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CBSE Class 9 History Chapter 3 Extra Questions Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science SST History Chapter 3 Nazism and the Rise of Hitler.

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NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was Helmuth?
Answer:
Helmuth, was an eleven-year-old German boy who overheard his parent’s discussion on whether the entire family should be killed or only his father should commit suicide.

Question 2.
Who was Helmuth’s father?
Answer:
Helmuth’s father was a Nazi and supporter of Adolf Hitler.

Question 3.
‘Nazism was a system.’ Explain.
Answer:
Nazism did not consist of few isolated acts. It was a structure of ideas about the world and politics.

Question 4.
Who was Goebbels? How did Hitler and Goebbels meet their end?
Answer:
Goebbels was the propaganda minister of Hitler. They, along with Goebbels’ family committed suicide collectively in Hitler’s Berlin bunker in April 1945.

Question 5.
Why was International Military Tribunal set up at Nuremberg, at the end of the war?
Answer:
The International Military Tribunal was set up at Nuremberg by the Allies to prosecute Nazi war criminals for Crimes against Peace, for War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity.

Question 6.
Name the countries which formed the Axis Powers during the Second World War.
Answer:
Germany, Italy and Japan formed the Axis Powers.

Question 7.
Explain ‘genocidal war’.
Answer:
Genocidal war means killing on large scale, leading to elimination of large section of people.

Question 8.
How did Nazis kill the innocent people?
Answer:
They devised an unprecedented means of killing people, i.e., by gassing them in numerous killing centres like Auschwitz

Question 9.
What was the attitude of the Allied Powers at the Nuremberg Tribunal?
Answer:
The Nuremberg Tribuanl sentenced only eleven leading Nazis to death. Many were imprisoned for life. The Allies had a lenient attitude towards Germany. The Allies did not want to be harsh on Germany, as they were after the First World War.

Question 10.
Name the countries which formed the Allied powers.
Answer:
At the beginning of the second world war, Allied powers were led by U.K. and France. In 1941 they were joined by USSR and USA.

Question 11.
What was the result of First World War for Germany?
Answer:
Germany and the central powers were defeated in November 1918. Germany had to sign the humiliating Treaty of Versailles.

Question 12.
What events made an opportunity for parliamentary parties to recast German polity?
Answer:
The defeat of imperial Germany and abdication of the emperor (Kaiser) led to recast German polity.

Question 13.
What was the nature of the government formed in Germany at Weimar?
Answer:
The government formed at Weimar was a democratic republic.

Question 14.
How were the deputies elected under the Weimar constitution?
Answer:
Deputies were elected to the German parliament or Reichstag on the basis of equal and universal votes cast by all adults including women.

Question 15.
Why was the Weimar Republic not received well by its own people?
Answer:
The Weimar Republic was not received well by its own people because of the terms it had to accept after Germany’s defeat at the end of the First World War. The Treaty of Versailles with the Allies was a harsh and humiliating peace.

Question 16.
Name the peace treaty signed by Germany with the Allies at the end of the First World War.
Answer:
The Treaty of Versailles was signed between Germany and the Allied Powers at the end of the war.

Question 17.
What was the War Guilt clause in the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer:
The War Guilt clause, in the Treaty of Versailles held Germany responsible for the War and damages suffered by the Allied Powers.

Question 18.
Who were mockingly called the ‘November criminals’?
Answer:
Socialists, Catholics and Democrats were called the ‘November Criminals’.

Question 19.
‘The media glorified trench life’. What was the actual truth about trench life?
Answer:
Although the media glorified trench life, the soldiers lived a miserable life, trapped with rats feeding on corpses. They faced poisonous gas and enemy shelling.

Question 20.
Who founded the Communist Party of Germany?
Answer:
The Spartacists founded the Communist Party of Germany.

Question 21.
Mention the reason for economic crises in 1923.
Answer:
Germany depended largely on loans for fighting in wars and for this they had to pay war reparations in gold.

Question 22.
What steps were taken by the French when Germany refused to pay its gold reserves in 1923?
Answer:
French occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr, to claim their coal when Germany refused to pay its reparation payment in 1923.

Question 23.
What do you mean by hyperinflation?
Answer:
It is a situation when prices rise phenomenally high. For instances, Germans paid cartloads of currency notes to buy a loaf of bread.

Question 24.
Why did USA introduce the Dawes Plan?
Answer:
Germany did not pay reparation payments to France, which occupied Ruhr. Germany resisted and printed paper currency. The value of German mark gradually fell. The Americans intervened and introduced the Dawes Plan, which reworked the terms of reparation payment to ease the financial burden on Germany.

Question 25.
What is Wall Street Exchange?
Answer:
It is the name of the world’s biggest stock exchange. It is located in USA.

Question 26.
‘Small businessmen, self-employed and retailers were filled with the fear of proletarianisation’. Explain ‘proletarianisation’.
Answer:
It is a fear of being reduced to the ranks of the working class or be unemployed.

Question 27.
What is proportional representation?
Answer:
It is an electoral system in which each political group gains a number of seats in the legislature that is in proportion to the number of votes it wins.

Question 28.
What was Article 48 in the Weimar constitution?
Answer:
Article 48 in the Weimar constitution gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree.

Question 29.
Name the party renamed by Hitler.
Answer:
In 1919, Hitler joined a small group called German Workers’ Party. Subsequently, he took over the organisation and renamed it the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. This party later came to be known as the Nazi Party.

Question 30.
How did Nazism become a mass movement?
Answer:
During the Great Depression, Nazism became a mass movement because Nazi propaganda gave hopes of a better future. By 1932 it become the largest party with 37 per cent votes.

Question 31.
How did Hitler get the support of the Germans?
Answer:
Hitler was a very good orator, who could draw the attention of the people and impress them with his words. He promised to build a strong nation and wipe out the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles. He promised employment.

Question 32.
How was the Hitler projected by the Nazi propaganda?
Answer:
The Hitler was projected as a messiah, a saviour, as someone who arrived to deliver people from their distress.

Question 33.
When did President Hindenburg offer Chancellorship to Hitler? How did he use his powers?
Answer:
On 30 January 1933, President Hindenburg offered the Chancellorship to Hitler. It was the highest office in the cabinet of ministers. Hitler took steps to dismantle the structures of democratic rule.

Question 34.
What was the Fire Decree of 28 February 1933?
Answer:
The Fire Decree of 28 February 1933 suspended civic rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly for an indefinite period, which were guaranteed under the Weimar constitution.

Question 35.
Who were the arch-enemies of Hitler and the Nazis?
Answer:
The Communists were the arch-enemies of Hitler and the Nazi Party.

Question 36.
What was the Enabling Act (3 March 1933)?
Answer:
The Enabling Act, passed on 3 March 1933, established dictatorship in Germany. It gave Hitler all powers to rule by decree and without the consent of the Parliament.

Question 37.
What was ‘Gestapo’?
Answer:
Gestapo was the secret state police. People could be detained in Gestapo torture chambers and then sent to concentration camps, deported at will or arrested without any legal procedures.

Question 38.
Who was given the responsibility of economic recovery by Hitler? What was his aim?
Answer:
Hitler assigned the responsibility of economic recovery to the economist Hjalmar Schacht, who aimed at full production and full employment through a state-funded work-creation programme.

Question 39.
What was produced under the project of state-funded work-creation programme?
Answer:
This project produced the famous German superhighways and the people’s car, the Volkswagen.

Question 40.
Name the country occupied by Germany under the’ slogan ‘One people, One Empire and One Leader’.
Answer:
Under the above slogan Austria and Germany integrated in 1938 by Hilter.

Question 41.
Why did the England provide an unspoken support to German’s foreign policy?
Answer:
England considered the Versailles verdict too harsh so it provided an unspoken support to the Germans.

Question 42.
How did the Second World War start?
Answer:
In September, Germany invaded Poland. This started the war with England and France.

Question 43.
Why did Hitler conquer Eastern Europe?
Answer:
Hitler conquered Eastern Europe because he wanted to ensure food supply and living space for Germans.

Question 44.
Why was the attack on Soviet Union, a historic blunder?
Answer:
The attack on Soviet Union in June 1941 was a historic blunder because it exposed German western front to British aerial bombing and the eastern front to the powerful Soviet armies.

Question 45.
Name the place where Soviet Red Army inflicted a crushing defeat on Germany.
Answer:
The Soviet Red Army inflicted a crushing and humiliating defeat on Germany at Stalingrad.

Question 46.
Why did USA enter the Second World War?
Answer:
Japan was expanding its power in the east and had captured French Indo-China and was planning attacks on US naval bases in the Pacific. When Japan attacked the US base at Pearl Harbor, the US entered the Second World War.

Question 47.
How did the Second World War end?
Answer:
The Second World War ended in May 1945 with Hitler’s defeat and dropping of the atom bomb on Hiroshima in Japan by USA.

Question 48.
What was Hitler’s worldview?
Answer:
Hitler’s worldview was synonymous with Nazi ideology According to this ideology, there was no equality between people but only a racial hierarchy.

Question 49.
Name two thinkers who influenced the racial ideology of Hitler.
Answer:
The two thinkers were Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer.

Question 50.
Explain ‘Lebensraum’.
Answer:
‘Lebensraum’ or living space. Hitler believed that new territories had to be acquired for settlement.

Question 51.
How did Hitler’s ideology was related to the geopolitical concept of ‘Lebensraum’ or living space?
Answer:
Hitler believed that new territories would increase the area of mother country. It would increase the material resources and power of the German nation.

Question 52.
Mention the reason for Nazi hatred for Jews.
Answer:
The Nazi hatred had a precursor in the traditional Christian hostility. Jews had been stereotyped as killers of Christ and usurers.

Question 53.
What was General Government in Poland?
Answer:
Nazis divided occupied Poland into two parts. Much of north-western Poland was annexed to Germany. The other part was called General Government. All ‘undesirables’ were sent to this part where they were killed in gas chambers. Large number of Jews were killed.

Question 54.
How were the Polish children treated by the Nazis?
Answer:
Polish children who looked like Aryans were examined by race experts. It they passed the race test they were sent to German families, if not they were sent to the orphanages, where they died.

Question 55.
What was the distinguishing mark which all Jews had to wear from September 1941?
Answer:
From September 1941, all Jews had to wear a yellow Star of David, on their breasts. It was also stamped on their passports, all legal documents and houses.

Question 56.
From September 1941 all Jews had to wear a yellow Star of David on their breast. Why?
Answer:
Jews had to wear a yellow Star of David, so that they could be segregated from the German population. This mark was also stamped on their passports, legal documents and houses.

Question 57.
What is a ghetto?
Answer:
It was a part of the city, where the Jews lived eg. Lodz and Warsaw. It became a site of extreme misery and poverty.

Question 58.
Name any two ghettos.
Answer:
The two Ghettos are Lodz and Warsaw.

Question 59.
Which sport, according to Hitler, made children iron-hearted, strong and masculine?
Answer:
Hitler believed that boxing could make children iron-hearted, strong and masculine.

Question 60.
What were the Honour crosses awarded to the mothers?
Answer:
To encourage German women to produce more children, they were given Honour awards—bronze cross was given for four children, a silver cross for six and gold for eight or more children.

Question 61.
What was mass killing? For whom were the words final solution used?
Answer:
It was termed as special treatment. Final solution was used for the Jews.

Question 62.
What were disinfection areas?
Answer:
The gas chambers were called disinfection areas. They looked like bathrooms fitted with fake showerheads.

Question 63.
What did the term evacuation mean?
Answer:
It meant taking people to the gas chambers.

Question 64.
What was Holocaust?
Answer:
The Nazi killing operations were called Holocaust.

Question 65.
Name the most infamous film about the Jews.
Answer:
The most infamous film was The Eternal Jew.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 66.
State the verdict of the Nuremberg Tribunal. Why did the Allies avoid harsh punishment to Germany? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The Nuremberg Tribunal convicted Germany and dubbed its conduct during war as crime against humanity. The allies avoided harsh punishment to Germany because of the following reasons.
(a) They did not want to repeat the mistakes done after First World War by being harsh to Germany that gave rise to the ideology of Nazism under Hitler.
(b) They were conscious about another destructive war that could erase humanity.

Question 67.
“The TVeaty of Versailles was humiliating on the Germans.” Give three examples in support of your statement. [HOTS]
Answer:
The Treaty of Versailles was humiliating on the Germans in the following ways.
(a) The War Guilt clause held Germany responsible for the war and damages, the Allied countries suffered.
(b) Germany was forced to pay compensation amounting to £ 6 billion.
(c) Germany lost her overseas possessions, 13 per cent of her territories, 75 per cent of its iron and 26 per cent of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.

Question 68.
‘The Weimar constitution had some inherent defects.’ Explain.
Answer:
The Weimar constitution had some inherent defects, which made the government weak and unstable and vulnerable to dictatorship. The defects were:
(a) Proportional representation: It became impossible for any one political party to achieve a majority, leading to coalition government.
(b) Article 48: It gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree.
Within a short period Weimar Republic saw twenty different cabinets lasting 239 days on an average. People no longer had faith in the democratic parliamentary system.

Question 69.
State three ways in which Nazi state established total control over its people. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The Nazi state established total control over its people by the following ways.
(a) The Enabling Act 1933 established dictatorship in Germany. All trade unions and political parties were banned except for the Nazi Party.
(b) The state established total control over the economy, media, army and judiciary.
(c) Special surveillance and security forces were created to control society in the ways that Nazis Wanted.

Question 70.
How did the Nazi state get the reputation as the most dreaded criminal state?
Answer:
Special surveillance and security forces were created to keep a close watch on the activities of the people and to control and order society in the ways that Nazi wanted. Apart from regular police force and SA or the Storm Troopers, there was the Gestapo (secret state police), the SS (the protection squads), the criminal police and the Security Service (SD) the new organised forces enjoyed extra-constitutional powers. These dreaded organisation and their workings gave the Nazi state the reputation of the most dreaded criminal state. People could be detained in torture chambers and sent to concentration camps or arrested and detained without any legal procedures.

Question 71.
‘By the end of 1940, Hitler was at the pinnacle of his power.’ Explain the statement with examples. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
(a) In foreign policy, Hitler acquired quick successes. He left the League of Nations, reoccupied Rhineland, annexed Austria, took German-speaking Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia and finally the whole country.
(b) In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. It started the war with England and France. Puppet governments who supported Hitler were set up in many parts of Europe.
(c) In September 1940, Hitler signed a Tripartite pact with Italy and Japan to strengthen his claim to international power.

Question 72.
What was Hitler’s aim in conquering Eastern Europe? What was its result?
Answer:
Hitler wanted to conquer Eastern Europe because he wanted to ensure food supplies and living space for the Germans. He attacked Soviet Union in June 1941. The Red Army inflicted a humiliating defeat on Germany. It was a historic blunder on the part of Germany. Her western frontiers were exposed to British aerial bombing and eastern frontier to the soviet army. The soviet army established its control over the entire Eastern Europe.

Question 73.
‘The Nazis established a racial state, once they come to power.’ Explain.
Or
How the Nazi established a racial state after coming into power?
Answer:
Once the Nazis come to power, they wanted to create an exclusive racial community of pure Germans and eliminating those who were seen as ‘undesirables’. They wanted a society of pure and healthy Nordic Aryans. They were considered as ‘desirables’. It meant even those Germans, who were seen as impure or abnormal had no right, to exist. „
Jews were not the only community who were classified as ‘undesirables’. Many gypsies and blacks living in Nazi Germany were considered as racial inferiors and threatened the purity of the Aryan race. They were widely persecuted. Even Russians and Poles were considered as subhuman. Many of them died through hard work and starvation.

Question 74.
Mention the communities termed as ‘desirables’ and ‘undesirables’ by the Nazis. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The ‘desirables’ included blond, blue-eyed, Nordic German Aryans. He wanted a society of pure
and healthy Nordic Aryans.
The ‘undesirables’ included many gypsies, blacks, Jews remained the worst sufferers. Even those ‘ Germans who were seen as impure or abnormal had no right to live. Under the Euthanasia Programme they were condemned to death. Even Germans who were mentally and physically unfit were put to death.

Question 75.
Why did Helmuth’s father shoot himself?
Answer:
Helmuth’s father was a prominent physician and had been a Nazi and a supporter of Adolf Hitler. Germans, who were seen as impure or abnormal, were ‘undesirables’ and had no right to exist under the Euthanasia Programme. Helmuth’s father along with other physicians and officials had condemned to death many Germans who were considered as mentally and physically unfit. They knew that the Allies would take revenge. So he shot himself in his office.

Question 76.
Define genocidal war. Mention any two methods adopted for extermination of Jews. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
Genocidal war means killing on large scale leading to the destruction of large sections of people.
The following two methods were adopted for the extermination of Jews.
(a) Passing them through gas chambers in various killing centres like Auschwitz, Treblinka, Sobibor.
(b) They were kept in ghettos. Ghettos were sites of extreme poverty and misery. Jews had to surrender all their wealth before they entered the ghetto. Soon after, some were brimming with hunger, starvation and disease due to poor hygiene.

Question 77.
How was Nazi ideology taught to the youth in Germany? Explain. [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
(a) Nazi ideology was taught to the youth in school. School textbooks were rewritten. These books
justified Nazi ideas of racism. Hitler believed that boxing could make children iron-hearted, strong and masculine.
(b) Youth organisations like Jangvolk, Hitler Youth, Youth league and Labour Services were made responsible for educating German youth in the spirit National socialism or Nazism.
(c) The German mothers had to teach Nazi values to their children.

Question 78.
How did the common people react to Nazism?
Answer:
Common People reacted to Nazism in different ways.
(a) One group of Germans were influence by Nazi thinking they felt hatred and anger when they saw someone who looked like a Jew. They marked the houses of the Jews and reported them suspicious neighbours.
(b) Many Germans organised active resistance against Nazism and faced death.
(c) The third group of Germans were passive spectators, they were scared to act or protest.

Question 79.
Who wrote the book ‘Third Reich of Dreams’? What did the author describe in the book? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
Charlotte Beradt secretly recorded people’s dreams in her diary and later published them in a book called the Third Reich of Dreams. She wrote how Jews themselves began to believe in Nazi stereotypes about them. They dreamt of hooked noses, black hair and eyes. These images troubled them in their dreams. Finally, they died in the gas chambers

Question 80.
Describe the events which happened in 1945 when Germany surrendered to Allies. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
(a) In May 1945 Germany surrendered to the Allies. Hitler and his propaganda minister Goebbels and his family committed suicide in his Berlin bunker.
(b) As the Allied armies overran the areas, occupied by Nazi Germany, they came across many concentration camps where people were on the last stage of their life.
(c) When the war seemed lost, the Nazi leaders distributed petrol to their subordinates to destroy all evidences available in the offices.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 81.
What was the impact of First World War on European and German society? [HOTS]
Answer:
The First World War left a deep impact on European and German society and polity.
(a) Financially, Europe which was a continent of creditors turned into one of debtors.
(b) Soldiers were placed above civilians. Politicians and publicists wanted men to be aggressive, strong and masculine. Aggressive propaganda was carried out.
(c) Democracy which was a new idea could not survive during interwar Europe.
(d) The Weimar Republic, formed in Germany after the war, had to accept war guilt and national humiliation. It had to make reparation payments which made Germany financially crippled.
(e) Media glorified trench life against the truth in which soldiers were leading a miserable life.

Question 82.
What was the economic crisis of 1923? How did it affect Germany?
Answer:
(a) Germany had fought the war largely on loans and had to make reparation payments in gold. This depleted gold reserves and resources were scarce.
(b) In 1923 Germany refused to pay, and the French retaliated by occupying the Ruhr, to claim their coal.
Germany protested and printed paper currency. With too much money in circulation, the value of German mark fell. In April, the US dollar was equal to 24000 marks, in July 353,000 marks, in August 4621,000 marks. By December figure had run into trillion. As the value of the mark declined the prices of goods started rising. This crisis came to be known as hyperinflation.

Question 83.
Highlight the five events of 1933 that led to the destruction of democracy in Germany. [CBSE 2016]
Or
Explain any five features of political policy adopted by Hitler after coming to power in 1933. [CBSE 2015]
Or
How was democracy destroyed in Germany?
Answer:
The events of 1933 that led to the destruction of democracy in Germany are as follows.
(a) On 30 January 1933 President Hindenburg gave the Chancellorship, the highest position in cabinet to Hitler. Hitler now tried to dismantle the structure of democratic rule.
(b) A mysterious fire broke out in German Parliament which facilitated his move.
(c) The Fire Decree of 27 February 1933 indefinitely suspended civic rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly that had been granted by the Weimar republic.
(d) Communists, who were the enemies of Hitler were sent to the concentration camps.
(e) On 3 March, Enabling Act was passed. It established dictatorship in Germany. Hitler
could rule without the consent of the parliament. All political parties and trade unions were banned except the Nazi Party. The state had full control over media, army and judiciary.

Question 84.
What was the foreign policy of Hitler?
Answer:
As soon as Hitler came to power, he took the following action as part of his foreign policy.
(a) Germany left the League of Nations in 1933.
(b) Hitler reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936.
(c) He annexed Austria in 1938 under the slogan one people, one empire and one leader.
(d) He annexed Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia and then the whole country.
(e) Hitler chose war as the way to solve economic crisis. Territories had to be expanded for collection of resources. In September 1939, Poland was invaded and it started the Second World War. In 1940, Tripartite Pact was signed between Germany, Italy and Japan.
Puppet governments, who supported Nazi Germany, were installed in large parts of Europe.

Question 85.
How did the Nazis proceed to realise their murderous racial ideology by eliminating the ‘undesirables’? Explain. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The Nazis proceeded to realise their murderous racial ideology by eliminating the undesirables in
the following manner.
(a) Jews remained the worst sufferers in Nazi Germany. From 1933-1938 Jewish business was boycotted, they were expelled from government services and their property was confiscated. From 1939-1945 the Jews were kept in ghettos, in extreme poverty and misery and eventually they were killed in gas chambers.
(b) Germany occupied the north-western Poland. Poles were forced to leave their homes and property, to be occupied by ethnic Germans. Poles were then sent to the final destination of the ‘undesirables’.
(c) Members of Polish intelligentsia were murdered in large number in order to keep the entire people intellectually servile.
(d) Polish children who looked like Aryans were forcibly snatched and examined by race experts. If they passed the test, they were raised in German families and if not they were sent to orphanages, most of them died.
(e) Poland had some of the largest ghettos and gas chambers where Jews were killed.

Question 86.
What were the steps taken against the Jews between 1933-1939?
Answer:
The steps taken against the Jews between 1933-39 are as follows. The Nuremberg Laws of Citizenship of September 1935 was passed which had following clauses.
(a) Only people of Germans or related blood would be called Germans, enjoying the protection of the state.
(b) Marriages between Jews and Germans were prohibited.
(c) It was a crime to have extramarital relations between Jews and Germans.
(d) Jews could not fly the national flag.
Other legal measures included:
(a) Boycott of Jewish business
(b) Jews were expelled from government services.
(c) Their property was forcibly confiscated.

Question 87.
Why was Hitler interested in the youth of the country?
Answer:
(a) Hitler was interested in the youth of the country. He believed a strong Nazi society could be established by teaching Nazi ideology.
(b) All schools were cleansed and purified. It meant that all Jew teachers were considered as politically unreliable and were dismissed. German and Jew children could neither set together or play together. Finally the ‘undesirable children’, the Jews, the physically and mentally handicapped and Gypsies were expelled. Finally they were taken to the gas chambers.
(c) Good German children underwent a process of Nazi schooling. School textbooks were re-written and racial science was introduced. Children were taught to hate Jews and worship Hitler. Even sports developed a spirit of aggression and violence among children. Hitler believed that boxing could make children iron-hearted.
(d) Youth organisation were made responsible for educating German youths.

Question 88.
How were youth organisation made responsible for education German youth in the spirit of National socialism?
Answer:
The youth organisations were made responsible for educating German youth in the following ways.
(a) Ten-year-olds had to enter Jungvolk.
(b) At 14 all boys had to join the Nazi youth organisation Hitler Youth. There they learnt to glorify war and aggression, and condemn the Jews, Gypsies, communists and all those who came under the undesirable category.
(c) At the age of 18, they joined the Labour Service. They had to serve in the armed forces and join one of the Nazi organisation.
(d) The Youth League was founded in 1922. It was renamed Hitler Youth.
(e) All other youth organisations were dissolved.

Question 89.
How was Nazi Germany’s Art of Propaganda responsible for establishing total control over its people?
Answer:
Nazi Germany’s Art of Propaganda was responsible for establishing total control over its people in the following ways.
(a) Hitler was skillfully projected as a messiah, a savior and someone who could deliver Germans from their distress.
(b) Language and media were used with great care to win support for the rule and popularise it worldview. Visual images, propaganda films, posters, catchy slogans, leaflets, etc. were used to spread Nazi ideas.
(c) People’s minds were worked, their emotions were tapped and their hatred and anger was turned towards the so-called ‘undesirables’.
(d) Equal efforts were made to appeal all sections of the population and win their support by suggesting that only Nazis could solve their problems and give a dignified place to live in.
(e) The education curriculum was also crafted in a way that highlighted the supremacy of Nazi ideology. Stereotypes about the Jews were popularised through subjects like mathematics and children were taught to hate Jews.

Question 90.
Describe the reaction of masses against Nazi barbarities.
Answer:
The reaction of the masses against Nazi barbarities were:
(a) Not every German was a Nazi. Many people resisted Nazism even facing police repressions and death.
(b) Many people were passive onlookers, they were too scared to act, to differ or protest so, they stayed away. Ordinary Germans observed silence on the on-going process of brutality.
(c) Some secretly recorded the horrors.
(d) Many Jews began to believe in the stereotypes popularised about them.

Question 91.
Mention five consequences of Nazism in Germany. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The consequences of Nazism in Germany were:
(a) Weimar Republic came to an end. Under Nazism, Germany became a dictatorial state, democracy was destroyed.
(b) Hitler assigned the responsibility of economic recovery to the economist Hjalmar Schacht. He aimed at full production and full employment through state-funded work-creation programme. This project produced the famous German highways and peoples car Volkswagen.
(c) In foreign policy, Germany left the League of Nations in 1933, reoccupied Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938. He then took Sudentenland, a part of Czechoslovakia and finally took the whole country.
(d) Special surveillance and security forces were created to control and order society in ways Nazi wanted.
(e) He believed in the survival of the fittest and established an exclusive racial community of pure Aryans.

Question 92.
(a) The Nazi regime used language and media with care, and often to great effect the terms they coined to describe their various activities are not only deceptive. They are chilling. Explain.
(b) Explain Annihilation.
Answer:
(a) Nazis never used the words ‘kill’ or ‘murder’ in their official communications.
Special treatment meant mass killing, final solution for the Jews, euthanasia for the disabled. Evacuation meant deporting people to gas chambers, gas chambers were called disinfection-areas. They looked like bathrooms with fake showerheads.
(b) Annihilation was the stage from 1941 onwards which states that Jews had no right to live. Jews from Jewish houses, concentration camps and ghettos from different parts of Europe were brought to death factories by goods trains. The most notorious concentration camps in Poland and other places were Auschwitz, Belzek, Sobibor, Treblinka, Chelmno and Majdanek. They were charred in gas chambers.

Map Skills

Question 93.
Seven features are marked on the outline map of world. Identify these features with the help of following information and write their correct names.
A. Axis powers
B. Allied Powers
Answer:

A. Axis powers: A. Germany, B. Italy, C. Japan
B. Allied Powers: D. UK, E. France, F. Former USSR, G. USA.

Question 94.
Locate and label the following territories under German expansion (Nazi Power).
(a) Austria
(b) Poland
(c) Slovakia
(d) Denmark
(e) Lithuania
(f) France
(g) Belgium.
Answer:

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NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers Peasants and Farmers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the British agricultural revolution?
Answer:
The British agricultural revolution was a process of agricultural developments in Britain between 16th century and mid-18th century which saw a massive increase in agricultural production and net output.

Question 2.
How did the introduction of threshing machines improve agriculture?
Answer:
The introduction of threshing machines improved agriculture by improving efficiency and reducing costs.

Question 3.
Why peasants protested against the threshing machines?
Answer:
The peasants were against the threshing machines because these machines deprived the workmen of their livelihood.

Question 4.
How were the suspects of rioting and threatening the farmers dealt with by the government?
Answer:
The suspects of rioting were tried, prisoned, hanged and even deported to Australia.

Question 5.
Why was common land essential for the survival of the poor in England? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The common land supplemented the meagre income of the poor, sustained their cattle and helped in times when their crops failed.

Question 6.
What did the enclosure imply?
Answer:
The enclosure implied a piece of land enclosed from all sides.

Question 7.
Why was the land enclosed in the 16th century in England?
Answer:
The land was enclosed in the 16th century in England for sheep farming.

Question 8.
What was the attitude of the British Parliament towards the enclosure movement?
Answer:
The early enclosures were not supported by the state but by mid-18th century, a number of enclosure acts, were passed legalising enclosures.

Question 9.
What encouraged the landowners of England to enclose large lands?
Answer:
England was at war with France which restricted the import of food grains from Europe. This resulted in rapid increase in the prices of food grains which encouraged the large landowners in England to enclose large lands.

Question 10.
What makes the period after 1780s different from any earlier period in English history?
Answer:
Earlier, increased population faced food shortages. After 1780s, production of food grains matched the growing population.

Question 11.
Why did the price of food grains rise in the 18th century in England? [CBSE 2016,2015]
Answer:
As the urban population in England grew, the market for food grains expanded, and when demand increased rapidly, food grains prices rose sharply .

Question 12.
What led to the increase in food grain production in England in the later 18th century?
Answer:
Increase in food grain production in England was not due to bringing large areas under cultivation.

Question 13.
Why did farmers undertake cultivation of turnip and clover in 1660s?
Answer:
Farmers undertook cultivation of turnip and clover because these crops helped enhance the fertility of the soil by increasing the nitrogen content of the soil. Turnip was also a good fodder relished by cattle.

Question 14.
Which practice disappeared by 1800, drastically changing the lives of the labourers?
Answer:
The practice that disappeared by 1800, drastically changing the lives of the labourers was that the labourers lived with landowners, ate with their masters and helped them throughout the year doing various jobs.

Question 15.
What were the occupations of Native Americans?
Answer:
The Native Americans lived by hunting, gathering and fishing. Others cultivated corn, beans, tobacco and pumpkin.

Question 16.
Who was the President of USA in 1800?
Answer:
Thomas Jefferson was the President of USA in 1800.

Question 17.
Why did the White settlers want to push away the Indian Americans from their lands?
Answer:
The White settlers wanted to push away the Indian Americans from their lands because of the following reasons:
(a) The land possessed by the Indians could be turned into cultivated fields.
(b) Forest timber could be exported, animals hunted for skins, mountains mined for gold and minerals.

Question 18.
How were the Indian Americans pushed westward by the settlers?
Answer:
The methods used by the settlers to oust the Indian Americans were:
(a) Numerous wars in which Indians were massacred and many villages burnt.
(b) After defeat, the Indian Americans were forced to sign treaties to give up their lands’and move westwards.

Question 19.
Between 1820-1850 in which area did the Indian Americans settle down?
Answer:
Between 1820-1850, the Indian Americans settled down in the Mississippi Valley.

Question 20.
Name the US President who said “Plant more wheat, wheat will win the war”.
Answer:
It was President Wilson who said “Plant more wheat, wheat will win the war”.

Question 21.
Who invented the mechanical reaper in 1831?
Answer:
Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper in 1831.

Question 22.
In 1831, Cyrus McCormick invented the first mechanical reaper. What was its most important advantage?
Answer:
The most important advantage of the first mechanical reaper, invented by Cyrus McCormick, was that it could harvest 500 acres of wheat in just two weeks.

Question 23.
Why were the new machines welcomed by the big farmers of the Great Plains?
Answer:
The big farmers of the Great Plains welcomed the new machines because these machines allowed clearing large tracts of land, breaking soil, removing grass and prepare land for cultivation quickly with ease.

Question 24.
Why did the Great Agrarian Depression in USA take place? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The Great Agrarian Depression took place in USA because of the overproduction of wheat.

Question 25.
Why did the ordinary duststorm take the form of Black Blizzard in US Plains in the 1930s?
Answer:
The ordinary duststorm took the form of Black Blizzard because the entire ploughed landscape was stripped of all grass.

Question 26.
What did the settlers of the Great Plains realise after the 1930s?
Answer:
The settlers of the Great Plains realised after the 1930s that they had to respect the ecological conditions of each region.

Question 27.
In the 19th century which were the two major commercial crops India produced for the world market?
Answer:
In the 19th century indigo and opium were the two major commercial crops that India produced for world market.

Question 28.
What items were imported by the English East India Company from China?
Answer:
The items of import by the English East India Company from China were silk and tea.

Question 29.
Why were the Confucian rulers of China, the Manchus, suspicious of all foreign merchants?
Answer:
The Manchus were suspicious of all foreign merchants because they feared that they would interfere in local politics and disrupt their authority.

Question 30.
Why the war between Britain and China (1837-1842) was called the Opium War?
Answer:
The war was called the Opium War because the primary cause of war was the British illegal trade in Opium.

Question 31.
Who introduced opium into China in the 16th century?
Answer:
The Portuguese introduced opium into China in the 16th century.

Question 32.
What was Chinese Emperor’s order about the use of opium in China?
Answer:
As per the orders of the Chinese Emperor, the production and sale of opium, except for medicinal purposes, was forbidden.

Question 33.
In 1839, who was sent by the Emperor to Canton as a Special Commissioner to stop the opium trade?
Answer:
In 1839, the Chinese Emperor sent Lin Ze-xu as a Special Commissioner to Canton to stop the opium trade to China.

Question 34.
Why did the British have a negative balance of payment with China?
Answer:
The British traders had a negative balance of payment with China because while tea became-popular in Britain, England in the late 18th century produced nothing which they could export to China i.e., persuade the Chinese to buy.

Question 35.
What financed the tea purchased from China by the British?
Answer:
The returns from opium sale to China financed the tea purchased from China by the British.

Question 36.
To which country was opium from India exported?
Answer:
The opium from India was exported to China.

Question 37.
What is a maund? How many seers are there in 1 maund?
Answer:
Maund is a measure of weight. In 1 maund there are 40 seers. 1 seer is a little under a kg.

Question 38.
How were the unwilling Indian cultivators convinced to produce opium?
Answer:
The system of advances was adopted by the British to convince the unwilling Indian cultivators to produce opium.

Question 39.
Why were Indian farmers pressurised to grow commercial crops?
Answer:
Indian farmers were pressurised to grow commercial crops to feed the growing urban population of Europe and to meet the growing raw material needs of the mills of Lanchashire and Manchester in England.

Question 40.
Why were the peasants tempted to take advances to produce opium?
Answer:
The peasants were tempted to take advances to produce opium because it supplemented their immediate needs and pay back the loans.

Question 41.
What conditions were imposed on the peasants who took advance?
Answer:
Those who took advance were supposed to grow opium on a specified area and hand over the produce to the British agents at the decided cost which was often very low.

Question 42.
Why was the government offer low price of the opium to the peasants?
Answer:
The government offered low price of the opium to the peasants to keep the cost of production low and sell it at a high price to earn more and more profit.

Question 43.
What were the travelling traders called?
Answer:
The travelling traders were called pykars.

Question 44.
Why was the opium production increasing outside the British territories?
Answer:
The opium production was increasing outside the British territories because the local traders were offering higher prices to the peasants.

Question 45.
How was the government monopoly of production and sale of opium maintained?
Answer:
The government monopoly of production and sale of opium was maintained by confiscating and destroying the opium produced outside the British territories by the British agents.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 46.
Why were the poor farmers of England against the threshing machines? What was the Captain Swing Movement?
Answer:
The poor farmers of England were against the threshing machines because they felt the threshing machines would replace people and deprive them of their livelihood and render them jobless. Captain Swing Movement was a movement by rioters against the use of the threshing machines. Captain Swing was a mythical name used in threatening letters warning the landlords to stop the use of threshing machines.

Question 47.
‘Over the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English countryside changed dramatically.’ Explain.
Answer:
Earlier large parts of English countryside were open with no private ownership of land. Every year at a public meeting the strips of land were distributed among the villagers so that each villager got
‘ a mix of good and bad land. Apart from this, all villagers had access to common lands where they ‘ could pasture their cattle, collect fuel wood and fruits.
It was only after the mid-eighteenth century’ that the Enclosure Movement began at a rapid pace. It changed the English landscape forever. It was the time when population in England was rising.
Indistrialisation had also begun in Britain which attracted people to the urban areas. This increase in the urban population led to an increase in the demand and price for the foodgrains. The imports of foodgrains from Europe were disrupted as France was at war with England. This further increased the price of the foodgrains which encouraged English landowners to enclose land and raise the production. Seeing the profits accumulated, landowners pressurized the parliament to pass enclosure acts. This gave an impetus to enclosing countryside in England.

Question 48.
What were the open field system and the village commons?
Answer:
Before the eighteenth century, England countryside was open. Peasants cultivated the strips of land. There was no individual claim on the land. Every year at a public meeting, the strips were allocated to the villagers for cultivation. It was done so that every villager had the mixture of good and bad land. This was the open field system.
Away from this land was the common land that could be accessed by every villager. Here they could pasture their cattle, collect fuelwood, fruits and hunt animals. It was termed as village common. It supplemented the income of the poor in bad times.

Question 49.
How was the common land beneficial to the villages?
Answer:
The common land was beneficial to the villagers in a variety of ways:
All villagers had access to the commons. Here, they pastured their cows and grazed their sheep, collected fuel wood for fire and berries and fruits for food etc.
They did fishing in the rivers and ponds and hunted rabbits in common forests.
For the poor, the common land was essential for survival. It supplemented their meager income, sustained their cattle, and helped them tide over bad times when crops failed.

Question 50.
“In some parts of England, the economy of open fields and common lands started changing from about the sixteenth century”. Why?
Answer:
It was during the sixteenth century that the price of wool in the world market increased. To earn more profits, rich farmers sought to expand wool production by improving sheep breeds and providing good feed. For this, a large block of land was required. This made them divide and enclose common land. Villagers having cottages were displaced and prevented from entering the enclosed fields. Later in the mid-eighteenth century, increased demand for the food grains encouraged the farmers to expand cultivation. It led to large scale enclosing of the common lands.

Question 51.
What changes took place in England in the mid-eighteenth century?
Answer:
The following changes took place in England in the mid-eighteenth century.
(a) The English population increased rapidly. This meant an increased demand for food grains to feed the population.
(b) Britain at this time was industrialising. More and more people began to live and work in urban areas. Men from rural areas migrated to towns in search of jobs.
(c) As urban populations grew, the market for food grains expanded and when demand increased rapidly, food grain prices rose.

Question 52.
Discuss why the British Parliament passed the Enclosure Acts.
Answer:
The British Parliament passed the Enclosure Acts because of the following reasons.
(a) The Enclosure Movement progressed slowly till the middle of the eighteenth century. The early enclosures were usually created by individual landlords.
(b) They were not supported by the state or the Church.
(c) It was after the mid-eighteenth century that the Enclosure Movement swept through the countryside, changing the English landscape forever. Within the next hundreds years, 6 million acres of land was enclosed.
(d) The British Parliament no longer distanced itself from this progress and passed 4,000 Acts legalising these enclosures. (any three)

Question 53.
Why was there a frantic effort to enclose lands in Britain?
Answer:
There was a frantic effort to enclose lands in Britain because of the following reasons.
(a) From the mid-eighteenth century, the English population multiplied four times from 7 million in 1750 to 30 million in 1900.
(b) Britain was industrialising, more people began to live in urban areas, men from rural areas migrated to towns in search of jobs.
(c) As population grew, more food grains were needed, so land was enclosed.

Question 54.
Explain three factors which led to the Enclosure Movement in England after the mid-eighteenth century.
Or
Explain any three causes which led to the Enclosure Movement in England. [HOTS]
Answer:
The factors which led to the Enclosure Movement in England were:
(a) Rapid expansion of population in England.
(b) Increased demand for food grains to feed the growing population.
(c) War with France disrupted trade and import of food grains from Europe.
(d) Prices in England increased rapidly that encouraged landowners to enclose lands and enlarge the area under grain cultivation. (any three)

Question 55.
How was the period after 1780s different from any earlier period in English history?
Answer:
The period after 1780s was different from any earlier period in English history in the following ways. {a) Earlier population growth was followed by food shortages.
(b) Production could not match the demand.
(c) After 1780s grain production matched the growing population.
(d) Large areas were brought under cultivation to meet the growing demand. (any three)

Question 56.
Give any three positive results of enclosures on English agriculture.
Answer:
The following were the positive results of the enclosures on English agriculture:
(a) Enclosures helped bring new land under cultivation.
(b) Helped increase food production.
(c) Barren land was made cultivable by clearance of forests and marshes.

Question 57.
Give any three reasons for the increase in food production in the 19th century.
Answer:
Food production increased in 19th century because:
(a) More lands were brought under cultivation.
(b) Landlords sliced pasturelands and carved up open fields.
(c) Forest commons were cut up and marsh land was made suitable for cultivation.

Question 58.
Which innovations helped farmers to increase agricultural production in England?
Answer:
First new lands were brought under cultivation. Landlords sliced up pasture lands, carved up open fields, cut up forests, took over marshes. The farmers started growing turnips and clover as they discovered that these crops improved the soil and made it more fertile. Turnip was also a good fodder for the cattle. So they became part of the cropping system.
They also realised that nitrogen was important for crop growth. Turnip and clover restored the nitrogen and made the soil fertile again.

Question 59.
How did turnip and clover make the land fertile?
Answer:
Turnip and clover made the land fertile in the following ways.
(a) These crops had the capacity to increase the nitrogen content of the soil. Nitrogen was important for the growth of crop.
(b) Cultivation of the same soil over a few years depleted the nitrogen in the soil and reduced its fertility.
(c) By restoring nitrogen, turnip and clover made the soil fertile once again. Therefore, farmers in the early 19th century used the same method to improve agriculture on a more regular basis.

Question 60.
What were the benefits of enclosures to the rich landowners?
Answer:
The following were the benefits of the enclosures to the rich landowners.
(a) It was a long term investment on land.
(b) It allowed planning crop rotation to improve soil.
(c) It allowed expansion of land and increase production.

Question 61.
What was the effect of Enclosure Movement on landlords of England?
Answer:
The following were the effects of the Enclosure Movement on the landlords of England.
(a) The Enclosure Movement was instrumental in making the rich landlords richer by filling their pockets with profits.
(b) Landlords brought various changes in agricultural methods and technology.
(c) The richer farmers expanded grain production, sold this grain in the world market, made profits and became powerful.

Question 62.
Despite availability of labour, why did farmers invest in threshing machines?
Answer:
Rich farmers invested in threshing machines because of the following reasons.
(a) They feared shortage of labour due to Napoleonic Wars.
(b) Moreover they felt that the available labour was rude and prone to drinking.
(c) To reduce dependence on labour and increase efficiency.

Question 63.
“Coming of modern agriculture in England meant many different changes.” Explain. [HOTS]
Answer:
Coming of modern agriculture in England meant many changes.
(a) Open fields disappeared and customary rights of the peasants were undermined.
(b) Rich farmers expanded grain production, exported grains, made high profits and became economically and politically powerful.
(c) The poor were dislocated. They tramped in large numbers for jobs in the countryside and the cities.
(d) Their jobs became insecure and incomes unstable. (any three)

Question 64.
Explain three reasons for Captain Swing riots in English countryside.
Answer:
The following were the reasons for Captain Swing riots in English countryside.
(a) Enclosures deprived the poor of the use of the commons which was essential for their survival. The Enclosures barred them from pasteurising their cows, collecting fruits and berries, fuel wood, hunting small animals for food etc.,
(b) Landlords began cutting wages and retrenching workmen.
(c) Use of modern technique of agriculture like threshing machines, deprived workmen of their livelihood.

Question 65.
Discuss the factors that precipitated the Agricultural Depression. What were the consequences of this Depression? How was the Captain Swing Movement related to .this Depression?
Answer:
After the end of Napoleonic wars, thousands of soldiers returned to the villages. They needed alternative jobs to survive. But this was a time when grain from Europe began flowing into England, prices declined and an Agricultural Depression set in. Anxious landowners began reducing the area they cultivated and demanded that the exports of crops be stopped. They tried to cut wages and reduced the number of workmen they employed. The unemployed poor tramped from village to village, and those with uncertain jobs lived in fear of a loss of their livelihood. The Captain Swing riots spread in the countryside at this time. For the poor, the threshing machines had become sign of bad times.

Question 66.
How did the machines bring misery to the poor?
Answer:
The machines brought misery to the poor in the following ways.
(a) Many had bought the machines thinking that the profits would remain high.
(b) Those who had taken loans found it difficult to pay back their debts.
(c) Many of them deserted their farms and looked for jobs elsewhere.

Question 67.
Enclosures filled the pockets of landlords. What happened to the poor persons who depended on the commons for their survival?
Answer:
Enclosures filled the pockets of the rich landlords. When fences came up, the enclosed land became the property of one landowner. The poor could no longer collect apples and berries or hunt small animals for meat, nor could they gather the stalks that lay on the fields after the crop was cut. Everything belonged to the landlord, everything had a price which the poor could not afford to pay. The poor were displaced from the land. They tramped in search of work. From Midlands they moved to the southern countries of England.

Question 68.
Discuss the effect of Agricultural Revolution on different sections of people in English countryside. [HOTS]
Answer:
The coming of modern agriculture in England led to the following changes.
(a) The open fields disappeared, and the customary rights of peasants were undermined.
(b) The richer farmers expanded grain production, sold this grain in the world market, made profits, and became powerful.
(c) The poor left their villages in large numbers. Some went from Midlands to the southern countries where jobs were available, others to the cities.
(id) The income of labourers became unstable, their jobs insecure, their livelihoods precarious. (any three)

Question 69.
Why and how were the Native Americans driven westwards?
Answer:
The White settlers moved westwards as this area held a lot of promise. Forests could be cut to provide land for cultivation, animals hunted for their skin, and mountains mined for minerals.
To evacuate Indian Americans numerous wars were fought, in which Indians were massacred and their villages burnt. Ultimately they were forced to sign treaties and give up their land.

Question 70.
Which reasons led to a radical transformation of the landscape by the early 20th century?
Answer:
The main reasons for the radical transformation of the landscape by the early 20th century were as follows:
(a) White Americans had moved westward.
(b) Local tribes were displaced.
(c) Entire landscape was carved into different agricultural belts in the USA.

Question 71.
Seen from the east coast, America seemed to be the land of promise.’ Explain.
Answer:
After the formation of the United States of America, the White Americans began to move westward. By 1800, over seven lakh White settlers had moved on to the Appalachian plateau through the passes. America seemed to be a land of promise because of the following reasons.
(a) Its vast untouched landscape could be utilized for cultivation.
(b) Forest resources like timber could be cut for export, animals hunted for skin, etc.
(c) Gold and other precious minerals could be mined from mines.

Question 72.
What did the American settlers do on reaching Mississippi Valley? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The following were the impacts of westward expansion of the settlers in USA.
(a) It led to displacement of local tribes. They were driven beyond river Mississippi and further west.
(b) The settlers began agriculture on an extensive scale. They slashed and burnt forests, pulled out the stumps, cleared the land for cultivation and built log cabins in the forest clearings. Then they cleared larger areas and erected fences around the fields. They ploughed the land and sowed corn and wheat. Thus, agriculture was undertaken at the expense of grasslands and forests.
(c) The settlers continued moving further west to explore new land and raise a new crop. After the 1860s, the settlers reached the Great Plains across the river Mississippi. They started growing wheat here and soon turned this region into a major wheat producing area of America.

Question 73.
Under what circumstances did the US farmers get encouraged to produce more and more wheat?
Answer:
The following circumstances encouraged farmers to produce more and more wheat.
(a) From the late 19th century, wheat production in the USA underwent a dramatic expansion. The urban population in the USA was growing and the export market was becoming even bigger. As a result demand for wheat rose sharply. The rising demand resulted into high price of wheat. This encouraged farmers to produce more and more wheat.
(b) The spread of the railways made it possible to transport grains from surplus growing regions to the eastern coast for export.
(c) Later in the early 20th century during the First World War, the market for the grains rose further rose. It was because wheat supplies from Russia were cut-off due to war. It gave USA an opportunity to feed the entire Europe. The farmers responded to the need of the time and began producing more and more wheat.

Question 74.
Explain how technological innovations transformed the USA into the breadbasket of the world.
Answer:
The following technological innovations transformed the USA into the breadbasket of the world in
the following ways.
(a) The innovation of using tractors and disk ploughs to clear vast stretches in no time for wheat cultivation.
(b) Invention of mechanical reaper by Cyrus McCormick could cut in one day as much as five men could cut with cradles and 16 men with sickles.
(c) Farmers began the use of combined harvesters to cut grain. Large tracts of cultivation could be harvested in two weeks by these machines.

Question 75.
What were the main reasons of the duststorms?
Answer:
The main reasons for the duststorms were are follows.
(a) Years of persistent droughts during the early twentieth century. Rains failed and temperature increased. The wind blew at a great speed.
(b) The entire landscape had been ploughed over, stripped of all the grass that held it together.
(c) The tractors turned the soil and broke it into dust. Normal winds could also blow it away.

Question 76.
Describe how the Chinese became addicted to opium in the 19th century.
Answer:
Opium was introduced into China by the Portuguese in the early 16th century. It was known for its medical properties and therefore small quantities were used for certain type of medicines. The Chinese were aware of the dangers of opium addiction and thus the emperor had forbidden its production and sale. But the British began an illegal trade in opium in the mid-18th century. With the help of the local agents they were able to unload it in a number of seaports of southeastern China. From then, opium found an easy way into China, making the people addicted to it.

Question 77.
‘The conflict between the British government, peasants and local traders continued as long as opium production lasted.’ Elaborate. [HOTS]
Answer:
By 1773, the British Government in Bengal had established a monopoly to trade in opium. No one else was legally permitted to trade in the product. By the 1820s, the British taxed opium production in their territories to make it declining, but it was increasing outside British territories, especially in central India and Rajasthan within princely states, which were not under direct British control. The British tried to stop it. It instructed its agents in princely states to confiscate all opium and destroy the crop.
This conflict between the British Government, peasants and local traders continued as long as opium production lasted.

Question 78.
Which system was introduced by the British to make the unwilling cultivators produce opium? How did this system work?
Answer:
The system of advances was introduced by the British to persuade the unwilling cultivators to produce opium.
In the rural areas of Bengal and Bihar, large number of poor peasants never had enough to survive. They faced difficulties in paying rent to the landlord or managing their daily requirements of food and clothing. Through the village headmen, the government’s opium agents advanced money to them. They felt tempted to accept it, hoping to meet their immediate needs and pay back the loan at a later date.

Question 79.
Why were the Indian farmers unwilling to cultivate opium? Give any three reasons. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The Indian farmers were unwilling to grow opium in their farms because of the following reasons:
(a) The Indian farmers were reluctant to grow opium in their farms because it had to be grown on the best land, near the villages and it had to be well manured.
(b) This land was usually used for growing pulses. If opium was grown on less fertile land then yield would not be good in quality and quantity.
(c) Cultivation of opium was difficult and time-consuming. As a result, the cultivators would not have time to look after their other produce.
(d) The farmers had to pay rent for the land. This rent was quite high.
(e) Finally the prices paid by the government were very low and brought no profit to the farmer. (any three)

Question 80.
‘The conflict between the British government, peasants and local traders continued as long as opium production lasted.’ Elaborate. [HOTS]
Answer:
The British Government in Bengal established its monopoly to produce and trade in opium. There was no legal permission for opium trade to anyone. Still the opium production in their territories declined as against increasing outside their territories, especially in central India and Rajasthan within princely states, which are not under direct British control. The reasons were that local traders in the princely states were offering higher prices to the cultivators and exporting it to China. Efforts were made to stop this. Instructions were issued to opium agents to confiscate all opium and destroy the crop.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 81.
State any four major features of the ‘Open Field’ system which prevailed in England in the 18th and early 19th century.
Answer:
The following were the major features of the Open Field System of England during the 18th and 19th century:
(a) Before this period, in large parts of England, the countryside was open. It was not partitioned into enclosed lands privately owned by landlords.
(b) Peasants cultivated on strips of land around the village they lived in. Every peasant had a mix of good and bad land.
(c) Beyond the strips of cultivation lay the common land. All villagers had access to the common.
(d) The common land could be accessed for grazing cattle, fruit, fuelwood collection, etc. the rivers and ponds could be used for fishing.
(e) For the poor, the common land was very necessary for survival. It supplemented their meagre income, sustained their cattle and helped them tide over bad times when the crops failed. Poor peasants led a comfortable and secure life.

Question 82.
What were the effects of the open field system on the peasant women in England?
Answer:
(a) They pastured their cows and grazed their sheep.
(b) They collected fuelwood for fire and berries and fruit for food.
(c) They fished in the rivers and ponds.
(d) The open field system supplemented their income.
(e) It also helped them in bad times when crops failed.

Question 83.
Explain any three advantages and two disadvantages of the Enclosure Movement in England.
Answer:
Advantages:
(a) The Enclosure movement made England self-sufficient in foodgrains. Grain production grew as quickly as population. In 1868 England produced about 80 per cent of the food it consumed.
(b) Enclosures prompted the landlords to make long-term investments on land and plan crop rotations to improve the soil.
(c) Enclosures allowed landlords to expand the land under their control and produce more for the market. Enclosures made the landlords rich.
Disadvantages:
(a) The poor were hard hit. They could no longer collect their firewood from the forests, or graze their cattle on the commons. They could no longer gather apples, berries, or hunt animals for meat. Everything belonged to the landlords and poor were left helpless and miserable.
(b) In areas of extensive enclosures, the poor were displaced from the land. Deprived of their customary rights, the poor people tramped in search of work. But nowhere could the poor find secure jobs. Work became insecure, employment uncertain, income unstable. For a large part of the year the poor had no work.

Question 84.
What was the situation in England after the end of the Napoleonic Wars?
Answer:
After the Napoleonic Wars ended, the situation of England was critical.
(a) Soldiers returned to their homes and needed alternate jobs to survive.
(b) Grains flowing from Europe had reduced the prices. It led to Agricultural Depression.
(c) Landowners began reducing the cultivated area. Wages were reduced and labourers retrenched.
(d) Large scale unemployment with people searching jobs. Those unemployed feared loss of livelihood.
(e) Spread of Captain Swing riots in the rural England.

Question 85.
Discuss the factors that precipitated the Agricultural Depression. What were the consequences of this Depression?
Answer:
The following were the factors that precipitated the Agricultural depression.
(a) With the end of Napoleonic wars thousands of soldiers returned to the villages. They needed alternative jobs to survive.
(b) This was the time when markets in England were flooded with European grains, thus the prices declined. Wheat prices fell and export markets collapsed.
(c) Landowners anxiously reduced the land under cultivation along with the demand to cut the imports.
(d) Apart from this, they began cutting wages and retrenching workmen. This gave rise to unemployment and the poor marched from village to village in search of job. Those with uncertain jobs lived in fear of a losing livelihood.
(e) Believing machines responsible for their bad times, the poor began Captain Swing riots throughout the countryside.

Question 86.
Explain three advantages and two disadvantages of mechanical harvesting machines in USA.
Answer:
Advantages:
(а) In 1831, Cyrus McCormick invented the first mechanical reaper which could cut in one day as much as five men could cut with cradles and 16 men with sickles. With one of the combined harvesters, 500 acres of wheat could be harvested in two weeks.
(b) The prices of wheat were high and the demand limitless. With power-driven machinery, only four men could plough, seed and harvest 2,000 to 4,000 acres of wheat in a season.
This helped landlords to earn more and more profit.
(c) The plough could break the soil quickly and cut even strong grassroots effectively.
Disadvantages:
(a) For the poorer farmers, machines brought misery. Many of them bought these machines with the loans offered to them. Those who borrowed, found it difficult to pay back their debts. Many of them deserted their farms and looked for jobs elsewhere.
(b) Production had expanded rapidly and there was a huge surplus. Wheat prices fell and export markets collapsed. This led to Great Agrarian Depression of 1930s.

Question 87.
What were the problems associated with wheat expansion in USA? Discuss with special reference to mechanisation and ‘dust bowl’.
Answer:
In the late 19th century, there was a great expansion of wheat cultivation in the USA. With an increase in population, demand for wheat was rising. The expansion was made possible by new technology. Implements and tools were modified to suit their needs. Now farmers were using tractors and disk ploughs to clear land for cultivation. Mechanical reapers were used to reap and cut harvest. By the early 20th century, combined harvesters were being used to cut grain.
Now with power-driven machinery large tracts of land could be ploughed, seeded, harvested within a short time.
But there were problems. Poor farmers were hard hit. They could not buy these machines. The bank offered loans but most of the farmers could not repay these loans. Many of them left their farms in search of a job. In addition, terrifying dust storms began to blow, blinding the people, choking the cattle, covering fields, rivers, and machines with dust. This was because the entire area had been ploughed and stripped of grass whose roots could have bounded the soil.

Question 88.
Discuss the problems associated with wheat expansion in USA with special reference to new technology and black blizzards.
Answer:
The problems associated with the wheat expansion in USA was dealt with in the following ways.
(a) The demand for foodgrains increased with the increase in population in England. This required new technology.
(b) Implements and tools were modified to suit their needs. Now farmers were using tractors and disk ploughs to clear land for cultivation.
(c) Mechanical reapers were used to reap and cut harvest. By the early 20th century, combined harvesters were being used to cut grain.
(d) The power-driven machinery ploughed, seeded and harvested large tracts of land within a short time.
(e) Poor farmers found hard to pay the taxes, they could not buy these machines. .
(f) The bank offered loans but most declined as they could not repay these loans.
(g) Many of them left their farms in search of a job.
(h) In addition, terrifying dust storms began to blow, blinding the people, choking the cattle, covering fields, rivers, and machines with dust. These duststorms became black blizzards only because the entire area had been ploughed and stripped of grass whose roots could have bounded the soil. (any five)

Question 89.
‘The American dream of a land of plenty had turned into a nightmare’. Explain.
Answer:
From the late 19th century, there was a dramatic increase in wheat production in the USA. Millions of acre of land was brought under wheat cultivation which saw an unprecedented increase in the following years. Much of the Great Plains was used for wheat production.
But the expansion of wheat cultivation in this area created grave problems. Entire landscape was ploughed many times and grass uprooted for cultivation. By the 1930s, endless droughts turned the . land barren. Rains failed and temperature was on increase. Terrifying dust storms began to blow over the southern plains. Black blizzards became common, darkening the skies, swept the dust and people were blinded and choked. Cattle were suffocated to death as their lungs got filled with dust and mud. Sand buried everything that came in its way. Even the river surface was choked with dust and the fish died. Dead bodies of birds and animals were scattered all over the landscape. Tractors and machines were clogged with dust, damaged beyond repair.

Question 90.
‘After the 1930s, the Americans realised that they had to respect the ecological conditions of each region.’ How did they learn this lesson?
Answer:
Droughts lasted long in the US during the early 1930s. This led to failed rains and increase in temperature year after year. Winds blew with ferocious speed. Even the ordinary storms became black blizzards. As the entire landscape had been ploughed over continuously, soil turned over by the tractors and vegetation uprooted, the grass cover that held the soil disappeared. The broken soil turned into dust that could be blown even by the mild wind making the whole region a dust bowl. As a result people were blinded and choked, cattle were suffocated to death, fences were buried under the sand and the surfaces of rivers were coated till the fish died. Dead bodies of birds and animals were scattered all over the landscape. Tractors and machines were clogged with dust. These were the damages that were beyond repair. This made the Americans realise that they had to respect the ecological conditions of each region.

Question 91.
The history of opium production in India was linked up with the story of British trade with China. Elaborate. [HOTS]
Or
Why did the British smuggle opium into China? Explain briefly.
Answer:
During the late eighteenth century, English East India Company traded with China in tea and silk and sold it in England. Tea became popular in England and its demand increased. This meant loss of treasure, impoverishing the nation and depleting its wealth. England had nothing to be exported to China to finance the tea trade. At the same time the rulers of China, the Manchus, were apprehensive that the European merchants would interfere in their local politics and pose a threat to their authority. So, foreign trade was not allowed in China.
Huge outflow of reserves for financing tea trade posed problems to the British. Different ways were sought to overcome the issue. They thought of a commodity that the Chinese could be persuaded to buy. Opium was thus sought to be the commodity and India was thought to be the place for its production. Even though the Chinese were aware of its addiction dangers, its productioa and sale was permitted only for medicinal purposes. British through illegal trade of opium entered China through local agents.

Question 92.
Why were the farmers of Bengal unwilling to grow opium in their farms?
Answer:
The farmers of Bengal were unwilling to grow opium in their farms because of the following reasons.
(a) The Indian farmers were reluctant to grow opium in their farms because it had to be grown on the best land, near the villages and it had to be well manured.
(b) This land was usually used for growing pulses. If opium was grown on less fertile land then yield would not be good in quality and quantity.
(c) Cultivation of opium was difficult and time-consuming. As a result, the cultivators would not have time to look after their other produce.
(d) The farmers had to pay rent for the land. This rent was quite high.
(e) Finally, the prices paid by the government were very low and brought no profit to the farmer.

Map Skills

Question 93.
Mark Swing Movement Areas, 1830-1832.
Answer:

Question 94.
Mark the routes and conditions of triangular trade between India, England and China in the 19th Century.
Answer:

Question 95.
Mark the expansion of Agriculture in various Westward Areas.
Answer:

Question 96.
Mark the Agricultural Belts in the USA in 1920.
Answer:

Question 97.
Mark the American Communities in the Early Nineteenth Century.
Answer:

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NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers Pastoralists in the Modern World

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the regions of the cyclic movement of Kurumas and Kurubas. [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
The Kurumas and Kurubas lived in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. In the dry season they moved near the coast and left when the rains came.

Question 2.
Which Pastoralist nomads live in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The pastoralist nomads who lived in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh were:
(a) The Gollas.
(b) Kurumas and Kurubas.

Question 3.
Why were the British officials suspicious of the nomadic people? Give one reason. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The British officials were suspicious of the nomadic people because they distrusted mobile craftmen and traders who sold their goods in villages, and pastoralists who changed their places or residence every season. They were considered as criminals.

Question 4.
How did the Gaddis earn their livelihood? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
They sold milk, ghee and other products.

Question 5.
What are bugyals?
Answer:
Bugyals are vast natural pastures on the high mountains, about 12,000 feet. After April the entire mountainside is covered with a variety of grasses, roots and herbs. By monsoon these pastures are covered with thick vegetation and wild flowers.

Question 6.
Who are Gujjar Bakarwals?
Answer:
Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir are herders of goat and sheep.

Question 7.
What is Bhabhar?
Answer:
It is a dry forested area in the foothills of Garwhal and Kumaun.

Question 8.
Who were Bhotiyas, Sherpas and Kinnauris?
Answer:
They were the pastoral communities of the Himalayas.

Question 9.
Name the most important pastoral community of Maharashtra.
Answer:
Dhangars were an important pastoral community of Maharashtra.

Question 10.
Why were the Dhangars welcomed by the Konkani peasants?
Answer:
After the kharif crops were harvested, the field had to be fertilised for the rabi crops. Dhangar flocks manured the fields and fed on the stubble. Dhangars were also given supplies of rice which they supplied to the plateau where grain was scarce.

Question 11.
Why did the Dhangars leave the Konkan and coastal areas before the onset of monsoon?
Answer:
The Dhangars left the Konkan and the coastal areas before the onset of monsoon because the sheep could not tolerate the wet monsoon conditions.

Question 12.
What are ‘Kharif and ‘rabi crops’?
Answer:
Kharif is the autumn crop, usually harvested between September and October. Rabi, the spring crop, usually harvested after March.

Question 13.
What is a Gujjar Mandap?
Answer:
A Gujjar Mandap is a place where the Gujjar cattle herders live. It is made of ringal and grass. A mandap was also a workplace, where the Gujjar made ghee for the purpose of sale.

Question 14.
Name the cattle, goat and sheep herders found in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
The Gollas herded cattle, the Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goat and sold woven blankets.

Question 15.
What defined the seasonal rhythms of the movement of the pastoralists in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh?
Answer:
It was the alternation of the monsoon and dry season which defined the seasonal rhythms of the movement of pastoralists in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. In dry season they moved to the coastal areas and left when the rains came.

Question 16.
Who are the Banjaras? Where are they found?
Answer:
Banjaras are a well known group of graziers. They are found in the villages of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.

Question 17.
How did the Banjaras earn their living?
Answer:
By selling plough cattle and other goods to villagers in exchange for grain and fodder.

Question 18.
Where did the Raikas live? What is their occupation?
Answer:
Raikas lived in the deserts of Rajasthan. Harvest fluctuated every year and no crop could be grown over large areas. So the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism.

Question 19.
Who are Maru Raikas? What is their settlement called?
Answer:
The camel herders in the Thar desert near Jaisalmer in Rajasthan are called Maru (desert) Raikas, and their settlement is called a Dhandi.

Question 20.
Name two places in Rajasthan where camel fair are held.
Answer:
The camel fairs are held at Balotra and Pushkar.

Question 21.
What kind of forests were declared as ‘Reserved’ Forests?
Answer:
The forests that produced commercially valuable timber like sal and deodar were declared as Reserved Forests.

Question 22.
Where do the Maasai cattle herders live?
Answer:
The Massai cattle herders live primarily in East Africa.

Question 23.
What was the extent of area of Maasailand before colonial times?
Answer:
Before colonial period, Maasiland extended over a vast area from north Kenya to the steppes of north Tanzania.

Question 24.
What happend to Maasailand in 1885?
Answer:
In 1885, the colonial powers scrambled for territorial possesions. Maasailand was cut into half with an international boundary between British Kenya and German Tanganyika. The Maasai lost 60 per cent of their pre-colonial land.

Question 25.
What does the title ‘Maasai’ mean? What did they depend on for subsistence?
Answer:
The title ‘Maasai’ is derived from the word ‘maa’. Maa-sai means ‘My People’. Maasai are nomadic and pastoral people who depend on milk and meat for subsistence.

Question 26.
State one measure introduced by the British to administer the affairs of the Maasai.
Answer:
(a) They appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of Maasai, who were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe.
(b) The British imposed various restrictions on raiding and warfare. (Any one)

Question 27.
What is meant by kafila?
Answer:
In winter, when the high mountains were covered with snow, the pastoralists lived with their herds in the low hills of the Siwalik range. The dry scrub forests here provided pasture for their herds. By the end of April they began their northern march for their summer grazing grounds. Several households came together for this journey, forming what is known as a kafila.

Question 28.
According to environmentalists and economists why are nomadic pastoralists the important communities?
Answer:
Nomadic pastoralists are important communities because because they play a major role in the conservation of forests. People get useful products like milk, ghee, wool from herders.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 29.
Explain any three factors that the pastoral groups have to consider to sustain their life. [CBSE 2010, 2015, 2016]
Answer:
The three factors which the pastoral groups have to consider to sustain their life are:
(a) They have to judge how long the herds could stay at one place and know where they could find water and pastures.
(b) They had to calculate the timing of their movement and had to move through different territories.
(c) They had to set up relationship with the farmers, on the way, so that herds could graze in the harvested fields and manure the soil. They combined number of activities like cultivation, herding, and trade to sustain themselves.

Question 30.
Explain any three different livelihood practices adopted by the pastoralists in the 20th century, as they left their traditional occupations. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
Three livelihood practices adopted by the pastoralists in the 20th century were as follows:
(a) Richer pastoralists started buying land and settling down, giving up their nomadic life.
(b) Some became settled peasants cultivating land.
(c) Others took to trnding.

Question 31.
Give one example to explain why the pastoralists have been compelled to change their movement in modern times. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The pastoralists have been compelled to change their movement in modern times.
After 1947, the camel and sheep herding Raikas could no longer move into Sindh and graze their animals on the banks of Indus. The new political boundaries between Indian & Pakistan stopped their movement. In recent years, they have been migrating to Haryana where sheep could graze on agricultural land, after harvests are cut.

Question 32.
Who are Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir? Name their winter and summer grounds. Why did they go to these places?
Or
Describe the lifestyle of the Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir. [CBSE 2010]
Answer:
Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir are herders of goat and sheep. They move between their winter and summer grounds. In winters when the ground is covered with snow, they live with their herds in the Siwalik range. The herds feed on the dry scrub forests, By April, they start moving to their summer grazing grounds. After crossing the Pir Panjal passes they reach the Kashmir valley. With the onset of summer, the snow has melted, and the valley is covered with variety of flowers and grasses. They provide nutritious forage for the animals. By the end of September they come back to their winter homes in the Siwalik.

Question 33.
Write about the life style of the Gujjars of Kangra.
Answer:
The Gujjar cattle herders live in Garhwal and Kumaon. In the winter, they come to the dry forest of the Bhabhar and go up to the high meadows-the bugyals-in summer. Gujjars are exclusively a pastoralist tribe in the hills, where they do not cultivate anything. Buffaloes are the main wealth of the Gujjars. They live near the boundary of the forests and the mainstay of their existence is the sale of milk, ghee and other products. The men graze the cattle. The women go -to the markets every morning, with little earthen pots filled with milk, butter milk and ghee. During the hot weather they move their herds to the upper ranges where the buffaloes enjoy the weather.

Question 34.
Who were Dhangars? What were their occupations? Why were they continuously on the move? [CBSE 2010]
Answer:
The Dhangars were an important pastoral community of Maharashtra. Most of them were shepherds, some were blanket weavers and others were buffalo herders. They were continously on the move in search of pasture for their cattle.

Question 35.
Discuss the various restrictions imposed on pastoral groups in Africa. [CBSE 2010]
Or
What restrictions were imposed by the colonial government on the African pastoralists?
Answer:
(a) The various pastoral groups were forced to live in special reserves. They were not allowed to move their stock without special permits which were not easy to get. Those who defied the rules were severely punished.
(b) Pastoralists were not allowed to enter the markets area of the whites.
(c) In many regions, they were prohibited from participating in any trading activity.
Thus, the restrictions imposed on the pastoralists adversely affected their pastoral and trading activities.

Question 36.
What are some of the problems that pastoralists face in the modern world ? How have these groups adapted to the new times? [CBSE 2010]
Answer:
Some of the problems that pastoralists face in the modern world are as follows.
(a) New laws and new borders have affected the patterns of the pastoralists movement.
(b) Now, they find it difficult to move in search of pastures. As pasture lands have shrunk, grazing has become a problem.
(c) Remaining pastures deteriorate due to continuous over grazing.
(id) Cattle die in large numbers during drought. This become the time of crises. (any three)
They have adapted to new times by changing the paths of their annual movement and reducing their cattle numbers. They have also demanded rights in management of forests and water resources. Some became settled peasants cultivating land, some took to trading, while others became labourers.

Question 37.
What are the similarities in the way in which the modern world forced changes in the lives of pastoral communities in India and East Africa?
Answer:
(a) In both countries Pastoralists reduced the number of cattle in their herds since there were not enough pasture fields to feed large numbers.
(b) New pastures were found when movement to old grazing grounds become difficult.
(c) Many combined pastoral activity with other forms of income and thus adapted to changes in the modern world.

Question 38.
Why were the chiefs appointed by the British not affected by war or drought in Maasai land?
Answer:
The chiefs appointed by the colonial government often accumulated wealth over time. They had a
regular income with which they could buy animals, goods and land.
They lent money to poor neighbours who needed cash to pay taxes. Many of them began living in towns, and became involved in trade. Their wives and children stayed back in the villages to look after the animals.
These chiefs managed to survive the devastations of war and drought. They had both pastoral and non-pastoral income, and could buy animals when their stock was depleted.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 39.
Who are pastoral nomads? Describe any four features of them? [CBSE 2015, 2016]
Answer:
Pastoral nomads are people who do not live at one place but move from one area to another to earn their living. They depend on livestock rearing, they move with their cattle and other animals. The four features of pastoral nomads are as follows.
(a) Pastoral nomads had to adjust to seasonal changes and make best use of available pastures in different places. When the pastureland was exhausted they moved to a different place where pastures are available.
(b) Cold and snow are not the only factors which defined their seasonal movement. In dry season they moved to coastal areas and left when the rain came.
(c) They set up a relationship with farmers, so that the herds could graze in harvested fields and manure the soil.
(id) They combine a range of different occupations – cultivation, trade and herding to earn their living. For example, the Gollas, Kurumas and Kurubas herded cattle, cultivated small patches of land and also engaged in a variety of petty trades.

Question 40.
In which two social categories was the Maasai society divided in pre-colonial times? In what way
did their roles change because of the colonial policies? [CBSE 2016]
Or
Describe the social organisations of the Massai’s in the pre-colonial times. What changes occured in Maasai’s society during the colonial rule? [CBSE 2010]
Answer:
The Massai society was divided into two social groups in pre-colonial times – elders and warriors. The elders were the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes. The warriors consisted of young people, responsible for the protection of the tribe. They defended the community and organised cattle raids. Raiding was an important activity in a society where cattle was wealth. It was the way through which different pastoral groups asserted their superiority.
The British introduced a number of measures which changed the lives of the Maasai. The chiefs of different sub-groups were appointed to look after the affairs of the tribe. Restrictions were imposed on raiding and warfare. So, the traditional authority of both the elders and warriors changed dramatically. The difference based on age, between elders and warriors broke down, and a new distinction was developed between the rich and poor pastoralists.
The chiefs appointed by the colonial government became rich overtime. They had regular income with which they purchased land, goods, animals and also get involved in trade. But the poor pastoralists worked as charcoal, burners or work in road or building construction or did odd jobs.

Question 41.
Which parts of the African continent are inhabited by the pastoralists? What are the different types of activities they are involved in? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
Most of the pastoralists in Africa lived in semi-arid grasslands or arid deserts where rain-fed agriculture is difficult.
The pastoralists are involved in different type of activities like they rear cattle, camels, goats, sheep and donkeys; and sell milk, meat, animal skin and wool. Some also earn through trade and transport, others combine pastoral activity with agriculture, still others do a variety of odd jobs to supplement their meagre and uncertain earnings from pastoralism.

Question 42.
How did the pastoralists cope with the changes in new times?
Answer:
Pastoralists managed to cope with the changes in many ways.
(a) Some pastoralists reduced the number of cattle because there were not enough pastures to feed large numbers. When pastureland in one place was closed to them, they changed the direction of their movement and combined pastoral activity with other forms of trade.
(b) Some pastoralists found new pastures.
(c) They exert political pressure on the government for relief, subsidy and other forms of support and demand a right in the management of forests and water resources.
(d) Some rich pastoralists gave up their nomadic habits, purchased land and started leading a settled life.
(e) Some became settled peasants cultivating land. Some borrowed money from the moneylenders to survive.

Question 43.
Why were wasteland rules enacted in various parts of the country?
Answer:
The colonial government wanted to convert all grazing land into cultivated land. Land revenue was one of the main sources of its finance. By cultivation, it could yield more revenue and at same time produce more cotton, jute, wheat and other agriculture products that were required in England. To colonial official all uncultivated land was unproductive. It was seen as wasteland and had to be brought under cultivation. According to them forest which is used for grazing cannot be used for any other purpose and is unable to yield timber and fuel, which are the main legitimate forest produce. In 19th century wasteland rules were enacted in many parts of the country.

Question 44.
Trace the movements of pastorals of India in the mountains.
Answer:
Ans. The Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir are great herders of goat and sheep. Many of them migrated to this region in the nineteenth century in search of pastures for their animals.
In winter, when the high mountains were covered with snow, they lived with their herds in the low hills of the Siwalik range. The dry scrub forests here provided pasture for their herds. By the end of April they began their northern march for their summer grazing grounds. Several households came together for this journey, forming what is known as a kafila.
With the onset of summer, the snow melted and the mountainsides were lush green. The variety of grasses that sprouted provided rich nutritious forage for the animal herds. By end September the Bakarwals were on the move again, this time on their downward journey, back to their winter base.
The Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh had a similar cycle of seasonal movement. By April they moved north and spent the summer in Lahul and Spiti. By September they began their return movement. On the way they stopped once again in the villages of Lahul and Spiti, reaping their summer harvest and sowing their winter crop.
Then they descended with their flock to their winter grazing ground on the Siwalik hills. Next April, once again, they began their march with their goats and sheep, to the summer meadows.
In Garhwal and Kumaon, the Gujjar cattle herders came down to the dry forests of the bhabar in the winter, and went up to the high meadows – the bugyals – in summer. This pattern of cyclical movement is common to Bhotiyas, Sherpas and Kinnauris.

Question 45.
Trace the movement of pastoral nomads of India on the plateaus. [HOTS]
Answer:
(a) Dhangars were an important pastoral community of Maharashtra. Most of them were shepherds,
some were blanket weavers, and still others were buffalo herders. The Dhangar shepherds stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra during the monsoon.
(b) Nothing but dry crops like bajra could be sown here. In the monsoon this tract became a vast grazing ground for the Dhangar flocks. By October they move to Konkan. This was a flourishing agricultural tract with high rainfall and rich soil. Here the shepherds were welcomed by Konkani peasants.
(c) After the kharif harvest was cut at this time, the fields had to be fertilized and made ready for the rabi harvest. Dhangar flocks manured the fields and fed on the stubble. The Konkani peasants also gave supplies of rice which the shepherds took back to the plateau where grain was scarce. With the onset of the monsoon the Dhangars left the Konkan and.the coastal areas with their flocks and returned to their settlements on the dry plateau. The sheep could not tolerate the wet monsoon conditions.
(d) In Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh the Gollas herded cattle. The Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets.
(e) Unlike the mountain pastoralists, it was not the cold and the snow that defined the seasonal rhythms of their movement: rather it was the alternation of the monsoon and dry season that determined their movement.
(f) In the dry season they moved to the coastal tracts, and left when the rains came. Only buffaloes liked the swampy, wet conditions of the coastal areas during the monsoon months. Other herds had to be shifted to the dry plateau at this time. (any five)

Map Skills

Question 46.
Locate and label the places where the following nomadic tribes are found on the given outline map of India.
Nomadic Tribes

• Gujjar Bakarwal
• Gaddi shepherds
• Gujjars
• Bhotiyas
• Kinnauris
• Dhangars
• Gollas
• Kurumas
• Kurubas
• Banjaras
• Raikas
• Maldhari herders

Answer:
Nomadic Tribes                        Location
Gujjar Bakarwal         – Jammu and Kashmir
Gaddi shepherds       – Himachal Pradesh
Gujjars                       – Garhwal and Kumaon
Bhotiyas                    – Uttar Pradesh
Kinnauris                   – Himachal Pradesh
Dhangars                  – Maharashtra
Gollas                        – Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
Kurumas                    – Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
Kurubas                     – Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
Banjaras                     – Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra
Raikas                         – Rajasthan
Maldhari herders        – Rann of Kachchh (Gujarat)

Question 47.
On the outline map of Africa mark the following points.
Nomadic and Pastoral Tribes
Bedouin, Berbers, Maasai – South Kenya and Tanzania, Somali, Boran, Turkana, Kaokoland herders in South-West Africa present Namibia, Kabbabish, Tuarag
Game Reserves
Maasai Maru – Kenya, Samburu – Kenya, Amboseli – Kenya, Serengeti – Tanzania
Answer:

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CBSE Class 9 Geography Chapter 1 Extra Questions India-Size and Location Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science SST Geography Chapter 1 India-Size and Location.

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Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 India-Size and Location

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which hemisphere does India lie?
Answer:
India lies in the Northern hemisphere.

Question 2.
What is the latitudinal extent of India?
Or
What are the degrees of the southernmost latitude of mainland India? [CBSE 2011]
Or
What are the degrees of the northernmost latitude of India?
Answer:
The latitudinal extent of India is between 8°4′ N (southernmost) and 37°6’ N and (northernmost) latitude.

Question 3.
What is the longitudinal extent of India?
Or
What are the degrees of the easternmost and westernmost longitude of India?
Answer:
The longitudinal extent of India is 68°7′ E (westernmost) to 97°25′ E (easternmost) longitude.

You can also Download NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science PDF to help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Question 4.
Name the parallel of latitude which divides India roughly into two equal halves.
Answer:
The parallel of latitude which roughly divide India into two equal halves is the Tropic of Cancer (23° 30′ N).

Question 5.
Name the two seas located around India.
Answer:
The two seas located around India are the Arabian Sea in the west and the Bay of Bengal in the east.

Question 6.
What is the southernmost point of the Union of India?
Answer:
Southernmost point of the Union of India is Indira Point.

Question 7.
In which year did ‘Indira Point’ submerge under water due to tsunami? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
In 2004 ‘Indira Point’ got submerged under the sea water.

Question 8.
What is the total area of the Indian landmass? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The landmass of India has an area of 3.28 million square km. It is 2.4% of the total area of the world.

Question 9.
What is the size of India among the countries of the world?
Answer:
India is the seventh largest country in the world.

Question 10.
What is the total land frontier of India?
Answer:
The total land frontier of India is 15,200 km.

Question 11.
Give the total length of the Indian coastline including the Indian islands.
Answer:
The total length of the Indian coastline is 7,516.6 km.

Question 12.
In which direction India is bound by young fold mountains?
Answer:
In the north, northwest and northeast direction, India is bound by young fold maintains.

Question 13.
Why is the north-south extent of India larger than east-west extent even though the latitudinal and longitudinal extent in degrees is of the same value?
Answer:
This is because the distance between two latitudes is always 111 km i.e. always same whereas between two longitudes, it is the maximum at the equator and decreases towards the poles.

Question 14.
What is the time lag between Gujarat and Arunachal Pradesh?
Answer:
The time lag between Gujarat and Arunachal Pradesh is 2 hours.

Question 15.
Why has 82°30′ been selected as the standard meridian of India? [CBSE 2011]
Answer:
82°30′ E has been selected as the standard meridian of India because it passes through the centre of India, i.e. Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh.

Question 16.
Which route connects countries of Europe in the west to the countries of east Asia?
Answer:
The trans Indian Ocean route.

Question 17.
In which year Suez Canal opened?
Answer:
Suez Canal opened up in 1869.

Question 18.
What is the significance of the Suez Canal?
Answer:
With the Suez Canal, India’s distance from Europe has been reduced by 7,000 km.

Question 19.
What is the total north-south extent of India in km?
Answer:
The north-south extent of India in kilometre is 3,214 km.

Question 20.
What is the total east-west extent of India in km?
Answer:
The total east-west extent of India is 2,933 km.

Question 21.
How had India kept her relationship with the world in ancient times?
Answer:
Passes in the mountains of the Himalayas provided passages to the ancient travellers while the oceans restricted this as people were afraid to travel by oceans.

Question 22.
Which ideas of India could reach the world?
Answer:
Ans. The ideas of the Upanishads and the Ramayana, the stories of Panchtantra, the Indian numerals, decimal system could reach many parts of the world.

Question 23.
Which commodities were exported from India?
Answer:
The spices, muslin cloth and many other commodities were exported from India.

Question 24.
From which regions and styles India got influenced in ancient times?
Answer:
India got influenced from greek sculpture, the architectural styles of dome and minarets from west Asia in the ancient times.

Question 25.
Which is the largest and smallest state of India areawise?
Answer:
The largest state is Rajasthan and the smallest state is Goa.

Question 26.
Name the states of India which do not have an international border or lie on the coast.
Answer:
The states are Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Haryana and Jharkhand.

Question 27.
Name the states of India which have common border with Pakistan.
Answer:
The states are Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir.

Question 28.
Name the states of India which have common border with China.
Answer:
The states are Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.

Question 29.
Name the states of India which have common border with Myanmar.
Answer:
The states are Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram.

Question 30.
Name the countries which share borders with India.
Answer:
The countries are Pakistan and Afghanistan in the northwest, China (Tibet), Nepal and Bhutan in the north, Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east.

Question 31.
Which two island countries are India’s neighbours? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
Sri Lanka and Maldives are the two island countries.

Question 32.
Name the two waterbodies which separate India from Sri Lanka.
Answer:
The two waterbodies that separate India are Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar.

Question 33.
Mention the types of states in India present before 1947.
Answer:
The two types of states in India were:
(a) the provinces
(b) the princely states.

Question 34.
Who ruled the princely states?
Answer:
Princely states were ruled by the local hereditary rulers.

Question 35.
Name the country that has common land frontier with the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Sikkim.
Answer:
The country is Nepal.

Question 36.
Name the states through which the Tropic of Cancer passes.
Answer:
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.

Question 37.
Name the Union Territories of India.
Answer:
The Union Territories are Delhi, Chandigarh, Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Puducherry.

Question 38.
With which country Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat share international boundary?
Answer:
The country is Pakistan.

Question 39.
Name the states of India which lie along the eastern coast of India from North to South.
Answer:
The states lying along the eastern coast are West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Question 40.
Name the two states of India which are parts of Indian desert.
Answer:
Gujarat and Rajasthan are parts of Indian Desert.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 41.
Write the size and extent of India.
Answer:
(a) India is the 7th largest country in the world. It has an area of 3.28 million square km. It accounts for 2.4% of the world’s total area.
(b) India has a land frontier of 15,200 km.
(c) India has a coastline of 7516.6 km including the Andaman and Nicobar islands and the Lakshadweep islands.

Question 42.
Explain why 82°30′ E an odd value has been chosen as the standard meridian of India. [HOTS]
Answer:
The odd value has been chosen as the standard meridian because the longitudinal extent of India is 68°7′ E to 97°25′ E and this meridian passes through the centre of India.
It passes through Mirzapur i.e. the centre of India. Then there is an understanding among the countries of the world that the degrees of the meridian should be divisible by 7\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) i,e. 82° 30′ E. This
enables us to overcome the difference of 2 hours of time between Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat. The time is Indian Standard Time.

Question 43.
Why is the difference between the durations of day and night hardly felt at Kanyakumari but not so in Kashmir?
Answer:
The difference in the durations of day and night and Kanyakumari and Kashmir are respectively due to their latitudinal locations. Kanyakumari is located closer to the equator and experiences a maximum difference of 45 minutes between day and night. However, Kashmir lies further away from the equator and experience a significant gap between the duration of day and night that can extend to as much as 3-5 hours.

Question 44.
What is a subcontinent? Name the countries that constitute the Indian subcontinent. How is India different from other countries of Asia?
Answer:
A subcontinent is a distinctive geographical unit which stands out distinctively from rest of the region because of its large size, varied climates, varied relief etc.
Countries that make up the Indian subcontinent are – India at the centre, Pakistan in the west, Nepal and China (Tibet) in the north, Bhutan and Bangladesh in the east.
India is different from other countries of Asia regarding climate, vegetation and culture.

Question 45.
Justify the naming of Indian Ocean after India.
Answer:
India ocean is named after India because:
(a) India has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean.
(b) India has a central location between east and west Asia.
(c) India’s southernmost extension, the Deccan Peninsula, protrudes into the Indian Ocean which makes it significant to international trade done through the Indian Ocean.
(d) India was the favourite destination of the traders of the world. (any three)

Question 46.
What do you know about India and her neighbours? [HOTS]
Answer:
(a) India occupies an important strategic position in south-east Asia. India has 29 states, 6 Union
Territories and one National Capital Territory.
(b) India shares her land borders with Pakistan and Afghanistan in the north-west, China (Tibet), Nepal and Bhutan in the north, and Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east. Our southern neighbours across the sea consists of two island countries i.e. Sri Lanka and Maldives.
(c) Sri Lanka is separated from India by Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar while Maldives islands are situated to the south of the Lakshadweep islands.

Question 47.
India’s land routes have been important since ancient times. Explain. [HOTS]
Answer:
(a) India’s contacts with the outside world have continued through the ages, but her relationships
through the land routes are much older than her maritime contacts.
(b) The various passes across the mountains in the north have provided passages to the ancient travellers. These routes (Kyber and Bolan pass) across the mountains have contributed in the exchange of ideas and commodities since ancient times.
(c) The ideas of Upanishads and the Ramayana, the stories of Panchatantra, the Indian numerals,
the decimal system could reach many parts of the world through the land routes. The spices and muslin cloth along with other commodities were taken from India to other countries. The Greek sculpture and the architectural style of dome and minarets from west Asia can be seen in many parts of our country. This is the result of the exchange of commodities and ideas movement of people.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 48.
Why are Ahmedabad and Kolkata able to see the noon seen exactly overhead twice a year but not Delhi?
Answer:
The sun’s apparent movement towards north and south of the equator is within two tropics.
(a) All the places located within the tropics have overhead sun twice a year.
(b) Both Ahmedabad and Kolkata lie to the south of the Tropic of Cancer. That is why these two stations see the noon sun overhead twice a year.
(c) Delhi is located at 29°N latitude much to the north of Tropic of Cancer.
(d) The sun’s rays are near overhead in sub-tropical zone. It will never see noon sun overhead, at anytime of the year.

Question 49.
India occupies an important strategic position in south Asia. Discuss. [HOTS]
Answer:
(a) The Indian landmass has a central location between the east and the west Asia. India is a
southward extension of the Asian continent.
(b) The trans Indian Ocean routes which connect the countries of Europe in the west and the countries of east Asia provide a strategic central location to India.
(c) The part that is attached to the Asian continent connects India through the land routes and mountain passes to the various countries lying to its north, west and east.
(d) The Deccan Peninsula protrudes into the Indian Ocean, thus helping India to establish close contact with west Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast and southeast and east Asia from the eastern coast.

Question 50.
Describe how the geographical features of India have fostered unity and homogenity in the Indian society.
Answer:
India has a distinct physical and cultural identity: India’s unity and homogenity have been enabled by its physical diversity i.e., physical features.
(a) The lofty mountains in the north which run east-west for thousands of kilometres. They provide a natural wall against all possible intrusions. It gives India an intact structure.
(b) The southern part of India is surrounded by the seas and oceans on the sides. These physical features have also ensured that the people from outside could enter India only through well defended routes through sea or passes in the mountains.
(c) Standard meridian 82’30” has been taken as local time all over India providing uniformity.
(d) Rivers and their tributaries provide irrigation facility throughout the country bring uniform development.
(e) Monsoons foster unity. Many festivals are associated with it. Apart from that agricultural and domestic needs are also met by monsoons.
Thus, by adopting new norms and values and accepting as their own, unity and homogenity of India has been promoted.

Map Skills

Question 51.
Locate and Label the Indian States and Capital on the outline map of India.
Answer:

• Hyderabad is the Joint Capital of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.

Question 52.
On the political map given locate and label the following.
(a) Tropic of cancer
(b) Standard meridian with degrees.
(c) Union Territories- Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Chandigarh, Daman and Diu.
Answer:

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CBSE Class 9 History Chapter 4 Extra Questions Forest Society and Colonialism Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science SST History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism.

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NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 4 Extra Questions and Answers Forest Society and Colonialism

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How are forests useful to us?
Answer:
Forests provide bamboo, wood for fuel, grass, charcoal, packaging, fruits, flowers, animals, birds and many other things.

Question 2.
Which common feature is found in the Amazon forests and the Western Ghats?
Answer:
It is possible to find as many as 500 different plant species in one forest patch in the Amazon forests and the Western Ghats.

Question 3.
What is deforestation?
Answer:
The disappearance of forests is referred to as deforestation.

Question 4.
Mention the reason for increased landmass under cultivation in India.
Answer:
Over the centuries, population increased, demand for food went yp so peasants extended the boundaries of cultivation, clearing forests and breaking new land.

Question 5.
Why did the British encourage the production of commercial crops in India?
Answer:
The demand for the commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton increased in the 19th century Europe. Food grains were required to feed the growing urban population and raw materials were needed for industrial production.

Question 6.
What are sleepers?
Answer:
Wooden planks laid across railway tracks, to hold them in position are called sleepers.

Question 7.
Why did oak forests in England disappear?
Answer:
Oak forests in England were disappearing fast because oak wood was needed to build ships.

Question 8.
Why was wood needed for railways?
Answer:
Wood was needed as fuel to run the locomotives and to lay railway lines sleepers to hold the tracks together.

Question 9.
How did the forests around railway tracks start disappearing.
Answer:
The railway tracks expanded, trees were being cut for sleepers. The government gave out contracts to individuals to fulfil the supply and they cut the trees indiscriminately.

Question 10.
Name the plantations for which large areas of India’s natural forest were cleared.
Answer:
Large areas of natural forests were cleared for the cultivation of tea, coffee and rubber plantation.

Question 11.
Name any two beverage crops.
Answer:
Tea and coffee are beverage crops.

Question 12.
Why did the British feel the locals were destroying forests?
Answer:
According to the Britishers, the use of forests by local people, the reckless felling of trees by traders would destroy forests.

Question 13.
Who was Dietrich Brandis?
Answer:
Dietrich Brandis was a German expert who was invited by Britishers to give advice on the matters of forest management. He was made the first Inspector General of Forests in India.

Question 14.
When and where was the Imperial Forest Research Institute set up?
Answer:
The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehadun in 1906.

Question 15.
What is scientific forestry?
Answer:
A system of cutting trees controlled by the forest department, in which different varities of trees are cut and one type of trees are planted.

Question 16.
In which three categories forests were divided according to 1878 Act?
Answer:
Forests were divided into three categories: reserved, protected and village forests.

Question 17.
For what purpose did the people in the forests use bamboo? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
Bamboo was used to make fences and to make umbrellas and baskets.

Question 18.
How did the new forest laws affect the hunter and forest dwellers in 1927? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
Forest Act meant severe hardship to villagers. After the Act, all their everyday practices like cutting wood for houses, grazing cattle, collecting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing became illegal. They were punished for poaching.

Question 19.
What is Swidden agriculture?
Answer:
In Swidden agriculture, parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. Seeds are sown in the ashes. The crop is harvested by October-November. Such plots are cultivated for a few years and then left follow for 12-18 years for the forest to grow back.

Question 20.
By which local name shifting cultivation is known in Central America?
Answer:
Milpa

Question 21.
What is another name of Swidden agriculture?
Answer:
Shifting cultivation.

Question 22.
Write any two local terms for Swidden agriculture used in India.
Answer:
Jhum, kumri, dhya, penda, bewar, nevad, podu, khandad. (any two)

Question 23.
What were the types of crops grown through shifting cultivation?
Answer:
In Central India and Africa it could be millets, in Brazil manioc and in other parts of Latin America maize and beans.

Question 24.
What did the large animals signify in Britishers view?
Answer:
The Britishers saw large animals as a sign of a wild, primitive and savage society. They believed that . by killing dangerous animals they would civilise India.

Question 25.
How did some people benefit from the laws of forest department?
Answer:
The laws of forest department opened up new opportunities in trade. Some communities left their traditional occupations and started trading in forest products.

Question 26.
Who were the Mundurucu peoples of the Brazilian Amazon?
Answer:
Mundurucu peoples of the Brazilian Amazon lived in villages on high ground, cultivated manioc and collected latex from rubber trees for supplying to traders.

Question 27.
Name three pastoralist and nomadic communities of the Madras Presidency.
Answer:
Korava, Karacha and Yerukula.

Question 28.
Who were known as criminal tribes?
Answer:
Some of the pasoralist of the Madras presidency were known as crimal tribes.

Question 29.
Who were recruited to work on tea plantations in Assam?
Answer:
Both men and women from forest communties like Santhals and Oraons from Jharkhand, and Gonds from Chhattisgarh were recruited to work on tea plantations.

Question 30.
Name the two leaders of the forest communities who rebelled against the British.
Answer:
The two leaders were:
(a) Birsa Munda of Chhotanagpur
(b) Alluri Sitaram Raju of Andhra Pradesh
(c) Siddhu and Kanu in the Santhal Palganas (any two)

Question 31.
Where is Bastar located?
Answer:
Bastar is located in the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh and borders Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Maharashtra.

Question 32.
Which river flows through Baster region?
Answer:
Indravati river.

Question 33.
Name the various communities who live in Bastar.
Answer:
The different communities are Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas.

Question 34.
What do you mean by devsari, dand or man?
Answer:
If people from Bastar village want to take some wood from the forests of another village they pay a small fee called devsari, dand or man.

Question 35.
What are forest villages?
Answer:
Forest villages are those villages where people were allowed to stay in the reserved forests on the condition that they would work free for the forest department in cutting and transporting trees and protecting the forest from fires.

Question 36.
Where did the reservation first take place in Bastar?
Answer:
The reservation first took place in the Kanger forest in Bastar.

Question 37.
Who was Gunda Dhur?
Answer:
Gunda Dhur, from village Nethanar, was an important figure in the movement against the British.

Question 38.
How was the message given to the villagers to rebel against the British government?
Answer:
Mango boughs, a lump of earth, chillies and arrows were circulated among villagers.

Question 39.
What did the World Bank propose in 1970s?
Answer:
The World Bank proposed that 4600 hectares of natural sal forest should be replaced by tropical pine to provide pulp for the paper industry.

Question 40.
Name the colonial power in Indonesia.
Answer:
The Dutch were the colonial power in Indonesia.

Question 41.
Where did the Dutch start forest management?
Answer:
The Dutch started forest management in Java.

Question 42.
Who were the Kalangs of Java?
Answer:
The Kalangs were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators.

Question 43.
Why did the Dutch feel the need to enact forest laws in Java? [CBSE 2015,2016]
Answer:
In the 19th century, when it became necessary to control territory and not just the people, the Dutch enacted forest laws in Java, restricting villagers’ access to forests. Now wood could only be cut for specified purposes.

Question 44.
Why were the villagers punished?
Answer:
The villagers were punished for grazing cattle, transporting wood without permit or travelling on forest roads with horse carts or cattle.

Question 45.
What was the blandongdiensten system?
Answer:
It was a system which exempted villagers from rent in exchange for free labour and supply of buffaloes for transporting timber.

Question 46.
What was Samin’s challenge?
Answer:
Randublatung village was a teak village. Surontiko Samin questioned state ownership of forests. People protested against the Dutch by lying down on their land, and by refusing to pay taxes or fines or perform labour.

Question 47.
What policy did the Dutch follow during war?
Answer:
The Dutch followed ‘a scorched earth’ policy. They destroyed sawmills, burnt huge piles of teak logs so that they would not fall into enemy’s hands (Japanese).

Question 48.
Name a few sacred groves.
Answer:
Samas, devarakudu, kan and red etc.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 49.
What is deforestation? How did cultivation expand rapidly during the colonial period?
Answer:
The disappearance of forests is referred to as deforestation. Cultivation expanded rapidly during the colonial period in the following ways.
(a) The British encouraged the production of commercial crops like sugar, wheat, jute and cotton.
(b) Large areas of forests, considered to be wilderness was brought under cultivation.
(c) Large areas of natural forests were also cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europe’s growing need for these commodities. (any two)

Question 50.
Who was appointed as the first Inspector General of Forests in India? Explain any three reforms introduced by him. [CBSE 2011]
Answer:
Dietrich Brandis, a German expert, was appointed as the First Inspector General of forests in India by the British Government to save the forests.
The following were the main reforms introduced by Dietrich Brandis.
(a) In 1864, Dietrich Brandis set up the ‘Indian Forest Service’ (IFS) and helped formulate the Indian Forest Act of 1865.
(b) He encouraged/advised for ‘scientific forestry’ where in place of natural forests, one type of trees were planted in straight rows.
According to the Forest Act of 1878, there were three categories of forests—reserved, protected and village forests. Villagers were not allowed to take anything from the forests.
According to the plan/reform, Forest officials surveyed and planned that every year how much of the plantation will be cut and replanted so that trees remain always ready to be cut again, in some years.
(c) In 1906, the Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up in Dehradun.

Question 51.
What is scientific forestry? How did the forest officials implement it?
Answer:
In scientific forestry, natural forests, which had different kind of trees, were cut down. In their place one type of trees were grown in straight rows.
Forest officials surveyed the area and estimated how much of the plantation was to be cut. The area was then replanted and trees could be cut after a few years.

Question 52.
Why is it necessary to increase area under forests? Give three reasons. [CBSE 2010]
Answer:
(a) Forests are useful as the people use forest products in a variety of ways. Fruits and tubers were eaten because they were nutritious and herbs were used for medicinal purposes.
(b) Bamboo was used to make fences, baskets and umbrellas. The wood was used to make agricultural implements like yokes and ploughs.
(c) A dried scooped-out gourd was used as a portable water bottle. Oil for cooking and lighting lamps was acquired from the fruit of the Mahua tree.
(d) The siadi creeper was used to make ropes and leaves could be used, usually stitched together to make disposable cups and plates. (any three)

Question 53.
Why did the government ban shifting cultivation? What was the result?
Answer:
European foresters regarded the practice of shifting cultivation as harmful. They felt:
(a) the land which was used for cultivation every few years could not grow trees for railway timber.
(b) when the forests were burnt, there was a danger of flames spreading and burning valuable timber.
(c) It became difficult for the government to calculate taxes.
Many communities were forcibly displaced from the forest, some had to change their occupations.

Question 54.
Why was hunting popular in India and what were its effects? [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
Ftunting of big game was a popular sport in India. It was a popular sport among the emperors and
nobility. Many Mughal paintings show emperors and princes enjoying a hunt. Under colonial rule, hunting increased to such an extent that many species became extinct. For the British, large animals was a sign or primitive society. They believed that by killing large animals, they would civilise India. Tigers, leopards and wolves were killed, because they posed a threat to the villagers. Over 80,000 tigers, 150,000 leopards and 20,00,00 wolves were killed. Only then did environmentalists and conservators advocate that these animals had to be protected.

Question 55.
What was the impact of regulation of trade in forest products by the British government in India? [CBSE 2010]
Answer:
Following was the import of regulations of trade in forest products by the British government in India.
(a) Trade in forest products was completely regulated by the British government. It gave many large European trading firms the sole right to trade in the fofest products of particular areas in Indian Forests.
(b) The grazing and hunting by local people were restricted. In the process many nomadic communities like the Koravas and Karacha lost their livelihood.
(c) Some of them began to be called ‘criminal tribes’ and were forced to work in factories and plantations under government supervision.

Question 56.
Name two communities that live in Bastar. Mention some of the beliefs regarding nature of the communities of Bastar? [CBSE 2010]
Answer:
The communities living in Bastar are, Maria, Muria Gonds, Dhurwar and Halbas. (any two)
Their beliefs regarding nature are as follows:
(a) The people believed that each village was given its land by the Earth and thus they look after the earth by making some offerings at each agricultural festival.
(b) Respect is also shown to the spirits of the river, the forest and the mountain.
(c) As each village was aware of its boundaries, all the natural resources within that boundary were looked after by the local people.
(d) If people from a village wanted to take some wood from the forests of another village, they paid a small fee called dand. Some villages protect their forests by engaging watchmen and every household contributes some grain to pay them. (any three)

Question 57.
Describe the main causes of the revolt of Bastar. [CBSE 2010, 2016] [HOTS]
Answer:
The main causes of the revolt of Bastar were as follows.
(a) The colonial government wanted to reserve 2/3 of the forests in 1905 and stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce.
(b) Some villagers were allowed to stay in the reserved forest on the condition that they worked free for the forest department in cutting and transporting trees and protecting the forest from fires. These villages came to be known as forest villages. People of other villages were removed without any compensation. They were not given prior notice.
(c) For long people had suffered under increased rents and demand for free labour and goods by forest officials. People also suffered because of famines in 1899-1900 and again in 1907-1908.

Question 58.
Explain the provisions of the Forest Act passed by the Dutch. [CBSE 2010]
Answer:
The Provision of Forest Act passed by the Dutch were as follows:
(a) The Dutch restricted the villagers’ access to forests.
(b) Wood could only be cut for specified purposes like making river boats or constructing houses only from certain forests under close supervision.
(c) Villagers were punished for grazing cattle in young stands, transporting wood without a permit or travelling on forest roads with horse carts or cattle.

Question 59.
What new developments have occurred in forestry in Asia and Africa in recent times? [CBSE 2010]
Answer:
(a) In recent years, Asian and African governments introduced social forestry and they realised that
the policy of keeping forest communities away from forests have only resulted in conflicts.
(b) Conservation of forests rather than collecting timber became the primary aim. In order to meet this goal, the government realised that the involvement of people living near the forests is a must.
(c) In fact, across India from Mizoram to Kerala dense forests have survived only because villagers protected them in sacred groves known as kan, rai and sarnas.
(d) Some villages patrolled their own forests with each household taking turns instead of leaving it
to forest guards. (any three)

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 60.
How did commercial farming lead to a decline in forest cover during colonial period? [CBSE 2011]
Answer:
The factors which led to deforestation during the colonial rule are as follows:
(a) The British encouraged the production of commercial crops like wheat, sugar, jute and cotton. The demands for these crops increased in the 19th century Europe because food grains were needed to feed the growing urban population and raw materials were required for growing industries.
(b) In the 19th century, the colonial government thought that forests were unproductive. The land had to be brought under cultivation, which would increase food production and revenue. Between 1880 and 1920 cultivation area rose by 6.7 million hectares. The forests had to the cleared. As the population increased and demand for food went up, the forests were cleared for the expansion of agricultural land.
(c) The oak forests were fast depleting. It became a problem to supply timber for the Royal Navy. Ships could not be built without a regular supply of timber. Ships were needed to protect the overseas colonies. By 1820 search parties were sent to explore forest resources in India. Trees were being cut on a large scale and exported to England.
(d) Wood was needed as fuel to run locomotives and to lay sleepers which could hold the railways tracks. As early as 1850, 3500 trees were cut annually in Madras presidency for sleepers.
(e) Large areas of forests were cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations.

Question 61.
Why was Dietrich Brandis invited by the British government? What steps were taken by him to protect forests?
Answer:
The Britishers feared that the reckless felling and cutting of trees by traders destroyed the forests. So they invited Dietrich Brandis for advice and made him the first Inspector General of Forests in India.
The steps taken by Brandis to protect the forests were:
(a) A proper system was adopted to manage forest and people to conserve forests.
(b) Rules about the use of forest resources were framed.
(c) Felling of trees and grazing of land was restricted, so that forests could be used for timber production.
(d) Anyone who did not follow the system was punished. Brandis set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864.

Question 62.
What was the practice of shifting cultivation? Why did European foresters want to unfollow it?
Answer:
One of the major impacts of European colonialism was on the practice of shifting cultivation or Swidden agriculture.
This practice was followed in Asia, Africa and South America. In shifting cultivation, parts of the forest are cut and burnt. After the first monsoon showers, seeds are sown in the ashes and crop is harvested in October-November. Such plots are cultivated for a few years and then left fallow for 12 to 18 years for the forest to grow.
European foresters did not want the cultivators to follow this practice. They felt that the land which was used for cultivation for a few years could not grow trees to provide timber for railways. When the forests were burnt, there was a danger of flames spreading to other parts of the forest. If was also difficult for the government to calculate taxes. So they decided to ban shifting cultivation.

Question 63.
‘The new forest laws changed the lives of forest dwellers. They could not hunt’. How? [HOTS]
Answer:
The forest laws changed the lives of forest dwellers significantly. Before the forest laws, many people who lived in or near the forests lived by hunting deer, partridges and a number of small animals. The customery right of the forest dwellers was prohibited by the forests law. They were punished for poaching, if caught hunting.
Hunting of big game became a sport under colonial rule. Hunting increased so much, that various species became extinct. British believed large animals were a sign of primitive society and by killing dangerous animals they would civilise India. People were rewarded for killing tigers, wolves and other animals because they were a threat to the cultivators.

Question 64.
Describe the life of the tribal people of Bastar. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
(a) Bastar is located in the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh and borders Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Maharashtra. A number of different communities such as Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas live in Bastar. They speak different languages but have common beliefs and customs.
(b) The people in Bastar believe that the Earth gave land to each village and in return they look after the land and make offerings at each agricultural season.
(c) They also show respect to the spirit of the rivers, mountains and the forests.
(d) The local people of the village look after the natural resources of the village. If people wanted wood from another village, they had to make payments, called devsari, dand or man. Some people also engaged watchmen to look after their forest and each household contributed some grain to pay them.
(e) Every year the headmen of the villages met and discussed issues concerning the forest.

Question 65.
Who were the Kalangs of Java? How did Samins challenge the Dutch?
Answer:
Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators. Without their expertise, it would have been difficult to harvest teak and for the kings to build their palaces. When the Mataram kingdom was split in 1755, the 6000 Kalang families were equally divided between the two kingdoms. When the Dutch gained control over the forests, they tried to make Kalangs work under them. The Kalangs revolted and attacked the Dutch fort at Joana.
Around 1890, Surontiko Samin of Randublatung village, a teak forest village, began questioning the state ownership of forests. He was supported by his sons-in-law and about 3000 families. Some of the Saminists protested by lying down on their land when Dutch came to survey it, while others refused to pay taxes or perform labour.

Map Skills

Question 66.
On the given map of Indonesia, locate and label the following items.
Indonesia: Consists of the following islands Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Kalimantan and West Irian.
Randublatung: A village with teak forest surontiko Samin of the village questioned state ownership of the forest.
Soolay pagoda: Sleepers were piled here after forests were cut and cleared.
Rembang: A logyard under Dutch colonial control.
Answer:

Question 67.
In the outline map of India, mark and name the following :

1. Western Ghats
2. Madras Presidency:
   (i) Where as early as 1830s, 35000 trees were cut.
   (ii) Pastoralist and nomadic communities like Korava, Karacha and Yerukula lost their livelihood.
3. Dehradun: Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906.
4. Nomadic tribes: Baigas in Central India, Banjaras in Madhya Pradesh, Santhals in Assam, Oraons in Jharkhand Gonds in Chhattisgarh.
5. Kanger forest

Answer:

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