Prasanna

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 7 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes History Chapter 7 SST Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners Class 8 Notes Social Science History Chapter 7

CBSE Class 8 History Chapter 7 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Craft and Industries of India under the British rule:

2. Focused on two industries:

• Textiles
• Iron and Steel} ➝ Both crucial for the Industrial revolution in the modem world.

3. Britain was the foremost industrial nation in 19^th century all because of mechanised production of cotton textiles.

4. Britain also came to be known as the “workshop of the world” after its iron and steel industry started growth from the year 1850.

5. Industrialisation in Britain is closely related to the conquest and colonisation of India. Reason was:

• As in late 18^th century the Company was buying raw material from India at cheaper rates and selling them at huge profit in Europe.
• India was seen as the vast market with the growing industrialisation.

6. The market created in India by buying raw material from India and selling finished goods made in industries of England in India created a huge effect or we can say adverse affect on Indian made crafts and industries.

7. Around 1750’s, during the time when Bengal was captured, India was the world’s largest producer of cotton textiles as it was known for its fine quality and exquisite craftsmanship.

8. Europeans got encountered firstly by the fine cotton cloth of India when it was carried by Arab merchants in Mosul (present-day Iraq).

9. The finely woven clothes were named as ‘Muslin’ by the British.

10. Calico was the general name for all cotton textiles because after the arrival of Portuguese, the cotton textile which they took back to Europe along with spices was named Calico as it was derived from Calicut.

11. The different variety of clothes at that time were:

• Chintz – The word derived from Hindi word Chhint.
• Cossaes (Khassa)
• Bandanna.
• Chint was a cloth with small and colourful flowery design.

12. There was a craze for printed Indian cotton textiles in England and Europe. This was because of their exquisite floral designs, fine texture and relative cheapness.

13. Bandanna refers to any brightly coloured and printed scarf for neck or head. The term was derived from the Indian word ‘Bandanna’. Produced by method of Tye and Dye.

14. The Calico Act was passed in 1720, banning use of printed cotton textiles – chintz in England. This happened because:

• Wool and silk makers started protesting against the import of Indian cotton textiles.
• The protest was due to their worry of the popularity of Indian textiles.

15. Textiles of England at beginning was unable to complete with the Indian textiles.

16. Indian designs were imitated and printed in England on Muslin, a plain unbleached Indian cloth.

17. Competition with the Indian textiles concluded with the new innovations. In 1764, the spinning jenny was invented by John Kaye resulting in increase of productivity of the traditional spindles.

18. In 1786, invention of steam engine revolutionized cotton textile weaving.

19. Indian textiles dominated the world till the end of 18^thcentury.

20. Weavers were people from communities specialised in weaving, e.g. the tanti weavers of Bengal, the julahas or momin weavers of north India, sale and Kaikollar and devangs of south India.

21. Spinning, the first stage of production, was mostly done by women.

22. Charkha and takli were the household instruments.

23. Rangrez were the dyer of thread for cotton textiles.

24. Chhipigars were the specialised people in block printing.

25. The development of cotton industries in Britain adversely affected textile producers in India in different ways:

• Competition rose
• Exporting textiles to England was getting difficult due to high duties on India textiles.

26. By the beginning of 19^th century, English made cotton textiles successfully ousted Indian goods from traditional market in Africa, America and Europe, adversely hitting the different weavers in India.

27. By 1830’s British cotton cloth flooded Indian markets, by 1880, 2/3^rf of all cotton clothes worn by Indians were made of cloth produced in Britain.

28. Handloom weaving never died completely in India.

29. Sholapur of west India and Madura of south India were the towns which emerged as important new centres of weaving in the late 19^thcentury.

30. After Mahatma Gandhi urged people for boycotting imported textiles and to use hand-woven cloths.

• Khadi became a symbol of nationalism.
• Charkha represented India.
• Charkha was even put at centre of tricolour flag which was adopted by Indian National Congress in 1931.

31. The weavers and spinsters who lost their livelihood started working as agricultural labourers.

• Some went out of country to work in plantations in Africa and South America.
• Some found work in new established cotton mills.

32. The first cotton mill of India was set up as a spinning mill in Bombay in 1854.

33. Bombay grew as an important port for the export of raw cotton.

34. Mills came up in other cities too, first mill in Ahmedabad was started in 1861.

35. For the first few decades, the textile factory industry in India faced many problems. They were unable to compete with the cheap textiles imported from Britain.

36. During the first world war when textiles imports from Britain declined then the Indian factories were called upon to produce clothes for military supplies.

37. Story of Indian steel and iron metallurgy starts with Tipu Sultan – the man who died fighting with his sword in his hand.

• The Sword is now a valuable collection in the museums of England.
• The quality of sword to easily rip through the opponent’s armoury was all because of special type of high carbon steel called wootz which was produced all over south India.

38. Francis Buchanan, a traveller, left an account of the technique by which wootz steel was produced in many hundreds of smelting furnaces in Mysore.

39. Wootz, an anglicised version of the Kannada word Ukku, Tamil word – hukker and Malayalam word – urukku, all meaning steel.

40. The Wootz making process was completely lost by mid 19^th century because the imports of iron and steel from England displaced the iron and steel produced by craftspeople in India.

41. By late 19^th century, the craft of iron smelting was in decline.

• Reason behind this includes forest laws that prevented people from entering the reserved forests. Entering in forests was banned so gathering and finding wood for charcoal was getting impossible with the days.
• High taxes were imposed on entering and using forest produce.

42. By the early 19th-century artisans producer of iron and steel-faced competition after ironsmiths started using iron imported from Britain to manufacture utensils and implements.

43. Jamsetji Tata had decided to spend a large part from his fortune to build a big iron and steel industry in India and for that identifying the source of fine quality iron ore was under process.

44. The Agarias were the people found carrying basket loads of iron ore which were derived from the hill nearby, declared as one of the finest ores in the world and the hill name was Rajhara hills. This hill was discovered when in the hot month of April, Charles Weld an American geologist and Dorabji Tata (eldest son of Jamsetji) were travelling in Chhattisgarh in search of the iron ore deposit.

45. Industrial township – Jamshedpur was set up on the banks of the river subamarekha as the water source was near the iron ore deposits.

46. TISCO – Tata Iron and Steel Company began producing steel in 1912. It was set up at opportune time when India use to import steel manufactured in Britain.

47. Railway expansion in India provided huge market for rails produced by Britain.

48. With the set up of TISCO, situation was changing. Indian railway turned forward TISCO after the first world war outbreak and decline in the imports of British steel was seen.

49. Same was with the case of iron and steel as it was with cotton textiles both saw the industrial expansion at time when the British imports in India got declined.

50. During First World War and after Nationalist Movement developed and the industrial class became stronger, the demand for the government protection became louder struggling to retain its control over India.

Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners Class 8 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Spinning Jenny: A machine by which a single worker could operate several spindles on to which thread was spun. When the wheel was turned all the spindles rotated.

Aurang: A Persian term for a warehouse – a place where goods are collected before being sold; also refers to a workshop.

Bellows: A device or equipment that can pump air.

Smelting: The process of obtaining metal from rock (or soil) by heating it to very high temperature, or of melting objects made from metal in order to use the metal to make something new.

Stag heaps: The waste left when smelting metal.

Rangrez: The thread of cotton textiles was dyed by the dyer and the dyer was known as Rangrez.

Notes of History Class 8 Chapter 7 Time Period

1720: The British Govt, banned the use of printed cotton textiles in England.

1764: John Kaye invented spinning jenny which increased the productivity of the traditional spindles.

1854: India’s first Cotton mill set up as a spinning mill in Bombay.

1861: The first mill in Ahmedabad was started.

1799: Death of Tipu Sultan.

1912: The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) that came up began producing steel.

1914: The First World War begun.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 6 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes History Chapter 6 SST Colonialism and the City will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Colonialism and the City Class 8 Notes Social Science History Chapter 6

CBSE Class 8 History Chapter 6 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Most of the western cities of western world emerged with the industrialization.

2. Late 18^th century saw the rise of the Presidency cities named Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.

3. Surat, Machlipatnam and Seringapatam were the cities where de-urbanization took place in the 19^thcentury.

4. Delhi has been the capital from thousands of years but with some gaps.

5. The most splendid capital of all was built by Shah Jahan named Shahjahanabad, begun in 1639.

6. Delhi was an important centre of sufi culture during the time of Shah Jahan as Delhi had several darghas, Khanqahs and idgahs.

7. But facilities were enjoyed by very some people only and there was a sharp divisions between the rich and poor.

8. In 1803, British gained the control over Delhi defeating Marathas but it was developed only after 1911 when Delhi became the capital of the British India.

9. Development of Delhi before 1857 was different from those of other cities of colonial rule.

10. In Delhi, the British lived along with the wealthier Indians in the walled city. The British enjoyed learning Urdu/Persian culture and poetry and participated in local festivals.

11. The period of 1830 – 1857 was regarded as the period of the Delhi Renaissance.

12. The British wanted Delhi to forget the Mughal rule’s past and the areas around the port were completely cleared of garden, pavilions and mosques.

13. In 1870’s, the western walls of Shahjahanabad were broken for the establishment of Railway and to allow the expansion of the city beyond the walls.

14. During the course of planning a new capital after the revolt of 1857, many spectacular events took place. In 1877, A Durbar was organised by Lord Lytton to acknowledge Queen Victoria as the Empress of India. Calcutta was still the capital but Durbar was being held in Delhi.

15. In 1911, when king George V was crowned in England, a Durbar was held in Delhi to celebrate the occasion. The decision was taken to shift capital from Calcutta to Delhi during the celebratory occasion of Durbar.

16. Two architects, Edward Lutyens and Herbert Baker were called for designing New Delhi and its buildings.

17. New Delhi took nearly 20 years to build.

18. Life at the time of partition led to a massive transfer of population from India to Pakistan and from Pakistan to India in 1947.

19. After the partition the riots began when over 2/3rd Muslims migrated and almost 44,000 homes were abandoned. On the other hand, Delhi became a city of refugees with nearly 500,000 people added to the population of Delhi. New colonies such as Lajpat Nagar and Tilak Nagar came up at this time.

20. Partition changed the lives and occupation of new migrants. A large number of migrants from Punjab and changed the social environment of Delhi.

21. Inside the old city in the 19^th century, there can be seen that how the excellent system of water supply and drainage was neglected. The system of wells was broken and channels to remove household waste were damaged.

22. The Delhi Municipal Committee was unwilling to spend money on a good drainage system and the Shahjahani drains were closed with the introduction of a new system of open surface drains.

23. The Mughal aristocracy in the 17^th and 18^th centuries lived in grand mansions called havelis with feature like mansions, courtyards and fountains and many families housed in it.

24. Many of the Mughal amirs (A nobleman) were unable to maintain these havelis under the conditions of the British.

25. This resulted in beginning of subdivision and selling of havelis.

26. The census of 1931 revealed that the walled city had as many as 90 person per acre, while New Delhi had only about 3 persons per acre.

27. The poor conditions in the walled city, did not stop it from expanding and an extension scheme called the Lahore Gate improvement scheme was planned by Robert Clarke for the Walled city residents.

28. The Delhi Improvement Trust was space in 1936 and it built areas like Daryaganj South for wealthy Indians.

29. Houses grouped around parks and new rule of privacy was introduced.

30. Now different members of the same family had their own private spaces within the home.

Colonialism and the City Class 8 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Presidency: For administrative purposes, colonial India was divided into three “Presidencies” (Bombay, Madras and Bengal), which developed from the East India Company’s “Factories” (trading posts) at Surat, Madras and Calcutta.

Urbanisation: The process by which more and more people begin to reside in towns and cities.

Dargah: The tomb of a Sufi saint.

Khanqah: A Sufi lodge, often used as a rest house of travellers and a place where people come to discuss, spiritual matters, get the blessings of saints and hear Sufi music.

Idgah: An open prayer place of Muslims primarily meant for id prayers.

Cul-de-sac: Street with dead end.

Gulfaroshan: A festival of flowers.

Renaissance: Rebirth of art and learning.

Amir: A nobleman.

Notes of History Class 8 Chapter 6 Time Period

1792: Establishment of the Delhi College.

1877: The Delhi College was turned into a school and shut down.

1803: The British gained control of Delhi after defeating the Marathas.

1830-1857: Period called as a period of the Delhi renaissance.

1870: The western walls of Shahjahanabad were broken to establish the railway and to allow the city to expand beyond the walls.

1877: Queen Victoria acknowledge as the Empress of India.

1888: Lahore Gate improvement Scheme was planned by Robert Clarke.

1911: Delhi became the capital of British India.

1947: The Partition of India.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 5 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 SST When People Rebel will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 5 Notes When People Rebel

CBSE Class 8 History Chapter 5 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Mid 18^th Century saw the erosion of power of Nawabs and Rajas.

• Loss of their authority and honour.

2. Residents and rulers lost freedom and their revenues and territories were taken away.

3. Many ruling families tried negotiation with the Company in the manner to protect their interests.

4. For example Rani Jhansi, Nana Saheb, and many more.

5. The Company rejected their negotiation pleas.

6. Awadh was the last territory that was annexed by the imposition of subsidiary Alliance 1856.

7. The Company even planned to end Mughal rule and Bahadur Shah Zafar was decided as the last Mughal Ruler in 1856 by Canning (Governor-General).

8. His descendants would be just recognized as Princes.

9. Peasants and zamindars in countryside were resented with high taxes and rigid methods of revenue collection and found themselves under a huge financial debt.

10. Discontent of Indian sepoys employed with the Company.

11. They were unhappy about pay, allowances, and conditions of service.

12. Their religious beliefs were hurt.

13. Sepoys reacted in anger to conditions of countryside also.

14. The British believed that Indian society needed reformation and for that various taxes were passed.

15. English language was promoted.

16. Christian missionaries were allowed to function freely.

17. Indians developed a feeling that the British were destroying their religion, social custom and traditional way of life.

18. Indians rebelled against the policies of the British. They believed in common manner — they all had only an enemy and that was British.

19. People started organising themselves, communication and taking initiative and displaying confidence to turn the situation around.

20. In 1857 after 100 years of conquest and administration, the East India Company (English) faced massive rebellion that was developed as situation in the northern parts of India in 1857.

21. Rebellion was at such great extent that it was said that or regarded by some as the biggest armed resistance to colonialism in the 19^th century anywhere in the world.

22. On 29^th March 1857, a young soldier was hanged to death named Mangal Pandey.

23. He was hanged for attacking his officers in Barrackpore.

24. Then the refusal on the usage of new cartridge suspected to be greased with fat of cows and pig to protect sepoys religious beliefs.

25. Response of other Indian soldiers in Meerut was quite extraordinary.

26. The Sepoys destructed the British properties and declared war on the Firangi.

27. It was decided to end British rule and setup Bahadur Shah Zafar as ruler of the land.

28. Early morning of next day after 10th May sepoys reached Delhi and as the news spread sepoys in Delhi also rose rebellion.

29. Bahadur Shah Zafar, the ageing emperor had to accept the demand of soldiers forcefully and appoint himself as their leader.

30. Bahadur Shah’s decision of blessing changed the entire rebellion into the mass revolt throughout India as small ruler and Chieftains wanted to regain their control back and this was not even imagined by the British that the small rebellion against the greased cartridges would turn into such a fire.

31. Regiment after Regiment started revolting.

32. People of towns and villages also rose up in rebellion and rallied around local leaders, zamindars and chiefs. They were prepared to establish their authority and fight the British.

• Nana Saheb from Kanpur proclaimed himself Peshwa and governor under Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar.
• Birjis Qadr, son of deposed Nawab Wajid Ali Shah proclaimed himself new Nawab.
• Rani Lakshmibai from Jhansi along with Tantia Tope fought British.
• Rani Avantibai Lodhi of Ramgarh raised and led an army of 4000 against the British.

33. British got defeated in a number of battles.

34. Many new leaders came up eg. Ahmadullah Shah (Maulvi) of Faizabad, Bakht Khan (soldier) took charge of large force of Bareilly who came to Delhi From Bihar and led the joining of Kunwar Singh in the rebel.

35. Leaders and fighters across the Nation joined the fight.

36. The Company fought back, the Company decided to suppress the revolt with all the ways it could adopt.

37. Delhi was recaptured from rebel force on September 1857.

38. Bahadur Shah Zafar was sentenced life imprisonment and was sent with his wife to Rangoon, where he died in Jail on November 1862.

39. The British took two years to completely suppress the rebel.

40. June 1858 – Rani Lakshmibai killed. Similarly, happened to Rani Avantibai.

41. The British tried their best to get the loyalty of the Indians.

• Rewards were announced for the loyal landholders.
• Those who rebelled if surrendered then they were not been killed and their rights to claim over land would not be denied.

42. After suppression of the revolt completely and gaining control of the country at the end of 1859.

• They changed their policies totally.

43. Changes that were introduced by British are as follows:

• Power of British East India Company was transferred to British crown and crown rule was established with passing of New Act in 1858 in the British Parliament.
• Member of British cabinet was appointed as Secretary of State for India.
• Advisory council was set up and named India Council.
• Governor-General India was given title of Viceroy (Representative of Crown).

44. Ruling chiefs of the country were assured that their territory would never be annexed in future.

• Indian rulers were allowed to hold their rule but under the subordination of the crown.

45. It was decided to increase the number of European soldiers and reduce the proportion of Indian soldiers in the army. Even the recruitment process was enhanced.

46. The land and property of the Muslims were confiscated on large scale as they were treated with suspicion and hostility because they were believed to be mainly responsible for the rebel in such a big way.

47. It was decided by the British to respect customary religious and social practices of the people of India.

48. Policies were made for the protection of zamindars and landlords and they were given the security of right over their lands.

49. With this, the rebellion concluded and all over India a new history had begun after 1857.

When People Rebel Class 8 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Mutiny: When soldiers as a group disobey their officers in the army.

Firangis: Foreigners, the term reflects an attitude of contempt and is used for Englishmen.

Customary: According to the customs or usual practices associated with particular society, or set of circumstances.

Confiscated: Take or seize (someone’s property) with authority.

Paramount: More important than anything else; supreme.

Notes of History Class 8 Chapter 5 Time Period

1849: Governor-General Dalhousie announced that after the death of Bahadur Shah Zafar, the family of the king would be shifted out of the Red Fort and given another place in Delhi to reside in.

1856:  (i) Governor-General Canning decided that Bahadur Shah Zafar would be the last Mughal king and after his death, his descendants would be recognized as princes.

(ii) A new law passed by the Company that every new person who join employment in the Company’s Army had to agree to serve overseas if required.

1857: (i) MangalPandey was hanged to death (29 March, 1857).

(ii) Sepoys mutinied in several places (May, 1857).

(iii) Sepoys rushed to Delhi from Meerut (10 May, 1857).

(iv) Delhi was recaptured from the rebel forces (September, 1857).

1858: (i) The power of the East India Company transferred to the British Crown.

(ii) Bahadur Shah Zafar and his wife were sent to prison in Rangoon.

1862: Bahadur Shah Zafar died in Rangoon jail (November, 1862).

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 SST Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Class 8 Notes Social Science History Chapter 4

CBSE Class 8 History Chapter 4 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. In 1895, a man named Birsa, was seen roaming the forests. He proclaimed himself as saver of people from trouble and promised help to free them from the slavery of Dikus (Outsiders).

2. With this thousands of people started following Birsa and believing him as God who had come to solve all their problems.

3. Birsa bom was in a family of Mundas (tribal group).

4. Birsa had followers from all other tribals in the region.

5. The followers were the unhappy people who were forced by the changes imposed by the Britishers, in respect of their livelihoods and ways of living life.

6. Tribals had different cultures from those of laid by the Brahmans.

7. Tribals had social and economical differences within their tribes.

8. 19^th century saw tribals in different parts of India and they were involved in different variety of activities.

9. Jhum Cultivators were tribals who practised Jhum cultivation that is shifting cultivation.

10. Done on small patch of land, mostly in forests.

11. Once the crop was ready with the process under this cultivation they used to leave the land and moved to another field.

12. Field that had been cultivated once was left fallow for several years.

13. Shifting cultivators were found mostly in the hilly and forested tract of north-east and central India.

14. These cultivators spent their lives moving freely within forests practising shifting cultivation.

15. Many tribals lived by hunting and gathering forest produce.

16. Forest were essential for their survival.

17. The Khonds community of Orissa were among them.

18. They cooked food with oil extracted from seeds of Sal and Mahua.

19. Shrubs and herbs were used by them for medicinal purposes.

20. With exchanges of forests goods in local market, they got their supplies of rice and other grains for their fooding purposes.

21. At times when the supplies of forests produce shrank, tribal people had to wander in search of work as labourers.

22. Baigas community of central India were reluctant to do work for others as for them it was below the dignity of a Baiga to become a labourer.

23. Tribals also depended on traders and moneylenders in case of needs that could not be availed from that of forest produce.

24. Moneylenders were seen as evil outsiders and cause of their misery as market and commerce often meant debt and poverty for the tribals.

25. Many tribals also indulged in herding and rearing of animals.

26. Examples of these are:

• The Van Gujjars of the Punjab hills.
• The Labadis of Andhra Pradesh.
• The Gaddis of Kulu.
• The Bakarwals of Kashmir.

27. Some tribals before 19^th century started settling down and cultivated their fields in one place rather moving from place to place. They started ploughing and gradually got rights over the lands they lived on.

28. In the eyes of the Britishers, tribal groups like Gonds and Santhals were more civilised than hunters and gatherers or shifting cultivators.

29. Colonial rule started affecting tribals way of living.

30. Importance of tribal chiefs was lost with forced full following of laws made by the Britishers.

31. Tribal chiefs lost their overall authority and were unable to fulfil their traditional functions.

32. The Britishers wanted the shifting cultivators to settle down at one place so that it would become easier to control and administer them.

33. In wants of regular revenue source for the state, the Britishers introduced land settlements.

34. Some peasants were declared landowners and others tenants.

35. The British failed in settling Jhum cultivators.

36. Jhum cultivators who took to plough cultivation often suffered as their fields did not produce good yields.

37. Protests against the British policy by Jhum cultivators bound Britishers to allow them to carry on shifting cultivation in some parts of forest.

38. Forest laws were made and their impacts were clearly seen.

39. The life of tribals was directly connected to forest.

40. Changes in forest lands had considerably affected their lives.

41. Forests were declared as state property.

42. Jhum cultivators were forced by the boundations imposed by the Britishers. In effect of that many of the cultivators had to go in search of work and livelihood.

43. Later, when there was crisis faced by the Britishers for labours, the tribals from Jhum cultivators were allowed to cultivate but with some conditions that the cultivators have to provide labour to the Forest department and look after the forests.

44. Forests villages in many areas were established to ensure a regular supply of cheap labour.

45. Tribals groups reacted against the Britisher’s forest laws:

• They disobeyed.
• Openly rebelled.
• Revolts started taking place eg. Revolt of Sangma in 1906 in Assam, the forest satyagraha of the 1930’s in the Central Provinces.

46. Tribals took time in understanding why during 19^th Century traders and moneylenders started approaching them.

47. The reason behind the outsiders offering cash loans and work to tribals on wages can be understood with following situations:

48. 18th-century Indian silk was in demand in European market. As the market expanded, the East India Company officials tried to encourage silk production to meet the growing demand.

49. Hazaribagh in present-day Jharkhand was area where Santhals reared cocoons. The traders dealing in silk sent their agents who gave loans to tribals and further process took place.

50. Plight of the tribals who had to go far from home in search of work was worse.

51. From Late 19^th century, tea plantation and mining became important industry. Tribals were recruited in large numbers.

52. Rebellion by the tribal groups started in different parts of the country.

53. Among tribals rebellions, important movement that was led by Birsa Munda was really a great movement.

54. Birsa was influenced by several ideas that came in touch in process of his getting older day by day, with all those he started movements aimed at reforming tribal society.

55. In 1895 Birsa’s followers were urged by Birsa to recover their glorious past. Birsa’s desire was that his people will once again work on their land, settle down and cultivate their fields.

56. Political aim of Birsa Movement worried the Britishers. According to Birsa he wanted to drive out missionaries, moneylenders, Hindu landlords and government.

57. He wanted them all out and set up Munda Raj as land policies of the British were destroying their traditional land system.

58. The more the movement gained momentum, the more the Britishers decided to act against.

59. Arrest of Birsa happened in 1895.

60. After his release in 1897, he adopted traditional way to gather as much support in removing the Britishers and establishing his own leadership.

61. White flag was raised as symbol of Birsa raj.

62. In 1900 Birsa died of Cholera and movement got faded.

63. The movements against colonial rule showed the capacity of tribals to protest against injustice and express their anger against colonial rule.

64. All this shows Tribals, Dikus and vision of golden age.

Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Class 8 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Dikus: The outsiders.

Fallow: The field that was left uncultivated for some time to make soil fertile again.

Sal: A tree.

Mahua: Flower species that is eaten and used for making alcohol.

Bewar: Term used in Madhya Pradesh for shifting agriculture.

Sleeper: Horizontal planks of wood on which railway lined are laid.

Vaishnav: Worshippers of Lord Vishnu.

Satyug: Age of truth.

Embankments: A wall or bank of stone-built to prevent river flooding the area.

Notes of History Class 8 Chapter 4 Time Period

1821-32: Thekols rebelled against the colonial forest law

1855: Santhals rose in revolt.

Mid-1870s: Birsa was bom.

1895: Birsa was arrested.

1897: Birsa was released.

1900: Birsa died.

1906: Songramsangma revolt in Assam

1910: The Bastar rebellion in central India broke out

1930: the forest satyagraha in the central provinces

1940: the warli revolt in Maharashtra took place.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 3 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 SST Ruling the Countryside will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Ruling the Countryside Class 8 Notes Social Science History Chapter 3

CBSE Class 8 History Chapter 3 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. The lithosphere is broken into a number of plates known as the Lithospheric plates.

2. Movement of the molten magma inside the earth occurs thereby the Lithospheric plates are moved very slowly just a few millimeters each year.

3. The movement of these plates causes changes on the surface of the earth.

4. The forces that act in the interior of the earth are called endogenic forces, while the forces that work on the surface of the earth are called exogenic forces.

5. Endogenic forces sometimes produce sudden movements and at the other times produce slow movements. Sudden movements like earthquakes and volcanoes cause mass destruction over the surface of the earth.

6. A volcano is a vent (opening) in the earth’s crust through which molten material erupts suddenly.

7. Vibration in the surface of earth is called earthquakes. The place in the crust where the movement starts is called the focus and the place on the surface above the focus is called the epicentre.

8. Greatest damage is usually closest to the epicenter and the strength of the earthquake decreases away from the centre.

9. Although earthquake cannot be predicted but impact can be minimized. Recognizing safe spot, staying away from fireplaces, chimneys, windows etc., are the measures which may be helpful as safeguards.

10. The landscape is being continuously worn away by two processes-weathering and erosion.

11. The running water in the river erodes the landscape. Due to continuous erosion and deposition along the sides of the meander, the ends of the meander loop come closer and closer.

12. As the river approaches the sea, the speed of the flowing water decreases and the river begins to break up into a number of streams called distributaries. Each distributary forms its own mouth. The collection of sediments from all the mouths forms a delta.

13. The erosion and deposition of the sea waves gives rise to coastal landforms. From the striking of sea waves to the rocks, hollow like caves are formed in the rocks which are called sea caves. When these cavities become bigger and bigger only the roof of the caves remains, thus forming sea arches.

14. Glaciers are rivers of ice which erode the landscape by bulldozing soil and stones to expose the solid rocks below.

15. The material carried by the glaciers, such as rocks, sand and silt gets deposited. These deposits form gla­cial moraines.

16. An active agent of erosion and deposition in the deserts is wfind. It makes rocks in shape of a mushroom called mushroom rocks.

17. When the wind stops blowing, the sand falls and gets deposited in low hill like structures. These are called sand dunes.

18. When the grains of sand are very fine and light, the wind can carry it over long distances, when such sand is deposited in large areas, it is called loess.

Ruling the Countryside Class 8 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Focus: A place of movement inside the earth.

Epicenter: A place on surface above the focus.

Meander: In the plains, large bends of rivers.

Distributary: When river streams form new stream.

Erosion: Corrosion of earth due to water, wind and ice etc.

Waterfall: When the river tumbles at steep angle over very hard rocks or down a steep valley side it forms a waterfall.