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On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 1 SST Development will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Development Class 10 Notes Social Science Economics Chapter 1

CBSE Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Development has many aspects. People have different perspectives on development and there are ways by which we can arrive at common indicators for development.

2. Different persons have different notions of development. They seek different things. They seek things that are most important for them. What may be development for one may not be development for the other.

3. One common thing about developmental goals of different persons is more income. Besides seeking more income, one or the other, people also seek equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of others. They never like discrimination. All these are important goals.

4. Our life depends on money or material things as well as non-material things. If we need money, we also need freedom and security in the same intensity. So, for development, people look at a mix of goals. Along with better wages, they also wish for other important things in life.

5. Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of a country’s development. National development means thinking about questions like – Can all the ideas of national development be considered equally important? Or, if there are conflicts how does one decide? etc.

6. All countries are not equally developed. Some are developed while others are underdeveloped. For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.

7. Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income. This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all things that human beings need.

8. Countries with per capita income of US $ 12616 per annum and above in 2012, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of US $ 1035 or less are called low-income countries.

9. India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2012 was just US $ 1530 per annum.

10. Besides average income, other equally important attributes to the development of a country or a region are – gross national income, life expectancy at birth, literacy rate and HDI (Human Development Index) rank in the world.

11. The per capita income of Maharashtra is higher than Bihar. It means Maharashtra is more developed than Bihar. In terms of Infant Mortality Rate, Kerala shows nice record but Maharashtra does not. In Kerala, out of 1000 children born, 12 died before completing one year of age but in Maharashtra the proportion of children dying within one year of birth is 25. But the per capita income of this state is more than that of Kerala.

12. Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use. For example, money cannot buy one a pollution-free environment.

13. Important things like unadulterated medicines, protection from infectious diseases, etc. should be provided collectively because it would be the cheapest way also.

14. Sri Lanka, a small country, is much ahead of India, in respect of GNI (Gross National Income), life expectancy at birth, literacy rates, etc. Nepal has less than half the per capita income of India, yet j it is not far behind India in life expectancy and literacy levels.

15. It is people, their health, their well-being, that is most important in measuring human development.

16. We should also think of sustainable development. It is not wise to overuse our natural resources. It can pose problems before us as well as our future generations.

Development Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Development: A comprehensive term that includes increase in per capita income, reduction of poverty, increase in literacy rate, etc.

Economic development: A term that refers to all round development of a country. A country has a developed economy if its people earn higher income and able to satisfy most of their desires.

Per capita income: Total income of a country divided by its total population. It is also called average income.

Human development: Development of an individual as per his/her mental and physical abilities.

National income: The total value of all the goods and services produced within a country plus the net income from abroad during a year.

Developed country: A country that possesses the characteristics of higher standard of living of the people, fuller utilization of resources and a modern technology.

Renewable resources: Resources that are replenished by nature.

Non-renewable resources: Resources that are not replenished by nature and get exhausted after years of use.

Sustainability: The regular process without harming the productivity of future generations and satisfy the need of present generation.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 Civics Chapter 8 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 8 SST Challenges to Democracy will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Challenges to Democracy Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 8

CBSE Class 10 Civics Chapter 8 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Democracy is a dominant form of government in the contemporary world. But the promise of democracy is far from realised anywhere in the world.

2. Although democracy does not have a challenger, that does not mean that it does not face any challenges. Different countries face different kinds of challenges.

3. The countries not under democratic government face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government.

4. Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expansion. This involves applying the basic principle of democratic government across all the regions, different social groups and various institutions.

5. The third challenge of deepening of democracy is faced by every democracy in one form or another. This involves strengthening of the institutions and practics of democracy.

6. Each of the above challenges is linked to the possibility of reforms. Since all the countries do not have the same challenges, so they cannot follow the same recipe of political reforms.

7. When we talk in the context of our country, we can develop some proposals for reforms at the national level. But the real challenge of reforms may not lie at the national level. Some of the crucial questions need to be thought at the state or local level.

8. While devising ways and means for political reforms in India, some broad guidelines should be kept in mind; for example, legal ways of reforming politics. Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones. But legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy. In fact, democratic reforms are to be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens.

9. Those laws are good which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. The Right to Information Act empowers the people to find out what is happening in government and act as watchdogs of democracy.

10. Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practice. Therefore, the main focus of political reforms should be on ways to strengthen democratic practice.

11. Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how.

Challenges to Democracy Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Challenge: A difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress.

Foundational: Denoting an underlying basis or principle.

Guideline: A general rule, principle, or piece of advice.

Watchdog: A person or group of persons that acts as a protector or guardian against inefficiency, illegal practices, etc.

Reform: The action or process of reforming an institution or practice.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 Civics Chapter 7 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 7 SST Outcomes of Democracy will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Outcomes of Democracy Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 7

CBSE Class 10 Civics Chapter 7 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Democracy is a better form of government when compared with dictatorship or any other alternative. But many of us would not be satisfied with democracy in practice.

2. Still we prefer democracy because of several reasons. Democracy can address all socio-economic and political problems. It produces a government that is accountable to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.

3. Some people think that democracy produces less effective government. They opine that non- democratic governments are efficient in decision making and implementation.

4. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. So, some delay is bound to take place. Because it follows procedures so its decisions may be both more acceptable to the people and more effective.

5. Democracy ensures that decision-making will be based on norms and procedures. So, a citizen who wants to know if a decision was taken through the correct procedures can find this out. It means there is transparency in democracy.

6. Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people and often ignore the demands of a majority of its population. Still they are better than non-democracies. The reason is that democratic government is legitimate government. It is people’s own government.

7. So far economic growth and development are concerned, democracies haven’t fulfilled these expectations so far. If we consider all democracies and all dictatorships for the fifty years between 1950 and 2000, dictatorships have slightly higher rate of economic growth. The inability of democracy to achieve higher economic development worries us.

8. But we cannot say that democracy is a guarantee of economic development because economic development depends on several factors e. country’s population size, global situation, etc. Hence, it is better to prefer democracy as it has several other positive outcomes.

9. Democracies are based on political equality. All individuals have equal weight in electing representatives. But they do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities. A small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and incomes whereas a large section of the population suffers due to extreme poverty.

10. Democracies accommodate various social divisions. They have the ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts. Non-democratic regimes often suppress internal social differences.

11. Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual. Respect to and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society. That does not mean that women are actually always treated with respect. But once the principle is recognised, it becomes easier for women to wage a struggle against what is now unacceptable legally.

12. Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.

13. The most distinctive feature about democracy is that its examination never gets over. As democracy passes one test, it produces another test. This process never ends.

14. Democracy transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a citizen. It is undoubtedly better than dictatorship and monarchy.

Outcomes of Democracy Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Prudential: Based on prudence, or on careful calculation of gains and losses.

Outcomes: A result or effect of an action, situation, etc.

Accountable: Required or expected to justify actions or decisions, responsible.

Responsive: Reacting quickly and positively.

Legitimate: Conforming to the law or to rules.

Deliberation: Long and careful consideration or discussion.

Negotiation: Discussion aimed at reaching an agreement.

Dictatorship: Government by a dictator (a ruler with unrestricted authority).

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 Civics Chapter 6 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 6 SST Political Parties will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Political Parties Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 6

CBSE Class 10 Civics Chapter 6 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Political parties play an important role in the rise of democracies, in the formation of constitutional designs, in electoral politics and in the making and working of governments.

2. A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.

3. A political party has three components – the leaders, the active members, and the followers. Political parties perform several functions – they contest elections, they put forward different policies and programmes, they form and run governments, they shape public opinion, etc.

4. Modern democracies cannot exist without political parties. In a democracy, any group of citizens is free to form a political party. In India, more than 750 parties are registered with the Election Commission. But not all parties are serious contenders in the elections.

5. We can find one-party system in some countries. But this is not a democratic option. Any democratic system must allow at least two parties to compete in elections and provide a fair chance for the competing parties to come to power.

6. There are some countries where power usually changes between two main parties. Such a party system is called two-party system. But there is also a multi-party system in many countries. In this system, the government is formed by various parties coming together in a coalition. India is the best example of a multi-party system.

7. Party system is not something any country can choose. It evolves over a long time, depending on the nature of society, its social and regional divisions, its history of politics and its system of elections. However, no system is ideal for all countries and all situations.

8. National parties are country-wide parties. These parties have their units in various states. They are expected to secure at least six per cent of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four states and win at least four seats in the Lok Sabha.

9. There were six national parties in the country in 2006 – Indian National Congress (INC), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M), Communist Party of India (CPI) and National Congress Party (NCP).

10. State parties, also known as regional parties, are expected to secure at least six per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a state and win at least two seats. Some of the state parties are – Rashtriya Lok Dal, Samajwadi Party, Janata Dal (U), Telugu Desam, Manipur People’s Party etc.

11. People blame political parties if there is any wrong with the working of democracy. They express strong dissatisfaction with their failure to perform their functions well.

12. Political parties face several challenges. Some of them are lack of internal democracy within parties, challenge of dynastic succession, challenge of growing role of money and muscle power in parties, etc.

13. In order to overcome these challenges, political parties need to be reformed. Some of the recent efforts in our country to reform political parties and its leaders are-anti-defection law has been passed, the Supreme Court has passed an order to reduce the influence of money and criminals, the Election Commission has passed an order making it necessary for political parties to hold their organisational elections and file their income tax returns, etc.

14. Some suggestions have also been given to reform parties – a law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties, there should be state funding of elections, it should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third to women candidates, etc.

15. There are two other ways in which political parties can be reformed. One, people can put pressure on political parties. Two, political parties can improve if those who want this join political parties.

16. Public participation is essential if we want to improve the quality of democracy.

Political Parties Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Partisan: A person who is strongly committed to a party, group or faction.

Ruling party: Political party that runs the government.

Opposition party: Political party that is opposed to the government.

Political party: A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.

Defection: Changing party allegiance from the party on which a person got elected (to a legislative body) to a different party.

Affidavit: A signed document submitted to an officer, where a person makes a sworn statement regarding his/her personal information.

Leftist: They argue that not every individual is the same and so government policy should be aimed to create substantial rather than just formal equality.

Rightist: They believe that governments are big and unwieldy and so should not interfere with people’s lives at all. They believe in formal equality.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 Civics Chapter 5 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 5 SST Popular Struggles and Movements will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Popular Struggles and Movements Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 5

CBSE Class 10 Civics Chapter 5 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Power-sharing is important in a democracy and different tiers of government and various social groups share power. Those who exercise power are constrained by the influence and pressure exerted on them.

2. Democracy involves conflict of interests and viewpoints. These differences are often expressed in organized ways. Those who are in power are required to balance these conflicting demands and pressures.

3. Struggles around conflicting demands and pressures shape democracy. Various pressure groups and movements influence politics using indirect ways.

4. The popular struggles in Nepal and Bolivia are two examples in this regard which were made successful with the help of organizations like Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and FEDECOR respectively.

5. The movement in Nepal was to establish democracy while the struggle in Bolivia involved claims on an elected, democratic government. Both these struggles were successful but their impact was at different levels.

6. There are many indirect ways in which people can get governments to listen to their demands or their points of view. They could do so by forming an organization and undertaking activities to promote their interests or their viewpoints. These are called interest groups or pressure groups.

7. Pressure groups influence government policies. They do not aim to directly control or share political power.

8. Movements too attempt to influence politics rather than directly take part in electoral competition; for example, Narmada Bachao Andolan, Movement for Right to Information, etc.

9. Interest groups seek to promote the interests of a particular section or group of society; for example, Trade Unions, Business Associations, etc. Their chief concern is the betterment and well-being of their members, not society in general.

10. Narmade Bachao Andolan is a good example of a single-issue movement. It can be contrasted with movements like environmental movement and women’s movement that are long term and involve more than one issue.

11. Pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics in a variety of ways-by carrying out information campaigns, organizing meetings, filing petitions, etc. They also organise protest activity like strikes or disrupting government programmes.

Note: Please note as per the CBSE curriculum 2017-18, chapter-5 has to be done as project work only and will not be evaluated in theory.

Popular Struggles and Movements Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Maoists: Those communists who believe in the ideology of Mao, the leader of the Chinese Revolution. They seek to overthrow the government through an armed revolution so as to establish the rule of the peasants and workers.

Ultimatum: A final demand, with a threat of hostile action if this is rejected.

Mobilisation: Act of marshalling and organising and making ready for use or action.

Pressure group: A group of people having common interests which exert pressure on the government for fulfilment of their interests.

Movement: A loose organisation which depends on spontaneous mass participation.