CBSE Class 11 – Page 28

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants

January 5, 2022June 18, 2021 by Raju

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants.

Question 1.
State the location and function of different types ofmeristems.
Solution:

Question 2.
Cork cambium forms tissues that form the cork. Do you agree with this statement? Explain.
Solution:
Sooner or later, another meristematic tissue called cork cambium or phellogen develops, usually in the cortex region. Cork cambium is a couple of layers thick. It is made of narrow, thin-walled, and nearly rectangular cells. Cork cambium cuts off cells on both sides. The outer cells differentiate into cork or phellem while the inner cells differentiate into secondary cortex or phelloderm. The cork is impervious to water due to suberin deposition in the cell wall. The cells of the secondary cortex are parenchymatous. Phellogen, phellem, and phelloderm are collectively known as periderm.

Question 3.
Explain the process of secondary growth in the stems of woody angiosperms with the help of schematic diagrams. What is its significance?
Solution:

showing secondary growth.
Secondary growth in dicot stem:

It is a “permanent increase in thickness due to the activity of vascular cambium and cork cambium in stellar and extrasolar regions”. In dicot stem intra fascicular cambium is present.
The cells of the medullary ray become meristematic and form interfascicular cambium.
These two cambiums unite and make a complete cambial ring.
The cells of it divide and produce new cells both on its outer and inner sides.
The cells formed on the outer side differentiate into secondary phloem while the cells of the inner side form secondary xylem.
The epidermis is replaced by a secondary protective tissue by an increase in the growth of the stem of the plant. It is made of phellogen (cork cambium).
It arises from the peripheral cells of the cortex. The phellogen forms new cells on the outer side which make phellem (cork) and phelloderm on its inner side also.
Significance: Secondary growth increases the girth or thickness of the plant.
Annual rings of woody angiosperms are very distinct and thus helps in determining the age of the plant.

Question 4.
Draw illustrations to bring out the anatomical difference between
(a) Monocot root and dicot root
(b) Monocot stem and dicot stem
Solution:

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants 4

Question 5.
Cut a transverse section of the young stem of a plant from your school garden and observe it under a microscope. How would you ascertain whether it is a monocot stem or a dicot stem? Give reasons.
Solution:
After observing the transverse section of the stem we can differentiate that stem is monocot or dicot on the basis of the following characters:
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants 5
Question 6.
The transverse section of a plant material shows the following anatomical features –

the vascular bundles are conjoint, scattered, and surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath,
phloem parenchyma is absent What will you identify it as?

Solution:
The transverse section of a typical young monocotyledonous stem shows that

The vascular bundles are conjoint, scattered, and surrounded by sclerenchymatous bundle sheaths
Phloem parenchyma is absent, and water containing cavities are present within the vascular bundles.

Question 7.
Why xylem and phloem are called complex tissues?
Solution:
Xylem and phloem a composed of several types of cells and they work as a unit. Hence they are called complex tissues.

Question 8.
What is the stomatal apparatus? Explain the structure of stomata with a labelled diagram.
Solution:

Several minute openings or stomata are found on the epidermis of all the green aerial parts of plants but are abundant on the lower surface on the leaves as they regulate the process of transpiration.
A large number of stomata occur on the upper surface of leaves of aquatic plants.
Each stomata is surrounded by two cells known as the guard cells. In the dicotyledons plants these are bean-shaped, but in sedges and grasses these are dumb-bell-shaped.
The guard cell is living. Their outer walls are thin where as the inner ones surrounding the aperture are highly thickened.
Due to this variation in the thickening, the guard cell may become turgid and flaccid, depending upon the supply of water in them, which makes the opening and closing of stomata possible.
Some times a few neighbouring epidermal cells in the vicinity of guard cells become specialized in their shape and size and contents. These are known as subsidiary cells.
The stomatal aperture, guard cells and the surrounding subsidiary cell are together called stomatal apparatus.

Question 9.
Name the three basic tissue systems in the flowering plants. Give the tissue names under each system.
Solution:
On the basis of their structure and location, there are three types of tissue systems. These are the

Epidermal tissue system,
The ground or fundamental tissue system and
The vascular or conducting tissue system.

1. Epidermal tissue system The epidermal tissue system forms the outer-most covering of the whole plant body and comprises epidermal cells, stomata, and the epidermal appendages the trichomes, and hairs.
2. All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles constitute the ground tissue. It consists of simple tissues such as parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
3. The vascular system consists of complex tissues, the phloem, and the xylem. The xylem and phloem together constitute vascular bundles.

Question 10.
How is the plant anatomy useful to us?
Solution:
‘The study of plant anatomy is useful in many ways. First of all the study helps us understand the way a plant functions carrying out its routine activities like transpiration, photosynthesis, and growth and repair. Second, it helps botanists and agriculture scientists to understand the disease and cure for plants. Plants are important to maintain the ecological balance of the earth, so understanding plant anatomy is a way to understand the large system of the ecology on this planet.

Question 11.
What is periderm? How does periderm formation take place in the dicot stems?
Solution:
Phellogen, phellem, and phelloderm are collectively known as periderm. Phellogen develops, usually in the cortex region. Phellogen is a couple of layers thick. It is made of narrow, thin-walled, and nearly rectangular cells. Phellogen cuts off cells on both sides. The outer cells differentiate into cork or phellem while the inner cells differentiate into secondary cortex or phelloderm. The cork is impervious to water due to suberin deposition in the cell wall. The cells of the secondary cortex are parenchymatous.

Question 12.
Describe the internal structure of a dorsiventral leaf with the help of labelled diagrams.
Solution:
Dorsiventral (dicotyledonous) leaf: The vertical section of a dorsiventral leaf through the lamina shows three main parts, namely, epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular system.
Epidermis: The epidermis which covers both the upper surface (adaxial epidermis) and lower surface (abaxial epidermis) of the leaf has a conspicuous cuticle. The abaxial epidermis generally bears more stomata than the adaxial epidermis. The latter may even lack stomata.
Mesophyll:

The tissue between the upper and the lower epidermis is called the mesophyll.
It possesses chloroplasts and carries out photosynthesis, is made up of parenchyma.
It has two types of cells – the palisade parenchyma and the spongy parenchyma.
The adaxially placed palisade parenchyma is made up of elongated cells, which are arranged vertically and parallel to each other.
The oval or round and loosely arranged spongy parenchyma is situated below the palisade cells and extends to the lower epidermis.

6. There are numerous large spaces and air cavities between these cells.

Vascular system:

This includes vascular bundles, which can be seen in the veins and the midrib.
The size of the vascular bundles is dependent on the size of the veins.
The veins vary in thickness in the reticulate venation of the dicot leaves. The vascular bundles are surrounded by a layer of thick-walled bundle sheath cells.

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Vascular bundles having cambium are known as.
Solution:
Open, Vascular bundle

Question 2.
Name the two types of sclerenchyma.
Solution:
Sclerenchyma fibers and stone cells.

Question 3.
From where do the secondary meristems originate?
Solution:
Permanent tissue.

Question 4.
What does make the root apical meristem subterminal?
Solution:
The presence of the root cap makes the root apical meristem subterminal.

Question 5.
Where are companion cells located in flowering plants? What are their functions?
Solution:
Companion cells are located in phloem cells of vascular tissues, they support the sieve tubes in water conduction.

Question 6.
What is the advantage of lignocellulose in the wall of the xylem?
Solution:
It provides rigidity, thickness, and resistance

Question 7.
A cross-section of a plant material shows the following features under the microscope: vascular bundles are radially arranged. These are found xylem strands showing exarch condition. What type of plant part of is this?
Solution:
Dicot root.

Question 8.
Based on position, classify various types of meristems
Solution:
Apical, intercalary and lateral meristems.

Question 9.
Name the various component cells of xylem. Which of them does not have a nucleus?
Solution:
Tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma andxylem fibres. Only xylem parenchyma have nucleus and living.

Question 10.
Give an example of a secondary meristem.
Solution:
Examples of secondary meristem are cork cambium and interfascicular cambium.

Question 11.
Name the tissue involved in linear and lateral growth in plants.
Solution:
Linear growth is caused by apical meristem and lateral growth is caused by lateral meristem.

Question 12.
Heartwood is more durable than springwood. Why?
Solution:
Heartwood is more durable than spring wood due to its little susceptibility to the attack of pathogens and insects.

Question 13.
Where these present:

Hypodermis layer
Mesophyll tissue
Stomata
Cambium

Solution:

Hypodermis layer – is found in stems
Mesophyll tissue – in leaves
Stomata – lower epidermis in leaves
CambiumIn vascular bundles which are open

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question 1.
What are the differences between root hairs and stem hairs?
Solution:
The main difference between stem hairs and root hairs are :
. NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants 9

Question 2.
Draw well labelled diagrams of the T.S. of dicotyledonous leaf.
Solution:

Question 3.
Why is cambium considered to be a lateral meristem?
Solution:
Cambium is responsible for the increase in the thickness of stems and roots as a result of the addition of secondary tissues (secondary cortex, secondary phloem and secondary xylem). They are located at the lateral position so-known as lateral meristems.

Question 4.
Name the plant part in which the endodermis is absent. Give one basic difference between the endodermis and epidermis.
Solution:
The endodermis is absent in leaves. Cells of endodermis possess Casparian strips or bands in their radial and transverse walls which are not found in the epidermis.

Question 5.
What are Casparian strips?
Solution:
These are thickenings of lignin and suberin formed around the lateral walls of the endodermis to prevent plasmolysis.

Question 6.
Which tissue is most abundantly found in plants? Where all is it present in plants?
Solution:
The tissue most abundantly found in plants is parenchyma. It is found in pith, cortex, and in entire mesophyll of the leaves.

Question 7.
What is present in the phloem of leaves besides sieve elements and is it living or dead? How are these functional & used?
Solution:
Besides sieve elements, in phloem parenchyma, living cells are present. These store food other cells are phloem fibres that are dead and provide mechanical strength. These are also used in making ropes and coarse textiles.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Describe the structure and functions of xylem tissues in angiosperm plants.
Solution:

Xylem is a complex tissue. It forms a part of the vascular bundle.
It is mainly concerned with the conduction of water and minerals. It also provides mechanical support to the plant.
As a conducting strand, xylem forms a continuous channel through the roots, stem, leaves and other aerial parts.
It consists of four different types of cells—xylem vessels, trachieds, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma.
Xylem vessels and tracheids are concerned with the conduction of water and minerals from roots to aerial parts of the plant.
Xylem fibres provide mechanical strength to the plant body. Xylem parenchyma are the only living components of xylem.
These are concerned with the storage of food and other vital functions.

Question 2.
What is collenchyma? Explain its structure and function in the plant body of a herbaceous angiosperm.
Solution:

The cells of collenchyma are somewhat elongated with cellulose thickening, found as longitudinal strips.
These are usually confined to the comers of the cells.
Collenchyma cells appear circular, oval or angular in the transverse section. Internally, each cell possesses a large 4 central vacuole, peripheral cytoplasm and a nucleus.
Collenchyma is usually found beneath the epidermis in stem, petiole and leaves of herbaceous dicot plants. It is usually absent in monocot stems and monocot roots.

Functions:

It provides tensile strength and rigidity to the plants due to thickening.
Chloroplasts containing collenchyma cells are responsible for photosynthesis.
Collenchyma also provides elasticity to the plant organs.
Collenchyma are alive and also stores food.

Question 3.
Explain sclerenchyma with a well labelled diagram.
Solution:
Sclerenchyma is a simple permanent tissue. It consists of two types of cells. They are sclerenchyma fibres and sclereids.
(a) Sclerenchyma fibres –

These are much elongated fibers with tapering ends.
On ipaturity, they lose their protoplasm and become dead. Their cell wall is made up of cellulose or lignin, or both.
Central cavity of the cell is greatly reduced due to the formation of secondary thickening. Sclerenchyma provides mechanical strength to the plants.
They help in conduction when present in the secondary xylem.

(b) Sclereids –

They develop from ordinary parenchyma cells by the deposition of lignin.
These cells are thick-walled and highly lignified and become dead on maturity.
They are broader as compared to fibers and their cell lumen is veiy narrow.
Sclereids protect the plant from environmental forces like a strong wind.
They provide mechanical strength and rigidity to the plant.

Question 4.
Describe the structure of a monocotyledonous leaf.
Solution:
Anatomy of Monocot/isobilateral leaf: The upper and lower surfaces are covered by a single-layered epidermis.

The upper epidermis has some cells larger than the others; such large cells are known as bulliform/motor cells.
Stomata are found on both upper and lower epidermal layers. The mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma.
Mesophyll cells are isodiametric and are arranged compactly; they contain a number of chloroplasts. Since monocot leaves have parallel veins, a number of vascular bundles can be seen in a row in the section.
Each vascular bundle has sclerenchyma cells (caps) on its upper and lower edges.
The xylem is on the upper side and the phloem on the lower side. There is a parenchymatous bundle sheath, which often contains chloroplasts and performs the function of photosynthesis.

Question 5.
Give two examples & salient features of
(1) Simple Tissue
(2) Complex Tissue
Solution:
(1) Simple Tissue:
(i) Parenchyma
(ii) Collenchyma
(2) Complex Tissue:
(i) Xylem
(ii) Phloem
(1) Simple Tissue:
(i) Parenchyma: These are living, thin-walled cells. It is used for storage of food, induction of substances, provides turgidity to softer parts of the plants
(ii) Collenchyma: These are longer than parenchyma. These are living mechanical tissue, it provides mechanical strength to organs and is present in peripheral position in plants to resist bending my the mind.
(2) Complex Tissue:
(i) Xylem: This is also called Hadrome, which is a water-conducting tissue. It is made up of cells like tracheids, xylem fibers, and xylem parenchyma only xylem parenchyma is living and all others are dead.
(ii) Phloem: This is also called Bast, which is a conducting tissue of food from leaves to all parts of the body. The parts of phloem are sieve elements, companion cells, phloem fibres, and phloem parenchyma. Phloem fibres are dead while parenchyma is living. Together these perform their function.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology at Work Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology at Work Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants

January 5, 2022June 18, 2021 by Raju

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants.

Question 1.
Differentiate between
(a) Respiration and Combustion
(b) Glycolysis and Krebs’ cycle
(c) Aerobic respiration and Fermentation
Solution:
(a) Differences between respiration and combustion are as follows :
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants 1
(b) Differences between glycolysis and krebs’ cycle are as follows :

(c) Differences between aerobic respiration and fermentation are as follows :

Question 2.
What are respiratory substrates? Name the most common respiratory substrate.
Solution:
The compounds that are oxidized during this process are known as respiratory substrates. Usually, carbohydrates are oxidized to release energy, but proteins, fats, and even organic acids can be used as respiratory substances in some plants, under certain conditions.

Question 3.
Give the schematic representation of glycolysis.
Solution:

Question 4.
What are the main steps in aerobic respiration? Where does it take place?
Solution:
In aerobic respiration which takes place within the mitochondria, the final product of glycolysis, pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria.
The crucial events in aerobic respiration are:
• The complete oxidation of pyruvate by the stepwise removal of all the hydrogen atoms, leaving three molecules of CO₂.
• The passing on of the electrons removed as part of the hydrogen atoms to molecular O₂ with the simultaneous synthesis of ATP.
• The first process takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria while the second process is located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
• Pyruvate, which is formed by the glycolytic catabolism of carbohydrates in the cytosol, after it enters mitochondrial matrix undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by a complex set of reactions catalysed by pyruvic dehydrogenase. The reactions catalysed by pyruvic dehydrogenase require the participation of several coenzymes, including NAD+ and Coenzyme A.
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants 5
During this process, two molecules of NADH are produced from the metabolism of two molecules of pyruvic acid (produced from one glucose molecule during glycolysis).
The acetyl CoA then enters a cyclic pathway, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, more commonly called as Krebs’ cycle.

Question 5.
Give the schematic representation of an overall view of Krebs’ cycle.
Solution:

Question 6.
Explain ETS.
Solution:
ETS or electron transport system is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It helps in releasing and utilizing the energy stored in NADH + H⁺ and FADH₂ NADH+ H⁺, which is formed during glycolyis and citric acid cycle, gets oxidized by NADH dehydrogenase. The electrons so generated get transferred to ubiquinone through FMN. In a similar manner, FADH₂ generated during citric acid cycle gets transferred to ubiquinone. The electrons from ubiquinone are received by cytochrome bc₁, and further get transferred to cytochrome C. The cytochrome C acts as a mobile carrier between complex III and cytochrome C oxidase complex containing cytochrome a and a₃, along with copper centres.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants 7
During the transfer of electrons from each complex, the process is accompanied by the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate by the action ATP synthase. The amount of ATP produced depends on the molecule, which has been oxidized.

Question 7.
Distinguish between the following:
(a) Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
(b) Glycolysis and fermentation.
(c) Glycolysis and citric acid cycle.
Solution:
Differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration are as follows :
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants 8
Differences between glycolysis and fermentation are as follows :

Differences between glycolysis and citric acid cycle are as follows :

Question 8.
What are the assumptions made during the calculation of the net gain of ATP?
Solution:

There is a sequential, orderly pathway functioning, with one substrate forming the next and with glycolysis, TCA cycle, and ETS pathway following one after another.
The NADH synthesized in glycolysis is transferred into the mitochondria and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation.
None of the intermediates in the pathway are utilized to synthesize any other compound.
Only glucose is being respired -no other alternative substrates are entering the pathway at any of the intermediary stages.

Question 9.
Discuss “The respiratory pathway is an amphibolic pathway”.
Solution:
Respiration is generally assumed to be a catabolic process because, during respiration, various substrates are broken down for deriving energy. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose before entering respiratory pathways. Fats get converted into fatty acids and glycerol whereas fatty acids get converted into acetyl CoA before entering respiration. In a similar manner, proteins are converted into amino acids, which enter respiration after deamination.

During the synthesis of fatty acids, acetyl CoA is withdrawn from the respiratory pathway. Also, in the synthesis of proteins, respiratory substances get withdrawn. Thus, respiration is also involved in anabolism. Therefore, respiration can be termed as. amphibolic pathway as it involves both anabolism and catabolism.

Question 10.
Define RQ. What is its value for fats?
Solution:
The ratio of the volume of CO₂ evolved to the volume of O₂ consumed in respiration is called respiratory quotient (RQ) or respiratory ratio.
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants 11

Question 11.
What is oxidative phosphorylation ?
Solution:

Although the aerobic process of respiration takes place only in the presence of oxygen, the role of oxygen is limited to the terminal stage of the process. Yet, the presence of oxygen is vital, since it drives the whole process by removing hydrogen from the system. Oxygen acts as the final hydrogen acceptor. Unlike photophosphorylation where it is the light energy that is utilized for the production of proton gradient required for phosphorylation, in respiration, it is the energy of oxidation-reduction utilized for the same process. It is for this reason that the process is called oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 12.
What is the significance of the step-wise release of energy in respiration?
Solution:
During oxidation within a cell, all the energy contained in respiratory substrates is not released free into the cell, or in a single step. It is released in a series of slow step-wise reactions controlled by enzymes, and it is trapped as chemical energy in the form of ATP.

Hence, it is important to understand that the energy released by oxidation in respiration is not used directly but is used to synthesise ATP, which is broken down whenever (and wherever) energy needs to be utilised. Hence, ATP acts as the energy currency of the cell.

This energy trapped in ATP is utilised in various energy-requiring processes of the organisms, and the carbon skeleton produced during respiration is used as precursors for the biosynthesis of other molecules in the cell.

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question 1.
What is anaerobic respiration? (Oct. 83)
Solution:
Incomplete or partial breakdown of fuel molecules into compounds such as ethyl alcohol, lactic acid in the absence of molecular oxygen.

Question 2.
Name the final acceptor of an electron in ETC.
Solution:
Oxygen is the electron acceptor of ETC.
Question 3.
The function of oxygen in aerobic respiration:
(i) It acts as the final electron acceptor.
(ii) It drives the whole process by removing hydrogen from the system.
Solution:
The function of oxygen in aerobic respiration:
(i) It acts as the final electron acceptor.
(ii) It drives the whole process by removing hydrogen from the system.

Question 4.
What is respiration? (Oct. 86)
Solution:
The oxidative process in which chemically bound energy from complex organic fuel molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats is captured in the form of ATP.

Question 5.
Where does the electron transport system operate in the mitochondria?
Solution:
Phosphofructokinase catalyses the formation of fructose 1, 6 bisphosphates from fructose 6-phosphate.

Question 6.
Give the function of phosphofructokinase in glycolysis.
Solution:
Hexokinase-helps in the phosphorylation of glucose.

Question 7.
Name the enzyme that catalyses the phosphorylation of glucose.
Solution:
The formation of acetyl CoA takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.

Question 8.
Where does the formation of acetyl CoA take place in a cell?
Solution:
The first step in the Krebs cycle is the condensation of an acetyl group (acetyl CoA) with oxaloacetic acid (OAA) to form citric acid and release the Coenzyme A.

Question 9.
What is the first step of reaction in the TCA cycle?
Solution:
Fatty acids may be converted to acetyl CoA before they from the respiratory substrates.

Question 10.
What is alcoholic fermentation?
Solution:
Alcoholic fermentation is the process by which yeast cells breakdown glucose into ethyl alcohol and carbon-dioxide under anaerobic conditions.

Question 11.
Name the oxidative pathway through which intermediate metabolites of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are finally oxidised.
Solution:
36 ATP/38 ATP molecules are obtained in the process of respiration and it is related to the aerobic respiration type.

Question 12.
What is lactic acid fermentation? (Oct. 2001)
Solution:
It is the process of fermentation by which lactose found in milk is converted to lactic acid by the action of lactobacillus.

Question 13.
What are the two molecules obtained by the action of aldolase from fructose -1, -6- biphosphate?
Solution:
ATP is produced.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question 1.
How is the proton gradient established?
Solution:
The proton gradient is established by passing proton (H⁺) from the matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane into intermembrane space with the energy released during electron transfers in ETC.

Question 2.
Describe the steps in the formation of lactic acid from pyruvic acid.
Solution:
Pyruvic acid is catalysed by the enzyme lactic dehydrogenase. NADH formed in glycolysis is used up for the reduction.
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants 12

Question 3.
How is ATP formed by the energy released during the electron transport system in mitochondria?
Solution:
ATP formations require an enzyme called ATP synthase. It has two components F₀– F₁. ATP- synthase becomes active in ATP formation when the concentration of H⁺ on the F_o side is higher than the F₁ side. Fligher proton concentration in the outer chamber causes the proton to pass the inner chamber. F₁ particle induced by the flow of proton through F_o channel. The energy of the proton gradient attaches the phosphate radicle to ADP. This produces ATP.

Question 4.
Give a detailed account of the net gain of ATP at a different stages of respiration.
Solution:

In most eukaryotic cells 2 molecules of ATP are required for transporting NADH produced in glycolysis to mitochondria for further oxidation. Hence net gain of ATP is 36 molecules.

Question 5.
Enumerate the functions of ATP.
Solution:
Functions of ATP:-
(i) ATP functions as a universal energy carrier of living systems.
(ii) ATP stores small packets of energy in its molecules.
(iii) It is mobile in the cell. Therefore, it reaches all parts of the cell away from the region of ATP synthesis.
(iv) It activates a number of chemicals by functioning as a phosphorylating agent.
(v) ATP provides energy for muscle contraction.
(vi) It is involved in the transport of substances against a concentration gradient.

Question 6.
Where is cytochrome c located? What is its function?
Solution:
Cytochrome c is located on the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane. It acts as a mobile carrier for the transfer of electrons between complex III and complex IV of the electron transport system.

Question 7.
Define respiratory quotient.
Solution:
The respiratory quotient is defined as the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide evolved to the volume of oxygen consumed in respiration.

Question 8.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Solution:
The whole process by which oxygen effectively allows the production of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP is called oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 9.
The energy yield in terms of ATP is higher in aerobic respiration than during anaerobic respiration. Why is there anaerobic respiration even in organisms that live in aerobic conditions like human beings and angiosperms?
Solution:
Aerobic organisms do face situations where oxygen availability is little. For example, overworked muscles do not receive enough oxygen during strenuous exercise. Similarly, deep-seated tissues of angiosperms do not receive enough oxygen through diffusion from outside. In such situations, only anaerobic respiration can help in the survival of the tissue.

Question 10.
Comment on the statement- “Respiration is an energy-producing process but ATP is used in some steps of the process”.
Solution:
ATP is required in all those reactions where phosphorylative activation of the substrate is required. Therefore, despite producing energy (as ATP), respiration requires ATP in certain steps, e.g., glucose – glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate —fructose 1, 6- bisphosphate.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Explain the major steps in Krebs’ cycle. Why is this cycle also called the citric acid cycle?
Solution:
Krebs cycle: This process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
Major steps of Krebs cycle are as follows :

Acetyl Co-A, formed by the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid enters the Krebs’ cycle.
It combines with oxalo acetic acid (OAA), a 4C-compound, to form a 6C-compound, citric acid; the reaction is catalysed by citrate synthase.
Citrate is then isomerised into isocitrate.
Isocitrate is converted into oxalosuccinic acid in the presence of NAD and isocitrate dehydrogenase.
Oxalosuccinic acid is then decarboxylated into a-ketoglutaric acid (KG), in the presence of a decarboxylase enzyme.
a-ketoglutaric acid is converted into succinyl Co-A in the presence of NAD, Co- A, and enzyme a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
When succinyl Co-A is converted into succinic acid, one molecule of GTP is formed and Co-A is released.
In the remaining part of the cycle, succinic acid is converted into OAA, so that the citric acid cycle can continue to operate.
During this cycle, three molecules of NAD and one molecule of FAD are reduced to NADH and FADH respectively.
This cycle is called as a citric acid cycle because the first product is citric acid which is 3-C compound.

Question 2.
Name the end product of glycolysis. Where is it produced in the cell? Discuss oxidative decarboxylation.
Solution:
Glycolysis results in the formation of two molecules of pyruvic acid, NADH, and ATP. It occurs in the cytosol of the cell.
Aerobic oxidation: One of the three carbons of pyruvic acid is oxidised to carbon dioxide in the reaction called oxidative decarboxylation. Pyruvic acid is first decarboxylated and then oxidised by the enzyme pyruvic dehydrogenase. The two-carbon units are readily accepted by coenzyme-A (Co-A) to form acetyl Co-A. The summary of the reaction is given in the following equation :
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants 15
Thus, pyruvic acid enters the Krebs cycle as acetyl Co-A. Krebs’ cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
Acetyl Co-A, formed by the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid enters the Krebs’ cycle.

Question 3.
Represent schematically the interrelationship among metabolic pathways in a plant, showing respiration mediated breakdown of different organic compounds.
Solution:
Schematic representation among metabolic pathways showing respiration mediated breakdown of different organic molecules to CO₂ and H₂O:
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants 16
Question 4.
How do plants manage the exchange of gases? Give an overview of respiration in plants.
Solution:
Plants, unlike animals, have no specialized organs for gaseous exchange but they have stomata and lenticels for this purpose. There are several reasons why plants can get along without respiratory organs.

Each plant part takes care of its own gas- exchange needs. There is very little transport of gases from one plant part to another.
Plants do not present great demands for gas exchange. Roots stem and leave respire at a lower rate than animals do.
Only during photosynthesis, large volumes of leases exchanged and, each leaf is well adapted to take care of its own needs during these periods.
When cells perform photosynthesis, the availability of O₂ is not a problem in these cells since 0₂ is released
The distance that gases must diffuse even in large, bulky plants is not great. Each living cell in a plant is located quite close to the surface of the plant.
Even in woody stems, the ‘living’ cells are organised in thin layers inside and beneath the bark. They also have openings called lenticels. The cells in the interior are dead and provide only mechanical support.
Thus, most cells of a plant have attested to a part of their surface in contact with air. This is also facilitated by the loose packing of parenchyma cells in leaves, stems, and roots, which provide an interconnected network of air spaces.
The complete combustion of glucose, which produces C0₂ and H₂0 as end products, yields energy. Most of the energy is given out as heat.
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6C0₂+ 6H₂0 + Energy
If this energy is to be useful to the cell, it should be able to utilise it to synthesis other molecules that the cell requires.
The strategy that the plant cell uses is to catabolize the glucose molecule in such a way that not all the liberated energy goes out as heat.
The key is to oxidise glucose not in one step but in several small steps enabling some steps to be just large enough so that the energy released can be coupled to ATP synthesis.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology at Work Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants, helps you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology at Work Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Hornbill Chapter 3 Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues

January 5, 2022June 18, 2021 by Prasanna

Here we are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Hornbill Chapter 3 Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues. Students can get Class 11 English Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues NCERT Solutions, Questions and Answers designed by subject expert teachers.

Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Hornbill Chapter 3

Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers

Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues Understanding the text

Question 1.
Give reasons for the following.

(i) King Tut’s body has been subjected to repeated scrutiny.
Answer:
1. In 1922, Howard Carter, A British archaeologist, discovered Tut’s tomb and in the process, cut the body to remove it from the coffin.

2. In 1968, a professor of anatomy x-rayed the mummy. He discovered that Tut’s breastbone and front ribs were missing.

3. In January 2005, the mummy was taken out for a CT scan.
King Tut was just a teenager when he died. He was the last heir of a powerful family that had ruled Egypt for centuries. He was laid to rest, laden with large quantities of gold, and eventually forgotten.

It was when his tomb was discovered that the modem world wondered why he had died at such an early age. The possibility of him being murdered could not be ruled out.

(ii) How are Carter’s investigation was resented.
Answer:
Howard Carter was the British archaeologist who in 1922 discovered Tut’s tomb. His investigation was resented because Carter’s men removed the mummy’s head and cut off nearly every major joint to separate Tut from his adornments. They, then, reassembled the remains on a layer of sand in a wooden box and put him back.

(iii) Carter had to chisel away the solidified resins to raise the king’s remains.
Answer:
The solidified material had to be cut away from below the limbs and chest before it was possible to raise King Tut out. This had to be done because if Carter had not cut the mummy free, thieves would have evaded the guards and tom the mummy apart to remove the gold that was buried with Tut.

(iv) Tut’s body was buried along with gilded treasures.
Answer:
Tut’s body was buried along with gilded treasures that remain the richest royal collection ever found. The beautiful works of art in gold were buried with everyday things he would want in the afterlife: board games, a bronze razor, linen undergarments, cases of food and wine. The Egyptian royals believed that they could take their riches with them after death.

(v) The boy king changed his name from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun.
Answer:
King Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamun, which meant “living image of Amun”, to show that he meant to restore the old ways. This was because Amenhotep IV, his predecessor, promoted the worship of the Aten, the sun disk, changed his name to Akhenaten, or “servant of the Aten”. He shocked the country by attacking Amun, a major god, smashing his images and closing his temples.

Question 2.
(i) List the deeds that led Ray Johnson to describe Akhenaten as “wacky”.
Answer:
According to Ray Johnson, Akhenaten was crazy because he started one of the strangest periods in the history of ancient Egypt. He promoted the worship of the Aten, the sun disk, changed his name to Akhenaten, or “servant of the Aten”, and moved the religious capital from the old city of Thebes to the new city of Akhetaten, known now as Amama. He further shocked the country by attacking Amun, a major god, smashing his images and closing his temples.

(ii) What were the results of the CT scan?
Answer:
A CT machine scanned the mummy from head to toe and created 1,700 digital X-ray images in cross section. Tut’s head was scanned in 0.62 millimetre slices to register its complicated structures to probe the secrets of his death. The neck vertebrae, other images of a hand, several views of the rib cage, and a transection of the skull showed that there was nothing amiss in his death.

(iii) List the advances in technology that have improved forensic analysis.
Answer:
Today diagnostic imaging can be done with computed tomography, or CT, by which hundreds of X-rays in cross section are put together like slices of bread to create a three-dimensional virtual body.

(iv) Explain the statement, “King Tut is one of the first mummies to be scanned—in death, as in life… ”
Answer:
King Tut is one of the first mummies to be studied under a CT scan. In real life, he was the Pharaoh—the leader of his country. Hence both in life and death he moved majestically ahead of his countrymen.

Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues Talking about the text

Discuss the following in groups of two pairs, each pair in a group taking opposite points of view.

Question 1.
Scientific intervention is necessary to unearth buried mysteries.
Answer:
Necessary

Better tools for locating sites/information/life and death
Better equipment to study unearthed facts for example, murder/natural death
Evidence is evaluated scientifically
Helps in ending doubts/fallacies through improved equipment
Ends idle speculation through empirical proof

Unnecessary

Engineers and scientists from Japan have not been able to find out how pyramids were built (quarrying/ transporting/placing stone) despite recreating/studying available data
Scientific intervention destroys evidence at times
Scientific knowledge is biased starts with a hypothesis. Investigation that begins with a predetermined outcome and searches for evidence to prove a foregone conclusion, disregards other perspectives. Research showed, for example, that the fact that Tut died of head injury was false

Question 2.
Advanced technology gives us conclusive evidence of past events.
Answer:
Gives evidence

Recreates any event
Better equipment and tools help in better understanding of events and situations
Recreation and simulation of events helps in study
Processes like carbon-dating help fix events in a timeline
Technology like CT scans help in the study of unearthed material
Remove fallacious beliefs

Does not give conclusive evidence

Recreated events may not be authentic in context as information gaps may exist
Science deals with hardcore facts; there maybe external factors in history that are as yet unknown
Science judges and draws conclusions based on facts as they exist today; at times they may not be accurate in historical perspective
Sometimes theories propagated may not be actual facts, for example, the theory that Tut was murdered
Not an accurate determinant for human behaviour and other sociological facts

Question 3.
Traditions, rituals and funerary practices must be respected.
Answer:
Should be respected

They are based on beliefs people held dear and they should be respected
Disrespect to Amun the god most popular in ancient Egypt probably led to the downfall of Amonhotep IV
People do not like these beliefs questioned
These beliefs often prove to be scientifically beneficial
We do not have the right to disrespect views of others

Question 4.
Knowledge about the past is useful to complete our knowledge of the world we live in.
Answer:
Useful

Helps one to draw conclusions from the past events
Makes one’s life richer by giving meaning to the books one reads, the cities one visits or the music one hears
Broadens one’s outlook by presenting to one an admixture of races, a mingling of cultures and a spectacular drama of the making of the modem world out of diverse forces
Enables one to grasp one’s relationship with one’s past
Preserves the traditional and cultural values of a nation, and serves as a beacon of light, guiding society in confronting various crises
A bridge connecting the past with the present and pointing the road to the future

Not useful

History is layered, tribes came and went, kings, priests, religions and ideologies came and went, what spot of geography remained eternal, unnecessarily causes a divide
Politicians appeal (selectively) to history, to rouse the rabble, inflaming people to violence, and naturally, the other
Side will retaliate, justifying their equally murderous actions with their version of history

Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues Thinking about language

Question 1.
Read the following piece of information from The Encyclopedia of Language by David Crystal.
Answer:
Egyptian is now extinct: its history dates from before the third millennium B.C., preserved in many hieroglyphic inscriptions and papyrus manuscripts. Around the second century A.D., it developed into a language known as Coptic. Coptic may still have been used as late as the early nineteenth century and is still used as a religious language by Monophysite Christians in Egypt.

Question 2.
What do you think are the reasons for the extinction of languages?
Answer:

With increasing disuse, not because the peoples themselves, with their cultural traditions, have dwindled away, but because the language has been overwhelmed by a more dominant one.
A language needs a nation (in the broad sense of people conscious of a group identity) that sees it as ‘its own’failing this the language dies out
A language’s social status determines its life or death. If its speakers turn away more and more from using a language that is perceived as conferring real benefits in everyday life, it dies out
The introduction of a non-indigenous language that takes over all social functions
The disappearance of a population that speaks that language
Parents do not pass on a language to their children
Population dislocation or relocation due to events like war, famine, earthquakes
The emergence of a new world language
The emergence of supra linguistic functions like banking information in another language

Question 3.
Do you think it is important to preserve languages?
Answer:
Language diversity is essential to the human heritage. Each and every language embodies the unique cultural wisdom of a group of people. The loss of any language is thus a loss for all humanity. It is essential to preserve languages in order to preserve fundamental human rights, and for the protection of minority groups. Language is an important marker of identity. Even when speaking the same language, social groups differentiate themselves by their dialect or the way they talk.

So, language offers a way of stating a resistance to cultural homogenisation. A native language goes beyond differentiation. It represents a whole cultural history. The need to define one’s roots, especially in the face of what can look like foreign hegemony, is powerful. ‘Linguistic diversity’ is a benchmark of cultural diversity. The death of a language is symptomatic of cultural death: a way of life disappears with the death of a language. Language is a cultural resource, and must be transmitted to children.

Question 4.
In what ways do you think we could help prevent the extinction of languages and dialects?
Answer:
Although approximately 6,000 languages still exist, many are under threat. There is an imperative need for language documentation, new methods, new policy initiatives and safeguarding strategies to enhance the vitality of these languages. The cooperative efforts of language communities, language professionals, NGOs and governments will be indispensable in countering this threat.

There is a pressing need to build support for language communities in their efforts to establish meaningful new roles for their endangered languages. One important issue in preserving a language is how widely it is used in written form. Prerequisites for the written use of a language are orthography development, literature production, and the teaching of mother-tongue literacy.

Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues Working with words

Question 1.
Given below are some interesting combinations of words. Explain why they have been used together.
Answer:

ghostly dust devils – a dust devil is a whirlwind into which dust and debris gets caught up, making it visible and making it look like a ghost
desert sky – blank/lifeless sky
stunning artefacts – breathtakingly beautiful objects made by humans
funerary treasures – jewels or precious objects relating to or suitable for a burial or funeral
scientific detachment – methodical aloofness
dark-bellied clouds – dark, bulging clouds
casket grey – ash-coloured like a coffin
eternal brilliance – endless lustre/radiance
ritual resins – resins used in a system of rites
virtual body – figure of the body generated by the computer
The above descriptions are very vivid and make understanding/visualisation better.

Question 2.
Here are some commonly used medical terms. Find out their meanings.
(a) CT scan – A CT (computerised tomography) scanner is a medical imaging method employing tomography where digital geometry processing is used to generate a three-dimensional image of the internals of an object from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation.

(b) MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a diagnostic medical imaging technique utilising the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance. MRI is viewed by many as the most versatile, powerful and sensitive diagnostic imaging modality available. Its medical importance can be summarised briefly as having the ability to non- invasively generate thin sections, functional images of any part of the body at any angle and direction in a relatively short period of time.

(c) tomography – production of body image; the technique of using ultrasound, gamma rays, or X-rays to produce a focussed image of the structures across a specific depth within the body, while blurring details at other depths

(d) autopsy – examination to find cause of death: the medical examination of a dead body in order to establish the cause and circumstances of death

(e) dialysis – medical filtering process: the process of filtering the accumulated waste products of metabolism from the blood of a patient whose kidneys are not functioning properly, using a kidney machine

(f) ECG – an electrocardiogram is a graphic produced by an electrocardiograph, which records the changes in the electrical current in the heart during heartbeats in the form of a continuous strip graph. The results of the ECG are used to tell whether the heart is performing normally or suffering from abnormalities.

(g) post mortem – examination made after death to determine the cause of death

(h) angiography – Angiography is the X-ray (radiographic) study of the blood vessels. Angiography is used to detect abnormalities, including narrowing or blockages in the blood vessels throughout the circulatory system and in some organs.

The procedure is commonly used to diagnose heart disease; to evaluate kidney function and detect kidney cysts or tumours; to map renal anatomy in transplant donors; to detect an abnormal bulge of an artery that can rupture leading to haemorrhage, tumour, blood clot, or abnormal tangles of arteries and veins in the brain; and to diagnose problems with the retina of the eye.

i) biopsy – removal of living tissue: the removal of a sample of tissue from a living person for laboratory examination

Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues Things to do

Question 1.
The constellation Orion is associated with the legend of Osiris, the god of the afterlife. Find out the astronomical
descriptions and legends associated with the following.
Answer:
(i) Ursa Major (Saptarishi mandala) – This is also known as the Great Bear, because of its shape, recognised early on by Romans and Native Americans. In Hindu mythology each of the stars represents one of the Saptarshis or seven sages.

(ii) Polaris (Dhruva tara) – Also known as the North star or pole star, the brightest star in the Ursa Minor constellation. In ancient Hindu literature Polaris was given the name Dhruva or immovable, fixed in one place.

(iii) Pegasus (Winged horse) – A bright constellation in the northern sky. Pegasus was depicted as a white winged stallion, one of the children of the Greek god Poseidon.

(iv) Sirius (Dog star) – From the ancient greek term for glowing, one of the brightest stars in the Earth’s night sky.
This is presented as Orion’s dog, who hunts for the Greek god Zeus.

(v) Gemini (Mithuna) – One of the zodiac constellations. The Latin word Gemini translates to twins, representing the pair Castor and Pollux, sons of the Spartan Queen Leda. Similarly, Mithuna in Indian astrology stands for couple or union.

Question 2.
Some of the leaves and flowers mentioned in the passage for adorning the dead are willow, olive, celery, lotus, cornflower. Which of these are common in our country?
Answer:
The Indian willow, lotus, and cornflower are found in several places across the country.

Question 3.
Name some leaves and flowers that are used as adornments in our country.
Answer:
Leaves used for adornment in India include mango leaves, banana leaves, tulsi leaves, banyan leaves, peepal tree leaves and so on. Flowers used for adornment include marigolds, roses, lotus flowers, jasmine flowers, hibiscus flowers and so on.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Hornbill Chapter 4 Landscape of the Soul

January 5, 2022June 18, 2021 by Prasanna

Here we are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Hornbill Chapter 4 Landscape of the Soul. Students can get Class 11 English Landscape of the Soul NCERT Solutions, Questions and Answers designed by subject expert teachers.

Landscape of the Soul NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Hornbill Chapter 4

Landscape of the Soul NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers

Landscape of the Soul Understanding the text

Question 1.
(i) Contrast the Chinese view of art with the European view with examples.
Answer:
In the Chinese view, art is a representation of the mind or the spirit, whereas in the European view, it is of the figure or the body. While Chinese paintings reveal the inner world, the European paintings lay emphasis on a true representation of the physical appearance of the subject.

The examples of paintings by Wu Daozi and Quinten Metsys are representative of this difference. The painting by Metsys is life-like. It is an exact representation of a fly. The painting of Daozi, on the other hand, is not only beautiful but alive too. It has a way within that only the painter is aware of.

(ii) Explain the concept of shanshul
Answer:
Shanshui expresses the Chinese view of art as a conceptual space. It literally means mountain-water, which, when used together, represent the word ‘landscape’. Mountain and water represent two complementary poles of an image. They are essentially Yang and Yin, two seemingly opposing forces complementing each other for a unified whole, the landscape. The mountain is Yang – stable, warm and dry in the sun, reaching vertically towards the sky, while the water is Yin – fluid, moist and cool, horizontal and resting on the earth.

Question 2.
(i) What do you understand by the terms ‘outsider art’ and ‘art brut’ or ‘raw art’?
Answer:
Outsider art is a term that describes artistic creations by someone who has no formal training to be an artist. However, they show unmistakable artistic talent and insight, and their work poses a stimulating contrast to the mainstream art. Art brut or raw art, a term used by the painter Jean Dubuffet, refers to art forms which are outside the conventions of the mainstream art world. They are in their raw state in respect of their cultural and artistic influences.

(ii) Who was the “untutored genius who created a paradise ” and what is the nature of his contribution to art?
Answer:
The untutored genius was Nek Chand Saini. He created a rock garden in Chandigarh. The garden is entirely sculpted with stones and recycled materials.

Landscape of the Soul Talking about the text

Discuss the following statements in groups of four.

Question 1.
“The Emperor may rule over the territory he has conquered, but only the artist knows the way within.”
Answer:
The Tang Emperor Xuanzong may have commissioned Wu Daozi to create a great work of art. The Emperor wields power over his territory and wealth to control the lives of his people. However, the artist who creates a work of art understands his work in a manner that nobody can. In Wu Daozi’s case, we see that the Emperor cannot enter the work of art as Wu does, because despite all his power, he can never be a part of the space shared by Wu and his work of art. That relationship is too sacred and personal a space for anybody to enter.

Question 2.
“The landscape is an inner one, a spiritual and conceptual space.”
Answer:
This landscape is described by the article as Shanshui, which translates to mountain-water. Two different sides to an artwork, just like Yin and Yang. The mountain which reaches towards heaven and the water which treads across the earth. These two sides therefore also portray the spiritual which transcends into the heavenly, and the conceptual which wades through the earth. In this landscape the artist has been able to capture a scene not just as he would view it, but more than that, subjectively the multiple ways in which his mind would think about a landscape. He wants the viewer to be able to enter and understand his mind.

Landscape of the Soul Thinking about language

Question 1.
Find out the correlates of Yin and Yang in other cultures.
Answer:
In Christianity, this can be seen in the struggle between being heaven for those who repent of sin and hell for those who do not. In Vedanta philosophy in the Gita this can be seen in the division between Akshara, the invisible soul and the Kshara, the visible body. Similarly many other cultures have similar binaries between black and white, good and evil and so on.

Question 2.
What is the language spoken in Flanders?
Answer:
Although Flanders is in Belgium, the language primarily spoken in the region is Dutch.

Landscape of the Soul Working with words

I. The following common words are used in more than one sense.
panel , studio , brush , essence , material

Examine the following sets of sentences to find out what the words, ‘panel’ and ‘essence’ mean in different contexts.

Question 1.
(i) The masks from Bawa village in Mali look like long panels of decorated wood.
Answer:
A flat rectangular piece of wood

(ii) Judge H. Hobart Grooms told the jury panel he had heard the reports.
Answer:
A small group of people selected to pass a judgement

(iii) The panel is laying the groundwork for an international treaty.
Answer:
A small group of people selected to represent a larger group

(iv) The glass panels of the window were broken.
Answer:
A flat rectangular piece of glass, which is part of a window

(v) Through the many round tables, workshops and panel discussions, a consensus was reached.
Answer:
A small group of people that participates in a discussion amongst themselves

(vi) The sink in the hinged panel above the bunk drains into the head.
Answer:
A rectangular case used to keep something

Question 2.
(i) Their repetitive structure must have taught the people around the great composer the essence of music.
Answer:
What goes into composing music

(ii) Part of the answer is in the proposition; but the essence is in the meaning.
Answer:
The actual answer

(iii) The implications of these schools of thought are of practical essence for the teacher.
Answer:
Practically the most important aspect

(iv) They had added vanilla essence to the pudding.
Answer:
A strong liquid used to add flavour

II. Now find five sentences each for the rest of the words to show the different senses in which each of them is used.

Studio

I live in a studio apartment.
They hired a studio to record their music album.
That is one of the most famous studios because the biggest actors work for them.
Can we get a studio audience for the news channel’s evening show?
He owns a ballet studio on the other side of the city.

Material

This factory produces a lot of waste material.
Thankfully the storm did not cause any material damage in the town.
The material foundations of the building have been laid.
Do you have the material needed to make the dress?
He is very fond of material things, and therefore can never be trusted.

Brush

He needs to brush up on his knowledge of the subject.
I used to brush my shoes but then I could no longer find the time.
She needs a new brush to paint with.
He would brush past me every day on the metro because he was in such a hurry.

Noticing form

A classical Chinese landscape is not meant to reproduce an actual view, as would a Western figurative painting.
Whereas the European painter wants you to borrow his eyes and look at a particular landscape exactly as he saw it, from a specific angle, the Chinese painter does not choose a single viewpoint.
The above two examples are ways in which contrast may be expressed. Combine the following sets of ideas to show the contrast between them.

Question 1.
(i) European art tries to achieve a perfect, illusionistic likeness
(ii) Asian art tries to capture the essence of inner life and spirit.
Answer:
European art tries to perfect the image of the world it captures, trying to be as close to real life as possible, whereas Asian art tries to go beyond the physical world to capture the subjective picture, as one’s inner life and spirit would see it.

Question 2.
(i) The Emperor commissions a painting and appreciates its outer appearance,
(ii) The artist reveals to him the true meaning of his work.
Answer:
While the Emperor pays for the artwork and appreciates the physical depiction that is portrayed, only the artist who carefully crafts the painting understands the true meaning of his work.

Question 3.
(i) The Emperor may rule over the territory he has conquered
(ii) The artist knows the way within.
Answer:
While the Emperor wields power to rule over his kingdom, only the artist understands the method he uses in his artwork, and how the work reflects the mysterious nature of the universe.

Landscape of the Soul Things to do

Question 1.
Find out about as many Indian schools of painting as you can. Write a short note on the distinctive features of each school.
Answer:
Mughal Painting: This began during the reign of Humayun, the 2nd Mughal emperor. This style of painting was influenced heavily by Persian art. Mughal painters used bright colours, focussed on the fine details of costumes and gold, and also captured scenes of wildlife and nature. Most portraits of famous courtiers and royalty had the subjects posing with particular gestures of hands and face. Considered the golden period for miniature painting in India.

Rajasthani Painting: This style of painting began under the Rajput emperors after the 17th century. This began after the relationship between the Mughal and the Rajasthani empires improved, leading to influence of Mughal painting on local artists. Most of the painters chose their subjects as scenes taken from Hindu religious poetry. Traditional painting on walls was replaced by miniature paintings.

Pahari Painting: Most of these painters practiced their art in places like Kashmir, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and neighbouring territories. Here also a lot of bright colours were used, with themes that varied from focussing on nature to depicting the gracefulness of female subjects .

Bengal School of Art: A more recent school which began during the British Raj in the early 20 century. It was a part of the Indian nationalist movement, which sought to distinguish itself from art forms promoted in British art schools across India. Therefore the themes focussed on by painters were also those that may help promote Indian nationalism. Some other schools of art in Indian include Tribal painting, Kerala mural painting and so on.

Question 2.
Find out about experiments in recycling that help in environmental conservation.
Answer:
Some recent efforts to cut down on environmental pollution include the setting up of recycling centers to collect material that can be used again like tin cans, plastic bottles and containers, electronic equipment and waste paper. The setting up of trash bins to separate degradable and non-degradable waste has also helped reduce the amount of waste in garbage dumps. Further inventions like biodegradable bags and bottles, cars running on electricity or water instead of petrol, robots to sift through trash cans to utilise waste, and so on have helped the process of environmental conservation.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Snapshots Chapter 3 Ranga’s Marriage

January 5, 2022June 18, 2021 by Prasanna

Here we are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Snapshots Chapter 3 Ranga’s Marriage. Students can get Class 11 English Ranga’s Marriage NCERT Solutions, Questions and Answers designed by subject expert teachers.

Ranga’s Marriage NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Snapshots Chapter 3

Ranga’s Marriage NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Comment on the influence of English – the language and the way of life – on Indian life as reflected in the story. What is the narrator’s attitude to English?
Answer:
The narrator has very poignantly brought out the influence of English language on the way of life in the story. As the title reflects, it is not Vivaha but “marriage” because Ranga, having had the opportunity to go for higher education to Bangalore is to an extent influenced by the West and he could talk in English. Ranga’s homecoming was a great event. People rushed announcing his arrival and went to look at him.

Unlike the people in the village, Ranga said he would not get married immediately but would wait and find the right girl to get married to. He quoted the example of an officer who got married six months back when he was about thirty and his wife, twenty-five. He liked the idea of marrying a mature girl who would understand him, unlike a childish bride. Quoting the classic tale of Shakuntala, he said that Dushyantha would not have fallen in love with Shakuntala if she were young. He said that a man should marry a girl he admires and it would be impossible to admire an immature girl.

Question 2.
Astrologers’ perceptions are based more on hearsay and conjecture than what they learn from the study of the stars. Comment with reference to the story.
Answer:
Astrologers’ perceptions are based more on tittle-tattle and assumption than what they learn from the study of the stars. This is brought out effectively through the character of a Shastri in the story. The narrator told the Shastri about his ploy to bring Ranga and Ratna together before he took Ranga to him. As planned, the Shastri pretended to make certain calculations and said that his problem had something to do with a girl.

He added that the name of the girl was something found in the ocean such as Kamala (the lotus), Pachchi, (the moss) or Ratna (the precious stone). The narrator said that the girl in Rama Rao’s house was Ratna. The Shastri was very positive about the proposal working out. Later that . evening, the narrator joked with the Shastri about his predictions based on the information he gave but Shastri did not like it. He said “…Don’t forget, I developed on the hints you had given me.”

Question 3.
Indian society has moved a long way from the way the marriage is arranged in the story. Discuss.
Answer:
The Indian society has certainly moved a long way from the way the marriage is arranged in the story. In the story, firstly, Ratna is a child of eleven. The marriage of a girl of this age is now a criminal offense. Ranga falls in love with Ratna, who is no more than a child when he hears her sing. Unlike the story, marriages are arranged but based on compatibility and maturity of the couple. The predictions of an astrologer, like the Shastri in the story, are no longer the gospel truth. Mutual consent of the couple is given more importance than that of the matchmakers, like the narrator.

Question 4.
What kind of a person do you think the narrator is?
Answer:
The narrator is an affable man who is intelligent and a keen observer. He notices Ranga’s expressions of delight and disappointment and deals with the situation accordingly. He is proud of his roots and talking of his village he says, “I am not the only one who speaks glowingly of Hosahalli.” He does not like the idea of people aping the West blindly. He talks disparagingly of them, “they are like a flock of sheep.

One sheep walks into a pit, the rest blindly follow it.” The influence of English, on the native language, too meets with criticism—“What has happened is disgraceful, believe me.” Ranga’s western concepts of marriage, too, do not appeal to him. He feels “distressed (as) the boy who (he) thought would make a good husband, had decided to remain a bachelor.” But he anyway decides to play matchmaker and arrange Ranga’s marriage.

His curiosity to know what the people were up to when they went to Ranga’s house makes him follow them. He writes, “Attracted by the crowd, I too went and stood in the courtyard.” A traditionalist by nature he is happy to note that,Ranga “bent low to touch my feet.” However, he knows how to use situations to his advantage. He decides that Ratna is just the right girl for Ranga. He plots a situation, wherein Ranga hears her sing and falls in love with her. Then, he takes him to the Shastri who has been tutored by him. He is a traditionalist but a well-meaning person. He takes onto himself the responsibility of getting Ranga married and sees it through.