CBSE Class 11 – Page 26

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division

January 5, 2022June 18, 2021 by Raju

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division.

Question 1.
What is the average cell cycle span for a mammalian cell?
Solution:
It is significant to note that in the 24-hour average duration of the cell cycle of a human cell or mammalian cells, cell division proper lasts for only about an hour.

Question 2.
Distinguish cytokinesis from karyokinesis.
Solution:

Karyokinesis is a division of the nucleus (mitosis or meiosis) while cytokinesis is a division of the cytoplasm.
Cytokinesis in an animal cells is achieved by the appearance of a furrow in the plasma membrane.
The furrow gradually deepens and ultimately joins in the center dividing the cell cytoplasm into two.
In-plant cell cell wall formation starts in the center of the cell and grows outward to meet the existing lateral walls.
The formation of a new cell wall begins with the formation of a simple precursor, called the cell plate that represents the middle lamella between the walls of two adjacent cells.
It is the time of cytoplasmic division, organelles like mitochondria and plastids get distributed between the two daughter cells.
In some organisms, karyokinesis is not followed by ”cytokinesis as a result of which multinucleate condition arises leading to the formation of syncytium (liquid endosperm of coconut).

Question 3.
Describe the events taking place during the interphase.
Solution:
The interphase though called the resting phase is the time during which the cell is preparing for division by undergoing both cell growth and DNA replication in an orderly manner. The interphase is divided into three further phases :

G₁ phase (Gap)
S phase (Synthesis)
G₂ phase (Gap2)

G₁ phase corresponds to the interval between mitosis and initiation of DNA replication. During G₁ phase the cell is metabolically active and continuously grows but does not replicate its DNA. S or synthesis phase marks the period during which DNA synthesis or replication takes place. During this time the amount of DNA per cell doubles. If the initial amount of DNA is denoted as 2C then it increases to 4C. However, there is no increase in the chromosome number; if the cell had diploid or 2n number of chromosomes at G₁ even after the S phase the number of chromosomes remains the same i.e. 2n.

In animal cells, during the S phase, as DNA replication begins in the nucleus, the centrioles, initiate replication in the cytoplasm. Dumping the G₂ phase proteins are synthesized in preparation for mitosis while cell growth continues.

Question 4.
What is the G₀ (quiescent phase) of the cell cycle?
Solution:
Some cells in adult animals do not appear to exhibit division (e.g., heart cell, nerve cell). These cells become inactive and become specialized by differentiating and do not further exit the G₁ phase, and enter a stage but divide occasionally called the quiescent stage (G₀) of the cell cycle.
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division 1
A cell in this stage remains metabolically active but no longer proliferate unless called to do so depending on the requirement of the organism.

Question 5.
Why is mitosis called equational division?
Solution:
M phase is the most dramatic period of the cell cycle involving a major reorganization of virtually all components of the cell. Since the number of chromosomes in the parent and progeny cells is the same it is also called equational division. Though for convenience mitosis has been divided into four stages of nuclear division, it is very essential to understand that cell division is a progressive process and very clear-cut lines cannot be drawn between various stages.
Mitosis is divided into the following four stages:

Prophase
Meta phase
Anaphase
Telophase

Question 6.
Name the stage of the cell cycle at which one of the following events occur:
i. Chromosomes are moved to the spindle equator.
ii. Centromere splits and chromatids separate.
iii. Pairing between homologous chromosomes takes place.
iv. Crossing over between homologous chromosomes takes place.
Solution:
i. Metaphase
ii. Anaphase II
iii. Zygotene
iv. Pachytene

Question 7.
Describe the following:
(a) synapsis
(b) bivalent
(c) chiasmata
Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.
Solution:
(a) During zygotene of prophase I of meiosis homologous chromosomes pair together. This pairing is called synapsis.
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division 2
(b) Bivalent: The complex formed by homologous chromosomes during zygotene is called a bivalent.
(c) Chiasmata: During diplotene, the paired chromosomes make an X-shaped structure. This is called chiasmata.

Question 8.
How does cytokinesis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells?
Solution:
In animal cells, cytokinesis is achieved by the appearance of a furrow in the plasma membrane. The furrow gradually deepens and ultimately joins in the centre dividing the cell cytoplasm into two.

Due to the presence of cell walls, cytokinesis is different in plants. In plants, wall formation starts in the centre of the cell and grows outward to meet the existing lateral walls. The formation of the new cell wall begins with the formation of a simple precursor, called the cell plate that represents the middle lamella between the walls of two adjacent cells. Organelles like mitochondria and plastids get distributed between the two daughter cells during this process.

Question 9.
Find examples where the four daughter cells from meiosis are equal in size and where they are found unequal in size.
Solution:
The four daughter cells produced may be equal in size in the sperm of animals. They may be unequal in size as gametes in plants-pollen grains and egg in ovules.

Question 10.
Distinguish anaphase of mitosis from anaphase I of meiosis.
Solution:
The main difference between anaphase of mitosis and anaphase I of meiosis are as follows:
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division 3

Question 11.
List the main differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Solution:
The main differences between mitosis and meiosis are as follows :
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division 4

Question 12.
What is the significance of meiosis?
Solution:
1. Meiosis ensures the production of the haploid phase in the life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms whereas fertilization restores the diploid phase. We come across meiosis during gametogenesis in plants and animals. This lead to the formation of haploid gemotes.

2. Crossing over takes place during the Pachytene stage of meiosis, in which an exchange of genetic matter occurs. This produces variation, the raw material for evolution.

3. Meiosis has an impact on the genetic consequences due to pairing, crossing over, recombination, and segregation of homologous chromosomes.

Question 13.
Discuss with your teacher about

haploid insects and lower plants where cell-division occurs and
some haploid cells in higher plants where cell-division does not occur.

Solution:

Some insects like honey bee drones are haploid. They are not fertile.
In lower plant, main plant body is haploid produces haploid microspores by mitosis. The gametes of Chlamydomonas fuse to form diploid zygotes. Meiosis take place at this stage in lower plants forming haploid spous which give rise to the new plant.

Question 14.
Can there be mitosis without DNA replication in S-phase?
Solution:
S or synthesis phase marks the period during which DNA synthesis or replication takes place. During this time the amount of DNA per cell doubles. If the initial amount of DNA is denoted as 2C then it increases to 4C. However, there is no increase in the chromosome number; if the cell had diploid or 2n number of chromosomes at G, even after the S phase the number of chromosomes remains the same i.e. 2n.

Question 15.
Can there be DNA replication without cell division?
Solution:
DNA replication takes place in order to prepare cells for division. Cell division is the next logical step after DNA replication.

Question 16.
Analyze the events during every stage of the cell cycle and notice how the following two parameters change
i. Number of chromosomes (N) per cell
ii. Amount of DNA content (C) per cell
Solution:
Cell division is a very important process in all living organisms. During the division of a cell, DNA replication and cell growth also take place. Although cell growth is a continuous process, DNA synthesis occurs only during one specific stage in the cell cycle. The replicated chromosomes (DNA) are then distributed to daughter nuclei by a complex series of events during cell division. These events are themselves under genetic central.

The cell cycle is divided .nto two basic phases: The M phase starts with the nuclear division, corresponding to the separation of daughter chromosomes (Kaiyokinesis), and usually ends with the division of cytoplasm (Cytokinesis’). The interphase though called the resting phase is the time during which the cell is preparing for division by undergoing both cell growth and DNA replication in an orderly manner. The interphase is divided into three further phases:

G₁ phase (Gap)
S phase (Synthesis)
G₂ phase (Gap2)

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question 1.
What is karyokinesis?
Solution:
Division of nucleus is Known as karyokinesis.

Question 2.
Name the phase in which chromatids move apart.
Solution:
Anaphase.

Question 3.
Name the synthetic phase of interphase.
Solution:
S phase

Question 4.
Name the cell divisions which help recombination of genes.
Solution:
Meiosis.

Question 5.
Which type of cell division occurs in the meristematic cell of the root apex?
Solution:
Mitosis

Question 6.
Name the stage during which astral and spindle fibres disappear and nuclear membrane and nucleoli reappear.
Solution:
Telophase.

Question 7.
Name the sub-phases of prophase-I of Meiosis.
Solution:
Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene and Diakinesis.

Question 8.
In which stage, the actual reduction of chromosome number occurs in meiosis?
Solution:
Anaphase I

Question 9.
What is Synapsis? (Bijapur, Belgaum, Shimoga 2004)
Solution:
The process of pairing homologous chromosomes is called Synapsis.

Question 10.
What is the peculiarity of zygotene?
Solution:
In the zygotene phase pairing of homologous chromosomes or synapsis takes place.

Question 11.
Define crossing over. Give its significance.
Solution:
It is an exchange of genes between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. It produces new combination of genes and variation.
Question 12.
Why mitosis is an equational division called?
Solution:
Mitosis is a process of cell division, in which chromosomes are equally distributed into two daughter cells so it is equational division.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Differentiate between:
(a) S-phase and G2 phase.
(b) G1 and G2 phase
Solution:
(a) Difference between S-phase and G2 phase:
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division 5
(b) Difference between Gj and G2 phase

Question 2.
Write the significance of Mitosis / Meiosis. (Udupi 2006, D.Kannada 2010)
Solution:
Significance of Mitosis:

The distribution of an equal number of chromosomes to the daughter cells maintains a constant chromosome number.
Mitosis increases the number of cells so it contributes to growth.

Significance of Meiosis:

Meiosis brings genetic crossing over and random distribution of paternal and maternal chromosomes to daughter cells.
Recombination produces variations and variations are the sources of organic evolution.

Question 3.
Mention the significance of mitosis.
Solution:

In multicellular organisms, the growth of the body is due to the mitotic division of cells.
Replacement of worn-out cells and repair of the damaged cells is by mitosis.
In unicellular organisms, mitosis results in the asexual reproduction of cells.
In plants, vegetative propagation involves only mitotic divisions.

Question 4.
When and why does a reduction in the number of chromosomes take place in meiosis?
Solution:
The actual reduction in the number of chromosomes takes place in anaphase I.
This is because in anaphase I, one member from each homologous pair moves to one pole; the two chromatids of the chromosomes do not separate as the centromeres do not divide at this stage.

Question 5.
Differentiate between prophase I and prophase of mitosis.
Solution:
Difference between prophase I and prophase of mitosis are :
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division 7

Question 6.
Imagine a situation if there was no meiosis. Then what would have happened to the next generation?
Solution:
In the absence of meiosis, the next generation would have double the number of chromosomes after the fusion of gametes. This would have resulted in the birth of an altogether new species. The maintenance of characters’ sets would have been possible only through asexual reproduction.

Question 7.
Which stage in meiosis is marked with genetic recombination? How
Solution:
In the pachytene stage of meiosis I the chromosomes appear as tetrads of homologous chromosomes and cross as the genetic material exchange takes place. Thus this stage is marked with genetic recombination.

Question 8.
What is Synapsis and Synaptonemal Complex? In which stage do these occur?
Solution:
The pairing of chromosomes is called Synapsis.
In the chromosomal synapsis, a complex structure is made known as the Synaptonemal complex These occur in the zygotene stage of meiosis.

Question 9.
Describe the events in the prophase of animal cells.
Solution:

Chromosomal material condenses to form compact mitotic chromosomes.
Chromosomes are seen to be composed of two chromatids attached together at the centromere.
The centrioles formed in interphase start moving to the opposite poles of the cell.
Initiation of the assembly of the mitotic spindle, the microtubules, the proteinaceous components of the cell cytoplasm help in the process.
By the end of the prophase, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear.

Question 10.
Diagrammatically shows the cell cycle and answers the following questions.

(a) Which is the resting stage.
(b) Which is the stage where replication takes palce.
(c) Which is the stage where mitosis takes place.
(d) Which is the post cell synthetic but pre-cell division stage.
Solution:
(a) Go Phase
(b) S Phase
(c) M Phase
(d) G2 Phase

Question 11.
Define cytokinesis. How is it accomplished in animal and plant cells?
Solution:
The process by which the cytoplasm of the cell divides resulting in the formation of two daughter nuclei is called cytokinesis.

In an animal cell, this is achieved by the appearance of a furrow in the plasma membrane. The furrow gradually deepens and ultimately joins in the centre dividing the cell cytoplasm into two.

In-plant cells, wall formation starts in the centre of the cell and grows outward to meet the existing lateral walls. The formation of a new cell wall begins with the formation of a simple precursor, called the cell plate that represents the middle lamella between the walls to two adjacent cells.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Describe briefly cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells.
Solution:
(a) Cytokinesis in animal cells: In the animal cells, the cytoplasm divides by constriction. It appears on the equator and slowly deepens. The constriction converges on all the sides and pinches off the parent cell into 2 daughter cells. Constriction is the result of a peripheral band of microfilaments. This constriction divide the cytoplasm finally,

(b) Cytokinesis in plant cells: Plant cells have a rigid cell wall and this cannot undergo cytokinesis by invaginating cleavage furrow. Therefore, in them, the cytokinesis is accomplished by the formation of phragmoplast from carbohydrate and lipid-containing vesicles of Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum vesicles. A cell plate at the equator of the dividing cell is formed and divides the cytoplasm.

Question 2.
Mention the significance of mitosis.
Solution:
Significance of mitosis: Mitosis or the equational division is usually restricted to the diploid cells only.

However, in some lower plants and in some social insects haploid cells also divide by mitosis.
It is very essential to understand the significance of this division in the life of an organism.
Mitosis results in the production of diploid daughter cells with identical genetic complement usually.
The growth of multicellular organisms is due to mitosis. Cell growth results in disturbing the ratio between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
It, therefore, becomes essential for the cell to divide to restore the nucleo- cytoplasmic ratio. A very significant contribution to mitosis is cell repair.
The cells of the upper layer of the epidermis, cells of the lining of the gut, and blood cells are being constantly replaced.
Mitotic divisions in the meristematic tissues – the apical and the lateral cambium, result in the continuous growth of plants throughout their life.

Question 3.
Describe meiosis II with the help of suitable diagrams.
Solution:
Meiosis II is divided into four phases.

Prophase II. Meiosis II is initiated immediately after cytokinesis, usually, before the chromosomes have fully elongated. In contrast to meiosis I, meiosis II resembles a normal mitosis. The nuclear membrane disappears by the end of prophase II. The chromosomes again become compact.

Metaphase II- At this stage, the chromosomes align at the equator and the microtubules from opposite poles of the spindle get attached to the kinetochores of sister chromatids. Anaphase II- It begins with the simultaneous splitting of the centromere of each chromosome (which was holding the sister chromatids together), allowing them to move toward opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase II- Meiosis ends with telophase II, in which the two groups of chromosomes once again get enclosed by a nuclear envelope; cytokinesis follows resulting in the formation of a tetrad of cells i.e., four haploid daughter cells.
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division 9

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Poster Writing Class 11 Format, Examples, Samples, Topics

January 5, 2022June 18, 2021 by Prasanna

♦ When and where we use posters?

Posters are used for giving information to a large group of people. A poster is not printed in a newspaper, but, like a notice, is put in a public place where many people can see it. Posters are used for giving information/publicity to cultural events. They are also used by the government, municipal authorities or NGOs to educate the common public about important issues.

This grammar section explains English Grammar in a clear and simple way. There are example sentences to show how the language is used. NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English will help you to write better answers in your Class 11 exams. Because the Solutions are solved by subject matter experts.

Poster Writing Class 11 Format, Examples, Samples, Topics

Main Features of a Poster:
(a) Layout

visually
catchy title
sketch or simple visuals
fonts of different shapes and sizes

(b) Content

theme/subject
description/details related to the theme
essential details, for example, date, time, venue
names, i.e., issuing authority, organisers

organising and sequencing of content
appropriate language
creativity (language and design)

Posters recreate the basic moods and styles of three modes of communication, i.e., notices, advertisements, and invitations. They should, thus, be so designed so as to captivate the onlookers. To achieve this, the poster must use bold and capital letters, striking designs. Catchy phrases and slogans are the lifeline of posters.

Posters can broadly be classified into the following categories:

cultural show/exhibition/seminar/workshop/fair/fete etc.
educational and student’s activities
social theme/problems
general

Question 1.
Prepare a poster to be put in the school entrance lobby announcing the Annual Athletic Meet of your school.

Answer:
Poster Writing Class 11 Format, Examples, Samples, Topics 1

Question 2.
Prepare a poster on behalf of the Municipal Authority of your city informing the citizens about how to protect themselves against mosquitoes.

Answer:
Poster Writing Class 11 Format, Examples, Samples, Topics 2

Question 3.
Prepare a poster on behalf of an NGO to be placed in various parts of the city urging the people to save trees.

Answer:
Poster Writing Class 11 Format, Examples, Samples, Topics 3

Question 4.
Prepare a poster on behalf of the Municipal Authority of your city advising citizens on ways to save water.

Answer:
Poster Writing Class 11 Format, Examples, Samples, Topics 4

Question 5.
Prepare a poster on behalf of the police advising people to protect themselves against burglars and robbers.

Answer:
Poster Writing Class 11 Format, Examples, Samples, Topics 5

Editing and Omission Exercises for Class 11 With Answers

January 5, 2022June 18, 2021 by Prasanna

Editing and Omission Exercises for Class 11 With Answers

Editing and Omission Exercises for Class 11 CBSE With Answers Pdf

Question 1.
In the given paragraph, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before the word and the word that comes after it in the space provided as shown.

Tears are produced tear glands which keep the eye	e.g.	produced by tear
moist and are normally drained the	(a)	……………………………………..
nose. Onions a number of water-soluble volatile	(b)	……………………………………..
substances containing sulphur, cutting the onion	(c)	……………………………………..
these spread the air and cause irritation in the eyes.	(d)	……………………………………..
The tear glands start secreting more and more tears wash out the irritants.	(e)	……………………………………..
The tears are produced fast that they cannot be drained out	(f)	……………………………………..
through nose and so run	(g)	……………………………………..
down the eyes thus making cry.	(h)	……………………………………..

Question 2.
There is an error in each of the following lines. Write the incorrect word and the correct word in the given space. The first one has been done as an example:

Intelligence is praised to one and all.
We say that intelligence means
being able to solve problems. Some animal
seem abled to do this. For ex. cats often
find her way home from long distances.
To do this they had to remember and think.
Young birds are also able to made long
journeys. They are borne with this ability.
This is not intelligence. We call these instinct.

Incorrect – Correct
to – by

(a) …………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………….
(h) …………… – ……………….

Answer:
Incorrect – Correction

(a) mean – means
(b) animal – animals
(c) abled – able
(d) her – their
(e) had – have
(f) made – make
(g) borne – born
(h) these – this

Question 3.
The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in the blank spaces. The first one has been done as an example. [NCT 2019, 2016]

The next day during an break
when all the teacher and students
was eating their snacks, the mother
left the school building hurrily.
The boy saw him walking
quickly from of the school gate
when he was drank water after
his meal and wonder where
his mother is going.

Incorrect – Correct
an – the

Answer:
Incorrect – Correct

(a) teacher – teachers
(b) was – were
(c) hurrily – hurriedly
(d) him – her
(e) from – out
(f) drank – drinking
(g) wonder – wondered
(h) is – was

Question 4.
The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in the underlined words. Correct the word and write in the space provided:

Although, their is no direct evidence that
salt is a cause of highly blood pressure
that reducing salt intake lower
blood pressure. Some scientist are also
concern that excessive use of salt may
caused asthma and kidney disease.
Asthma should not be deal with lightly.

Incorrect – Correct

Answer:

(a) there
(b) high
(c) are
(d) lowers
(e) scientists
(f) concerned
(g) cause
(h) dealt

Question 5.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in your answer sheet as given below against the correct blank number. [NCT 2012]

Mamta lost hey father when she is still
a child. Her uncle looked at all the property
that she inherit from her father.
Since a few years her. uncle worked very
sincerely. Afterwards he thinks, “This
property should make me rich. How long
should I kept serving my niece?
I must do anything.

Incorrect – Correct

Answer:
Incorrect – Correction

(a) is – was
(b) at – after
(c) inherit – had inherited
(d) since – For
(e) thinks – thought
(f) should – can
(g) kept – keep
(h) anything – something

Question 6.
The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in each line. Underline the error and write the correct word in front of it in your answer sheet.

It has been said that anyone lives by
sell something or the other. In the light of
this statement, teachers live off selling
knowledge, philosophers by selling wise
and priests by selling spiritual comforts.
It is extreme difficult to estimate the
true value for the service which people perform to us.

Incorrect – Correct

Answer:
Incorrect – Correction

(a) anyone – everyone
(b) sell – selling
(c) off – by
(d) wise – wisdom
(e) comforts – comfort
(f) extreme – extremely
(g) for – of
(h) to – for

Question 7.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Underline the error and write the correct word in front of it in your answer sheet. The first one has been done for you as an example [NCT 2010]

The next day during a break
when all the teacher and students
was eating their snacks, the mother
left the school building hurrily.
The boy saw him walking
quickly from of the school gate.
He was drinking water after
his meal and wondered where
his mother was going.

Incorrect – Correct

Answer:
Incorrect – Correction

(a) Teacher – teachers
(b) was – were
(c) hurrily – hurriedly
(d) him – her
(e) from – out
(f) drank – drinking

Question 8.
A passage has been given below. It has not been edited properly. Underline the error and write the correction in the space provided. One has been done as an example.

My father become the Chief Secretary of Tamil Nadu e.g. become became
op 1962. Soon after, he told my cousin and me,
whenever we accompanied him to any functions,
we were to sit on the car on either side of him
and gave him a nudge if we saw a policeman
salute him which he was preoccupied studying
his notes. He said so that he was concerned
of the policeman standing in the hot sun.
He felt that he would return their greetings
when they took the trouble of saluting him.

Incorrect – Correct
become – became

Answer:
Incorrect – Correction

(a) On – in
(b) functions – function
(c) on – in
(d) gave – give
(e) which – while
(f) that – because
(g) of – for
(h) would – should

Question 9.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in vour answer sheet.

It takes a long time for a country to rebuild after
an earthquake. There must be aftershocks for days
or weeks. Rebuilt cannot start until all the
aftershocks have stopped. Aftershocks are small
tremors when shaking the ground after an earthquake.
When rebuilding starts, new buildings may be very
carefully planned. Sometimes they are built on huge
blocks of rubber that will absorb no further earthquake.

Incorrect – Correct

Answer:
Incorrect – Correction

(a) take – takes
(b) must – may
(c) rebuilt – rebuilding
(d) stop – stopped
(e) when – which
(f) may – must
(g) build – built
(h) no – any

Question 10.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Underline the error and write the correct word in front of it in your answer sheet. The first one has been done for you as an example.

The camel is the oldest of domestic
animals. It has been used since thousands
of years by the desert people to supply many
of their needs. Camels pulled ploughs
and carry well to market. In the desert,
they are almost the only means of
transport. This animal can adapt to
life in drylands and is often calling the ship
of the desert, it could survive on
dry leaves, seeds, and bones.

Incorrect – Correct

Answer:
Incorrect – Correction

(a) since – for
(b) year – years
(c) pulled – pull
(d) good – goods
(e) an – the
(f) with – to
(g) calling – called
(h) could – can

Question 11.
The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in each line. Write the incorrect world and the correction in your answer sheet. The first one has been done as an example.

Traders of nearly 2,250 roads and streets
across Delhi got the respite from
sealing and demolition of the Municipal
Corporation of Delhi following a Supreme
Courts order in September 29 allowing
continuation of commercial activities on
residential areas, pending the final
decision in the matter. But the
MCD’s sealing drive has already
claimed four lives.

Incorrect – Correct
of – on

Answer:
Incorrect – Correction

(a) the – a
(b) of – by
(c) a – the
(d) in – of
(e) on – in
(f) the – a
(g) in – on
(h) has – had

Question 12.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Underline the error arid write the correct word in front of it in your answer sheet. The first one has been done for you as an example.

Kut was an hardworking
squirrel. She lived on a tree-hole.
she was over the impression that
she has enough food in store for the
bad days until she find that
someone had been stealing his nuts.
She goes to the old owl to
find a solution to her problem.
The old owl listen to her problem patiently.

Incorrect – Correct
an – a

Answer:
Incorrect – Correction

(a) on – in
(b) over – under
(c) has – had
(d) find – found
(e) his – her
(f) go – went
(g) an – a
(h) listen – listened

Question 13.
In the following passage, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and after it.

Since the magpie bird was most
intelligent and clever birds at
building nests, all the birds the
Air kingdom came her and
asked her to teach how to build
their nests. So she all the
birds to gather her and began
to show them to go about it.

Before – Word – After

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….
(g) …………… – ………………. – ………………
(h) …………… – ………………. – ………………

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) was – the – most
(b) clever – of – birds
(c) birds – of – the
(d) came – to – her
(e) teach – them – how
(f) she – asked – all
(g) gather – around – her
(h) them – how – to

Question 14.
In the following passage, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that conies before and the word that comes after it in your answer sheet against the correct blank number. Ensure that the word that forms your answer is underlined. [NCT 2015]

The moment he switched the eg.
television there silence in
the room, we all looked each
other not knowing to react.
He burst out laughing said,
“How you like it?” We felt too
scared open our mouths.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
Switched – off – the

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) there – was – a
(b) looked – at – each
(c) knowing – how – to
(d) laughing – and – said
(e) how – do – you
(f) scared – to – open

Question 15.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word in the space provided. The first one has been as an example.

On the banks of Ganga, where
it emerges of the Himalayan foot-hills,
there is long stretches forest. There are
villages the fringe of the forest inhabited
by bamboo cutters and farmers. This area an
ideal hunting ground and animals
are not numerous as they used to be.
The trees, too, have disappearing slowly
, and as the recedes the animals lose
their food and shelter.

e g.
Before – Word – After
of the Ganga

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) emerges – from/ out – of
(b) stretches – of – forest
(c) villages – on – the
(d) area – is – an
(e) and – wild – animals
(f) not – as – numerous
(g) have – been – disappearing
(h) the – forest – recedes

Question 16.
The following passage has not been edited. There is one word missing in each line. Find the places of omission and write the missing words for each line.

Seeing the man, I instantly got my feet
ready for anything. He was trying to the
handle of the door. He had a strap his neck
and carried trayful of toothpowders and
tablets, selling a penny or two a phial. I
stood to the door, barring his further entry.

Before – Word – After

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) got – on – my
(b) to – turn – the
(c) strap – around his
(d) carried – a – trayful
(e) selling – for – a
(f) stood – close – to

Question 17.
One word is omitted in each line in the following passage. Write the missing word along with the word coming before it and the word coming after it. The first one is done as an example:

I never forget one of my childhood
experiences. I was trying climb a tree
when my foot slipped and fell and
fainted. My friends thought I dead.
They all left me and ran. When
I regained consciousness I found
not move part of my body. I
had a terrible pain in back and
legs. I not know what to do.

Before – Word – After
I – can – never

(a) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(b) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(c) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(d) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(e) …………… – ……………… – ………………
(f) …………… – ………………. – ……………….
(g) …………… – ……………… – ………………..
(h) …………… – ………………. – ……………….

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) trying – To – climb
(b) and – I – fell
(c) I – Was – dead
(d) ran – away – When
(e) found – That – I
(f) move – any – part
(g) in – My – back
(h) I – did – not

Question 18.
One word is omitted in each line in the following passage. Write the missing word along with the word coming before it and the word coming after it. The first one has been done as an example.

The old owl said, “It is someone your
neighbours.” Kutkut with surprise,
“How you be so sure?” The old owl
looking thick glasses replied, “That
is, thief knows the exact time when
you not at home. As if he watches
you nearby. He then told a plan to
catch the thief.” morning, Kutkut told
all her neighbours that she kept sweets
inside and kept a vigil for the thief.

Before – Word – After
someone – amongst – your

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) Kutkut – asked – with
(b) How – can – you
(c) Looking – through – thick
(d) is – the – thief
(e) you – are – not
(f) you – from – nearby
(g) thief – Next – morning
(h) she – had – kept

Question 19.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and after the word. The first one has been done as an example.

Ten months I decided to leave
my native country and went the
USA. When reached there
I suddenly found labelled
as a foreign student. Gradually
I discovered a foreign student
had problems whether he was Japan
like me or from other country. A
foreign student had to work twice
as hard an American to succeed in college.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
months – ago – I

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) go – to – the
(b) when – I – reached
(e) found – myself – labelled
(d) as – a – foreign
(e) discovered – that – a
(f) was – from – Japan
(g) from – some – other
(h) hard – as – an

Question 20.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms your answer.

A decision rolling out the odd-even
traffic restrictions in city will
now taken op Tuesday after
the Delhi government filed review petition in
the National Green Tribunal asking exemptions
for two-wheelers women for
one year or 2000 when more buses will start operating in
the capital. The petition came on day when the spell
of ‘severe’ air quality in Delhi completed full week.

Before – Word – After
decision – on – rolling

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) in – the – city
(b) now – be – taken
(c) filed – a – review
(d) asking – for – exemptions
(e) wheelers – and – women
(f) or – till – 2000
(g) on – a – day
(h) completed – a – full

Question 21.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms vour answer.

Dinosaurs reigned supreme over 180 million years. Their
the dynasty came to close 66 million years ago when an
an asteroid crashed the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico at a
the site knew the Chicxuluh crater paving the way for
mammals-and eventually humans-inherit the Earth.
But had extraterrestrial impact happened nearly anywhere
else, like the ocean or in the middle of most continents,
some scientists now say it is possible dinosaurs could be survived
annihilation. Other researchers question the findings.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
supreme – for – over

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) to – a – close
(b) crashed – into – the
(c) known – as – the
(d) humans – to – inherit
(e) had – the – extraterrestrial
(f) like – in – the
(g) could – have – survived
(h) question – their – findings

Question 22.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms your answer.

When the asteroid struck, found a
rich source sulphur and hydrocarbons,
or organic deposits fossil fuels,
according to the researchers. Scorching hot temperatures at the
impact crater have ignited the fuel. The Chicxulub impact
spewed an extraordinary amount of black carbon or soot from
the rocks, the researchers said. That turn, launched nearly
60 Hoover Dams worth of soot the upper atmosphere,
cooling the Earth’s surface by as much 18 degrees Fahrenheit.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
struck – it – found

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) source – of – sulphur
(b) deposits – like – fossil
(c) according – to – the
(d) crater – would – have
(e) spewed – an – extraordinary
(f) hat – in – turn
(g) soot – into – the
(h) much – as – 18

Question 23.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms vour answer.

Australian scientists launched Monday a
smartphone app challenges people to eat
more veggies. This app called ‘Veg Eze’.
It aims to motivate people to add vegetables
to daily diets and form long-term, healthier habits
through a 21-day ‘Do 3 at Dinner’ challenge.
It helps track their intake and tally up vegetable
serves, with daily reminders rewards to help people
stay motivated and track. Committing to eating more
vegetables every day is of the most important dietary
habits we can adopt to improve our health.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
launched – on – Monday

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) app – that – challenges
(b) app – is – called
(c) aims – to motivate
(d) to – their – daily
(e) helps – people – Track
(f) reminders – and rewards
(g) and – on – Track
(h) is – one – of

Question 24.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms vour answer.

Every smog episode Delhi is blamed on crop
stubble burning farmers in the neighbouring
states. Scientists agree that events Diwali and
stubble burning may pushing pollution levels to
“emergency levels” briefly, that cannot take
away the fact that Delhi’s local emissions have
only risen the years. Central Pollution Control Board’s
national air quality monitoring programme which been
tracking annual PM 2.5 and PM 10 levels 2009, shows a
clear trend of rising PM 2.5 level over the years.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
episode – in – Delhi

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) burning – by – farmers
(b) events – like – Diwali
(c) may – be – pushing
(d) briefly – but – that
(e) away – from – the
(f) risen – over – the
(g) which – has – been
(h) levels – since – 2009

Question 25.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms your answer.

More than 400 people killed in
Iran a magnitude 7.3 earthquake jolted the country, state
media said on Monday. Rescuers searching for dozens
trapped rubble in the mountainous area. At least
six died in Iraq as well.
Iran’s state television said more 407 people were killed in
the earthquake making it the deadliest earthquake of 2017.
Local officials said the death toll rise, as search and rescue
teams reached remote areas of Iran. The earthquake felt in
several western provinces of Iran as well.

Before – Word – After
400 – were – killed

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) Iran – when – a
(b) Rescuers – were – Searching
(c) trapped – under – rubble
(d) six – have – Died
(e) more – than – 407
(f) it – the – deadliest
(g) toll – would – rise
(h) earthquake – was – felt

Question 26.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms your answer.

The most sought Indian goods are spices
followed cosmetics. Textiles and home
decoration pieces are sale. Buyers
include vast community of expatriates including
Pakistanis, Japanese, Arabs,
Africans, and even Europeans who are fond curried food.
Over a million expats live in different Chinese cities.
There are more 100 physical stores selling Indian
products China. These shops most
of are run by local traders, also sell online. Indian products
usually sell a premium.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
sought – after – Indian

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) followed – by – cosmetics
(b) are – on – sale
(c) include – the – vast
(d) fond – of – curried
(e) more – than – 100
(f) products – across/in – China
(g) of – which – are
(h) sell – at – a

Question 27.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms vour answer.

An Agra girl fulfilled the last wish of father, fighting
against all odds. Daughter of irrigation department
employee who passed in 2015, Sonia Sharma, 22,
won the gold medal Para Shooting
World Cup in Bangkok November 10, 2017.
She won 10 m. air pistol event in the team category. Her
team scored a total 1070 points, 22 points more than nearest
rivals. Sonia scored 357 in
four rounds, while her teammates Pooja Delhi
scored 358 Rubina of Bhopal scored 355.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
of – her – father

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) of – an – irrigation
(b) passed – away – in
(c) medal – in – Para
(d) Bangkok – on – November
(e) won – the – 10 m
(f) than – their – nearest
(g) Pooja – of/from – Delhi
(h) 358 – and – Rubina

Question 28.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms vour answer.

It was Irani Cup.
Wriddhiman Saha smashed a match-winning double
hundred to notch an unlikely win for Rest of India
against Gujarat. Asked a reaction, Saha said, ‘I felt all
the comfortable because Puji
was the other end. No chance of his getting out”,-that
sums Cheteshwar Pujara’s batting. His
182 the Ranji Trophy match against Gujarat helped him
get the top 10 averages for players who have more than
10,000 runs in first-class cricket.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
was – the – Irani

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) Saha – had – smashed
(b) notch – up – an
(c) Asked – for – a
(d) the – more – comfortable
(e) was – at – the
(f) sums – up – Cheteshwar
(g) 182 – in – the
(h) get – into – the

Question 29.
In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct blank number. Underline the word that forms vour answer.

“Two the world’s great democracies should also have
the world’s greatest militaries”, The US India resolved
on Monday in unprecedented commitment,
following a meeting between PM Modi and President Trump
on the sidelines of the ASEAN Summit in the Philippines.
Supporting India’s rise a global power
has an objective for the last two U.S. administrations. But never
before the goal been stated in such militaristic terms. The
The US seems set helping expand India’s military capabilities.

e.g.
Before – Word – After
Two – of – the

Answer:
Before – Word – After

(a) US – and – India
(b) in – an – unprecedented
(c) following – a – meeting
(d) on – the – sidelines
(e) rise – as – a
(f) has – been – an
(g) before – has – the
(h) set – on – helping

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Hornbill Poem 1 A Photograph

January 5, 2022June 18, 2021 by Prasanna

Here we are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Hornbill Poem 1 A Photograph. Students can get Class 11 English A Photograph NCERT Solutions, Questions and Answers designed by subject expert teachers.

A Photograph NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Hornbill Poem 1

A Photograph NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What does the word ‘cardboard’ denote in the poem? Why has this word been used?
Answer:
The word “cardboard” in the poem refers to the photograph. It is just a piece of paper a memory as the poet’s mother is dead and gone. It signifies the transience of life and what remains is an insignificant piece of paper.

Question 2.
What has the camera captured?
Answer:
The camera has captured the scene when the poet’s mother and her two female cousins, Betty and Dolly, went paddling. They were holding the poet’s mother’s hands. The elder of the three was about twelve years. The three of them stood smiling as the wind tousled their hair.

Question 3.
What has not changed over the years? Does this suggest something to you?
Answer:
The sea has not changed over the years. It remains the same through generations. On the contrary, life is transient. The mother has now been dead for years. Human life is transitory and this transience is contrasted with the permanence of nature.

Question 4.
The poet’s mother laughed at the snapshot. What did this laugh indicate?
Answer:
The mother laughed at the fleeting moments that had long passed. She relived the memories when they were dressed as children and taken out. She laughed as she recalled the happy memories.

Question 5.
What is the meaning of the line “Both wry with the laboured ease of loss.”
Answer:
The poet’s mother had been out on a beach holiday, years back and felt nostalgic about it, similar to what the poet felt when she relived the memories of her dead mother. The memories, in each case, were beautiful, but painful to recall as time slipped away, so easily.

Question 6.
What does “this circumstance” refer to?
Answer:
“This circumstance” is the death of the mother. This fact is as true and as real as the one that her mother had experienced, on the beach. Both the situations are now a memory of the past. The first is a memory of the mother’s past and the second of the poet’s past.

Question 7.
The three stanzas depict three different phases. What are they?
Answer:
The first stanza is the poet’s description of the photograph that had been captured from her mother’s childhood. The second stanza deals with recollections. The mother’s recollection of her childhood just as the poet recalls her mother who is now dead. The third stanza philosophises death and the transience of life.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Snapshots Chapter 4 Albert Einstein at School

January 5, 2022June 18, 2021 by Prasanna

Here we are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Snapshots Chapter 4 Albert Einstein at School. Students can get Class 11 English Albert Einstein at School NCERT Solutions, Questions and Answers designed by subject expert teachers.

Albert Einstein at School NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Snapshots Chapter 4

Albert Einstein at School NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you understand of Einstein’s nature from his conversations with his history teacher, his mathematics teacher and the head teacher?
Answer:
Albert Einstein was an intelligent student but was not good at rote learning of dates and facts in history. However, only his mathematics teacher acknowledged his brilliance. Young Albert Einstein hated learning dates and facts by heart. This forever displeased Mr Braun, his history teacher.

Einstein explained his desire to know the reason a battle is fought, rather than remember its date. Mr Braun taunted him by calling his views the “Einstein theory of education” and punished him by detaining him for an extra period at school.

Albert’s brilliance was recognised by his mathematics teacher, Mr Koch, who accepted Einstein’s superiority of knowledge over his own. He gave Einstein a “glowing reference” to aid him continue his higher education. However, his principal clearly did not recognise his merit and expelled him from school. He accused Einstein of disrupting the class and of not making an effort to learn.

Question 2.
The school system often curbs individual talents. Discuss.
Answer:
Hint
1. If no

It often advances by giving opportunities in co-curricular and extra-curricular activities
Different options for different aptitudes
Offers subject choices/options that help develop the talent a student may not know she/he possesses
Encourages interaction

2. If yes

Examination system thrust on learning
Teacher student ratio often does not permit individual attention
Time bound classes/specific syllabi permits adherence to standard procedures
Facilities to cater to individual choices may not be permissible due to lack of resources

Question 3.
How do you distinguish between information gathering and insight formation?
Answer:
Gathering information: Gathering information, generally means, sorting out facts that are relevant to your work. It is usually a passive process and involves a lower level of understanding. It is more of a mechanical process based on the memorisation of facts.

Insight formation: This is a more complex process by which the actual learning occurs. The learner assimilates facts, and based on the acquired knowledge, is able to develop a better understanding of herself/himself, her/his world, and the people in her/his life. Insight formation comprises three ‘primary processes’:

information reception or perception,
encoding or interpretation, and
recall and use.