northern India.

61. With the brutality against several innocent people of both the countries, Pakistan was bom and joy of country’s Independence from British rule came mixed with pain and violence of partition.

The Making of the National Movement 1870s – 1947 Class 8 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Sovereign: The capacity to act independently without outside interference.

Publicist: Someone who publicises an idea by circulating information, writing reports, speaking at meetings.

Repeal: To undo law to officially end the validity of something such as law.

Revolutionary violence: The use of violence to make a radical change within society.

Council: An appointed or elected body of people with an administrative, advisory or representative function.

Knighthood: An honour granted by the British Crown for exceptional personal achievement on public service.

Picket: People protesting outside a building or shop to prevent others from entering.

Mahants: Religious functionaries of Sikh gurdwaras.

Illegal eviction: Forcible and unlawful throwing out of tenants from the land they rent.

Provincial autonomy: Capacity of the provinces to make relatively independent decisions while remaining within a federation.

General constituencies: Election districts with no reservations for any religious or other community.

Pooma swaraj: Complete independence.

RSS: Hindu ideological group. RSS Stands for Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.

Notes of History Class 8 Chapter 11 Time Period

1878: Arms Act was passed which disallowing Indians from possessing arms.

1885: Formation of ‘Indian National Congress’ at Bombay.

1905: Viceroy Curzon partitioned Bengal.

1906: Formation of ‘All India Muslim League’ at Dacca.

1907: Congress split in two groups.

1915: (i) Gandhiji arrived in India from South Africa.

(ii) Both group of Congress reunited.

1917: Revolution of Russia took place.

1919: (i) Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act called by Gandhiji.

(ii) JallianwalaBagh atrocities (13 April)

1920: The Non-Cooperation Movement started.

1928: Formation of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association by Bhagat Singh and his comrades at FerozeshahKotla in Delhi.

1929: Demand of PurnaSwaraj by Congress.

1930: (i) Independence Day was observed all over the Country (26 January).

(ii) ‘Dandi March’ launched by Gandhiji.

1942: The Quit India Movement started (in August).

1947: India got independence from British Rule & a new country formed known as Pakistan.