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CBSE Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Extra Questions Poverty as a Challenge Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science SST Economics Chapter 3 Poverty as a Challenge.

You can also practice NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Questions and Answers on LearnInsta.com.

Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers Poverty as a Challenge

SOLVED QUESTION BANK

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 1.
What kind of people in India are considered poor?
Answer:
They could be landless labourers in villages or people living in overcrowded jhuggis in cities. They could be daily wage earners at construction sites or child workers in dhabas. They could also be beggars with children in tatters.

Question 2.
What is poverty?
Answer:
Poverty is a situation in which a person is unable to get the minimum basic necessities of life, i.e., food, clothing and shelter for his or her sustenance.

Question 3.
Mention any one historical reason for poverty.
Answer:
Low level of income under the British colonial rule.

Question 4.
State two consequences of poverty. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
Growth of slums and high level of indebtedness are the two consequences of poverty.

Question 5.
What are the factors of human poverty?
Answer:
There are many factors of human poverty like not having job security, discrimination due to caste, having inadequate access to education, shelter or food etc.

Question 6.
Why is the concept of poverty being broadened into human poverty?
Answer:
The concept of poverty is being broadened into human poverty as the challenge is becoming bigger and the analysis of poverty is becoming rich through a variety of new concepts like social exclusion.

Question 7.
Mention any one common indicator of poverty.
Answer:
Social exclusion is a common indicator of poverty today.

Question 8.
How is the analysis of poverty becoming rich in recent years?
Answer:
The analysis of poverty is being enriched through a variety of new concepts like social exclusion and vulnerability.

Question 9.
What is poverty line?
Answer:
Poverty line is an indicator of poverty, i.e., it is a level of income which barely meets sustenance.

Question 10.
When is a person considered poor? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below the given minimum level necessary to fulfil the basic needs.

Question 11.
Who is an urban poor?
Answer:
An urban poor is a person who has an income of ₹ 1,000 per month and in terms of calories, has a requirement of 2,100 calories per person per day.

Question 12.
Which methods are used to estimate the poverty line in India?
Answer:
The daily income and consumption method are used to estimate the poverty line in India.

Question 13.
How is poverty line estimated periodically? State the organisation which is responsible for estimating poverty.
Answer:
The poverty line is estimated periodically by conducting sample surveys. These surveys are carried out by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO).

Question 14.
Why is the calorie requirement higher in rural areas?
Answer:
On account of people in the rural areas engaging themselves in strenuous physical work, calorie requirement in rural areas is higher than in urban areas.

Question 15.
Give the definition of poverty line as defined by the World Bank.
Answer:
World Bank defines poverty line in terms of minimum availability of the equivalent of $ 1.90 per person per day.

Question 16.
Which social groups are vulnerable to poverty? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The two social groups, most vulnerable to poverty, are scheduled castes and scheduled tribes households.

Question 17.
Give any two poorest states in India.
Answer:
Odisha and Bihar are the two poorest states in India.

Question 18.
Which states of India has seen a significant decline in poverty?
Answer:
There has been a significant decline in poverty in Kerala, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and West Bengal.

Question 19.
Poverty, which was officially non-existent earlier, has resurfaced in which country?
Answer:
Russia

Question 20.
What led to the substantial decline in poverty in China? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The substantial decline in poverty in China has been a result of rapid economic growth and massive investment in human resource development.

Question 21.
By which year the new sustainable development goals of the United Nations proposes ending all types of poverty?
Answer:
2030.

Question 22.
How is regular growth of population one of the major causes of poverty? [HOTS]
Answer:
High population growth rate increases the rate of depletion of resources. Due to this, pressure on resources increases. People will have to manage with a smaller share of resources, thus bringing more people below the poverty line.

Question 23.
The current anti-poverty programme consists of two planks. Name them.
Answer:
The two planks of the current anti-poverty programme are:

1. Promotion of economic growth
2. Targeted anti-poverty programmes

Question 24.
Name the scheme which was launched to create self-employment opportunities for the educated youth in the rural areas.
Answer:
The Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana

Question 25.
What is the full form of MGNREGA?
Answer:
MGNREGA stands for Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.

Question 26.
What does PMGY stand for?
Answer:
PMGY stands for Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana.

Question 27.
When was Rural Employment Generation Programme launched?
Answer:
REGP was launched in the year 1995.

Question 28.
What is India’s most compelling challenge?
Answer:
India’s most compelling challenge is poverty reduction.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 29.
Explain the colonial rule and income inequalities as causes of poverty.
Answer:
One historical reason responsible for the low level of economic development, i.e., poverty, was the British colonial administration. It was responsible for the ruin of the traditional handicrafts and textile industries. It led to a fall in employment and thereby income level.
The situation was further aggravated by the high growth rate of population. As a result, the growth . rate of per capita income was very low.

Another major cause of poverty has been the huge inequalities in income, which are attributed to unequal distribution of land and other resources. Major policy initiatives like land reforms which aimed at redistribution of assets in rural areas were not properly implemented.

Question 30.
“Poverty is a curse upon humanity.” Explain. [CBSE 2012]
Answer:
Indeed ‘poverty is a curse upon humanity’ because the poor cannot afford belly-full meals a day.

1. The poor do not have a proper roof on their heads to protect themselves from cold, rain and heat.
2. Basic essentials like clothing, oil and soap etc. are missing in the daily routine of the poor. They cannot afford a minimum subsistence level of living.
3. Sick members of the family suffering from serious aliments like TB, cancer etc. cannot be looked after in the absence of medication.
4. In the absence of savings on account of very low income, the poor fall an easy prey to indebtedness.

Question 31.
“Every fourth person in India is poor.” Substantiate the given statement. [HOTS]
Answer:
The above statement throws light upon the fact that in India there is poverty all around us. This
implies that roughly 270 million people in India live in poverty. This also substantiates the fact that India has the largest single concentration of the poor in the world.

India faces the biggest challenge on the poverty front with the landless labourers in villages, over crowded jhuggis in cities, daily wage workers, child workers in the dhabas and beggars around us. .

Question 32.
Explain any three social indicators through which poverty is looked upon. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
Poverty today is looked upon through social indicators like illiteracy level, lack of access to healthcare,
lack of job opportunities etc.

1. People are poor because they are illiterate and they are illiterate because they are poor.
2. Poverty is a situation where sick people cannot afford treatment, i.e., they lack access to healthcare.
3. Poverty also implies lack of a regular job, at a minimum decent level.

Question 33.
Define ‘Vulnerability’. How is it determined?
Answer:
Vulnerability refers to a measure describing the greater probability of certain communities like people belonging to backward castes, handicapped persons, old women etc. becoming or remaining poor in the coming years. It is determined by the options available to different sections of the society to have an access to an alternative living in terms of assets, education, health, and job opportunities, when confronted with any kind of disaster or calamity.

Question 34.
Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
In India, the poverty line is estimated periodically, usually every-five years, by conducting sample
surveys. These surveys are carried out by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO).

In India, for determining the poverty line, the accepted average calorie requirement is 2,400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2,100 calories per person per day in urban areas. In the year 2011-12, the poverty line for a person was fixed at ? 816 per month for the rural areas and ? 1,000 for the urban areas.

But for making comparisons between developing countries, many international organisations like the World Bank use a uniform standard for the poverty line, i.e., minimum availability of the equivalent of $ 1.90 per person per day.

Question 35.
Explain the two methods to estimate poverty line. [CBSE 2012]
Answer:
The two methods used to estimate poverty line are: –

1. Income method. It this method, the poverty line is estimated with the help of minimum income required. In the year 2011-12, the poverty line for a person was fixed at ₹ 816 per month
   for the rural areas and ₹ 1,000 per month for the urban areas. The higher amount for urban areas has been fixed because of high prices of essential products in urban areas.
2. Consumption method. In this method, the average calorie requirement of a person is multiplied to the current prices. The accepted average calorie requirement in India is 2,400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2,100 calories per person per day in urban areas.

Question 36.
Analyse the factors responsible for contributing to decline in poverty in Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Punjab.
Answer:
There has been a decline in poverty in Kerala because it has focused more on human resource development.

In states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, the public distribution of foodgrains could have contributed to the improvement in food availability and thereby reducing the poverty.

In Punjab, there has been a reduction in the level of poverty on account of high agricultural growth rate.

Question 37.
“Removal of poverty has been one of the major objective of Indian development strategy.” In the light of this statement explain the two planks of Indian government on anti-poverty strategy.
[CBSE 2012; HOTS]
Answer:
Over a span of thirty years, till early 1980s a very little growth in per capita income was observed and reduction in poverty was also not much.

Since the eighties, India’s economic growth has been the fastest in the world from 3.5% per annum in 1970s to about 6% during the 1990s. The higher growth rate has helped significantly in the reduction of poverty.
This stands a testimony to the strong link between the economic growth and reduction in poverty.

In the light of these, there is a dire need for the introduction of targeted anti-poverty programme to affect poverty directly or indirectly. Some of the major programmes in this direction are MGNREGA, PMRY, SGSY, AAY etc.

Question 38.
Why the results of the poverty alleviation programmes have been mixed up?
Answer:
The results of poverty alleviation programmes have been mixed up on account of:

1. Lack of proper implementation and right targeting.
2. Less effectiveness due to a lot of overlapping of these schemes.
3. Despite the good intentions, the benefits of these programmes have not fully reached the deserving poor.
4. Lack of proper monitoring of these programmes. (any three)

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 39.
State the dimensions of poverty.
Answer:
The various dimensions of poverty are:

1. It means hunger and shelter.
2. It is a situation in which parents are not able to send their children to schools.
3. It is a situation where sick people cannot afford treatment.
4. It means lack of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities.
5. It means lack of a regular job at a minimum decent level.

Question 40.
Give an account of inter-state disparities in poverty in India. [CBSE 2013]
Answer:
In every state, the proportion of poor is not the same. As a matter of fact, the success rate of reducing poverty varies from state to state. While the All India Head Count Ratio (HCR) was 21.9% in 2011-12, but states like Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha has poverty above the all India poverty level. Bihar and Odisha continue to be the poorest states with poverty ratios of 33.7% and 32.6% respectively. In Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh along with rural poverty urban poverty is also high.

There has been a significant decline in poverty in states like Kerala, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and West Bengal. High agricultural growth rates are responsible for reducing poverty in Punjab and Haryana. Kerala has focussed more on human resource development. Land reform measures have helped in reducing poverty in West Bengal. Public distribution of food grains is held responsible for the improvement on the poverty front of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Question 41.
Give one most suitable factor responsible for the reduction of poverty in each of the following cases.
(a) Punjab
(b) Kerala
(c) West Bangal
(d) Andhra Pradesh
Answer:

1. High agricultural growth rates are responsible for reducing poverty in Punjab.
2. Kerala has focussed more on human resource development.
3. Land reform measures have helped in reducing poverty in West Bengal.
4. Public distribution of food grains is responsible for the improvement in poverty in Andhra Pradesh.

Question 42.
Mention any four causes of poverty in India. [CBSE 2016,15,13,12, 11]
                                                   Or
Discuss the major reasons of poverty in India. [CBSE 2016,15, 11, 10]
Answer:
There are a number of causes responsible for the widespread poverty in India. Some of them are:

1. Low level of economic development under the British rule in India.
2. Decline of Indian handicrafts industry-, which led to unemployment, poverty and misery which were responsible for the low rate of income growth.
3. Social factors like caste system, religious faiths and beliefs also kept certain section of people in society in poverty.
4. High growth rate of population led to a very low per capita income in the country.
5. Huge income inequalities due to unequal distribution of land and other resources.

Question 43.
What are the main features of National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005?
[CBSE 2016, 13, 12, 11]
Answer:
The main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 are:

1. The Act assures 100 days employment every year to every rural household.
2. It also aimed at sustainable development to address the cause of draught, deforestation and soil erosion.
3. One-third of the jobs are reserved for women.
4. The share of SCs, STs and women are 23 per cent, 17 per cent and 53 per cent respectively, (ie) Under this, the average wage has increased from ₹ 65 in 2006-07 to ₹ 132 in 2013-14.
5. The scheme provided employment to 220 crores person days of employment to 4.78 crore household. (any five)

Question 44.
Elucidate the targeted anti-poverty programmes undertaken by the government.
Answer:
The government has launched many schemes affecting poverty directly or indirectly. Some of the
most important programmes are:

1. Mahatama Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005. It aims to provide 100 days of wage employment to every household to ensure security of livelihood in rural areas. It also aims at sustainable development to address the causes of draught, soil erosion and deforestation. One-third of the proposed jobs have been reserved for women under this scheme. The share of SCs, STs and women in the scheme are 23%, 17% and 53% respectively. The average wage has increased from ₹ 65 in 2006-07 to ₹ 132 in 2013-14.
2. Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY). It was started in 1993. The aim of the scheme is to create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in the rural areas and towns. The youth are provided assistance in setting up small business and industries.
3. Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP). It was launched in 1995. The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunities in rural areas and small towns.
4. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY). It was launched in 1999. The aim is to bring the assisted poor families above the poverty line by organising them into Self-Help Groups (SHGs) with the help of bank credit and government subsidy.
   (e) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY). It was launched in 2000. Under this, additional central assistance is given to states for basic services like primary health, primary education, rural drinking water and rural electrification.

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CBSE Class 9 Civics Chapter 3 Extra Questions Constitutional Design Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science SST Civics Chapter 3 Constitutional Design.

You can also practice NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Civics Chapter 3 Questions and Answers on LearnInsta.com.

NCERT Class 9 Civics Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers Constitutional Design

SOLVED QUESTION BANK

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 1.
What is known as the supreme law of the country?
Answer:
The constitution of the country is known as the supreme law of the country.

Question 2.
What does constitution include?
Answer:
The constitution includes the rights of citizens, the powers of the government and how the government should function.

Question 3.
Who was Nelson Mandela? ‘
Answer:
Nelson Mandela was the leader of African National Congress (ANC). He was imprisoned for 28 years in South Africa’a most dreaded prison called Robben Island.

Question 4.
Why was Nelson Mandela imprisoned?
Answer:
He was imprisoned for opposing the apartheid regime.

Question 5.
What does ‘apartheid’ mean?
Answer:
Apartheid was the policy of racial discrimination and ill-treatment of the blacks by the white regime of South Africa based on the colour of their skin.

Question 6.
Who were called the blacks in south Africa?
Answer:
The natives of South Africa are black in colour, they make up for about three-fourth of the population and are called blacks. .

Question 7.
Which group of people in South Africa were classified as coloured?
Answer:
People of mixed races were classified as ‘coloured’.

Question 8.
For whom was apartheid system particularly oppressive?
Answer:
Apartheid system was oppressive for the blacks. They were forbidden from living in white areas.

Question 9.
With what condition blacks were permitted to work in white areas?
Answer:
If they had a permit than only blacks were permitted to work in white areas.

Question 10.
What does segregation mean in South Africa?
Answer:
Segregation means a practice when trains, buses, taxis, hotels, hospitals, schools and colleges, libraries, cinema halls, theatres, beaches, swimming pools were all separate for the whites and the blacks in South Africa.

Question 11.
What treatment was given to the blacks?
Answer:
The blacks could not even visit the churches where the whites worshipped and could not form associations or protest against the terrible treatment meted out to them.

Question 12.
Since when the blacks, coloured and the Indians fought against the apartheid system and how?
Answer:
Since 1950 the blacks, coloured and the Indians fought against the apartheid system by launching
protest marches and strikes.

Question 13.
What was African National Congress (ANC)?
Answer:
It was the umbrella organisation that led the struggle against the policies of segregation.

Question 14.
What was the role of the sensitive Whites in ANC?
Answer:
Many sensitive whites joined the African National Congress to oppose apartheid and played a leading role in the struggle.

Question 15.
How white racists continued their apartheid despite protests?
Answer:
The white racists continued apartheid by detaining, torturing and killing thousands of blacks and coloured people.

Question 16.
How did apartheid end in South Africa?
Answer:
As protests and struggles against apartheid increased the government realised that they could no longer keep the blacks under their rule through repression. Finally, at midnight of 26th April 1994, South Africa got freedom from apartheid.

Question 17
What policies were changed by the white regime in South Africa.
Answer:
The policies that changed were:

1. Discriminatory’ laws were repealed.
2. Ban on political parties and restrictions on media were lifted. After 28 years, Nelson Mandela walked out free from jail.

Question 18.
What is the appeal made by the blacks to their follow blacks after being democratic?
Answer:
Blacks appealed to the fellow blacks that they forgive the whites for the atrocities they had committed while in power. • ‘

Question 19.
On what basis they wanted to build a new nation?
Answer:
They wanted to build a new nation based on equality of all races and men and women, on democratic values, social justice and human rights.

Question 20.
Who formed the constitution of neo-democratic South Africa?
Answer:
The party that ruled through oppression and brutal killings and the party that led the freedom struggle sat together to draw up a common constitution.

Question 21.
When was the constitution of South Africa completed?
Answer:
After two years of discussion and debate the constitution makers came out with one of the finest . constitutions the world had seen.

Question 22.
Mention a distinguished feature of newly formed South African constitution.
Answer:
The constitution of South Africa provides the most extensive rights to its citizens available in any country.

Question 23.
What was the major challenge prevailing in the South African society after being democratic?
Answer:
In the new democracy, the oppressor and the oppressed were planning to live together as equals. It was difficult for them to trust each other.

Question 24.
What were the safeguards wished by the black majority?
Answer:
They wanted that there must not be any compromise regarding democratic principles of majority rule. The wanted substantial social and economic rights.

Question 25.
What were the fears prevailing among the whites?
Answer:
The white minority had a fear of losing their privileges and property. They wanted to secure them.

Question 26.
What compromise was made by white minority in South Africa?
Answer:
The whites agreed to the principle of majority rule and that of one person one vote. They also agreed to accept some basic rights for the poor and the workers.

Question 27.
What compromise was made by black majority in South Africa?
Answer:
They agreed that the majority rule would not be absolute. They agreed that the majority would not take away the property of the whites.

Question 28.
With which rules trust was built between blacks and whites in South Africa?
Answer:
The rules which determined what the elected governments are empowered to do and what they cannot do. Finally, they decided the rights of the citizen.

Question 29.
What was the condition of basic rules made by the South Africans?
Answer:
The basic rules will be supreme, that no government will be able to ignore them.

Question 30.
What is the title of the autobiography of Nelson Mandela?
Answer:
The title of the autobiography of Nelson Mandela is the The Long Walk to Freedom.

Question 31.
How is constitution making not unique to South Africa?
Answer:
This is not unique to South Africa because like other countries it also has a diverse group of people having differences of opinions and interests.

Question 32.
Which groups need a constitution?
Answer:
Other than government, associations also need a constitution like clubs, cooperative societies or political parties, etc.

Question 33.
What is a constitution?
Answer:
A constitution is the supreme law of the country in written form accepted by all the people living together in the country.

Question 34.
Why is constitution considered as a supreme law?
Answer:
It is the supreme law as it determines the relationship among people living in a territory (called citizens) and the relationship between the people and government.

Question 35.
Who was the Education Minister in the first union cabinet?
Answer:
Abul Kalam Azad was the Education Minister.

Question 36.
Who was the Finance Minister in the first union cabinet?
Answer:
T. Krishnamachari.

Question 37.
What was the state of the princely states when the British left India?
Answer:
The British had left it to the rulers of the princely states to decide whether they wanted to be with India or with Pakistan or remain independent.

Question 38.
Who integrated the Indian princely states? How many princely states were there?
Answer:
Sardar Patel integrated the 562 princely states of India.

Question 39.
What advantages did Indian constitution makers have unlike South Africa? .
Answer:
The advantage was that they did not have to create a consensus about what a democratic India should look like as it was evolved mostly during freedom struggle.

Question 40.
Who firstly drafted the constitution for India?
Answer:
In 1928, Motilal Nehru and eight other Congress leaders drafted a constitution for India.

Question 41.
What resolution was made in 1931, Karachi session?
Answer:
In 1931, at the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress, worked on how independent India’s constitution should look like.

Question 42.
What was the benefit of years of thinking and deliberations on the framework of constitution?
Answer:
Many years of thinking and deliberation made leaders accept the ideas of the countries but on
terms which are suitable for our country.

Question 43.
What was Constituent Assembly?
Answer:
The drafting of the constitution by an assembly of elected representatives is called Constituent Assembly.

Question 44.
How was Constituent Assembly formed?
Answer:
Constituent Assembly was formed by the elections held in July 1946.

Question 45.
When was the first meeting of Constituent Assembly held?
Answer:
The first meeting was held in December 1946.

Question 46.
How many members did the Constituent Assembly have?
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly that whole the Indian constitution had 299 members.

Question 47.
When was the constitutional work completed and when did the constitution come into force?
Answer:
The assembly adopted the constitution on 26th November 1949. It come into force on January 1950.
To mark this day we celebrate 26th January as Republic Day every year.

Question 48.
Why did the constitution come into effect on 26th January 1950?
Answer:
The constitution came into effect on 26lh January 1950, because the constitution makers wanted to give importance to the date 26th January as Jawaharlal Nehru declared Independence Day of India on 26th January.

Question 49.
What does constitution of a country reflect?
Answer:
It reflects the views of its members expressing a broad consensus of its time.

Question 50.
Why had the countries rewritten their constitution?
Answer:
Many countries had written their constitution afresh because the basic rules were not acceptable to major social groups or political parties.

Question 51.
What is the unusual achievement of our constitution?
Answer:
The unusual achievement is that no large social group or political party has ever questioned the legitimacy of the constitution itself. ‘ ‘

Question 52.
Which political party dominated the assembly?
Answer:
The Indian National Congress dominated the assembly. The INC led India’s freedom struggle.

Question 53.
How did the Constituent Assembly work?
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly worked in a systematic, open and consensual manner.

Question 54.
What was the first task of Drafting Committee? Who was its chairman?
Answer:
The Drafting Committee firstly prepared a draft of the constitution for discussion. Its chairman was Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Question 55.
Who was the President of the Constituent Assembly?
Answer:
Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly.

Question 56.
How many draft amendments were considered?
Answer:
More than 2000 draft amendments were considered.

Question 57.
How much time was taken to complete the constitution of India?
Answer:
About 114 days spread over three years were taken for framing the Indian constitution.

Question 58.
What is a draft?
Answer:
A preliminary version of a piece of writing. For instance, the first draft of the party’s manifesto.

Question 59.
What is a clause?
Answer:
A distinct section of a document.

Question 60.
What are Constituent Assembly Debates?
Answer:
When every document presented and every word spoken in the Constituent Assembly was recorded and preserved these referred as Constituent Assembly Debates.

Question 61.
Write the significance of ‘Constituent Assembly Debates’.
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly Debates provide the reason behind every provision of the constitution. They are used to interpret the constitution.

Question 62.
Name the Indian leader who used to write for the magazine Young India in 1931.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi used to write for the magazine Young India in 1931.

Question 63.
What features formed the foundation for India’s democracy?
Answer:
The values that inspired and guided the freedom struggle and were then nurtured by it, formed the foundation of India’s democracy.

Question 64.
What is Preamble?
Answer:
The constitution begins with a short statement of its basic values is called the Preamble to the constitution.

Question 65.
Who inspired different countries of the world to start their constitution with a Preamble?
Answer:
The countries were inspired by the American constitution to start their constitution with a Preamble.

Question 66.
What does ‘sovereign’ mean?
Answer:
It means people have the supreme right to make decisions on internal and external matters. No external power can dictate the government of India.

Question 67.
What does socialist in a democratic constitution mean?
Answer:
It means wealth is generated socially and should be shared equally by society. Government should reduce socio-economic inequalities.

Question 68.
What does democratic mean?
Answer:
Democratic means a form of government where people enjoy equal political rights, elect their rulers and hold them accountable.

Question 69.
What does a republic mean? . .
Answer:
In a republic, the head of the state is an elected person and not a hereditary position.

Question 70.
What does liberty in the Preamble mean?
Answer:
It means there is no unreasonable restrictions on the citizens in what they think how they express, how they wish to follow their thoughts in action.

Question 71.
What does equality mean in the constitution?
Answer:
All are equal before the law. The traditional social inequalities have to be ended by the government and it should ensure equal opportunities for all.

Question 72.
What is constitutional amendment?
Answer:
It is a change in the constitution made by the supreme legislative body in a country.

Question 73.
Why do we need to make amendments to our constitution?
Answer:
Our constitution is a very long and detailed document. It needs to be amended regularly to keep it updated.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 74.
What do you know about Nelson Mandela?
Answer:

1. Nelson Mandela was a South African leader who was tried for treason by the white South African government.
2. He along with seven others were sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964, for daring to oppose the apartheid regime in South Africa.
3. He spent 28 years in Robben Island, South Africa’s most dreaded prison.
4. He was released after 28 years from jail. At the midnight of 26th April 1994, South Africa
   become independent and Nelson Mandela became its first President. (any three)

Question 75.
How did the blacks of South Africa fight against apartheid?
Answer:

1. Since 1950, the blacks, coloured and the Indians had started their fight against the apartheid system. They started protest marches and strikes.
2. The African National Congress (ANC) led the struggle against the policies of segregation. This included workers’ unions and the Communist Party.
3. They were also joined by many sensitive whites who opposed apartheid and played a leading role in this struggle. Several countries also denounced apartheid as unjust and racist.

Question 76.
Mention any three changes that were brought about in the constitution of South Africa after 1994.
[CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The three changes that were bought in the constitution of South Africa were as follows.

1. Discriminatory laws were repealed.
2. Ban an political parties and restrictions on media were lifted.
3. Nelson Mandela was released after 28 years of imprisonment.

Question 77.
How difficult it was for India to frame a constitution for united India after Independence?
Answer:
To frame a constitution for unified India after Independence, its difficult in following manner.

1. At that time the people of India were emerging form the status of subjects to that of citizens.
2. The country emerged thought Partition on the basis of religion.
3. It was a traumatic experience for both the people of India and Pakistan.

Question 78.
Which countries constitutional features inspired Indian constitution makers?
Answer:
The following countries constitutional features inspired Indian constitution makers:

1.  Ideals of the French Revolution.
2. The practice of Parliamentary democracy in Britain.
3. The Bill of Rights in the US. ‘ ‘
4. The Socialist Revolution in Russia. (any three)

Question 79.
Describe the steps taken to form the Constituent Assembly. [CBSE 2016]
                                               Or
How was the Indian Constituent Assembly formed? [HOTS]
Answer:
The Indian Constituent Assembly was formed for the task of framing the Constitution for independent India. The elections to the Provisional Legislative Assembly were held in July 1946. The elected members of the Provisional Legislative Assembly elected the members for the Constituent Assembly through proportional representation system. There were in total 389 members in the Constituent ‘ Assembly. Later with the Partition of India into India and Pakistan, 299 members wrote the constitution. It included 70 members from princely states and nine women. 284 present members gave their assent and the Indian Constitution was passed.

Question 80.
Give reasons for accepting the constitution which was made by the Constituent Assembly more than 50 years ago? [HOTS]
                                                                   Or
Why is constitution of India acceptable to Indians even today? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The reasons for acceptability of the constitution till today are as follows:

1. The constitution does not reflect the views of its members alone. It expresses a broad consensus of its time.
2. The Constituent Assembly represented the people of India. Since there was no universal adult franchise at that time, the Constituent Assembly could not have been chosen directly by the people. It was elected, mainly by the members of Provincial Legislatures, which ensured a fair share of all the regions of the country.
3. The Constituent Assembly worked in a systematic, open and consensual manner. The nature of work done by the Constituent Assembly gave sanctity to the constitution.

Question 81.
Write a short note on the Drafting Committee.
Answer:

1. It was a committee that prepared a draft of the constitution for discussion.
2. Its chairman was Dr BR Ambedkar.
3. These were several rounds of thorough discussions on the draft of the constitution clause by clause.
4. The members worked for 114 days spread over three years.
   Later it was presented to the public to get their opinion. (any three)

Question 82.
What was the role of Dr BR Ambedkar in making of the constitution?
Answer:

1. Dr BR Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee.
2. He played a key role in the making of the constitution He gave shape to our country of being a complete sovereign democratic republic based on universal adult franchise.
3. He stressed that in politics these should be equality but in social and economic life inequalities should be removed.

Question 83.
What are Constituent Assembly Debates?
Answer:
The proceedings of the Constituent Assembly have been recorded and preserved such as every document presented and preserved and these are known as ‘Constituent Assembly Debates’.
The three characteristics of these debates are:

1. These debates provide the reason behind every provision of the constitution.
2. These are used to interpret the meaning of the constitution.
3. When printed, the debates constitute 12 bulky volumes.

Question 84.
What is the philosophy of the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
The basic values have been included in the Preamble to the constitution. It contains the philosophy on which the entire constitution has been built.

1. The Preamble provides a standard to examine and evaluate any law and action of government. It is the soul of the constitution.
2. The Preamble mentions people as the sources of constitution.
3. It states that India is a sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic. It provides justice, liberty, equality and fraternity for the people.

Question 85.
Describe how the Indian constitution has embodied the basic values into institutional arrangements?
Answer:

1. It is a detailed document. It needs to be amended quite regularly to keep it updated. It has
   provisions to incorporate changes from time to time. These changes are called constitutional amendments.
2. The constitution lays down a procedure for choosing persons to govern the country.
3. It defines who will have how much power to take which decisions. It puts limits to what the government can do for providing some rights to its citizens that cannot be violated.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 86.
How was apartheid system practised in South Africa?
Answer:
The apartheid system was practised in South Africa in the following ways:

1. The system of apartheid divided the people on the basis of the colour of their skin.
2. The non-whites were treated as inferiors and were deprived of their right to vote by the whites.
3. They were forbidden from living in white areas.
4. They could work in white areas only it they had a permission.
5. Trains, buses, taxis hotels, schools, libraries, cinema halls, beaches, swimming pools were all separate for the whites and blacks.
6. The blacks could not worship in the Churches where the whites worshipped.
7. Blacks could not form associations or protest against the terrible treatment meted out to them.
   (any five)

Question 87.
Explain how did the white minority and the black majority agree to draw up a common constitution for South Africa. [CBSE 2013]
Answer:
The white minority and the black majority agreed to draw up a common constitution for South Africa in the following ways.

1. The white regime changed its repressive policies and repealed its discriminatory laws.
2. Ban on political parties and restrictions on media were lifted.
3. The black leaders appealed to fellow blacks to forgive the whites for the atrocities committed by them.
4. There were long sessions of debates and discussions and they searched a solution to the existing problems.
5. It was agreed that everyone should be a part of the solution irrespective of the differences and whatever they had done or represented in the past.

Question 88.
What is a constitution? Explain the role of the constitution in a country.
Answer:
A constitution is a document containing the set of principles according to which a state or an organisation is supposed to be governed. The constitution reflects the philosophy on which country’s administration works and expresses the aspirations of the people for creating a good society. It serves as the rule book for the government. It specifies the powers and limitations of the government and clearly demarcates the areas of its functioning. The constitution lays down the procedures and guidelines on how the government can be formed. It states the rights and duties of the citizens and directs the government to see that basic rights of the citizens are enforced. It thus generates trust and coordination required for unity among the people. The constitution also serves as a set of ideals that our society should live by.

Question 89.
Why do we need a constitution?
Answer:
We need a constitution for the following reasons.

1. It generates a degree of trust and coordination which is necessary for different kinds of people to live together.
2. The constitution specifies how the government will be constituted and what power each organ will have and who will take what decision.
3.  It also defines the responsibilities of these three pillars of the government i.e., legislature, executive and judiciary.
4. It regulates the relationship between three organs and also with the people.
5. It also tells us about the rights and duties of the citizens.
6. It limits the powers of the government and tells us about the rights of the citizens.
7. The Indian constitution also protects/safeguards the interests of minorities, the backward classes and weaker sections. (any five)

Question 90.
“The familiarity with political institutions of the colonial rule helped to develop an agreement over
the institutional design.” Justify the statement. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The familiarity with political institutions of colonial rule helped to develop an agreement over the institutional design in the following ways.

1. The British rule gave voting rights to only a few. Later Election Commission was set up and voting rights were granted to all.
2. Elections were held in 1937 to Provincial Legislatures and Ministries were formed all over British India. The experience gained by Indians in the working of these institutions proved to be very useful for the country in setting up its own institutions and working in them.
3. The Indian Constitution adopted many institutional details and procedures from colonial laws like the Government of India Act, 1935.
4. The ideals of French Revolution, practice of Parliamentary democracy in Britain and Bill of Rights in the US inspired us to set up fundamental rights and duties.
5. The political institutions of the colonial rule are not just copied. They are questioned at every
   step to suit our nation’s conditions and set-up. In a way they serve as a blueprint for setting up our institutions. (any five)

Question 91.
Explain five major factors which contributed to the making of our constitution. [CBSE 2014]
                                                                        Or
“India emerged as independent country amidst heavy turmoil.” Justify the statement.
[CBSE 2014]
Answer:
To make a constitution for a huge and diverse population like India was not an easy affair. The following factors contributed to the making of our constitution:

1. A constitution drafted by Motilal Nehru and other Congress leaders in 1928, gave an insight of what an Indian Constitution should look like.
2. The people of India were emerging from the status of subjects to that of citizens.
3. The country had a traumatic experience of Partition based on religious identities. There was a need to ensure unity. It was thus necessary to frame guidelines that could give equal. representation to each section of the society.
4. The rulers of the princely states were free to decide whether they wanted to merge with India or Pakistan or remain independent.
5. The familiarity with the political institutions of colonial rule also played an important role in urging the leaders to develop a document containing the format on how the affairs of India would be carried on.
6. The leaders were vested with the responsibility of transforming society and politics. A well-defined political model was to be adopted that suited the Indian conditions. This could only be achieved through a set of guidelines to the elected members on the governance.
7. India faced the challenge of social discrimination. Principles like equality, liberty and justice irrespective of caste, class and religion were required to cope with this challenge, (any five)

Question 92.
What was the composition of the Constituent Assembly?
Answer:

1. The Constitution of India was framed by the Constituent Assembly which was constituted in 1946 under the provisions of the Cabinet Mission Plan.
2. As a result of Partition of India the number of members were reduced to 299.
3.  It consisted of eminent persons like Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Dr BR Ambedkar, KM Munshi, Rajagopalachari etc.
4. The women members like Sarojini Naidu and G Durgabai Deshmukh played an important role.
5. Each was an expert in his/her field. These great minds after a period of long discussions and debates keeping in mind the diversity and aspirations of the people of India framed the constitution.

Question 93.
Assess the contribution made by Constituent Assembly to form the Indian Constitution. [HOTS] The following were the contributions made by the Constituent Assembly to form the Indian Constitution.
Answer:

1. It reflected the broad consensus of its time, that is, its provisions were accepted by all major social groups and political parties.
2. It represented the People of India. Its formation ensured a fair geographical share of the members from all regions of the country.
   It accommodated the opposition in a fair way and gave opportunities to raise their concerns before arriving at a conclusion.
3. It worked in a systematic and open way. First basic principles were decided and agreed upon and then the draft was prepared.
4. Several rounds of long debates and discussions were held. Every document presented and word spoken was carefully recorded and preserved. This was done to keep a record for further reference.

Question 94.
Give a brief description about any five members of the Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
The five members of the Constituent Assembly were:

1. Dr Rajendra Prasad: (1884-1963)
   1. Born in Bihar
   2. President of the Constituent Assembly.
   3. A lawyer who played an important role in the Champaran satyagraha.
   4. He was the president of Congress three times.
   5. The first President of India (any two)
2.  HC Mookerjee: (1887-1956)
   1. Born in Bengal
      Vice-President of the Constituent Assembly
   2. Renowned author and educationist
   3. Congress leader. Member of All India Christian Council and Bengal Legislative Assembly. Later Governor of West Bengal. (any two)
3. Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964)
   1. Prime minister of interim government
   2. Lawyer and Congress leader
   3. Advocated socialism, democracy and anti-imperialism
   4. First Prime Minister of India. (any two)
4. Baldev Singh (1901-1961)
   1.  Nominee of the Congress in the Constituent Assembly.
   2. Successful entrepreneur.
   3. Leader of Panthic Akali Party in the Punjab Assembly.
   4. Defence Minister in the Union Government of Jawaharlal Nehru. (any two)
5. Sarojini Naidu (1879-1949)
   1. Member of the Constituent Assembly
   2. Poet, writer and political activist
   3. Among the for most women leaders in the Congress, Governor of Uttar Pradesh, (any two)

Question 95.
Explain any five major ideals enshrined in the Preamble to the Constitution. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The following are the five major ideals enshrined in the Preamble to the Constitution of India:

1. Sovereign: People of India have supreme power and authority to decide on internal and external matters concerning the country. The government cannot be dictated by any external power.
2. Secular: There is no state religion of India. At the same time citizens of India are free to practise and profess any religion or faith of their choice. No government machinery can discriminate against or favour any religion or faith and its followers.
3. Democratic: In India, it is the people who choose their leaders, who form the government. The government has to function according to certain basic rules ensuring maximum welfare of the people.
4. Justice: Discrimination of the citizens on any ground is legally prohibited.
5. Liberty: It refers to freedom on the activities of citizens of India. No unreasonable restrictions can be established on the way they think, express and follow up their thoughts in action.

Question 96.
Explain the importance of institutional design of the Constitution of India. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The importance of the institutional design of the Constitution of India as follows:

1. Constitution is mainly about embodying its values into institutional arrangements.
2. It is a long and detailed document. Therefore, it needs to be amended quite regularly to keep it updated.
3. The constitution describes the constitutional arrangements in a very legal language.
4. Constitution lays down a procedure for choosing persons to govern the country. It defines who will and how much power one will have to take which decisions.
5. It also puts limits to what the government can do by providing some rights to the citizens that cannot be violated.

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NCERT Class 9 Civics Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers Working of Institutions

SOLVED QUESTION BANK

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 1.
Mention the institutions which take major decisions and its implementation in a country.
Answer:
The institutions which take major decisions and its implementation in a country are:

1. Legislative
2. Judiciary
3. Executive

Question 2.
What are different terms used for a national government in India?
Answer:
The national level government is also called Central Government, Union Government or Government of India.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Office Memorandum?
Answer:
An Office Memorandum explains the policy or decision of the government issued by an appropriate authority.

Question 4.
Which ministry comprises the Department of Personnel and Training?
Answer:
The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions comprises the Department of Personnel and Training.

Question 5.
Mention one important policy decision issued in the Government of India Order of August 13,1990.
Answer:
It said that 27 per cent of the vacancies in the civil posts and services under the government are reserved for the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC).

Question 6.
Explain SEBC.
Answer:
SEBC stands for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes, another name for all those who belong to castes that are considered backward by the government.

Question 7.
Who were eligible for the benefit of job reservation before the order of August 13, 1990?
Answer:
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were eligible for the benefit of job reservation.

Question 8.
Who is considered as the head of the state and who is head of the government?
Answer:
The President is the head of the state whereas the Prime Minister is the head of the government.

Question 9.
What major bodies constitute the Parliament?
Answer:
The Parliament consists of the President and the two houses: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

Question 10.
Who was the head of the Second Backward Classes Commission?
Answer:
In 1979; it was headed by BP Mandal, hence called the Mandal Commission.

Question 11.
What was the instruction given to Mandal Commission?
Answer:
Mandal Commission was instructed to determine the criteria to identify the socially backward classes . in India and recommend steps to be taken for their advancement.

Question 12.
Which party promised to implement the Mandal Commission recommendations formally announced by the government?
Answer:
The Janata Dal came to power in the 1989 elections. VP Singh became the Prime Minister. His government implemented the recommendations.

Question 13.
Give one modification made by the Supreme Court.
Answer:
It said well-to-do persons among the backward classes should be excluded from getting the benefits of reservation.

Question 14.
Mention a responsibility of civil servant.
Answer:
Civil Servants are responsible for implementing the minister’s decision.

Question 15.
How institution decisions lead to delays and complications?
Answer:

1. Rules and regulation of institutions.
2. Decision-making process includes meetings, committees and routines.
   These factors lead to delays and complications. (any one)

Question 16.
Why do democratic governments stress on institutions?
Answer:
Democratic government stress on institutions because the institutions may make it difficult to have a good decision taken very quickly. But they make it difficult to rush through a bad decision.

Question 17.
Who has the final authority for making laws in any country?
                                                         Or
Which institution can make changes to an existing law of the country. [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
Parliament has the final authority for making laws in any country. It can make new laws, change or abolish the existing laws and make new ones in their place.

Question 18.
How does the Rajya Sabha seem more powerful than the Lok Sabha?
Answer:
Rajya Sabha named as ‘Upper Chamber’ and Lok Sabha as ‘Lower Chamber’ so the Rajya Sabha seems more powerful than Lok Sabha.

Question 19.
Which house of Parliament is more powerful in reality?
Answer:
The Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha.

Question 20.
Which two houses form the Parliament in our country?
Answer:
The two houses are known as Council of States or the Rajya Sabha and the Houses of the People or the Lok Sabha.

Question 21.
What is the length of the term of a government in India?
Answer:
It is 5 years.

Question 22.
Can the houses be dissolved or are they permanent?
Answer:
The Lok Sabha can be dissolved if a no confidence motion is passed against the government, but the Rajya Sabha is a permanent house.

Question 23.
How does the Lok Sabha exercise its control over the Council of Ministers?
Answer:
The Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers i.e. if the majority of the Lok Sabha members say that they have no confidence in the Council of Ministers, all the ministers including the Prime Minister have to quit. No such power is with the Rajya Sabha.

Question 24.
What is an executive?
Answer:
All functionaries in the government who take day-to-day decisions but do not exercise supreme power on behalf of the people.

Question 25.
Why are government functionaries called executives?
Answer:
They are called executives because they implement the policies of the government.

Question 26.
What do you understand by “Political Executive”?
Answer:
Political Executives are the executives who are elected by the people for a time period. They take major decisions.

Question 27.
Who are called “Permanent Executives”?
Answer:
Permanent executives are appointed for a long term. They are also called civil servants. They remain in office even when the ruling party changes. They advice the political executives in their day-to-day work.

Question 28.
How is the Prime Minister appointed?
Answer:
The President appoints the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties that commands a majority in the Lok Sabha, as the Prime Minister.

Question 29.
To whom the President appoint the Prime Minister in case no single party or alliance gets a majority?
Answer:
In such a case the President appoints as Prime Minister the person most likely to secure a majority support in the house.

Question 30.
How are other ministers appointed?
Answer:
The other ministers are appointed by the President on advice of the Prime Minister.

Question 31.
How are ministers chosen by the Prime Minister?
Answer:
The ministers are usually chosen from the party or the coalition that has the majority in the Lok Sabha. The Prime minister has a free hand to choose ministers as long as they are members of the Parliament.

Question 32.
What do you mean by the Council of Ministers?
Answer:
The Council of Ministers is the official name of the body that includes all the ministers. It usually has 60 to 80 ministers of different ranks.

Question 33.
Who are Cabinet Ministers?
Answer:
Cabinet Ministers are usually top-level leaders of the ruling party or parties who are incharge of major ministeries. The cabinet usually represents the Council of Ministers. It is the inner ring of the Council of Ministers. It has 20 ministers.

Question 34.
Who are ministers of state with independent charge?
Answer:
The ministers of state with independent charge are usually incharge of smaller ministries. They attend cabinet meetings only when specially invited.

Question 35.
Who are the Ministers of State?
Answer:
These ministers are attached to and are required to assist cabinet ministers.

Question 36.
Every ministry has secretaries. What job do these secretaries perform?
Answer:
The secretaries provide the necessary background information to the ministers to take decisions.

Question 37.
Who Chairs the Cabinet meetings? Who is the most powerful within the cabinet?
Answer:
The Prime Minister chairs the cabinet meetings and is the most powerful within the Cabinet.

Question 38.
Mention one limitation of the Prime Minister of a coalition government.
Answer:
The limitation of the Prime Minister of a coalition is that he has to heed the views of the coalition partners and other parties, on whose support the survival of the ruling party depends.

Question 39.
What is the Presidential form of government? Give an example of one country.
Answer:
The Presidential form of government is the system of government where President is both the head of the government and the head of the state. He has immense powers. USA is the country which has this type of government.

Question 40.
Which type of government system is followed in our country?
Answer:
In our country, we have a Parliamentary system of government.

Question 41.
How does the President act as Executive Head?
Answer:
The President in India is the head of the state and exercises only nominal powers. He supervises the overall functioning of all the political institutions in the country. (any one)

Question 42.
What kind of judiciary do we have in India? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
In India, we have integrated judiciary where the decision of ‘supreme court is binding on all the subordinate courts.

Question 43.
What is the composition of the Indian Judiciary?
Answer:
The Indian Judiciary consists of Supreme Court at the national level, High Courts at the state level and District Courts and the courts at local level.

Question 44.
India has an integrated judiciary. Explain.
Answer:
Integrated judiciary means that the Supreme Court controls the judicial administration in the country. Its decisions are binding on all the courts of the country.

Question 45.
How are the judges of the Supreme Court and the High Court appointed?
Answer:
The judges of Supreme Court and High Court are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister in consultation with the Chief Justice of India.

Question 46.
How can a judge be removed?
Answer:
A judge can be removed only through impeachment motion passed by two-third members of the two houses of Parliament. This has never happened in the history of India.

Question 47.
What is judicial review?
Answer:
The Supreme Court can declare invalid any law of the’legislature. It can determine the constitutional validity of any law or action of the executive in the country, when it is challenged.

Question 48.
How does the judiciary act as guardian of the fundamental rights?
Answer:
The citizens have the right to approach the Supreme Court to seek remedy in case of violation of their rights.

Question 49.
Who was elected as the President of India in 2017?
Answer:
Shri Ram Nath Kovind.

Question 50.
Name the Chief Justice of India who administered the oath of the office of the President of India to Shri Ram Nath Kovind.
Answer:
Shri Justice J.S. Khehar.

Question 51.
When and where did the oath ceremony of the office of the President of India took place?
Answer:
In the Central Hall of Parliament in New Delhi on 25 July 2017.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 52.
Who are the major functionaries in India?
Answer:
The major functionaries in India are:

1. The President, who is the head of the state and the highest formal authority in the country.
2. The Prime Minister is the head of the governmental and one who usually exercises all the government powers.
3. The Parliament which consists of two houses, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The Prime Minister must have the support of a majority of the Lok Sabha members.

Question 53.
Why do we need the political institutions?
                                 Or
Describe the need for political institutions in India. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:

1. The government is responsible for ensuring security to the citizens and providing education and health facilities to all.
2. It collects taxes and spends money on administration, defence and developmental programmes.
3. It formulates and implements several welfare schemes.
   Political institutions are needed to attend to all these tasks.

Question 54.
How are some of the delays and complications introduced by democratic institutions very useful?
Answer:
Delays and complications introduced by democratic institutions are very useful because:

1. They provide an opportunity for a wider set of people to be consulted in any division.
2. Institutions make it difficult to have a good decision taken very quickly.
3. But they also make it equally difficult to rush through a bad decision.

Question 55.
What is the significance of Parliament in a democracy? [HOTS]
Answer:
The significance of Parliament in a democratic country are as follows.

1. Parliament is the final authority in making laws in any country. It can change the existing laws, abolish them or make new laws.
2. Parliament exercises control over those who run the government. No decision can be taken without the support of the Parliament.
3. Parliament also controls the money matters.
4. Parliament is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public issues and national policy in any country. It can seek information on any matter. (Any three)

Question 56.
How is the Lok Sabha more powerful than the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in following manner.

1. An ordinary law needs to be passed in both the houses. But if there is a difference between the two houses, the final decision is taken in a joint session. Since the number of members of Lok Sabha is more than that of the Rajya Sabha, the views of the Lok Sabha are more likely to prevail.
2. The Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters. Once the Lok Sabha passes a law concerning the money matters, the Rajya Sabha can not reject it. It can only delay it by 14 days or suggest changes in it. It is up to the Lok Sabha to accept the changes or not.
3. The Lok Sabha controls the council of ministers. If the majority of the Lok Sabha members say they have no confidence in the council of ministers, all the ministers including the Prime minister, have to quit. The Rajya Sabha does not have this power.

Question 57.
Explain the three categories of the Council of Ministers. .
Answer:
The Council of Ministers consists of three categories.

1. Cabinet Ministers: They are the top-level leaders of the ruling party or parties who are in-charge of the major ministries. Usually the cabinet ministers meet to take decisions in the name of the Council of Ministers.
2. Ministers of State with Independent Charge: They are in charge of smaller ministries. They participate in cabinet meetings only when they are invited.
3. Ministers of State: These ministers are attached to and are required to assist the cabinet ministers.

Question 58.
Who forms the cabinet?
Answer:

1. The cabinet is formed by the top-level leaders of the ruling party or parties who are incharge of the major ministries.
2. Usually the cabinet meets to take decisions in the name of the Council of Ministers.
3. Cabinet is thus the inner ring of the Council of Ministers. It has about 20 ministers.

Question 59.
Explain the role of the Prime Minister in a coalition government.
                                                       Or
Write any three constraints on the power of the Prime Minister of a coalistion government. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The role of the Prime Minister in a coalition government has many constraints. They are:

1. He cannot take decisions as he likes.
2. He has to accommodate different groups and factions in his party as well as the coalition partners.
3. He also has to heed to the views and positions of the coalition partners and other parties on whose support the survival of the government depends.

Question 60.
When and how does the President exercise his discretionary powers? [HOTS]
Answer:
When a party or coalition of parties gets a clear majority in the elections, the President has to appoint
the Prime Minister as the leader of the majority party or the coalition that enjoys majority support in the Lok Sabha. When no party or coalition gets majority in the Lok Sabha. the President exercises his discretion. The President chooses a leader who in his opinion can muster majority support in the Lok Sabha. In such a fase he can ask the newly-appointed person to prove his majority on the floor of the house within a specified time.

Question 61.
What is the difference between the powers of the President of USA and the President of India?
Answer:

1. The President of USA: He is directly elected by the people for this post for four years. He personally
   chooses and appoints his ministers. This is called the Presidential form of government.
2. President of India: The President of India is the head of the state. He is indirectly elected by the MPs and the MLAs. He exercises only the nominal powers. He is appointed for 5 years. This is a feature of Parliamentary form of government.

Question 62.
What does the ‘Independence of Judiciary’ mean?
Answer:

1. The judiciary of India is not under the control of the legislature or the executive.
2. The judges do not act on the directions of the government or according to the wishes of the party in power.
   This is the reason why the democracies have courts that are independent of the legislature and the executives.

Question 63.
What does ‘Integration of judiciary’ mean?
Answer:
Integration of judiciary means that all the judicial courts are integrated or linked or joint into one supreme judicial body called as the supreme court. It is at the epicentre of the judicial set up and controls the judicial administration of all the subordinate courts. Above all, its decision are binding on all subordinate courts of a country.

Question 64.
What do you understand by Public Interest Litigation?
Answer:

1. In the recent years, the courts have given several judgements and directions to protect the public interest and human rights.
2. Anyone, can approach the courts, if the public interest is hurt by the actions of the government. This is called Public Interest Litigation.
3. The courts intervene to protect the misuse of government’s powers to make decisions. With this they check malpractices on the part of the public officials.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 65.
What was the Mandal Commission? Why was it set up? Mention its specific recommendation.
Answer:
The Mandal Commission was appointed by the Indian government for the following reasons.

1. The Government of India had appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission in 1979. It was headed by BP Mandal. Hence, it is popularly called the Mandal Commission.
2. This commission was asked to find out a criteria to identify the socially and educationally backward classes in India and recommend steps to be taken for their advancement.
3. The commission gave a report in 1980 with many recommendations.
4. One of these was that 27% of the government jobs should be reserved for the socially and economically backward classes.

Question 66.
Why had the Mandal Commission become a debatable issue in India?
Answer:
The Mandal Commission had become a debatable issue because of the following reasons.

1. Newspapers and magazines were full of different views and opinions on the issue.
2. This led to widespread protests and counter-protests, some were violent.
3. The people reacted strongly because this decision affected thousands of job opportunities.
4.  Some were of the views that the existence of inequalities among people of different cases in India necessitated job reservation.
5. Others felt that this was unfair and it would deny equality of opportunities to those who did not belong to a backward communities.
6. Some felt it was an obstacle to national unity. (any five)

Question 67.
How was the dispute of Mandal Commission resolved?
Answer:

1. Some persons and associations apposed this order and filed a number of cases in the courts.
2. The Supreme Court put all the cases together and the case came to be known as “Indira Sawhney” and others Vs Union of India case.
3. In 1992, by the majority, the Supreme Court judges declared that this order of the Government was valid.
4. At the same time, the Supreme Court asked the government to modify the original order. It said that the creamy layer (or well to do) people among the backward classes should be excluded from getting the benefit of reservation.
5. Accordingly, the Department of Personnel and Training issued another memorandum. The dispute came to an end and this policy is followed since then.

Question 68.
Describe the powers and functions of the Indian Parliament. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
In India, a national assembly of elected representatives is called Parliament. The following are the major powers and functions of Parliament:

1. The Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country’.
2. It can pass a no-confidence resolution against the government and ask it to resign.
3. It controls the money matters of the nation. Government budget has to be evolved and passed by parliament.
4. It is the highest forum of discussion, debates and deliberations on public and national policies and issues.
5. It can seek information or question the government on any matter which it has to answer.
6. It performs the electoral function of electing President, Vice-President, speaker, deputy-speaker.
7. It has the power to remove the president judges of supreme court and High Court through impeachment. (any five)

Question 69.
Distinguish between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:

Question 70.
What is the difference between Political Executive and Permanent executive?
Answer:

Question 71.
Prime Minister is the head of the government.” Justify the statement. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
Prime Minister is the head of the government. The statement can be justified in the following ways:

1. He leads the majority party in the Parliament.
2. He summons and presides over the meetings of the cabinet.
3. All the decisions by his cabinet are taken under his leadership, consent and authority.
4. He acts as an adviser to the president over the appointment of his ministers, judges of Supreme Court and high courts.
5. He is free to choose his ministers and can change their portfolios.

Question 72.
State the powers of the President.
Answer:
In India the President is the head of the state and has the following powers.

1. All government activities take place in the name of the President. He exercises only the nominal powers.
2. He supervises the overall functioning of all the political institutions in the country so that they operate in harmony to achieve the objective of the state.
3. All the laws and major policy decisions of the government are taken in his name.
4. All major appointments are made in his name i.e. the appointment of the Chief Justice of India, the judges of the Supreme Court and the High Court of the states, the Governors of the states, the Election Commission, ambassadors to other countries etc.
5. All international treaties and agreements are made in his name.
6. He is the supreme commander of the defence forces of India.

Question 73.
How are the judges of Supreme Court and High Court appointed? How can they be removed?
Answer:

1. Appointment of the judges:
   1. The judges of the Supreme Court and High Court are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
   2. In practice, it means the senior judges the Supreme Court select the new judges of the Supreme court and high court.
   3. The seniormost judge of the Supreme Court is usually appointed as the Chief Justice of India.
2. Removal of the judges:
   1. Once a person is appointed as the judge of the Supreme Court or the High Court, it is nearly impossible to remove him/her from that position. It is as difficult as in the case of the President of India.
   2. A judge can only be removed by the impeachment motion passed by 2/3rd members of the two houses of parliament present and voting.

Question 74.
How can you say that the judiciary in India is the most powerful?
Answer:
In the following manner judiciary in India is considered as the most powerful:

1. The judiciary in India is independent. It means it is not under the control of the legislature or the executive.
2. The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the constitution of the country.
3. They can determine the validity or declare invalid any law and action of legislature or any of the executive in the country when it is challenged before them. This is called the judicial review:
4. The Supreme Court of India has also ruled that the core or the basic principles of the Constitution can not be changed by the Parliament.
5. The powers and the independence of the judiciary allows it to act as a guardian of the fundamental rights of the citizens. The citizens can approach the Supreme Court in case of any violation of their rights. The courts intervene or prevent the misuse of the government’s powers to make decisions. They check the malpractices on the part of the public officials.

Hope given Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science Civics Chapter 5 are helpful to complete your homework.

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CBSE Class 9 Civics Chapter 2 Extra Questions What is Democracy? Why Democracy? Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science SST Civics Chapter 2 What is Democracy? Why Democracy?.

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NCERT Class 9 Civics Chapter 2 Extra Questions and Answers What is Democracy? Why Democracy?

SOLVED QUESTION BANK

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 1.
How does Abraham Lincoln define democracy?
Answer:
Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.

Question 2.
Describe the origin of the word democracy.
Answer:
Democracy has its origin in the Greek word ‘Demokratia. ‘Demos’ means people and ‘Kratia’ means rule. So it means rule by the people.

Question 3.
Give one common feature of democratic governments.
Answer:
One common feature is that people elect their representatives on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise.

Question 4.
What is a referendum? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
A referendum is a direct vote in which the entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. It may be adoption of a new constitution, a law or a specific governmental policy.

Question 5.
The kings of Nepal and Saudi Arabia are ruling even than they are undemocratic. Why?
Answer:
It is because they happened to be born into the royal families.

Question 6.
When did Pervez Musharraf come to power in Pakistan?
Answer:
Pervez Musharraf came to power in Pakistan by a military coup in October 1999.

Question 7.
How did Pervez Musharraf declare himself the ‘Chief Executive’ of the country?
Answer:
In October 1999, he led a military coup to overthrow a democratically-elected government and declared himself the ‘Chief Executive’ of the country.

Question 8.
What major political incident happened in Pakistan in the year 2002?
Answer:
A referendum was held in the country in 2002. It granted Pervez Musharraf five year extention as President.

Question 9.
What do you mean by ‘Legal Framework Order’?
Answer:
It was an order issued by General Musharraf empowering him to dismiss the national or provincial assemblies.

Question 10.
Which body supervised the civilian cabinet according to Legal Framework Order?
Answer:
The National Security Council dominated by military officials supervised the civilian cabinet.

Question 11.
What happened after the passage of the Legal Framework Order?
Answer:
After the passage of the Legal Framework Order, elections were held to the national and state assemblies. The representatives were elected by the people.

Question 12.
Who took the final decisions in Pakistan after the elections?
Answer:
The final decisions was taken by the army and General Musharraf.

Question 13.
Why is Pakistan not considered a democratic country even after having elections?
Answer:
Despite elections to the national and provincial assemblies, the final powers rested with General Musharraf and military officers.

Question 14.
Give another example where real powers were not exercised by the people’s elected representatives.
Answer:
The role of USSR in communist Poland and the US in contemporary Iraq were some examples.

Question 15.
How do people elect their representatives in China?
Answer:
In China elections are held after every five years for electing the country’s Parliament called National People’s Congress.

Question 16.
Which type of party system is there in China?
Answer:
China has one-party system.

Question 17.
Who appoints the President of China? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The President of China is appointed by about 3,000 members of the National People’s Congress.

Question 18.
Which members are allowed to contest the election in China?
Answer:
Only the members of the Chinese Communist Party or eight smaller parties allied to it were allowed to contest elections held in 2002-03. The Communist Party always forms the government.

Question 19.
After how many years does Mexico hold elections for electing the President? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
Since its independence in 1930, Mexico holds elections after every’ six years for electing the President.

Question 20.
What was PRI?
Answer:
It was a political party of Mexico called Institutional Revolutionary Party. The PRI won every election until 2000. ”

Question 21.
Why was every election won by PRI in Mexico?
Answer:
PRI managed to win every election mainly through unfair means. They spent a lot of money in campaigning for its candidates and forced people to vote for them.

Question 22.
How can we say that people in Mexico did not have any choice in the elections?
Answer:
These was no choice for people in Mexico. There was no way PRI could be defeated, even if the . people were against it. The elections were not fair.

Question 23.
In which country women do not have the right to vote until 2015?
                                                     Or
Who does not have the right to vote in Saudi Arabia? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
Until 2015, women do not have the right to vote in Saudi Arabia.

Question 24.
Name the country where the minorities find it difficult to get the right to vote.
Answer:
In Estonia, the Russian minority find it difficult to get the right to vote.

Question 25.
Which party of Zimbabwe led the struggle for independence? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The ZANU-PF in Zimbabwe led the struggle for independence.

Question 26.
Who was the President of Zimbabwe since independence?
                                                  Or
Robert Mugabe is the president of which country? [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
The President of Zimbabwe was Robert Mugabe.

Question 27.
How did the ruling party in Zimbabwe deal with the opposition party?
Answer:
Opposition party meeting got disrupted and their workers were harassed.

Question 28.
How can you say that media is not independent in Zimbabwe?
Answer:
Television and radio are controlled by the government and give only the ruling party’s version. The government also harasses those journalists who go against it.

Question 29.
When was Robert Mugabe forced out of office?
Answer:
In 2017 he was forced out of office.

Question 30.
What do you derive from a democratic government like the one in Zimbabwe?
Answer:
Popular governments can be undemocratic and popular leaders can be autocratic.

Question 31.
Which factors, barring at the elections must be considered to assess democracy?
Answer:
To keep a vigilant eye before and after the election is also required to assess democracy.

Question 32.
What basic rights were given by state to citizens to ensure democracy before elections?
Answer:
The state should respect the basic rights of the citizens which include freedom to think, to have opinions, to express these in public, to form associations, to protest and take other political actions.

Question 33.
Who is responsible to protects the basic rights given by state?
Answer:
The judiciary protects the basic rights.

Question 34.
To whom is the ruling party accountable?
Answer:
The ruling party is accountable to the people. .

Question 35.
What limits a democratic government’s power to make rules?
Answer:
The constitutional laws and citizens’ rights limit the democratic government.

Question 36.
Which is the most preferred form of government in the world?
Answer:
Democracy is the most preferred form of government in the world.

Question 37.
Point out one non-democratic feature of democracy. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
Leaders keep changing in a democracy. This leads to instability.

Question 38.
In which condition does democracy lead to bad decisions?
Answer:
When elected leaders are unaware of the best interests of the people, it leads to bad decisions.

Question 39.
List the cause for delay in decision-making.
Answer:
Involving many people in the decision-making and taking their consent lead to delay in decision-making in democracy.

Question 40.
In which period did China record its worst famine?
Answer:
China’s famine of 1958-1961 was the worst-recorded famine in the world history.

Question 41.
Mention the advantage of involving many persons in decision-making.
Answer:
The advantage is that it reduces the chances of rash or irresponsible decisions.

Question 42.
What is the basic sense behind taking a decision in democracy?
Answer:
In a democracy decision-making involves consultations and the consent of all those who are affected by that decision.

Question 43.
A democracy enhances the dignity of citizens. How?
Answer:
Democracy provides political equality to all recognising that the poor, the rich, the least educated have the same status as the rich and the educated.

Question 44.
How does democracy allow us to correct our mistakes?
Answer:
In a democracy there is room for public discussions on government’s rules or mistakes and there is room for correction. Either the rulers have to change their decisions or the rulers can be changed.

Question 45.
What is a representative democracy?
Answer:
It is a form of democracy where the majority of people rule through their elected representatives.

Question 46.
Why is the representative democracy considered the most common form of democracy?
Answer:
A large number of people in democracies can’t sit together and take decisions collectively, so representative democracy is the most common in practise.

Question 47.
What is direct democracy?
Answer:
Direct democracy is also known as pure democracy. It is one in which entire people decide e.g. vote form consensus on policy initiative directly, e.g Switzerland.

Question 48.
Which forms of governments do not require all citizens to take part in politics?
Answer:
Governments like monarchy, dictatorships and one-party rule do not require all citizens to take part in politics.

Question 49.
Mention the constraints of citizens if they have an option to take part in decision-making.
Answer:
A citizen does not have time, desire or skills to take part in decision-making.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 50.
What is democracy? Give examples of non-democratic countries?
Answer:.
Democracy is a form of government where leaders are elected by the people.
The examples of non-democratic countries are:

1. Army rulers of Myanmar are not elected by the people i.e. those who are in the government are not elected by the people. People have no say in the government.
2. Pinochet like dictators in Chile was not elected by the people.
3. The king ruled in Saudi Arabia and Nepal because he bom in a royal family.

Question 51.
What amendent did General Peraz Musharraf bring in the constitution of Pakisthan by issuing a “Legal Framework Order” in August 2002?
Answer:
The Legal Framework Order, 2002, By General Musharraf amending the constitution of Pakistan was as follows:

1. The President could dismiss the national or provincial assemblies.
2.  The work of the civilian cabinet was to be supervised by a National Security Council headed by military officers.
3. Elections were to be held to the national and state assemblies. But the final powers rested with military officers and General Musharraf.

Question 52.
Compare the democratic system in China with that in Mexico.
Answer:

Question 53.
Mention three instances which are exceptions of the principle of one person, one vote and one value.
                                                                       Or
Write any three instances of denial of equal right to vote in the world politics. [CBSE 2010]
Answer:
Democracy is based on the basic principle of political equality. In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote has one value. Three instances where this is denied are:

1. In Saudi Arabia, the women are not given the right to vote.
2. In Estonia, the citizenship rules are made in such a way that people belonging to Russian minority find it difficult to get the right to vote.
3. In Fiji, the vote of an indigenous Fiji an has more value than that of an Indian-Fijian.

Question 54.
Explain with an example how popular governments can be undemocratic and popular leader can be autocratic.
                                                                                      Or
ZANU-PF wins the elections every five years in Zimbabwe. Are the leaders of ZANU-PF close to the values of democracy? Explain. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
Since its independence in 1980, Zimbabwe has been ruled by ZANU-PF and Robert Mugabe as its leader. The leaders of ZANU-PF were not close to the values of democracy in the following ways:

1. Elections have been held regularly and always won by ZANU-PF. President Mugabe is popular but also uses unfair practices in elections.
2. Over the years his government has changed the constitution several times to make the President more powerful and less accountable.
3. Opposition party workers are harassed and their meetings disrupted. Public protests and demonstrations against the government are declared illegal.
4. Television and radio are controlled by the government and give only the government’s version.
   (any three)

Question 55.
Mention three essential features of democracy. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The three essential features of democracy are as follows:

1. In a democracy, the final decision-making power must be with those elected by the people.
2. A democracy must be based on free and fair elections where those currently in power have a fair chance of losing.
3. In a democracy each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote have one value.
4.  A democratic government rules within the limits set by the constitutional law and citizen’s rights.
   (any three)
   Independent newspapers and were journalists/harassed when write against the President.

Question 56.
“China’s famine of 1958-61 was a result of government policies.” Explain.
Answer:

1. China’s famine of 1958-61 was the world’s worst recorded famine in the world history. Nearly three crore of people died in this famine. During this time India was not much better than China yet it did not face such a famine.
2. According to economists, it was the result of different government policies in the two countries. The existence of democracy in India made it respond to food security in a way that the Chinese government did not.
3. If China had a multi-party system then it would have been checked by the opposition and if the press was free to criticise the government then so many people would not have died.

Question 57.
How does democracy improve the quality of decision-making? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
Democracy improve the quality of decision-making in the following ways:

1. Democracy is based on consultation and discussion. In a democracy, decision-making always involves many persons, discussions and meetings.
2. When a number of people put their heads together, they are able to point out possible mistakes in any decision.
3. This procedure takes time. But there is a big advantage in taking time over important decisions as it prevents one from taking rash or irresponsible decisions.

Question 58.
Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts. Explain. [HOTS]
Answer:

1. In any society, people are bound to have difference of opinion and interests. These are particularly
   sharp in India which has an amazing social diversity.
2. People belong to different regions, speak different languages, practise different religions, have different castes. The preferences of one group may clash with those of others.
3. This clash of decisions can be solved by brutal power. Whichever group is more powerful will dictate its terms and others will have to accept that. But this will lead to resentment.
4. But in a democracy, one can find a solution to this. Here no one is a permanent winner. No one is a permanent loser. Different groups can live with one another peacefully e.g. In India different people live together.

Question 59.
How does democracy enhance the dignity of the citizens?
Answer:

1. Democracy is based on the principle of political equality stating that the poorest and the least educated have the same status as the rich and the educated.
2. People are not the subjects of a ruler, they are the rulers themselves.
3. Even when they make mistakes they are responsible for their own mistakes.
   Thus, democracy enhances the dignity of the citizens.

Question 60.
Why is democracy considered the best form of government?
Answer:
Democracy is considered the best form of government for the reasons as follow:

1. Democracy cannot give us everything but it is clearly better than any other alternative. It is a government responsive to the needs of the people.
2. It is likely to respect people’s wishes and allows different kinds of people to live together.
3. Even when it fails to do some of these things, it allows ways of correcting its mistakes and offers more dignity to all its citizens. That is why its is considered the best form of government.

Question 61.
What according to you is the broader meaning of democracy?
                                                        Or
What do you understand by the “broader meaning of democracy”? Explain in three points.
Answer:

1. Democracy is a form of government in which people’s representatives sit together to take decisions.
2. Elections are held to choose the representatives and native people or citizens are allowed to participate in the elections.
3. Democracy, as a principle, can be applied to any sphere of life. In a true democracy no one goes to bed hungry, or denied equal information, basic education and equal resources.

Question 62.
What is the role of citizens in a democracy?
Answer:
No democracy can function in the absence of socially responsible and informed citizens.

1. Citizens maintain social harmony by mutually respecting and tolerating differences and views of all others who disagree with them.
2. As citizens have the right to express their dissent, they act as a director to the government where they express their grievances through channels provided by the democratic system.
3. Citizens also play a decisive role in the establishment of a welfare government by participating and seeking to influence public opinion.
4. When the citizens exercise their right to vote, they provide directions to the whole democratic process.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 63.
Compare the features of Democratic and non-democratic governments.
Answer:

Question 64.
What steps were taken by Robert Mugabe in Zimbabwe to remain in power?
Answer:

1. Robert Mugabe’s government made changes in the constitution to make him more powerful and less accountable.
2. Opposition party workers were harassed and their meetings were disrupted.
3. Protests by public and demonstration were declared illegal.
4. He made laws to limit the right to criticise the President.
5. The media too has been forced to write and speak in favour of the ruling party. Independent newspaper and journalists were harassed when write against the President.

Question 65.
Describe the arguments against democracy;
Answer:
The major arguments against democracy are:

1. Leaders keep changing in a democracy which leads to instability.
2. Democracy is all about political competition and power play. These is no morality.
3. So many people have to be consulted in a democracy that it leads to delays in decision-making.
4. Elected leaders do not know the best interest of the people. It leads to bad decisions.
5. Democracy leads to corruption for it is based on electoral politics or competition.
6. Ordinary people don’t know what is good for them, they should not decide anything, (any five)

Hope given Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 are helpful to complete your homework.

If you have any doubts, please comment below. Learn Insta try to provide online tutoring for you.

CBSE Class 9 Civics Chapter 4 Extra Questions Electoral Politics Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science SST Civics Chapter 4 Electoral Politics.

You can also practice NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Civics Chapter 4 Questions and Answers on LearnInsta.com.

NCERT Class 9 Civics Chapter 4 Extra Questions and Answers Electoral Politics

SOLVED QUESTION BANK

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 1.
Which party had been ruling Haryana since 1982?
Answer:
The Congress party had been ruling Haryana since 1982.

Question 2.
Who was Chaudhary Devilal? Name the party formed by him.
Answer:
Chaudhary Devilal was an opposition leader. He formed a new party called the Lok Dal.

Question 3.
Which promises of Devilal draw in election campaign attracted the people?
Answer:
He promised to waive the loans of small farmers and small businessmen.

Question 4.
What was the result of the elections in Haryana in 1987?
Answer:
Lok Dal and its partners won 76 out of 90 seats, with Lok Dal alone winning 60 seats. The Congress could win only 5 seats.

Question 5.
Why did the Chief Minister resign?
Answer:
His party lost the elections. Only the leader of the majority party can form a government.

Question 6.
Why do we have representatives in most democracies?
Answer:
In most democracies people rule through their representatives because it is not possible for everyone to have time and knowledge to take decisions on all matters.

Question 7.
What is election?
Answer:
It is a mechanism by which people can choose their representatives at regular intervals and change them if they wish to do so.

Question 8.
How can we ensure that elections are held in a democratic manner? Give two conditions.
Answer:

1. Everyone should be able to choose. Everyone should have one vote and every vote should have equal value.
2. Elections must be held regularly and the voters should have something to choose from i.e. enough parties and candidates.

Question 9.
Elections are all about ‘political competition’. Give two reasons.
Answer:.

1. There is competition among political parties.
2. At the constituency level there is competition among several candidates.

Question 10.
Give one reason why it is good to have political competition.
Answer:
Political competition is good because it gives the power to the people to reward or punish the leaders according to their performance. This is what the election does, it forces the parties and leaders to serve the people.

Question 11.
When does the term of all the elected representatives come to an end?
Answer:
After five years.

Question 12.
What is a constituency?
Answer:
The country is divided into different areas for the purpose of elections. These areas are called electoral constitutencies.

Question 13.
Into how many constituencies is the country divided for Lok Sabha elections?
Answer:
543 constituencies. Members of Parliament. (MPs).

Question 14.
What are the members of State Assemblies called?
Answer:
Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs).

Question 15.
How are constituencies divided at the local level?
Answer:
In Panchayat and municipal elections each village or town is divided into several ‘wards’ that are like constituencies. Each ward elects one member of the village or the urban local body.

Question 16.
How has the constitution ensured that the weaker sections of society also get representation in the Parliament and state assemblies?
Answer:
This is ensured by having a special system of reserved constituencies for the weaker sections, for those who belong to scheduled castes (SC) and scheduled tribes (ST).

Question 17.
Why reserved constituencies were created by the makers of the Constitution?
Answer:
Reserved constituencies were created by the Constitution makers because they were worried that in an open electoral competition, certain weaker sections do not stand a good chance to get elected to the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies. They may not have the required resources, education and contacts to contest and win elections.

Question 18.
How many seats are reserved for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha?
Answer:
Currently, in the Lok Sabha 84 seats are reserved for scheduled castes and 47 for scheduled tribes.

Question 19.
How many seats are reserved for women in local bodies?
Answer:
One third of the total seats are reserved for women in the local bodies.

Question 20.
Seats reservation was later extended to other weaker sections at the district and local level. What are they called?
Answer:
Other Backward Classes.

Question 21.
What is a voters’ list?
Answer:
In a democratic election, the list of those who are eligible to vote is prepared much before the elections and given to everyone. This list is called voters’ list or “Electoral roll”.

Question 22.
What is the principle of Universal Adult Franchise?
Answer:
It means that everyone should have one vote and each vote should have equal value. All the citizens of 18 years and above have the right to vote.

Question 23.
What is the Photo Identity Card System?
Answer:
Every voter is issued a photo Identity Card by the Election Commission. The voters are required to carry this card when they go out to vote, so that no one can vote for someone else.

Question 24.
Anyone who can be a voter can also become a candidate in elections, but there is one difference. What is it?
Answer:
In order to be a candidate in election the minimum age is 25 years, while it is only 18 years for being a voter.

Question 25.
What is a party ticket?
Answer:
Political parties nominate their candidates who get the party symbol and support. The party’s nomination is also called the party ticket.

Question 26.
How does a person file his/her nomination papers?
Answer:
Every person who wishes to contest elections has to fill a nomination form and give some money as “security deposit”. This is how nomination papers are filed.

Question 27.
What are the legal declarations made by every party candidate?
Answer:
Details of assets and liabilities of the candidate and his or her family and educational qualifications of the candidate.

Question 28.
Why has personal information of a candidate to be made public?
Answer:
The personal information of a candidate needs to be made public as it provides an opportunity to the voters to make their decisions on the basis of the information provided by the candidates.

Question 29.
What is the main purpose of election?
Answer:
It is to give the people a chance to choose the representatives, the government and the policies they prefer.

Question 30.
Why are election campaigns needed?
Answer:
The main purpose of elections is to give people a chance to choose their representatives, the government and the policies they prefer. Therefore it is necessary to have a free and open discussion about which is better government or what is a good policy. It is possible during election campaigning.

Question 31.
What is the time period of campaigning for elections?
Answer:
In our country such campaigns take place for a two-week period between the announcement of the final list of candidates and the date of polling.

Question 32.
How do the candidates attract the public during election?
Answer:
Political leaders address election meetings and political parties mobilise their supporters. Campaigning is also done through newspapers and television. Nowadays, the campaigning is also done through social media. Political parties try to focus public attention on some big issues.

Question 33.
Mention any two slogans given by different parties in various elections.
Answer:

1. Garibi Hatao (Remove poverty), slogan of the Congress party led by Indira Gandhi in the 1971 – elections.
2. Save Democracy was the slogan given by Janata Party under the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan in 1977 Lok Sabha elections.

Question 34.
What is a ballot paper?
Answer:
A ballot paper is a sheet of paper on which the names of the contesting candidates along with the parties name and symbols are listed.

Question 35.
Where is ‘polling booth’ located on election day?
Answer:
On the election day every person, whose name is on the voters list, can go to the nearby “ Polling Booth,” situated usually in a local school or a government office.

Question 36.
What is an electronic voting machine? (EVM).
Answer:
It is a machine that shows the names of the candidates and the party symbol. This machine is used to record the votes.

Question 37.
Who is the head of the Election Commission (EC)?
Answer:
The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) is the head of the Election Commission.

Question 38.
Mention one function of the Election Commission?
Answer:
The Election Commission implements the code of conduct and punishes those candidates or parties that violates it.

Question 39.
Who appoints the Chief Election Commissioner in India? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President of India.

Question 40.
How is people’s participation in election measured?
Answer:
People’s participation in election is usually measured by voter turnout figures which indicate the percentage of eligible voters who actually cast their vote.

Question 41.
What is code of conduct?
Answer:
It is a set of norms and guidelines to be followed by political parties and candidates during election time.

Question 42.
Why do common people in India attach a lot of importance to elections?
Answer:
They feel that they can bring pressure on political parties to adopt policies and programmes favourable to them.

Question 43.
Who vote in larger proportion in India?
Answer:
In India, the poor, the illiterate and the underprivileged vote in larger proportion as compared to the rich and the privileged sections.

Question 44.
Are elections in India free and fair?
Answer:
Yes, elections in India are free and fair because these are conducted by an independent Election Commission and all parties accept the outcome of the elections. Usually, the party that loses the election does not accept the outcome of rigged election.

Question 45.
Give any one challenge of Indian Elections.
Answer:
Some families tend to dominate political parties, tickets are distributed to members of these families.

Question 46.
What is meant by booth capturing?
Answer:
Supporters or hired muscleman of party or candidate gain physical control of a polling booth and cast false votes by threatening everyone or by preventing genuine voters from reaching the polling booth.

Question 47.
Who can be denied the right to vote?
Answer:
Criminals and persons with unsound mind can be denied the right to vote.

Question 48.
What slogan was given by Janata Party under the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan in 1977 Lok Sabha election?
Answer:
Save Democracy.

Question 49.
Who used the slogan ‘Protect the Self-Respect of the Telugus’ in Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections in 1983?
Answer:
N.T. Rama Rao, the Leader of the Telugu Desam Party.

Question 50.
What was the slogan of the Left Front in the West Bengal Assembly elections held in 1977?
Answer:
Land to the Tiller.

Question 51.
What is the full form of NOTA?
Answer:
None of the Above.

Question 52.
What is the meaning of free and fair elections? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
It means people participate in the electoral process and give votes according to their choices. The parties are free to contest elections and candidates preferred by the people are elected.

Question 53.
When is National Voters’ Day celebrated in India?
Answer:
25th January every year.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 54.
What do you mean by election? Why is it needed in a Democracy? [HOTS]
Answer:
Election is a mechanism by which people can choose their representatives at regular intervals and change them if they wish to do so. Elections are essential because:

1. In any large community it is not possible for all people to sit together everyday and take all the decisions. Nor is it possible for everyone to have the time and knowledge to take decisions on all matters. Therefore, in most democracies people choose their representatives who rule on their behalf.
2. Elections are fought on party basis. The party which gets a majority forms the government. If the government fails to work as per its promises, people can change it. This change can be brought about through elections. Thus elections enable people to have control over the government.

Question 55.
What choices are given to voters during elections?
Answer:

1. They can choose who will make laws for them.
2. They can choose who will form the government and take major decisions.
3. They can choose the party whose policies will guide the government and law-making.

Question 56.
Enumerate the demerits of an electoral competition?
Answer:
The demerits of an electoral competition are:

1. It creates disunity and factionalism in every locality.
2. Different political parties and leaders often level allegations against one another. Parties and candidates often use dirty tricks to win elections.
3. It is often said that the pressure to win electoral fights does not allow sensible long term policies to be formulated. Some good people do wish to serve the country but do not like to do so because of being dragged into unhealthy competition.

Question 57.
How is electoral competition helpful to political parties and leaders to win elections? [HOTS]
Answer:

1. Regular electoral competition provides incentives to political parties and leaders.
2. They know that if they raise issues that the people want to be raised, their popularity and chances of victory will increase in the elections.
3. But if they fail to satisfy the voters with their work, they will not be able to win again.

Question 58.
What is meant by ‘seat’ in elections? Explain with example. [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
The electoral constituencies are counted as ‘seats’, for each constituency represents one seat in the assembly. For example, when we say that ‘Lok Dal won 60 seats’ in Haryana, it means that candidates of Lok Dal won is 60 assembly constituencies in the state and thus Lok Dal had 60 MLAs in the state assembly.

Question 59.
Explain any three conditions which make the election process more democratic. [CBSE 2010]
Answer:
In order to have election process more democratic there are few pre-requisites like:

1. One vote, one value: To choose/elect the representative every one must have one note with equal value. This is to avoid any type of conflicting situation.
2. Regular Election: There should be regular elections in every democratic country so that people have their choice at regular intervals.
3. Free and Fair Election: In order to ensure a fair chance to the people there should be free and fair election in every democratic country.
4. Political competition: In order to have democratic election parties, candidates should be free to
   contest elections and should offer some real choice to the voters. {any three)

Question 60.
Why were the Constitution makers worried about certain weaker sections of the country? What did they do to bring them in the mainstream?
Answer:

1. The Constitution makers were worried that the weaker sections may not have the required resources, education and contacts to contest and win elections against the influential and resourceful people who may prevent them from winning the elections.
2. Therefore, they thought of a special system of reserved constituencies for the weaker sections. The seats reserved for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the Lok Sabha are 84 and 47 respectively. This reservation does not take away the legitimate share of any other social group.
3. Seats are reserved in rural and urban local bodies for women and other backward classes as well.

Question 61.
What legal declaration is required to be submitted by each candidate who wishes to contest an election?
Answer:
Every candidate has to make a legal declaration, giving full details of the following:

1. Serious criminal cases pending against the candidate.
2. Details of his/her assets and liabilities and those of his/her family.
3. Educational qualification of the candidate.
   This information is made public. This provides an opportunity to the voters to make their decisions on the basis of the information provided by the candidates.

Question 62.
How does our Election Law regulate campaigns? [CBSE 2011]
Answer:
It may prove dangerous if political parties and candidates are allowed to conduct their election
campaigns the way they want to. So it is essential to regulate campaigns to ensure that every political party and candidate gets a fair and equal chance to compete. According to our election law, no party or candidate can:

1. bribe or threaten voters.
2. appeal to them in the name of caste or religion.
3. use government resources for election campaign.
4. spend more than 25 lakhs in a constituency for the Lok Sabha election or 10 lakh in a constituency in an assembly election.
   If they do so and are elected, their election can be rejected by court. (any three)

Question 63.
What is meant by code of conduct? How does it control the activities of parties and candidates?
[HOTS]
Answer:
Code of conduct means a set of norms and guidelines to be followed by political parties and candidates during the election time. According to it no party or candidate can:

1. use any place of worship for election propaganda.
2. use government vehicles, aircraft and officials for elections.
3. once elections are announced, Ministers shall not lay foundation stones of any project, take any big policy decisions or make any promises to provide public facilities.

Question 64.
What is an Election Commission? Who appoints the Chief Election Commissioner and how can he/she be removed?
Answer:

1. Election Commission in India is an independent body that conducts elections in India. It enjoys the same kind of independence that the judiciary enjoys.
2. The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President of India. But once appointed, he is not answerable to the president or the government.
3. Even if the ruling party or the government does not like the Chief Election Commissioner it is virtually impossible to remove the CEC.

Question 65.
Explain the role of the Election Commission in the election.
Answer:
The Election Commission conducts elections in India. Its role is as follows:

1. It takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections from the time of anouncement of elections to the declaration of results.
2. It implements the code of conduct and punishes the parties and candidates who violate it.
3. During the elections, Election Commission can order the government to follow some guidelines, to prevent misuse of governmental powers to enhance its chances to win the elections or to transfer some government officials.

Question 66.
How can you say that free and fair elections are held in India?
Answer:
The outcome of India’s election shows the free and fairness of election.

1. The ruling parties routinely lose elections India, both at the national and state levels.
2. In India half of the sitting MPs and MLAs lose elections.
3. Candidates who spend a lot of money in ‘buying votes and those with criminal connection often lose elections.
4. Barring a few incidents of disputed elections, the electoral outcomes are usually accepted as ‘people’s verdict’ by the defeated party. (any three)

Question 67.
How do general elections differ from by-elections?
Answer:

Question 68.
What do you mean by “voters’ list”? What is its significance?
Answer:

1. In a democratic election, the list of those who are eligible to vote is prepared much before the election and is available to everyone.
2. The list is officially called the Electoral Roll and is commonly called the voters’ list.
3. It is an important step for it is linked to the first condition of a democratic election i.e. everyone should get an equal opportunity to choose representatives. It is revised every year to add names of those who turn 18 on 1st January of that year or have moved out of the constituency and to remove the names of those who have died.

Question 69.
What do you know about Voter ID card?
Answer:

1. Voter ID card is also called Election Photo Identity Card.
2. The government makes efforts to give this card to every person on the voters’ list.
3. The voters are required to carry their card when they go out to cast their vote so that no one else can vote in their place.
4. This card is not yet compulsory. The voters can show other identity proofs also like the driving

Question 70.
How can we check the quality of the election process?
Answer:
The quality of an election process can be checked in three ways:

1. Who conducts the election: Indian elections are conducted by an independent Election Commission which has the power to question the government and the administration for the lapses.
2. Popular Participation: If the elections are not free and fair people do not participate in the electoral process. So the turnout of the polling is also a way to check the quality of the election process.
3. Acceptance of the outcome: If the election process is not free and fair the outcome always favours the powerful and the losing party does not accept the outcome.
   So, the quality of election process can be checked on these bases.

Question 71.
How are results declared once the polling is over?
Answer:

1. On a fixed date all the EVMs from a constituency are opened and the votes secured by each candidate are counted.
2. In general elections, usually the counting of votes in all the constituencies takes place at the same time and on the same day.
3. Television, Radio and the newspapers report the event. Within a few hours of counting all the results are declared.

Question 72.
What does the turnout figure indicate?
Answer:
(a) People’s participation in an election is usually measured by voters’ turnout figure.
(b) Turnout indicates the percentage of eligible voters who actually cast their vote.
(c) It indicates the interest of voters in election related activities.

Question 73.
Describe the procedure of voting on the polling day. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:

1. On the election day the eligible voters go to the nearest polling booth to vote.
2. A mark is put on the finger of the voter who vote as an identification mark so as to avoid any person voting more than once.
3. A ballot paper or EVMs are used to record the votes. A voter presses the button against the name of the candidate he or she want to vote for.

Question 74.
Give three reasons why the system of reserved constituencies was introduced by the constitution makers in India. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The makers of our Constitution introduced Reserved Constituencies for the weaker sections like SC
and ST for several reasons like

1. To provide a fair chance to the weaker sectipn to get elected to the Lok Sabha and state Legislative Assemblies in an open electoral competition.
2. The reservation is due to those who are influential and resourceful may prevent the weaker sections from winning the elections.
3. Besides, through reserved constituencies they tried to promote political empowerment among, weaker sections.

Question 75.
How can you say that Election Commission of India is independent and powerful?
Answer:

1. EC can reprimand the government and administration for their lapses.
2. If the polling is not fair in some booths or even an entire constituency, EC can order a repoll.
3. Even if the ruling party or government does not like what the commission does, it is virtually impossible for it to remove the CEC.
4. When on election duty, government officers work under the control of the EC and not the
   government. (any three)

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 76.
How are elections held in India?
Answer:

1. Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections are held regularly after every 5 years.
2. After 5 years the terms of all the elected representatives comes to an end.
3. An area based system of representation is followed in our country. The country is divided into different areas, called electoral constituencies, for purposes of elections.
4. Elections are held in all the constituencies on the same day at the same time or within a few days as in the case of General Elections.
5. Sometimes elections are held only for one constituency to fill up the vacancy caused by the death or resignation of a member. This is called a by-election.
6. The voters who live in an area elect one representative. (any five)

Question 77.
How does a party file a nomination for its candidates?
Answer:

1. In order to be a candidate a person must be 25 years of age.
2. Political parties nominate their candidates who get the party symbol and support.
3. Party ‘ticket’ is party’s nomination.
4. Every person who contest an election has to fill a nomination form and give some money as security deposit.
5. Every candidate has to make a legal declaration, giving some necessary information about themselves.

Question 78.
How is campaigning done for elections held in India?
Answer:

1. In India, election campaign is carried out for two weeks between the announcement of elections and the date of polling.
2. During this period, the candidates contact their voters.
3. Election meetings are organised by political leaders and the political parties mobilise their supporters.
4. During these days the radio, television and the newspapers are full of election related stories and debates.
5. During the election campaigns, the political parties try to focus public attention on some big issues. They want the public to vote for their party on that basis.

Question 79.
How are polls conducted in India?
Answer:

1. The final stage of an election is the day when the voters cast their votes in the polling booth. This is the Election Day.
2. Every person whose name is in the voters’ list goes to the nearby polling booth to cast his/her vote.
3. Once the voters are in the polling booth, they are recognised by the election officials, they are identified by putting a ink mark on the finger and allowed to cast their vote.
4. An agent of each candidate is allowed inside the polling booth to ensure that the voting takes place in a free and fair atmosphere.
5. A ballot paper is placed in which the names of the candidates along with their symbols are listed. Nowadays EVMs are used to record the votes.
6. The machine i.e. EVM shows the names of the candidates and party symbols. Even the independent candidates have their own symbol allotted by the Election Commission. A vote presses the button against the name of the candidate he/she want to vote for. (any five)

Question 80.
Describe the challenges to free and fair elections in India. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
Challenges to the elections in India are:

1. Candidates and parties with a lot of money may not be sure of their victory, but they do enjoy an advantage over smaller parties and independent candidates. –
2. In some parts of the country, candidates with criminal connection have been able to secure a ticket from major parties.
3. Some families tend to dominate the political parties. Tickets are distributed to members of these families.
4. Very often elections offer little choice to ordinary citizens as both the major parties are similar to each other in their policies and practices.
5. Smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge disadvantgage as compared to the bigger parties.

Question 81.
List the ways to regulate and ensure free and fair elections.
Answer:
(a) Misuse of government facilities should be prevented.
(b) Rigging on the polling day should be checked.
(c) Role of money and muscle power should be checked.
(d) Voting should be made compulsory.
(e) Contesting candidates should not be allowed to use caste or religion during elections.

Question 82.
How is the voters’ list prepared?
Answer:
(a) In our country, all the citizens aged 18 and above are eligible to vote in the election.
(b) Every citizen has the right to vote regardless of his caste, creed, sex and religion.
(c) The government is responsible for entering the names of all the eligible voters on the voters list.
(d) Names of those who have moved out of the constituency or are dead are removed from the voters’ list.
(e) A complete revision of the voters’ list is done every five years for updating it.

Question 83.
How is people’s participation in elections measured? How can it be said that elections are becoming popular in India and drawing people’s attention?
Answer:
People’s participation in elections is usually measured by voters turnout. The turnout indicates the percentage of eligible voters who actually cast their vote. Over the last fifty years in India the turnout has either remained stable or actually gone up.

1. In India the poor, illiterate and underprivileged people vote in larger number proportion as compared to the rich and privileged sections. This is in contrast to United States of America where poor people, African Americans and Hispanics vote much less in comparison to the rich and the Whites.
2. Common people in India attach a lot of importance to the elections. They feel that through election they can bring pressure on political parties to adopt policies and programmes favourable to them. They also feel that their vote matters in the way things are done in the country.
3. Interest of people in the vote related activities has been increasing over the years, e.g. in 2004 elections, more than 1/3rd voters took part in the campaign-related activities.

Question 84.
Describe the wide ranging powers of the Election Commission in India.
Answer:
In our country elections are conducted by an independent and very powerful Election Commission (EC). The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President of India. But once appointed the Chief Election Commissioner is not answerable to the President or the government. But if the government does not like what the Commission does, it is virtually impossible for the government to remove the Election Commissioner.
His wide ranging powers are:

1. Election Commissioner’s decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections are in force from the announcement of election to the declaration of results.
2. He implements the code of conduct and punishes the candidates and parties that violate it.
3. During the election period the EC can order the government to follow some guidelines, to prevent use and misuse of governmental powers to enhance their chances to win the elections or to transfer the government officials.
4. When on election duty the government officials work for the Election Commission not the government.

Question 85.
What are the minimum conditions for a democratic election? Enlist them.
Answer:
The conditions for a democratic election are:

1. Everyone should be able to choose from. This means that everyone should have one vote and every vote should have equal value.
2. There should be something to choose from. Parties and candidates should be free to contest elections and offer some real choice to the voters.
3. The choice should be offered at regular intervals. Elections must be held regularly after every few years.
4. The candidates preferred by the people should get elected.
5. Elections should be conducted in a free and fair manner where people can choose as they wish.

Question 86.
What are the main functions of the Election Commission of India? [CBSE 2010]
Answer:
The main functions of the Election Commission of India are among others.

1. Control and Conduct of the Elections: Election Commission takes decision on every aspect of conducting and controlling elections from the time of declaration of elections to the announcement of results.
2. Code of Conduct: The Election Commission can implement the code of conduct and punish any party or candidates guilty of breaking or violating any rule.
3. Can order the government: During the period of elections, Election Commission can order the government to follow its guidelines on matters including transfer of government officials.
4. Discharges duty: During election, Election commission discharges duty to government officials. Thus, on election duty government officers work under the control of election commission.
5. Reprimand the government: In the present political scenario the Election Commission has expanded its power. Now the Election Commission reprimand the government and administration for their lapses. It can even order for repoll.

Hope given Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science Civics Chapter 4 are helpful to complete your homework.

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