Prasanna

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 1 SST Resource and Development will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Resource and Development Class 10 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 1

CBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Resources facilitate the satisfaction of human needs. They are not free gifts of nature. Instead they are a function of human activities. Humans themselves are important components of resources. They convert material available in our environment into resources by their intelligence and technical knowledge and use them.

2. Resources can be classified on the basis of origin, exhaustibility, ownership and status of development.

• On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic.
• On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable.
• On the basis of ownership – individual, community, national and international.
• On the basis of status of development – potential, developed, stock and reserves.

3. Resources are essential for human survival and for maintaining the quality of life. From this point of view, it is important that human beings use them judiciously. But the recent trend is something opposite.

4. The indiscriminate use of resources has posed several problems like depletion of resources, accumulation of resources in few hands, etc.

5. An equitable distribution of resources has become essential for a sustained quality of life and global peace. If the present trend of resource depletion continues, the future of our planet will be in danger. Therefore, resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life.

6. Resource planning is important in a country like India, which has great diversity in the availability of resources. There are a few regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources. There are some regions which are self-sufficient in terms of the availability of resources and there are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources. This calls for balanced resource planning.

7. Resource planning is a complex process. India has made concerted efforts for achieving the goals of resource planning right from the First Five Year Plan.

8. The development of a region depends on two factors-availability of resources and corresponding changes in technology and institutions. There are many regions in our country that are rich in resources but are economically backward.

9. Resources are vital for any developmental activity. But irrational consumption and over-utilization of resources may lead to socio-economic and environmental problems. To overcome these problems, resource conservation at various levels is important.

10. Land is a resource of utmost importance. It supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, economic activities, transport and communication systems.

11. India has land under a variety of relief features – mountains, plateaus, plains and islands. About 43 percent of the land area is plain. Mountains account for 30 percent of the total surface area of the country. About 27 percent of the area of the country is the plateau region.

12. The use of land is determined both by physical factors such as topography, climate, soil types as well j as human factors such as population density, technological capability, culture and traditions etc.

13. Human activities such as deforestation, over-grazing, mining and quarrying have caused degradation of land. At present, there are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India. There are many ways to solve the problems of land degradation. Afforestation and proper management of grazing can be helpful. Other methods include proper management of wastelands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents, etc.

14. Soil is a renewable resource. It is a living system. Indian soils are classified into various types – alluvial, black, laterite, red and yellow, arid, forest.

15. Alluvial soil is the most widely spread and important soil. It is a fertile soil and is also known as clayey or loamy soil. Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soil are intensively cultivated and densely populated.

16. Black soils are also called ‘regur soils.’ They are ideal for the growth of cotton. Laterite soil develops in areas with high temperatures and heavy rainfall. These soils are suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manures and fertilizers.

17. Arid soils range from red to brown in colour. They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature. Forest soils are found in the hilly and mountainous areas. They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse-grained in the upper slopes.

18. Human activities such as deforestation, over-grazing, construction and mining etc. lead to soil Various methods can be applied for soil conservation such as contour farming in mountainous regions, strip cropping in large fields, planting lines of trees to create shelter, terrace farming, etc.

Resource and Development Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Resource: Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs.

Biotic resources: Resources which are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock, etc.

Abiotic resources: Resources which are composed of non-living things such as rocks and metals.

Renewable resources: Resources which can be reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes such as solar and wind energy.

Non-renewable resources: Resources which cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use such as minerals and fossil fuels.

Individual resources: Resources which are owned privately by individuals.

Community-owned resources: Resources which are accessible to all the members of the community.

National resources: Resources which belong to the nation. All minerals, water resources, forest, etc. are national resources.

Potential resources: Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilized. Developed resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilization.

Reserves: They are the subset of the stock, which can be put into use with the help of existing technology.

Soil: The uppermost layer of the earth.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Economics Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 4 SST Food Security in India will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Food Security in India Class 9 Notes Social Science Economics Chapter 4

CBSE Class 9 Economics Chapter 4 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Food is essential for living. Food security means something more than getting two square meals. Food security is ensured in a country only if all of its citizens have enough nutritious food available, all persons have the capacity to buy food of acceptable quality and there is no barrier on access to food.

2. The people living below the poverty line might be food insecure most of the time while better off people might also be food insecure at the time of a national disaster or calamity like earthquake, drought, flood, etc.

3. Due to a natural calamity, total production of food grains decreases which creates shortage of food. Due to shortage of food, the prices goes up. In such a situation poor people fail to buy food. If this condition remains for a longer time, it may cause a situation of starvation. A massive starvation might take a turn of famine.

4. Although a large section of people suffer from food and nutrition insecurity in India, the worst affected groups are landless people with little or no land in rural areas and people employed in ill- paid occupations and casual labourers engaged in seasonal activities in the urban areas.

5. The social composition along with the inability to buy food also plays a role in food insecurity. The SCs, STs and some sections of the OBCs are prone to food insecurity. A great number of women are also food insecure.

6. The food insecure people are disproportionately large in some regions of the country, such as economically backward states with high incidence of poverty, tribal and remote areas, regions prone to natural disasters, etc.

7. Hunger is another aspect indicating food insecurity. The attainment of food security therefore involves eliminating current hunger and reducing the risks of future hunger.

8. Hunger may be chronic or seasonal. Chronic hunger is a consequence of diets persistently inadequate in terms of quantity and /or quality. Seasonal hunger is related to cycles of food growing and harvesting.

9. India is aiming at self-sufficiency in food grains since Independence. The Green Revolution which took place in agriculture resulted in the increased production of food grains especially wheat and rice.

10. The increase in food grains was, however, disproportionate. It was highest in Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. But production of food grains has dropped in states like Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Assam, etc.

11. Since the advent of the Green Revolution in the early 70s, famine-like situation has never occurred even during adverse weather conditions. India has become self-sufficient in food grains during the last thirty years because of a variety of crops grown all over the country.

12. To ensure availability of food to all sections of the society the Indian government carefully designed food security system which is composed of two components: (a) buffer stock and (b) Public Distribution System.

13. Buffer stock is the stock of food grains, namely wheat and rice procured by the government through Food Corporation of India (FCI). The FCI purchases wheat and rice from the farmers at a pre-announced price and store them in granaries. This is done to distribute food grains in the deficit areas and among the poorer section of society at a price lower than the market price.

14. The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government-regulated ration shops called the Public Distribution System (PDS). Ration shops are now present in most localities, villages, towns and cities,

15. In addition to PDS, various poverty alleviation programmes were also started which comprised a component of food security. Some of these programs are-Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS); Food-For-Work (FFW); Mid-Day-Meals, Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY), etc.

16. In addition to the role of the government in ensuring food security, there are various cooperatives and NGOs also working intensively towards this direction.

17. The cooperative societies set up shops to sell low priced goods to poor people. For example, Mother Dairy in Delhi. AMUL is another success story of cooperatives in milk and milk products from Gujarat.

18. In Maharashtra, the Academy of Development Science (ADS) has facilitated a network of NGOs for setting up grain banks in different regions.

Food Security in India Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Food security: It means availability, accessibility and affordability of food to all people at all times.

Famine: Extreme scarcity of food.

Starvation: Suffering or death caused by lack of food.

Malnutrition: Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat.

Hunger: A feeling of discomfort or weakness caused by lack of food, compelled with the desire to eat.

Buffer stock: The stock of food grains.

Granary: A storehouse for threshed grain.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 3 SST Poverty as a Challenge will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Poverty as a Challenge Class 9 Notes Social Science Economics Chapter 3

CBSE Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Poverty is a major challenge faced by independent India. It has many dimensions, normally, this is measured through the concept of ‘Poverty line’.

2. A common method used to measure poverty is based on the income or consumption levels. A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given ‘minimum level’ necessary to fulfil basic needs.

3. What is necessary to satisfy basic needs is different at different times and in different countries. Therefore, poverty line may vary with time and place.

4. While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical requirement, etc; are determined for subsistence.

5. These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices in rupees. The present formula for food requirements while estimating the poverty line is based on the desired calorie requirement.

6. The calorie needs vary depending on age, sex and type work that a person does. The accepted average calorie requirement in India is 2400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2100 calories per person per day in urban areas.

7. For the age 2011-12, the poverty line for a person was fixed at ? 816 per month for the rural areas and? 1000 for the urban areas.

8. In the year 2011-12, a family of five members living in rural areas and earning less than about? 4,080 per month will be below the poverty line. A similar family in urban areas would need a minimum of ? 5,000 per month to meet their basic requirements.

9. The poverty line is estimated periodically by conducting sample surveys which are carried out by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO).

10. There is substantial decline in poverty ratios in India between 1993-94 and 2004-05 but the number of poor remained at about 407 million which further declined to 269 million in 2011-12.

11. The social groups which are most vulnerable to poverty are scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households. Among the economic groups, the rural agricultural labour households and the urban casual labour households are the most vulnerable groups. In poor families, women, elderly people and female infants are considered poorest of the poor.

12. The proportion of poor people is not the same in every state of India. Bihar and Odisha continue to be the two poorest states with poverty ratios of 33.7 and 37.6 per cent respectively.

13. In states like Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and West Bengal there has been a significant decline in poverty. States like Punjab and Haryana have also succeeded in reducing poverty to a great extent.

14. There has also been a substantial reduction in global poverty. But it is marked with great regional differences. Poverty declined substantially in China and Southeast Asian countries but in countries of I South Asia i.e. India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan, the decline has not been rapid.

15. In Sub-Saharan Africa, poverty rose from 51 per cent in 1981 to 47 per cent in 2008. In Latin America, the ratio of poverty remained the same.

16. The causes of widespread poverty in India are—the low level of economic development under the British colonial administration, high growth rate of population, huge income inequalities and socio­cultural and economic factors.

17. Removal of poverty has been one of the major objectives of Indian developmental strategy. The government is focusing on the promotion of economic growth. It has also started many anti-poverty schemes/programmes.

18. There are many schemes which are formulated to affect poverty directly or indirectly. Some of them are – Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, (MGNREGA), Prime Minister Rozgar Yozana (PMRY), Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP), Swarnajayaanti Gram Swarozgar Yozana (SGSY), Pradhanmantri Gramodaya Yozana (PMGY), and Antyodaya Anna Yozana (AAY).

19. Poverty has certainly declined in India. But poverty reduction is still India’s most compelling challenge. Poverty reduction is expected to make better progress in the next ten to fifteen years.

20. Even though we will be able to provide the minimum necessary in terms of income to all people by the end of the next decade, but the target will move on for many of the bigger challenges that still remain. For example, providing health care, education and job security for all and achieving gender equality and dignity for the poor. These are some of the issues which also need to be focused.

Poverty as a Challenge Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Poverty: The state of being extremely poor.

Poverty line: The estimated minimum level of income needed to secure the necessities of life.

Challenge: Something that needs great mental or physical effort in order to be done successfully and therefore tests a persons’ ability.

Human poverty: A situation in which people have food, clothing and shelter but don’t have proper education, self-confidence, gender equality and dignity.

Poverty alleviation: Removal of poverty.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Economics Chapter 2 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 2 SST People as Resource will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

People as Resource Class 9 Notes Social Science Economics Chapter 2

CBSE Class 9 Economics Chapter 2 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Population becomes human capital when there is investment made in the form of education, training and medical care. Human capital is the stock of skill and productive knowledge.

2. Higher incomes are earned because of the higher productivity of the more educated or the better-trained persons, as well as the higher productivity of healthier people. Society also gains indirectly because the advantages of a more educated or a healthier population spreads to those also who themselves were not directly educated or given health care.

3. Human capital is superior to other resources like land and physical capital because it is human resource that can make use of land and capital. The large population of India can be turned into a productive asset by investment in human capital.

4. Investment in human resource via education and medical care can give high rates of return in the future in the form of higher earnings and greater contribution to society. Countries like Japan have invested in human resources. They did not have any natural resources. These countries are developed countries because they have invested on people especially in the field of education and health.

5. People have been engaged in various economic activities which have been classified into three main sectors-primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, etc. Secondary sector includes manufacturing. Trade, transport, communication, tourism, etc. come under tertiary sector.

6. Economic activities are also called market activities as they involve remuneration. Non-market activities are the production for self-consumption. The earning of any individual in the market depends mainly on education and skill. Since a majority of women lack good education and skill so they are paid low compared to men.

7. The quality of population depends upon the literacy rate, health of a person, indicated by life expectancy and skill formation acquired by the people of the country. The quality of the population ultimately decides the growth rate of the country. Educated and healthy people are an asset.

8. Education is an important input for the growth of an individual. Education also contributes towards the growth of society. It enhances the national income, cultural richness and increases the efficiency of governance. Sarva Siksha Abhiyan is a significant step towards providing elementary education to all children in the age group of six to fourteen years.

9. The health of a person helps him to realise his potential and the ability to fight illness. An unhealthy person becomes a liability. So, improvement in health status of the population has the priority of the country.

10. Unemployment is a big problem in our country. In rural areas, there is seasonal and disguised unemployment. Urban areas have mostly educated unemployment.

11. Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource. People who are an asset for the economy turn into a liability. Unemployment tends to increase economic overload. The dependence of the unemployed on the working population increases. The quality of life of an individual as well as society is adversely affected.

12. The employment structure is characterised by self-employment in the primary sector. Agriculture is the most labour absorbing sector of the economy. In recent years there has been a decline m the dependence of population on agriculture. Some of the surplus-labour in agriculture has moved to either the secondary or tertiary sector.

People as Resource Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Population: All the inhabitants of a particular place.

Human Capital: The stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied in people.

Investment: Purchase of goods that are not consumed today but are used in future to create wealth.

Physical Capital: Wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization.

Liability: A person or thing whose presence or behaviour is likely to put one at a disadvantage.

Vocational Education: Educational training that provides practical experience in a particular occupational field, agriculture home economics, industry.

Illiterate: One who is unable to read or write.

Asset: A useful or valuable thing or person.

Elementary education: A period of formal education following pre-school but before high school.

Life expectancy: The average period that a person may expect to live.

Subsistence level: A standard of living or wage that provides only the bare necessities of life.

Biotechnology: The exploitation of biological processes for industrial and purposes, especially the genetic manipulation micro-organisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.

Surplus: An amount of something left over when requirements have been met.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Economics Chapter 1 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 1 SST The Story of Village Palampur will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

The Story of Village Palampur Class 9 Notes Social Science Economics Chapter 1

CBSE Class 9 Economics Chapter 1 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Farming is the main production activity in the village. Other activities are small scale manufacturing, dairy, transport, etc. However, these activities are carried on a limited scale.

2. All the production activities need various types of resources such as natural resources, man-made items, human effort, money, etc. These resources are combined to produce the desired goods and services in the village.

3. There are four requirements for production of goods and services-land, labour, physical capital and human capital. These are called factors of production.

4. Land area under cultivation is practically fixed in the village. However, over the years there have been many important changes in the way farming is practised. These have allowed the farmers to produce more crops from the same amount of land. But in raising production a great deal of pressure has been put on land and other natural resources.

5. The new ways of farming need less land, but much more capital. The medium and large farmers are able to arrange for capital during the next season. But the small farmers, who constitute about 80 per cent of total farmers in India, find it difficult to obtain capital.

6. Small farmers have small size of plots, so their production is not enough. These farmers have to do additional work as farm labourers to feed themselves and their families.

7. Labour being the most abundant factor of production, it would be ideal if new ways of farming used much more labour. But such a thing has not happened. The use of labour on farms is limited. The labour, looking for opportunities is thus migrating to neighbouring villages, towns and cities. Some labour has entered the non-farm sector in the village.

8. At present, the non-farm sector in the village is not very large. Though there is a variety of non-farm activities in the villages, the number of people employed in each is quite small.

9. Unlike farming, non-farming activities require little land. People with some amount of capital can set up non-farm activities. To obtain capital, one can either use his own savings, or can take a loan. It is important that loan be available at low rate of interest so that even people without saving can start some non-farm activity.

10. Another thing which is essential for expansion of non-farm activities is to have markets where the goods and services produced can be sold. In Palampur, the neighbouring villages, towns and cities provide the markets for milk, jaggery, wheat, etc.

11. Opportunities for non-farm activities in villages would increase if they get connected to towns and cities through good roads, transport and telephone.

The Story of Village Palampur Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Goods: In economics, good are materials that satisfy human wants and provide utility.

Services: A system supplying a public need such as transport, communications, or utilities, such as electricity and water.

Production: The action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured.

Land: Primary input and factor of production which is not consumed but without which no production is possible.

Physical capital: A factor of production or input into the process of production, such as machinery, buildings or computers.

Fixed capital: That portion of the total capital outlay that is invested in fixed assets such as land, buildings, vehicles, plant and equipment, that stay in the business almost permanently, or over many years.

Working capital: Raw materials and money in hand are called working capital.

Human capital: The skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an individual or population, viewed in terms of their value or cost to an organisation or country.

Pesticide: A substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.

Multiple cropping: Growing more than one crop on a price of land during the year.

Capital: Wealth other than land which is used in production of goods or services.