CBSE Class 8

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism

Question 1.
List the different types of religious practice that you find in your neighbourhood. This could be different forms of prayer, worship of different Gods, sacred sites, different kinds of religious music and singing, etc. Does this indicate freedom of religious practice?
Answer:

Question 2.
Will the government intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practice infanticide? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Yes, the government will intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practice infanticide because:

• According to the law, killing a human being is illegal.
• Such an act is also against human rights.

Question 3.
Complete the following table:

Answer:

Question 4.
Look up the annual calendar of holidays of your school. How many of them pertain to different religions? What does this indicate?
Answer:
Annual Calendar of Holidays

• Among 25-30 annual holidays, 22-25 holidays pertain to different religions.
• It indicates that there is a holiday or religious festival of every religion. So everyone can celebrate their own festival according to their own tradition. Religious festivals are not celebrated in schools.

* Month may vary

1. Sikh
2. Christian
   March or April
3. Muslims

Question 5.
Find out some examples of different views within the same religion.
Answer:

Question 6.
The Indian State both keeps away from religion as well as intervenes in religion. This idea can be quite confusing. Discuss this once again in class using examples from the chapter as well as those that you might have come up with.
Answer:
Indian State keeps away from religion because if the major religious group has access to State power then it could be easily applicable the power and financial resources against the persons of other religions. The majority could quite easily prevent minorities from practicing their religions.

Question 7.
This poster highlights the need for ‘Peace’. It says, “Peace is an ever-ending process….. It cannot ignore our differences or overlook our common interests.” Write in your own words what you think the above sentences are trying to convey? How does it relate to the need for religious tolerance?

Answer:
This poster conveys a message for the establishment of peace in society. The message explains that peace is a long-cherished process. But in this process, we cannot ignore the differences or overlook our common interests. It means peace can be brought only after establishing coordination between the common interests. Religious tolerance is the most sensitive issue in this sense. Note: Students are suggested to design their own posters on religious tolerance.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science.Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The British described the tribal people as savage/uncivilized
2. The method of sowing seeds in jhum cultivation is known as scattering
3. The tribal chiefs got land titles in central India under the British land settlements.
4. Tribals went to work in the tea plantations of Assam and the coalmines in Bihar.

Question 2.
State whether True or False:

1. Jhum cultivators plough the land and sow seeds. False
2. Cocoons were bought from the Santhals and sold by the traders at five times the purchase price. True
3. Birsa urged his followers to purify themselves, give up drinking liquor and stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery True
4. The British wanted to preserve the tribal way of life. False

Question 3.
What problems did shifting cultivators face under British rule?
Answer:

• The jhum cultivators who took to Plough cultivation as per the British model often suffered.
• The fields did not produce good yields. Still, they had to pay revenue fixed by the British.
• Finally, they had to protest this new method. They wanted to shift back to the jhum cultivation.

Question 4.
How did the powers of tribal chiefs change under colonial rule?
Answer:
The tribal chiefs were important people. They enjoyed a certain amount of economic power and had the right to administer and control their territories. Under British rule, the functions and powers of these tribal chiefs changed to a great extent:

1. They were allowed to keep their land titles over a cluster of villages and rent outlands, but they lost much of their administrative power and were forced to follow laws made by British officials in India.
2. They had to pay tribute to the British and discipline the tribal groups on behalf of the British.
3. They lost the authority they had earlier enjoyed amongst their people and were unable to fulfill their traditional functions.

Question 5.
What accounts for the anger of the tribals against the dikus?
Answer:
Missionaries, moneylenders, Hindu landlords, and British officials were considered dikus or outsiders. They caused anger among the tribals because:

1. They were considered the cause of the misery and suffering of the tribal people.
2. The land policies of the British were destroying their traditional land system.
3. Hindu landlords and moneylenders were taking over their land.
4. The missionaries were criticizing their traditional culture.

Question 6.
What was Birsa’s vision of a golden age? Why do you think such a vision appealed to the people of the region?
Answer:
Birsa’s Vision of the Golden Age

1. Birsa was deeply influenced by many of the ideas he came in touch with.
2. His movement was aimed at reforming tribal society.
3. He urged the Mundas to give up drinking liquor, clean their villages, and stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery.
4. Birsa also turned against missionaries and Hindu landlords as he saw them as outside forces that were ruining the Munda way of life.
5. In 1895 Birsa urged Just followers to recover their glorious past.
6. He talked of a golden age in the past a satyug (the age of truth)—when Mundas lived a good life,
   • They constructed embankments.
   • They tapped natural springs.
   • They planted trees and orchards.
   • They practiced cultivation to earn their living.
   • They did not kill their brethren and relatives.
   • They lived honestly.
7. Birsa also wanted people to once again work on their land, settle down and cultivate their fields.
8. The political aim of the Birsa movement made the British worried.
9. He also wanted the government to set up a Munda Raj with Birsa at its head.
10. The movement identified all these forces as the cause of misery and suffering.

Question 7.
Find out from your parents, friends, or teachers, the names of some heroes of other tribal revolts in the twentieth century. Write their story in your own words.
Answer:
It is an activity to consult the library and writes the story of other tribal leaders.
Name of some tribal heroes

Question 8.
Choose any tribal group living in India today. Find out about their customs and way of life, and how their lives have changed in the last 50 years.
Answer:
The Santhals
A tribal group of Jharkhand. Now collect information from the library of your school or the internet and write their ways of life and changes that occurred during the last 50 years.

Objective type questions

1. Match the following:

Answer:
(i)   c
(ii)  e
(iii) f
(iv) d
(v)  a
(vi) b

2. State whether True or False:

1. Birsa himself declared that God had appointed him to rule his people. True
2. The British described the tribal people as False
3. Birsa was born in a family of Santhal. False
4. Bakkarwalas of Kashmir are shepherds False
5. Birsa was arrested in 1895. True
6. Birsa, died in 1900. True

3. Fill in the blanks:

1. Birsa wanted to set up a Munda Raj
2. The British made effort to settle Jhum cultivators.
3. All members of the Clan were regarded as descendants of the original settler.
4. Cocoons were bought from the Santhals and sold by the traders at five times the purchase price.

 Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer:

1. The local weavers and leather workers turned to ……. for supplies of Kusum and Palash flowers.
(a) Santhals
(b) Mundas
(c) Khonds   
(d) Labadis

2. The Bastar Rebellion in Central India broke out in
(a) 1900
(b) 1910
(c) 1920
(d) 1940

3. Which revolt was popular in Maharashtra in 1940?
(a) The Cols
(b) The Bastar
(c) The Warli
(d) Birsa movement

4. The Khonds lived in
(a) Karnataka
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(e) Bihar
(d) Odisha

5. What type of lives did the herders live?
(a) Sophisticated
(b) Settled
(c) Nomadic
(d) None of these

6. ….. tribe practiced settled agriculture.
(a) Khonds
(b) Santhals
(c) Labadis of Andhra Pradesh
(d) Mundas of Chottanagpur Plateau

7. Jhum cultivation is practiced these days in
(a) eastern states of India
(b) western states of India
(c) northern states of India
(d) southern states of India

8. Santhals tribe rose in revolt in the year
(a) 1900
(b) 1855
(c) 120
(d) 1930

9. In many regions the Forest Department set up forest villages to ensure
(a) a regular supply of cheap labour
(b) a regular supply of forest produce
(c) a regular supply of agricultural produce
(d) none of the above

10. The revolt of Sonogram Sangma rose in the year 1906 in
(a) Bengal
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Assam
(d) Odisha

11. The forest Satvagraha rose in the central provinces in
(a) 1910
(b) 1920
(c) 1930
(d) 1940

12. Birsa spent time in the company of …….. preachers.
(a) Buddha
(b) Vaishnav
(c) Sikhs
(d) None of these

We hope theNCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus, and the Vision of a Golden Age, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus, and the Vision of a Golden Age, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice.

Question 1.
Talk to two workers (for example, construction workers, farmworkers, factory workers, workers at any shop) to find out if they are receiving the minimum wages \ laid down by law.
Answer:

• Construction workers: They do not receive the minimum wages.
• Farmworkers: They do not receive the minimum wages.
• Factory workers: They receive minimum wages.
• Workers at the shop: They get minimum wages.

Question 2.
What are the advantages to foreign companies in setting-up production in India?
Answer:
Foreign countries have many advantages of setting up their factories in India like:

• Availability of cheap labour. There is a vast difference in the wages that the workers get in the U.S.A. and European countries as compared to what they get in India.
• For lower wages, companies get longer hours of work.
• Their additional expenses for housing insurance are also less.
• They are able to use lower safety measures due to weak laws.
• They do not even spend money on clearing the pollution they create.
• Thus are able to cut and save costs on safety measurement, and earn profits.

Question 3.
Do you think the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy got justice? Discuss.
Answer:
No, the victims of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy did not get justice. After 24 years, people are still fighting for justice for safe drinking water, for healthcare facilities, and jobs for the people poisoned by UC. Anderson, the UC chairman, who faces criminal charges, is not yet put behind the bars.

Question 4.
What do we mean when we speak of law enforcement? Who is responsible for enforcement? Why is enforcement so important?
Answer:
Law enforcement means to compel obedience to the law. Laws passed by the government have to be enforced otherwise the benefit of the laws will not reach the citizens. It is the duty of the government to enforce the laws.

By enforcing and upholding these laws, the government can control the activities of individuals or private companies so as to ensure social justice. Enforcement is even more important when the law seeks to protect the weak from the strong.

Question 5.
How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give two examples to support your answer.
Answer:
Markets everywhere tend to be exploitative of people—whether as workers, consumers, or producers.
To protect people from such exploitation, the government makes certain laws. These laws try to ensure that unfair practices are kept at a minimum in the markets.

For example, private companies, contractors in the drive for profits might deny workers their rights and not pay them proper wages. To ensure that workers are not underpaid, or are paid fairly, there is a law on minimum wages.
Laws have also been made for adulteration, black-marketing, etc.

Question 6.
Imagine yourself be a worker working in a chemical factory, which has received orders from the government to move to a different site 100 kms away from the present location. Write about how your life would change? Readout your responses in the classroom.
Answer:
My life would change drastically.

• There will not be any pollution.
• Wages would increase. .
• Housing facilities may be provided.
• Some problems would come initially regarding transport, housing, etc.
• The employer would pay more attention to the workers.

Question 7.
Write a paragraph on the various roles of the government that you have read about in this unit.
Answer:

1. One of the most important functions of the government is to ensure that public facilities like water, healthcare, sanitation, electricity, public transport, schools, and colleges are made available to everyone.
2. Government presents the budget in Parliament.
3. The government makes the laws and ensures that these laws are enforced.
4. The government ensures that the various fundamental rights guaranteed in our Constitution are not violated.
5. To control the activities of private companies, the government makes, enforces, and upholds laws so as to prevent unfair practices and ensure social justice.

Question 8.
What are the sources of environmental pollution in your area? Discuss with respect to
(a) air
(b) water
(c) soil.
What are the steps being taken to reduce pollution? Can you suggest some other measures?
Answer:
Causes of Pollution in our Area:
(a) Air pollution: Vehicles, thermal power station.
(b) Water pollution: Dry latrines, severe age water, water drawing industries, tanneries.
(c) Soil: Industrial effluents and ash of the thermal power station.

Steps being taken to reduce the pollution:

• Appropriate measures need to be taken by countries/regions of the world to stop misuse or overuse of resources.
• Corrective steps to improve the quality of degraded resources must be taken for the treatment of Sewage.
• Banning the use of certain dangerous pesticides like D.D.T.
• Safe disposal of wastes and garbage.

Other Measures:

• Check harmful emissions from automobiles, industries.
• Using Rs. 3
• Limiting the use of non-renewable resources.

Question 9.
How was the environment treated earlier? What has been the change in perception? Discuss.
Answer:
Earlier there were very few laws protecting the environment in India. There was hardly any enforcement of these laws. The environment was treated as a ‘free’ entity and any industry could pollute the air and water without any restrictions.

Now there has been a change in perception. The government has introduced laws on the environment. The polluter is to be held accountable for the damage done to the environment. The courts have also given a number of judgments upholding the right to a healthy environment as intrinsic to the fundamental right to life. The government has set up laws and procedures that cap check pollution, clean rivers, and introduce heavy fines for those who pollute.

Question 10.
What do you think the famous cartoonist R.K. Laxman is trying to convey in this cartoon?
Answer:

1. R.K. Laxman is trying to show that we ourselves are responsible for increasing child labour.
2. We are not sensitive to the needs and aspirations of other children.
3. It relates to the law prohibiting children below 14 years to be employed as domestic servants.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resources

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resources

1. Answer the following questions.

Question 1(1).
Why are resources distributed unequally over the earth?
Answer:
The distribution of natural resources depends on various factors like terrain, climate, and altitude. These factors differ over the earth and so the distribution of resources.

Question 1(2).
What is resource conservation?
Answer:
Using resources carefully and giving them time to get renewed is resource conservation.

Question 1(3).
Why are human resources important?
Answer:
Human resources are important because they make the best use of nature to create more resources with the help of their knowledge, skill, and technology.

Question 1(4).
What is sustainable development?
Answer:
Sustainable development is the careful utilisation of resources that help to meet the requirements of the present and also takes care of the development for future generations.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
1. Which one of the following does NOT make the substance a resource?
(a) utility
(b) value
(c) quantity.

2. Which one of the following is a human-made resource?
(a) medicines to treat cancer
(b) spring water
(c) tropical forests

3. Complete the statement. Biotic resources are
(a) derived from living things
(b) made by human beings
(c) derived from non-living things

Question 3.
Differentiate between the following.
(a) Potential and actual resources
(b) Ubiquitous and localized resources.
Answer:
(a) Differentiation between Potential and Actual Resources

 (b) Ubiquitous and localized resources.

Question 4.
Activity
“Rahiman paani raakhiye,
Bin paani sab soon.
Paani gaye na ubere Moti,
manus, choon…”

[Says Rahim, keep water, as without water there is nothing. Without water pearl, swan, and the dough cannot exist.]
These lines were written by the poet Abdur Rahim Khankhana, one of the nine gems of Akbar’s court. What kind of resource is the poet referring to? Write in 100 words what would happen if this resource disappeared?
Answer:

• The poet is referring to the water resource.
• The following would happen if this resource (water resource) disappeared:
• The earth would dry up and it would be scorched.
• All human beings would die.
• There would be no animal life; big or small on the earth.
• All the vegetation types would dry up.
• All human activities would come to an end.
• No industry would exist on the surface of the earth.
• No activity would be seen.
• All the water bodies would dry up.
• There would no moisture in the air, no clouds, and no rains.
• The earth would be a big desert devoid of all elements.
• Actually, it will be just like a big rock.

Question 5
For Fun
Question 1.
Pretend that you live in prehistoric times on a high windy plateau. What are the uses you and your friends could put the fast winds to? Can you call the wind a resource?
Answer:
We cannot put the fast winds to any use. Hence, the wind cannot be called a resource.

Question 1(a).
Now imagine that you are living in the same place in the year 2138. Can you put the winds to any use? How? Can you explain why the wind is an important resource now?
Answer:
Yes. We can use the wind in the windmills to generate wind power. As it can be used as a power hence it has become an important resource.

Question 5(2).
Pick up a stone, a leaf, a paper straw, and a twig. Think of how you can use these as resources. See the example given below and get creative

Answer:

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resources, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resources, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The art form which observed carefully and tried to capture exactly what the eye saw is called Oil painting/realism.
2. The style of painting which showed Indian landscape as a quaint, unexplored land is called Picturesque.
3. Paintings which showed the social lives of Europeans in India are called Portrait.
4. Paintings which depicted scenes from British imperial history and their victories are called History Painting.

Question 2.
Point out which of the following were brought in with British art:
(a) oil painting
(b) miniatures
(c) life-size portrait painting
(d) use of perspective
(e) mural art

Question 3.
Describe in your own words one painting from this chapter which suggests that the British were more powerful than Indians. How does the artist depict this?
Answer:

1. The Indians are shown as submissive, as inferior, as serving their white masters. On the other hand, the British are shown as superior and imperious.
2. They flaunt their clothes, stand regally or sit arrogantly, and live a life of luxury. Indians are never at the center of these paintings.
3. They usually occupy a shadowy background.

Question 4.
Why did the scroll painters and potters come to Kalighat? Why did they begin to paint new themes?
Answer:
The scroll painters and potters come to Kalighat in the hope of new patrons and new buyers of their art. After the 1840s, a new trend was visible within the Kalighat artists. Living in a society where values, tastes, social norms and customs were undergoing rapid changes, Kalighat artists responded to the world around and produced paintings on social and political themes.

Question 5.
Why can we think of Raja Ravi Varma’s paintings as national?
Answer:

1. Raja Ravi Varma mastered the Western art of oil painting and realistic life study, but painted themes from Indian mythology and so his painting style was seen as national.
2. He dramatised on canvas, scene after scene from the Ramayana and the
3. He drew on the theatrical performances of mythological stories.
   From the 1880s, his mythological paintings became the rage among Indian princes and art collectors.
4. Raja Ravi Varma responded to the huge popular appeal of his paintings.
5. Ravi Varma decided to set up a picture production team and printing press. ‘Colour prints of his religious paintings were mass-produced. Even the poors could buy these cheap prints.

Question 6.
In what way did the British history paintings in India reflect the attitudes of imperial conquerors?
Answer:
British history paintings celebrated the British, their power, their victories and their supremacy. The paintings were full of action and energy. The painting dramatised the event and glorified the British triumph. These paintings sought to create a public memory of imperial triumphs. Victories had to be remembered, implanted in the memory of people, both in India and Britain. Only then could the British appear invincible and all-powerful.

Question 7.
Why do you think some artists wanted to develop a national style of art?
Answer:
Some artists rejected the art of Ravi Varma as imitative and westernised, and declared that such a style was unsuitable for depicting the nation’s ancient myths and legends. They felt that a genuine Indian style of painting had to draw inspiration from non-Western art traditions, and try to capture the spiritual essence of the East. These artists broke away from the convention of oil painting and the realistic style and turned for inspiration to medieval Indian traditions of miniature painting and the ancient art of mural painting in the Ajanta caves. Abanindranath Tagore was one of the first artists who wanted to develop a national style of art

Question 8.
Why did some artists produce cheap popular prints? What influence would such prints have had on the minds of people who looked at them?
Answer:
Often, middle class Indian artists produced cheap popular prints with the help of new printing press.
1. The prints were produced in large numbers and at cheap rates so that even poor could buy them.
2. These prints carried nationalist messages and influenced large number of people and created nationalistic fervour.

• They allowed prints to be produced in even larger numbers.
• These prints could be sold cheaply in the market.
• Even the poor could buy them.

Question 9.
Look at any tradition of art in your locality. Find out how it has changed in the last 50 years. You may check who supports the artists, and who looks at their art. Remember to examine the changes in styles and themes.
Answer:
To be done by students.

Objective Type Questions

1. Match the following:

Answer:
(i)    g
(ii)   d
(iii)  e
(iv)  f
(v)   b
(iv)  a
(vii) c

2. State whether True or False:

1. Raja Ravi Varma’s paintings were termed as national. True 
2. Rabindranath Tagore rejected the art of Ravi Varma as imitative and westernised. False
3. Thomas and William Daniell came to India in 1785. True 
4. Tipu Sultan was defeated in the battle of Mysore. False
5. The third category of imperial art was History Painting. True   
6. Photographers came to India from Europe in the 18th century. False
7. European artists came to India with British engineers. False

3. Fill in the blanks:

1. Thomas and William Daniell stayed in India for seven years
2. The most powerful enemy of the British was Tipu Sultan  
3. The style of painting which showed the Indian landscape as a quaint land is called picturesque.
4. Raja Ravi Varma belonged to the family of the Maharajas of Travancore in Kerala.
5. Abanindranath Tagore was the nephew of Rabindranath Tagore.

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer

1. Which is NOT the name of scroll painters (Potters)
(a) Patuas
(b) Rumors
(c) Kumhars
(d) Kumar

2. Which of the following were brought in with British art?
(a) Oil painting
(b) Miniatures
(c) Mural art
(d) Life-size portrait painting

3.General Baird was
(a) an artist
(b) commander of the British army
(c) a trader
(d) a Governor

4. Tipu Sultan was defeated in the battle of
(a) Mysore
(b) commander of the British army
(c) Buxar
(d) a Governor

5. Raja Ravi Varma decided to set up a picture production team and printing press on the outskirts of
(a) Madras
(b) Bengal
(c) Calcutta
(d) Bombay

6. Abanindranath Tagore was influenced by the art of
(a) British artists
(b) Japanese artists
(c) French artists
(d) Chinese artists

7. A new trend within the Kalighat artists
(a) after the 1810s
(b) after the 1820s
(c) after the 1840s
(d) after the 1860s

8. Mechanical printing presses were set up 
(a) the late sixteenth century
(b) the late seventeenth century
(c) the late eighteenth century
(d) the late nineteenth century

9. Kalighat is located in
(a) Bihar
(b) West Bengal 
(c) Bombay
(d) Madras

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.