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On this page, you will find NCERT Class 6 Geography Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 6 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 4 SST Maps will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Maps Class 6 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 4

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 4 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. A map is a representation or a drawing of the Earth’s surface or a part of it drawn on a flat surface according to a scale.

2. Maps are useful to us for various purposes.

3. When many maps are put together we get an Atlas.

4. Maps are different types such as Physical Maps, Political Maps, Thematic Maps.

5. There are three components of maps:

1. distance
2. direction and
3. symbol

6. A scale is needed to represent a large distance in a small distance on paper. Actually, scale is the ratio between the actual distance and the distance shown on the map.

7. When large areas like continents or countries are to be shown on a paper, then we use a small scale, it is called a small scale map. In the small scale map we used large 100 km of distance in some cm. or mm.

8. When a small area like village or town is to be shown on paper, then we use a large scale, it is called large scale map. In the large scale map, we use distance of metres in some cm. or mm.

9. Direction Maps are also very useful. These maps help us to find out a place. There are four major directions – North, South, East and West. They Eire called cardinal points.

10. Other four intermediate directions are – North-East(NE), South-East(SE), South-West (SW), and North­West (NW).

11. We can find out the direction of a place with the help of a compass. It is an instrument used to find out main directions. It is a magnetic needle which always points towards north-south direction.

12. Symbol is also an important component of map. Everything or object cannot be represented on the paper. For this purpose, symbols are used. Symbol contains letters, shades, colours, pictures, lines etc.

13. Maps have a universal language that can be understood by all. There is an international agreement regarding the use of these symbols. These are called conventional symbols.

14. Various colours are used for the same purpose. For example, blue is used for showing water bodies, brown for mountain, yellow for plateau and green for plains.

15. A sketch is a drawing mainly based on memory and spot observation and not according to scale.

16. A plan is a drawing of a small area on a large scale. A large scale map gives lot of information, which cannot be shown on a map.

Maps Class 6 CBSE Notes Important Terms

A map: Representation or a drawing of the Earth’s surface or a part of it drawn on a flat surface.

Physical maps: Maps showing natural features of the Earth or its parts.

Political maps: Maps showing cities, town or countries of the Earth or its parts.

Thematic maps: Maps showing specific information of the Earth or its parts.

Symbol: Represents various objects on the map.

Sketch: A rough drawing without scale.

Cardinal points: Four main points of the compass.

Compass: Instrument finding the direction.

Plan: Drawing of a small area on a large scale.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 6 Geography Chapter 3 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 6 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 SST Motions of the Earth will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Motions of the Earth Class 6 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 3

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 3 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. The Earth has two types of motions. These are Rotation and Revolution.

2. Rotation is the movement of the Earth on its axis. The Earth takes about 24 hours to complete one rotation around its axis.

3. Due to the rotation of axis, day and night are formed.

4. Axis makes an angle of 66 1/2 ° with its orbit plane.

5. Revolution is movement of the Earth around the Sun in a fixed path or orbit. It takes 365 1/4 days (one year) to revolve around the Sun.

6. These 6 hours saved every year and make 1 day in 4 years. This 1 day is added to the month of February. Thus, every fourth year, February is of 29 days instead of 28 days. Such a year with 366 days is called a leap year.

7. Due to the revolution movement seasons Eire changed.

8. The Earth receives light from the Sun. The Earth gets light only on half portion at a time due to its spherical shape.

9. places where Sun light falls, experiences day and where not experiences night.

10. The circle that divides the day from night on the globe is called the ‘circle of illumination’.

11. The period of rotation is known as the ‘Earth day¹. Earth day is the daily motion of the Earth.

12. The Earth moves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit during its revolution motion.

13. There are 4 seasons in a year – summer, winter, spring and autumn.

14. On 21 March and 23 September, whole Earth experienced equal day and night. This position is called ‘equinox’.

15. When the northern Hemisphere has the longest day and the shortest night is called Summer Solstice. It occurs on 21 June.

16. When the southern Hemisphere has the longest day and the shortest night is called Winter Solstice. It occurs on 22 December.

Motions of the Earth Class 6 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Rotation: Movement of the Earth on the axis.

Revolution: The movement of the Earth around the Sun in a fixed path.

Orbital place: Plane formed by the orbit.

Circle of illumination: The circle that divides the day from night on the globe is called the circle of illumination.

Daily motion: The rotation of the Earth on axis.

Leap year: The year in which February has 29 days.

Summer Solstice: Longest day and the shortest night in the northern hemisphere.

Winter Solstice: Longest day and the shortest night in the southern hemisphere.

Equinox: When the whole Earth experiences equal days and equal nights.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 6 Geography Chapter 2 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 6 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 2 SST Globe Latitudes and Longitudes will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Globe Latitudes and Longitudes Class 6 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 2

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 2 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. The shape of the Earth can be understood by the globe. The globe is an imaginary shape of Earth.

2. Two points on the globe through which the needle passes are two poles – above side the North Pole and below side the South Pole. Both pins of globe can be imagined as ‘axis’. The globe can move towards west to east, as the Earth moves.

3. Another imaginary line running on the globe divides it into two equal parts. This line is known as the northern half part is called the Northern Hemisphere and southern half is called the Southern Hemisphere.

4. All parallel circles from the equator up to the poles are called parallels of latitudes. Latitudes are measured in degrees.

5. All parallels north of the equator are called ‘north latitudes’. Similarly, all parallels south of the equator are called ‘south latitudes’. Generally, this is indicated by the letter ‘N’ or ‘S’.

There are four important parallels of latitudes:

• Tropic of Cancer   –   23 1/2°
• Tropic of Capricorn  – 23 1/2°
• Arctic Circle   –    66 1/2°
• Antarctic Circle – 66 1/2°

6. The area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn receives the maximum heat and is called the Torrid Zone.

7. The area between Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in Northern Hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemisphere have moderate temperatures. These are therefore, called Temperate Zones.

8. The area of Arctic Circle of both side towards the North Pole as well as the South Pole are called Frigid Zones. These areas are very cold.

9. The Prime Meridian represents zero degree longitude. The longitude in the Eastern Hemisphere are designated at degrees east such as 10°E, 20°E, 30°E and so on till 180° and similarly in Western Hemisphere.

10. Degrees are further divided into minutes and minutes into seconds. Minutes are shown as single apostrophe (‘) and seconds are shown as double apostrophe (“).

11. When the Prime Meridian of Greenwich has the Sun at the highest point in the sky, all the places along this meridian will have mid-day or noon.

12. The Earth rotates 1° in four minutes, 15° in an hour and thus 360° in about 24 hours.

13. The local time of places which are on different meridians is bound to differ. It is, therefore, necessary to adopt the local time of some central meridian of a country as the standard time for the country. In India, the longitude of 82 14 °E is treated as the standard meridian. The local time at this meridian is taken as the standard time for the whole country. It is known as the Indian Standard Time (1ST).

Globe Latitudes and Longitudes Class 6 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Globe: It is true and imaginary model of the Earth.

Geoid: It means shape like the Earth.

Axis: It is an imaginary line. Earth rotates on Axis.

North Pole: North end of the Axis is called the North Pole.

South Pole: South end of the Axis is called the South Pole.

Longitudes: The lines running in north-south direction joining with the North Pole and the South Pole.

Latitudes: These lines are drawn parallel to the equator and are called Latitudes.

Equator: It is an imaginary line on globe, west to east and divides the Earth into two equal parts.

Torrid zone: The area between the Tropic of Cancer (23 1/2° N) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23 V2 ⁰ S) is called the Torrid zone. Equator lies in the middle of the Torrid Zone.

Frigid Zone: An area of the Earth which is very cold, where Sun rays are always slanting and provides less heat is called Frigid Zone.

Prime Meridian: It is the 0°’ longitude and divides the Earth into eastern and western hemispheres.

Greenwich Meridian Time: It is the meridian passing through Greenwich in London. The local time of all places is linked to the Greenwich Meridian Time.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 6 Geography Chapter 1 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 6 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 1 SST The Earth in the Solar System will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

The Earth in the Solar System Class 6 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 1

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 1 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. We can not see the moon and all those bright objects of the sky in the day time. It is because the very bright light of the Sun does not allow us to see all these bright objects of the sky.

2. The Sun, the moon and all those objects shining in the sky are called celestial bodies. Celestial bodies are made up of gases. Some are very big and hot. They have their own heat and light, which they emit (release) in large amounts. These celestial bodies are called stars. The Sun is a star. Countless stars are very very far from us, so we do not feel their heat or light.

3. Different groups of stars form different patterns. These are called constellations. Ursa Major or Big Bear is one such constellation. One of the most easily recognizable constellations is the small bear of Saptarishi (seven sages). It is a group of seven stars.

4. In the ancient times, people used to determine directions during the night with the help of stars. The North Star indicates the north direction. It is also called the Pole Star.

5. Some celestial bodies do not have their own heat and light. They are lit by the light of the stars. Such bodies are called planets. The Earth is a planet. Like the Earth there are eight other planets that get heat and light from the Sun. Some of them have their moons too.

6. Sun is in the centre of the solar system. It is made up of extremely hot gases. It provides pulling force that binds the solar system. The Sun is ultimate source of heat and light for the solar system. The Sun is about 150 million km away from the Earth.

7. There are eight planets in our solar system. In order of their distance from the Sun they are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

8. The easy way to memorize the name of planets in order of their distance from the Sun is: My Very Efficient Mother Just Served Us Nuts. Always remember that first ‘M’ is for Mercury.

9. All the eight planets of the solar system move around the Sun in fixed path. These paths are elongated. They are called orbits.

10. The Earth is the third nearest planet to the Sun. In size it is the fifth-largest planet. Its north and south poles are slightly flattened. This shape is described as Geoid. It has water and oxygen. Its 2/3 surface is covered by water. Its outer surface looks blue. It is, therefore, called a blue planet.

11. The moon is only one satellite of the Earth. Its diameter is only Vi that of the Earth. It is nearer to our Earth than other celestial bodies. It is about 3.84 lakh km away from us. The moon moves around the Earth in about 27 days. It has neither water nor air. It has mountains, plains and depressions on its surface.

12. Asteroids also move around the Sun. These are numerous tiny bodies which are found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Scientists are of the view that asteroids are part of a planet which exploded many years back.

13. Meteoroids are small pieces of rocks which move around the Sun.

The Earth in the Solar System Class 6 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Celestial bodies: The Sun, the moon and all those objects shining in the sky are called celestial bodies. Celestial bodies are made up of gases.

Stars: Celestial bodies are called stars. The Sun is a star. In other words, the Sun and the twinkling objects that we see at night are called stars.

Galaxy: A huge system of millions of heavenly bodies and stars like the Milky Way form a galaxy.

Full moonlight: When moon appears full and looks in the form of a ball. Full moon light is also called ‘Poornima’.

New moonlight: When moon is not seen from the Earth. This night is also called ‘Amavasya’.

Constellation: Constellation is design or pattern of stars. In the sky, during the night, a group of stars form various patterns and designs.

Planet Satellites: Heavenly body that revolves around a planet in the same way as planets revolve around the Sun.

Orbit: The elliptical paths on which the planets and satellites revolve round the Sun are known as orbits.

Asteroids: There are numerous tiny bodies which revolve around the Sun. These are found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. These bodies are called Asteroids.

Meteoroids: The small pieces of rocks which revolve around the Sun are called meteoroids.

Pole Star: The North Star indicates the north direction. It is also called the Pole Star.

Geoid: North and south poles of the Earth are slightly flattened. This shape of Earth is described as Geoid.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Civics Chapter 9 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 9 SST Struggles for Equality will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Struggles for Equality Class 7 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 9

CBSE Class 7 Civics Chapter 9 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. The Indian constitution recognizes all Indians as equal before the law and states. No person can be discriminated on any ground.

2. All adults in India have the equal right to vote during elections and this power has been used by people to elect or replace their representatives.

3. The vote of one person is as good as that of another.

4. Poverty and the lack of resources are the key reasons for inequality in India.

5. Discrimination on the basis of a person’s religion, caste and sex is another significant factor for why people are treated unequally in India.

6. Dalit, Adivasi and Muslim girls drop out of school in large numbers. This is a combined outcome of poverty, social discrimination and the lack of good quality school facilities for these communities.

7. In each community and in society there are some respectable people who fight of equality. They may be well-respected because they treat all persons with dignity and are, therefore, trusted and play an important role to resolve issues in the community.

8. In India, there are several struggles in which people have come together to fight for issues that they believe are important.

9. There are many such struggles such as those among beedi workers, fisher-folks, agricultural labourers, slum-dwellers and each group is struggling for justice in its own way.

10. Many times they form cooperatives or other collective ways by which people can have more control over resources.

11. In the villages adjoining to the forest areas, when sanctuaries for animals are constructed, many poor people are displaced and people are forced to go and build new homes and new lives.

12. In urban areas, bastis in which poor people live are often displaced to the areas located outside of the city. Displaced poor people are severely disrupted.

13. There are several organizations across the country fighting for the rights of the displaced.

14. Tawa Matsya Sangh-a federation of Fisherworker’s cooperatives-an organization fighting for the rights of the displaced forest-dwellers of the Satpura forest in Madhya Pradesh.

15. The Tawa, originating in the Mahadeo hills of Chindwara district, flows through Betul, before joining the Narmada in Hoshangabad.

16. The Tawa dam began to be built in 1958 and was completed in 1978. It submerged large areas of forest and agricultural land. People of 33 villages were displaced. Some of the displaced people settled around the reservoir and apart from their meager farms, found a livelihood in fishing.

17. In 1994, the government gave the rights for fishing in the Tawa reservoir to private contractors. These contractors got cheap labour from outside. The villagers stood united and decided to set up an organization to protect their livelihood rights. Thus, they formed Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS). And after long struggles they were granted right to fishing for their livelihood by the Madhya Pradesh government in 1996.

18. For the upliftment of the needs of fishermen, Tawa Matsya Sangh played a great role to make them able to increase their earning substantially. The Sangh arranges for fair price, transport, selling in a market where they get a good price, loans to fishermen for repair and the buying of new nets etc. Thus, the fisher­men have started to earn three times more than they earned earlier.

19. A dam is built across a river at sites where it can collect a lot of water. Dam submerges vast areas of land. The Tehri dam, Uttarakhand submerged old Tehri town and 100 villages. Nearly one lakh people were displaced from the construction of Tehri dam.

20. The Indian Constitution provides equality of all persons. Issues of equality are central to a democracy.

21. The privatization of health services in the country, the increasing control that business houses exert on the media, the low value given to women and their work, and the low earning made by small farmers who grow cotton are the issues that substantially affect poor and marginalized communities, and therefore, concern economic and social equality in the country.

22. The dignity and self-respect of each person and their community can only be realized if they have ad­equate resources to support and nurture their families and if they are not discriminated against.

Struggles for Equality Class 7 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Dam: Dam is built between the river to collect a lot of water.

Reservoir: A large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply.

TMS: TMS stands for Tawa Matsya Sangh which is an organization formed for betterment of affected fishermen.

Creative expression: Those who use their pen, or their voice, or their ability to dance to draw attention to issues are called creative artists. Their expressions and methods are called cre­ative expressions.