Prasanna

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 Civics Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 4 SST Gender Religion and Caste will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Gender Religion and Caste Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 4

CBSE Class 10 Civics Chapter 4 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Three kinds of social differences that can take the form of social divisions and inequalities are – gender, religion and caste.

2. Gender division is a form of hierarchical social division seen everywhere, but is rarely recognized in the study of politics. Gender division is not based on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes.

3. Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children. This is reflected in the sexual division of labour in most families- women work inside the home and men do all the work outside the house.

4. Although women constitute half of the humanity, their role in public life is very small in most societies. However, political expression of gender division and political mobilization on this question have improved women’s role in public role. We have now women scientists, doctors, etc.

5. In countries like Sweden, Norway and Finland, the participation of women in public life is very high. But it is not so in our country which is still a male-dominated society.

6. In India, only a smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies. The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is also very small. In many parts of India parents still prefer sons and find ways to abort girl child before she is born.

7. Gender division needs to be expressed in politics for the benefit of the women. The unequal treatment that they are getting should be raised in the political domain.

8. Social division based on religious differences is not as universal as gender, but we can see religious diversity almost everywhere. Many countries including India have in their population, followers of different religions. Hence, religious differences are often expressed in the field of politics.

9. Communal politics takes place when beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions and when state power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest.

10. A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one’s own religious community. Political mobilization on religious lines is another form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal, and plain fear in order to bring the followers of one religion together in the political arena.

11. Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre. Communalism, therefore, continues to be one of the major challenges to democracy in our country. The makers of our Constitution were aware of this challenge. That is why they chose the model of a secular state.

12. There is no official religion for the Indian state. The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion. Everyone is free to follow the religion of his/her choice.

13. Caste system in India was based on exclusion of and discrimination against the outcast groups. They were subjected to the inhuman practice of untouchability.

14. Political leaders and social reformers like Jotiba Phule, Gandhiji, Ambedkar, etc. made serious efforts to establish a society in which caste inequalities are absent.

15. Although caste inequalities still exist in Indian societies, they are not seen in acute form today. With economic development, large scale urbanization, growth of literacy and education, the old notions of caste hierarchy are breaking down.

16 Casteism is rooted in the belief that caste is the sole basis of social community. Caste can take various form in politics:

• Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentiment to muster supports.
• No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community.

17. If caste influences electoral politics, politics too influences caste system and caste identities by bringing them into the political domain.

18. Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it neighboring castes or sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it.

19. New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena like ‘backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups.

20. Caste plays different kinds of role in politics. In some situations, expression of caste differences in politics gives many disadvantaged communities the space to demand their share of power. Now Dalits and OBCs have gained better access to decision-making.

Gender Religion and Caste Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Feminist: A woman or a man who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men.

Patriarchy: This is a concept used to refer to a system that values men more and gives them power over women.

Casteism: Adherence to a caste system or prejudice or discrimination on the grounds of caste.

Secular: Not connected with religious or spiritual matters.

Gender: One’s sex (male or female).

Sex-ratio: Number of girl children per thousand boys.

Communal: (here) (of conflict) between different communities, especially those having different religious or ethnic groups.

Communalism: Allegiance to one’s own ethnic group rather than to the wider society.

Urbanization: Shift of population from rural areas to urban areas.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 Civics Chapter 3 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 SST Democracy and Diversity will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Democracy and Diversity Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 3

CBSE Class 10 Civics Chapter 3 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Language and region are not the only features that give a distinct identity to people. Sometimes, people also identify themselves on the basis of their physical appearance, class, religion, gender, caste, tribe, etc.

2. In 1968 Olympics held at Mexico City, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, both African-Americans, won the gold and bronze medals respectively in 200 metres race. In the medal ceremony they received their medals wearing black socks and no shoes to represent black poverty. They did so because they wanted to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States.

3. The International Olympic Association held Carlos and Smith guilty of violating the Olympic spirit by making a political statement. Their medals were taken back. But their action gained international attention for the Civil Rights Movement in the US.

4. The athletes in the above example responded to social divisions and social inequalities which exist in almost all societies. Social diversity can take different forms in different societies.

5. Some social differences are based on accident of birth and some are based on our choices. But every social difference does not lead to social division. Social differences divide similar people from one another but they also unite very different people.

6. People belonging to different social groups share differences and similarities cutting across the boundaries of their groups. We all have more than one identity and can belong to more than one social group.

7. Social division takes place when some social difference overlaps with other differences. The difference between the Blacks and Whites becomes a social division in the US because Blacks are poor and discriminated against. In our country Dalits face discrimination and injustice. Situation of this kind produces social divisions.

8. If social differences cross cut one another, it is difficult to pit one group of people against the other. It means that groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on a different issue.

9. Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. Cross-cutting social differences are easier to accommodate. Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries. It does not matter whether the country is small or big.

10. The combination of politics and social divisions is very dangerous. The competition among various political parties tends to divide any society. If they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, it can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict and tension in the country. So politics and social divisions must not be allowed to mix.

11. But every expression of social divisions in politics does not lead to disasters. Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries of the world. Wherever they exist, these divisions are reflected in politics.

18. Social divisions affect voting in most countries. People from one community tend to prefer some party more than others. But this does not lead to disintegration of the country.

19. Three factors that determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions are- how people perceive their identities, how political leaders raise the demands of any community and how the government reacts to demands of different groups.

20. The assertion of social diversities in a country need not be seen as a source of danger. In a democracy, political expression of social divisions can be healthy. This allows various disadvantaged and marginal social groups to express their grievances and get the government to attend to these.

21. But these people need to fight against the injustices. Such a fight often takes the democratic path, voicing their demands in a peaceful and constitutional manner and seeking a fair position through elections. Sometimes the struggle against inequalities takes the path of violence. However, democracy is the best way to fight for recognition.

Democracy and Diversity Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

African-American: Descendants of Africans who were brought into America as slaves between the 17th century and early 19th century.

Homogeneous society: A society that has similar kinds of people, especially where there are no significant ethnic differences.

Migrant: Anybody who shifts from one region or country to another region within a country or to another country, usually for work or other economic opportunities.

Outcome: The result of an event.

Racism: A belief in the superiority of a particular race.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 SST Federalism will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Federalism Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 2

CBSE Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.

2. A federation has two levels of government- a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. Both these levels of government enjoy their power independently of the other.

3. Unlike the unitary governments, the central government in a federal system cannot order the state government to do something.

4. There are two kinds of routes through which federations have been formed. The first route involves independent states coming together on their own to form a bigger unit and the second route is where a large country decides to divide its power between the constituent states and the national government.

5. In the first category of federations, all the constituent states usually have equal power but in the second category, the central government tends to be more powerful.

6. The Constitution declared India as a Union of States. Although it did not use the word ‘federation’, the Indian Union is based on the ‘principles of federalism’.

7. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government – the Union Government or the Central Government and the State governments. Later, a third tier of federalism was added in the form of panchayats and municipalities. These different tiers enjoy separate jurisdictions.

8. A three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State governments contains three lists. Union List includes subjects of national importance such as defense of the country, etc. State List contains subjects of state and local importance such as police, etc. Concurrent List contains subjects of common interest to both the Union as well as the State governments.

9. All states in the Indian Union do not have identical powers. Some states enjoy a special status, for example, Jammu and Kashmir. It has its own constitution.

10. The Union Territories of India do not have the powers of a state. The Central Government has special powers in running these territories.

11. The Parliament cannot on its own change this power-sharing arrangement. Any change to it has to be first passed by both the Houses of Parliament with at least two-thirds majority. The judiciary oversees the implementation of constitutional provisions and procedures.

12. The success of federalism in India is due to the nature of democratic politics in our country. The creation of linguistic states and the language policy are some of the major tests for Indian federation.

13. Restructuring the center-state relations is one more way in which Indian federalism has been strengthened in practice. The beginning of the trend of the coalition governments at the center led to a new culture of power-sharing and respect for the autonomy of State governments.

14. Federal power-sharing in India needs a third tier of government, below that of the State governments, This is called local government.

15. The basic idea behind decentralization is that there are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level. Hence, panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban areas were set up in all the states. But these were kept under the direct control of State governments.

16. In 1992, the Constitution was amended to make the third-tier of democracy more powerful and Seats are reserved in the local government bodies for the scheduled castes, scheduled ‘ tribes and other backward classes. At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.

17. Rural local government is known as Panchyati Raj. There is a gram panchayat in each village, or a group of villages. The gram panchayat works under the overall supervision of the gram sabha.

18. The local government structure goes right up to the district level. A few gram panchayats together make a panchayat samiti or block or mandal. All the panchayat samitis in a district together constitute the zilla parishad.

19. Local government bodies exist for urban areas as well. In small cities, there are municipalities and in big cities, the institution for local governance is called municipal corporation.

Federalism Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Federalism: A system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.

Jurisdiction: The area over which someone has legal authority.

Diversity: The quality or state of having many different forms, types, ideas, etc. The state of having people who are of different races or who have different cultures in a group or organization.

Linguistic: Of language.

Coalition: A union, especially a temporary union of political parties.

Unitary: Of a unit or units. In the unitary form of government, either there is only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to the central government.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 SST Power Sharing will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Power Sharing Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 1

CBSE Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. In a democracy, all power does not rest with anyone organ of the state. An intelligent sharing of power among legislature, executive and judiciary is very important to the design of democracy.

2. The two stories from Belgium and Sri Lanka show how democracies handle demands for power-sharing. The stories end with conclusions that power-sharing is important in democracy.

3. The ethnic composition of Belgium, a small country, is very complex. Of the country’s total population, 59 percent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language. Another 40 percent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining one percent of the Belgians speak German. In the capital city Brussels, 80 percent people speak French while 20 percent are Dutch-speaking.

4. The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. The Dutch-speaking community resented it which resulted in tensions between the two communities.

5. The Belgian leaders amended their constitution four times to solve this problem. Their constitution now prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government and no single community can make decisions unilaterally. Also the state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.

6. Sri Lanka too has a diverse population. The major social groups are the Sinhala-speakers (74%) and the Tamil-speakers (18%).

7. When Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948, the leaders of the Sinhala community sought to secure dominance over the government by virtue of their majority. As a result, the democratically elected government adopted a series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. This strained the relationship between the Sinhala and Tamil communities. And soon there was a civil war.

8. In Belgium, the leaders have realized that the unity of the country is possible only by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions. Such a realization resulted in mutually acceptable arrangements for power-sharing.

9. Sri Lanka shows that if a majority community wants to force its dominance over others and refuses to share power, it can weaken the unity of the country.

10. Power-sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. In modern democracies, power-sharing arrangements can take many forms –

1. power is shared among different organs of government,
2. power can be shared among governments at different levels,
3. power may also be shared among different social groups, and
4. power-sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power.

Power Sharing Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Democracy: Government by all the people, usually through elected representatives.

Ethnic: A social division based on shared culture.

Majoritarianism: A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority.

Civil war: A violent conflict between opposing groups within a country that becomes so intense that it appears like a war.

Prudential: Based on prudence or on careful calculation of gains and losses.

On this page, you will find Playing with Numbers Class 8 Notes Maths Chapter 16 Pdf free download. CBSE NCERT Class 8 Maths Notes Chapter 16 Playing with Numbers will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

CBSE Class 8 Maths Chapter 16 Notes Playing with Numbers

Playing with Numbers Class 8 Notes Conceptual Facts

1. Generalised form of a two-digit number if a is ten place digit and 6 is unit place digit.
a x 10 + b x 1 = 10a + b

2. Generalised form of a three-digit number if a is ten place digit and b is unit place digit.
a x 100 + b x 10 + c x 1 = 100a + 10b+ c

3. Two-digit original numbers = 10a + b
Number obtained by reversing the digits = 10b + a
Sum = 10a + b + 10b + a
= 11a + 11b – 11(a + b)

which is divisible by 11.
Difference = (10a + b) – (10b + a)
= 10a + 6 – 106 – a
= 9a -9b – 9(a – b)
which is divisible by 9.

4. Three-digit original number if a is hundred place digit and 6 is ten place digit and c is unit place digit.
= 100a + 10b + c
The number obtained by reversing the digits = 100c + 10b + a
Difference = (100a + 10b + c) – (100c + 10b + a)
= 100a + 10b + c – 100c – 10b – a
= 99a – 99c = 99(a – c)
which is divisible by 99.

5. Divisibility test by 2 – A number is divisible by 2 if its unit place is even.
For example: 24, 48, 56 and 76 etc.

6. Divisibility test by 3 – A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of all digits of the given number is also divisible by 3.
For example: 123 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6÷3 = 2
528 = 5 + 2 + 8 = 15 ÷ 3 = 5

7. Divisibility test by 5 – If the unit place digit is either 0 or 5 then it is divisible by 5.

8. Divisibility test by 9 – A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is also divisible by 9.
For example:
225 =2+2+5=9÷ 9=1
684 = 6 + 8 + 4 = 18 ÷ 9 = 2

9. Letters for digits – There are two rules followed while doing such puzzles.

• The first digit cannot be zero.
• Each letter in the puzzle must stand for just one digit.