Class 10 History Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers The Age of Industrialisation

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The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Extra Questions History Chapter 5

QUESTIONS OF 1 MARK

Answers should not exceed 30 words.

Question 1.
What was the title of the picture on the cover page of music book published by E.T. Pauli, a popular music publisher ?
Answer:
The title was ‘Dawn of the Century’.

Question 2.
State any one reason why during the phase of proto-industrialisation the merchants could not expand production within towns ?
Answer:
In towns urban crafts and trade guilds were very powerful. They trained crafts people, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.

Question 3.
In the seventeenth and eighteenth century in the countryside why the peasants readily agreed to work for the merchants ? State any one reason.
Answer:
Many peasants had small plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household.

Question 4.
Who was a stapler ?
Answer:
A person who ‘staples’ or sorts wool according to its fibre.

Question 5.
Who is a Fuller ?
Answer:
A person who ‘fulls’ or gathers cloth by pleating.

Question 6.
What is Carding ?
Answer:
The process in which fibres, such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning.

Question 7.
What was the first symbol of new era in England ?
Answer:
Cotton.

Question 8.
By whom the cotton mill was created ?
Answer:
Richard Arkwright.

Question 9.
Why did the technological changes occur slowly in Britain ? Give one reason.
Answer:
Technological changes occurred slowly in Britain because it was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it.

Question 10.
Who produced the steam engine ? Who improved it ?
Answer:
The steam engine was produced by Newcomen. It was improved by James Watt.

Question 11.
Why did some industrialists in nineteenth century Europe prefer hand labour over machines ? State any one factor.
Answer:
In industries such as gas works, breweries, where production fluctuated with the season, industrialists usually preferred hand labour over machines.

Question 12.
By whom was Spinning Jenny devised ?
Answer:
Spinning Jenny was devised by James Hargreaves in 1764.

Question 13.
What was the advantage of Spinning Jenny ?
Answer:
Spinning Jenny speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand. By turning one single wheel a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time.

Question 14.
What was the importance of Surat port in the sixteenth century ?
Answer:
A vibrant sea trade operated through Surat on the Gujarat coast. It connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports.

Question 15.
How the European powers gradually gained power in the eighteenth century ? State any one factor.
Answer:
European powers secured a variety of concessions from local courts and thereafter monopoly rights to trade.

Question 16.
How did the East India Company ensure a regular supply of goods for export ? Mention any two steps taken by the company.
Answer:

It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.
Those weavers who had taken advances from the Company could not take cloth to any other trader.

Question 17.
Who was ‘sepoy’ ?
Answer:
This was how the British pronounced the word Sipahi, meaning an Indian soldier in the service of the British.

Question 18.
Mention any one reason that led to clashes between weavers and gomasthas.
Answer:
The gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply – often beating and flogging them.

Question 19.
What did Henry Patullo, a company official, say about Indian textiles ?
Answer:
Henry Patullo, a company official said that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality.

Question 20.
In India by 1850s and in subsequent years as the imports of cotton goods increased, which two problems were faced by th6 weavers in India ?
Answer:

Their export market collapsed.
The local market shrank due to import of Manchester goods.

Question 21.
When and where was the first cotton mill established in India ?
Answer:
The first cotton mill came up in Bombay in 1854.

Question 22.
Which mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s ?
Answer:
Elgin Mill.

Question 23.
Name a few leading early Indian entrepreneurs of India in the 19th century.
Answer:

Dwarkanath Tagore
Dinshaw Petit
Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata
Seth Hukumchand.

Question 24.
Name any two European Managing Agencies which till the First World War controlled a large sector of Indian industries.
Answer:

Bird Heiglers and Co.
Jardine Skinner and Co.

Question 25.
Generally from where did the workers come from to work in factories ?
Answer:
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around e.g., the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile workers from the villages within the district of Kanpur.

Question 26.
Who established six joint-stock companies in India during 1830-40 ?
Answer:
Dwarkanath Tagore.

Question 27.
What type of restrictions were imposed on the Indian merchants in the 19th century ? Mention any two.
Answer:

They were debarred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods.
They were gradually edged out of the shipping business.

Question 28.
What was the main function of a jobber ?
Answer:
The main function of the jobber was to get new recruits.

Question 29.
How were the working conditions in the 19th century in India ?
Answer:
The working conditions were not good e.g., the shift was 10 hours from 5 pm to 3 am.

Question 30.
In what fields were the European Managing Agencies interested ? State any two.
Answer:
The European Managing Agencies which dominated industrial production in India were interested in establishing tea and coffee plantations and invested in mining, indigo and

Question 31.
Describe any one change that affected the pattern of industrialisation in India during the first decade of the 20th century.
Answer:
As the Swadeshi Movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth.

Question 32.
What was the impact of World War I on Indian industries ?
Answer:
The Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs : jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots and a host of other items.

Question 33.
What was the main advantage of the Fly Shuttle ?
Answer:
The Fly Shuttle made it possible for weavers to operate large looms and weave wide pieces of cloth.

Question 34.
Between 1900 and 1940 which class of weavers were in a better position and why ? 1
Answer:
Weavers who produced coarse cloth were in-a better position because the coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently.

Question 35.
How people were attracted towards the new products ? State any two ways.
Answer:

Through advertisements.
By putting label mentioning the place of manufacture.

Question 36.
How does advertisement help us to create new consumer ?
Answer:
It makes product appear desirable and necessary.

QUESTIONS OF 3/4 MARKS

Answers should be in about 80/100 words.

Question 1.
What does publisher E.T. Pauli want to convey by the picture ‘Dawn of the Century’ on the cover page of his music book ?
Answer:
Publisher E.T. Pauli wants to convey the ideas as mentioned below :

Glorification of machines and technology.
At the center of the picture is a goddess-like figure, the angel of progress, bearing the flag of the new century. She is gently perched on a wheel with wings, symbolising time.
Her (Goddess) flight is taking her into the future. Floating about behind her, are the signs of progress – railway, camera, machines, printing press and factory.
This figure thus gives us a triumphant account of the modern world that is associated with rapid technological change and innovations, machines, factories, railways and steam ships and computers.

Question 2.
What was proto-industrialisation ? Explain the importance of proto-industrialisation.
Answer:
(a) Proto-industrialisation – This was the early phase of industrialisation in Europe and England when there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. Many historians refer to this phase of industrialisation as proto¬industrialisation.
(b) The features of proto-industrialisation were as mentioned below :

It was a decentralised system of production. It was part of a network of commercial exchanges.
Control of production was in the hand of merchants.
Goods were produced by a vast number of producers working in their family farms, not in factories.
Whole of the family was involved. It allowed peasants a fuller use of their family labour resources.
At each stage of production – spinning, dying etc., 20 to 25 workers were employed by each merchant. This meant that each clothier was controlling hundreds of workers.
By working for the merchants, workers could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots. Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their income from cultivation.

Question 3.
Why did the merchants from the towns in Europe move to countryside during the 17th and 18th centuries ? Why were the merchants not able to expand production with in the towns of England?
[CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
See Textbook Question 1(6).

Question 4.
What were guilds ? How did they make it difficult for new merchants to set . business in towns of England. Explain. [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
See Textbook Question 1(6).

Question 5.
In the seventeenth century Europe, the peasants and artisans in the country¬side readily agreed to work for merchants. Explain.
Answer:
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market. With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of ? colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. In the countryside poor peasants and artisans readily agreed to work for the merchants due to the reasons as mentioned below :

This was a time when open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed.
Poor peasants and cottagers who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival, gathering their firewood, berries, vegetables, hay and straw, had to now look for alternative sources of income.
Many had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household.
In view of the above factors when merchants came around and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasants and artisans readily agreed to work for them.

Question 6.
How did the cotton factories become an intimate part of English landscape in the early 19th century ?

What were the causes for increase in the import of raw cotton in the late eighteenth century in Britain ? What were its results ?
Answer:
The causes for increase in the import of raw cotton were as given below :

In the late eighteenth century in England a number of cotton factories had been set up.
It was the first symbol of new era of cotton. Its production boomed in the late nineteenth century. In 1760 Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton to feed its cotton industry. By 1787 this import soared to 22 million pounds.
There were number of inventions in production process i.e., carding, twisting and spinning. These changes or inventions enabled each worker to produce more. It also made possible to produce more stronger threads and yarn.
Creation of cotton mill : Till then the cloth production was being done within households. Later Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. Earlier cloth production was carried in the countryside within village households. But now all the processes i.e., spinning, weaving and dying etc., could be done in a mill under one roof and management.
This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality, and the regulation of labour.
As a result of above, in the early nineteenth century, factories increasingly became an integral part of the English landscape. New mills were visible everywhere. These were result of the new technology. The contemporaries were dazzled. They concentrated their attention on the mills, almost forgetting the by lanes and the workshops where production still continued.

Question 7.
Describe the main features of the pace of industrial change in Britain in the nineteenth century.
Answer:
The main features of the pace of industrial change were as mentioned below :

The most dynamic industries in Britain were clearly cotton and metals.
Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s.
After cotton, the iron and steel industry led the way because with the expansion of railways, the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly. By 1873 Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about 77 million double the value of its cotton export.
The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries.
(a) Ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery glass work, tanning, furniture making and production of implements.
Technology changes occurred slowly as these were expensive and their repair was too costly

Question 8.
‘Technological changes occurred slowly in Britain.’ Give three reasons for this.
Answer:
Technological changes occurred slowly in Britain due to the following reasons :

New technology was expensive so the merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it.
The machines often went out of order and repair was costly.
The machines were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed. For example, take the case of the steam engine. James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 1781. His industrialist friend Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model. But at the beginning of the 19th century, there were no more than 321 steam engines all over England. So even the powerful new technology that enhanced the productivity of labour manifold was slow to be accepted by the industrialists.

Question 9.
Why do historians agree that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional crafts person and labourer ?
Answer:
The historians recognise that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional crafts person and labourer due to the following reasons :

Role of. traditional industries : Although cotton and metal were the most dynamic industies but the traditional industries could not be displaced because a large portion of work even in the textile industries was being done within domestic units. Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced sector.
Changes in the ‘traditional’ industries : The pace of change in the traditional industries was not set by steam-powered cotton or metal industries. Only ordinary and small innovations became the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, furniture work and production of implements.
Technological changes occurred slowly : See question 8 above.

Question 10.
Why were the Victorian industrialists not interested to introduce machines in England ? Give any four reasons.
Or
Why did industrialists not want to get rid of hand labour once machines were introduced ?
Or
Why did some industrialists in the 19th century Europe prefer hand labour to machines ? Give four reasons.
Answer:
The Victorian industrialists were not interested to introduce machines in England. They preferred hand labour to machines. The reasons for this were as mentioned below :

Abundance of labour and low wages : There was no shortage of human labour. People had migrated to the cities in large numbers. The wages were also low. On the other hand, machines required huge capital investment.
Seasonal demand for labour : Some industries such as gas works and breweries were especially busy through the cold months. So they needed more workers to meet their peak demand. Book binders and printers, catering to Christmas demand, too, needed extra-workers before December. At the waterfront, winter was the time that ships were repaired and spruced up. In all such industries where production fluctuated with the season, industrialists usually preferred hand labour, employing workers for the season.
Production of goods with different shapes by hand only : Uniform and standard goods could be produced by machines but some goods with intricate and specific shapes could be made by hand only. In mid-nineteenth century, there were 500 varieties of hammers and 45 kinds of axes that were being produced. Such goods required human skill and not mechanical technol¬ogy.
(iv) Preference for handmade goods by the upper classes : In the Victorian age, the upper classes preferred handmade goods to symbolise refinement and class. Handmade goods had good finishing. Machinemade goods were generally exported to the colonies.
In countries with labour shortage, industrialists were interested in using machines to minimise need for human labour. This was the case in nineteenth-century America. However, Britain had no problem of labour.

Question 11.
Explain how the condition of workers steadily declined in the early 20th century Europe.
Answer:
The factors were as follows :

Abundance of labour and wait for jobs : There was abundance of labour in the market. Job-seekers had to wait for weeks. They had to spend nights under bridges or in the night Shelters or in Night Refuges or Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities. One could get a job quickly if he had social connections.
Seasonal work : Work in many industries such as gas works, breweries was seasonal. There were, therefore, long periods without work. As a result of this, some returned to the countryside while other did odd jobs.
Low wages and less period of employment : Wages were increased to some extent in
the early mid-nineteenth century but as the period of employment was less, the average income was low. About 10 per cent of the urban population was very poor. In periods of economic slump, like the 1830s, the proportion of unemployed went up to between 35 and 75 per cent in different regions
Introduction of new technology : The workers were against the introduction of new technology due to fear of unemployment. So, when the Spinping Jenny was introduced in the woolen industry, women workers attacked the new machines.
The condition of workers was, therefore, “hot satisfactory. However after the 1840s employment opportunities increased due to building activities and transport industry.

Question 12.
How did the job-seekers spend their nights in Britain ? [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
The job-seekers spent their nights as mentioned below :

Many job-seekers had to wait weeks spending nights under bridges or in night shelters.
The shelters were maintained under the supervision of the Poor Law Commissioners for the ‘destitute, wayfarers, wanderers and foundling.’ Staying in these warehouses was a humiliating experience. Everyone was subjected to a medical examination to see whether they were carrying disease, their bodies were cleansed and their clothes purified. They had to also do hard labour.
Some stayed in Night Refuges that were set up by private individuals.
Some went to the Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities.

Question 13.
Why was getting jobs in the British mills always difficult for the workers in the 19th century ? Give reasons.
Answer:
Getting jobs in the British mills always was difficult for the workers in the 19th century due to the reasons as mentioned below :

There was plenty of labour.
Wages were low.
In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal. For example, gas works and breweries were especially busy through the cold months. So they needed more workers to meet their peak demand.
As there was abundance of labour, the actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and kin relations. Many job-seekers had to wait for weeks by spending nights under bridges or in night shelters.

Question 14.
Describe the factors that were responsible for increasing the employment opportunities in Britain after 1840s.
Answer:
The factors responsible for increase in employment opportunities after 1840s were as mentioned below :

Building activity was intensified in the cities opening up greater opportunities of employment.
Roads were widened.
New railway stations were built.
Railway lines were extended.
Tunnels were dug.
Drainage and sewers were laid.
Rivers were embanked.
A large number of workers were employed in above activities. The number of workers employed in the transport industry doubled in the 1840s and doubled again in the subsequent 30 years.

Question 15.
How the foreign trade from India conducted before the age of machine industries ? Explain.
Answer:
Before the age of machine industries the foreign trade was conducted as mentioned below :

Silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles.
Coarser cottons were produced in many countries but Indian cottons were of finer varieties.
Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.
A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports i.e., Surat, Masulipatam and Hoogly.
(v) A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade – financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. They gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and carried the supply to the ports. At the port, the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

Question 16.
Why did the network of export trade in textiles that was controlled by Indian merchants, break down by the 1750s ? What were its effects ?
Answer:
(a) Causes : Following were the causes for breaking down of the network of export trade :

The European companies gained power by securing a variety of concessions from local courts (rulers or officials).
They got the monopoly rights to trade.
European companies started their operations from new ports of Bombay and Calcutta.
Trade through the new ports was controlled by the European companies and was carried in European ships.

(b) Effects :

Old ports of Surat and Hoogly declined.
Exports from these ports fell, the credit that had financed the earlier trade dried up and the local bankers went bankrupt. The gross value of trade at Surat fell from ? 16 million in the last years of the seventeenth century to ? 3 million in 1740s.
Export from Bombay and Calcutta grew with the growth of colonial power. Trade was now controlled by European companies and was carried out in European ships.
It also led to collapse of old trading houses.

Question 17.
How did East India Company ensure regular supply of cotton and silk goods from Indian weavers ? Explain.
Or
How did East India Company develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods ? What were its results ?
Answer:
(a) Before establishing political power, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure regular supply of goods for exports due to tough competition with the French, Dutch, Portuguese and local traders. The weaver and the supply merchants used to sell the produce to the best buyer. But once the company established political power, it could assert a monopoly right to trade. Therefore, the East India Company took the following steps :

It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
It prevented Company weaver from dealing with other buyers by system of advances because the weavers who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha.

(b) Results : The condition of weavers became bad. They took advances to earn more. In the process they had to devote all their time to weaving and had to lease out their small plots of land. The weavers had to sell their cloth only to the Company. They could not bargain. The prices they got were low and the advances tied there to the Company. At many places weavers deserted villages and migrated to other villages. Some took to agricultural labour.

Question 18.
Explain any three reasons for the clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas.
Or
Who were gomasthas ? How did they become good partners of the British management system.
Answer:
(a) Gomastha was a paid servant of the East India Company. After establishing their political power, the company could assert a monopoly right to trade. So it proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods.
Various steps were taken by the Company to achieve its objects. These steps were as mentioned below :

In order to eliminate the existing traders and brokers in the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver, Gomastha was appointed to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.
It prevented company weavers from dealing with other buyers.
Gomasthas became good partners of the British management system because the weavers who took loans from the Company had to handover the cloth they produced to gomasthas. They could not sell it to any other trader.

(b) Soon, however, in many weaving villages there were clashes between weavers and gomasthas due to the reasons as mentioned below :

Earlier supply merchants very often lived within the weaving villages. They used to help the weavers in times of crisis. Therefore there were good relations between them.
The new gomasthas were outsiders. They had no social link with the village.
Gomasthas acted arrogantly. They punished weavers for delay in supply. They often beat and flogged them.
The weavers could not bargain for prices or sell to different buyers and the price paid by the Company was low.

Question 19.
Describe the results of clashes between the gomasthas and the weavers.
Answer:
The results/effects of clashes between the gomasthas and the weavers were as mentioned below :

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation.
At some places, weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials.
Over time many weavers began refusing loans.
At some places weavers closed down their workshops and took to agriculture labour.

Question 20.
By the beginning of the nineteenth century why was there a long decline of textile exports from India ? Explain.
Answer:
In 1772, Henary Patullo, a company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. Yet by the beginning of the 19th century there was a long decline of textile exports from India from 33% in 1811-12 to no more than 3 per cent by 1850-51. The reasons for this were as mentioned below :

With the development of cotton industries in England the government imposed import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside.
At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well.
Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century.
At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of Indian imports and by the 1870s it increased to over 50 percent.

Question 21.
Why did Indian businessmen/manufacturers avoid competing with Manchester goods in the Indian markets. Explain the reasons.
Answer:
At end of the eighteenth century, there was virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India but by 1870 it was over 50 per cent. The Indian businessmen/manufacturers avoided competing with Manchester goods due to the reasons as mentioned below :

The market was glutted with Manchester imports.
Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were very cheap that the weavers could not easily compete with them.
Insufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality : During the American Civil War,
Britain could not get cotton supplies from the US. Thus, raw cotton was exported from India to | Britain. As a result of this, the Indian weavers could not get supplies and sometimes, they were forced to buy at high prices.

Question 22.
Describe the contribution of Dwarkanath Tagore as an entrepreneur of Bengal. [CBSE 2016-17]
Or
Analyse the contribution of Dwarkanath Tagore in the field of industrial development.
Answer:
The contribution of Dwarkanath Tagore was as mentioned below :

He made his fortune in the China trade before he turned to industrial investment.
He set up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
Tagore’s enterprises sank along with those of others in the wider business crises of the 1840s.

Question 23.
Which restrictions were imposed by the British government upon the Indian merchants in the 19th century ? State any three.
Answer:
The following restrictions were imposed upon the Indian merchants in the 19th century :

The functioning of the Indian merchants was limited. For example, they were debarred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods.
The Indian merchants could export mostly raw materials and food grains which were needed by the British.
Gradually, shipping business was controlled by the European companies and Indian merchants were edged out of this business.

Question 24.
What was the condition of Indian industries at the time of the First World War?
Answer:
Till the First World War, the condition of Indian industries had become as mentioned below :

A large sector of Indian industries was controlled by European Managing Agencies.
These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them.
In most instances, Indian financiers provided the capital while the European Agencies
made all investment and business decisions.
The European merchant-industrialists had their own chambers of commerce which Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.

Question 25.
Where did the workers come from to work in factories in India ?
Answer:
With the expansion of factories, the demand for workers increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946, the number increased to 2,436,000. This large number of workers came from the places as mentioned below :

In most industrial regions the workers came from the districts around because peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centers in search of work. For example in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911, over 50 per cent workers came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri.
Sometimes, workers came from distant places in search of work in the mills. For example, many workers from the United Provinces went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.

Question 26.
Who was a jobber ? Describe his functions and position. [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
He was a person who was employed by the industrialists to get new recruits. He was generally an old and trusted worker.
Functions and position of a jobber :

His main function was to get new recruits.
He generally got people from his village and ensured them jobs.
He helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis.
He was a person with some authority and power.
He often began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers. For example, Vasant Parkar, a millworker said, “The workers would pay the jobbers money to get their sons work in the mill.”

Question 27.
Describe major peculiarities of industrial growth in India in the 19th century.
Answer:
Major peculiarities of industrial growth in India were as given below :

European Managing Agencies dominated the industrial production in India.
The agencies were interested in certain kind of products only.
They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government.
They invested in mining, indigo and jute.
These products were required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.
When Indians set up industries they avoided competition with Manchester goods in the Ihdian market. So, the early cotton mills in India produced coarse cotton yarn rather than fabric. This yarn was used by handloom weavers in India or exported to China.

Question 28.
How a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation by the first decade of the 20th century ?
Answer:
(a) The various changes that affected the pattern of industrialisation in India were
as given below :

During Swadeshi Movement, people boycotted foreign cloth.
Industrial groups put pressure on the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
From 1906, Chinese market was flooded with Chinese and Japanese mills’ products. This resulted in decline of export of Indian yarn to China.

(b) Results : Indian industrialists shifted from yam to cloth production. Thus, cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.

Question 29.
Explain the impact of First World War on Indian industries.
Why did the Indian industrial growth suddenly shot up in the years after the First World War ? Describe three reasons of its effects on Britain.
Answer:
(a) The industrial production in India increased during the First World War due to the following factors :

As the British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester (British goods) imports into India declined.
Indian mills got a vast home market to supply.
As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs i.e., jute bags, tents, leather goods etc.
New factories were set up to meet above needs.
Multiple shifts were run in the factories.
New workers were employed and they were asked to work for extra-hours.
The above factors led to increase in industrial production during the First World War.

(b) Effects :

In Britain cotton production collapsed and export of cotton cloth fell dramatically.
As Britain was unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, British economy crumbled.
Within the colonies, local industrialists had gradually consolidated their position substituting foreign manufacturers and capturing the home markets.

Question 30.
Give reasons why the handloom weavers in India survived the onslaught of the machine made textiles of Manchester.
Or
‘In the twentieth century, handloom cloth production in India expanded steadily : almost trebling between 1900 and 1940.’ How did this happen ?
Answer:
The handloom weavers in India survived the onslaught of the machine made textiles of Manchester and at the same time were able to expand the production due to the following factors :

Technological changes : Handicrafts people adopted new technology without excessively pushing up costs. For example, they used fly shuttle. By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles. In regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. Some other small innovations helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.
Demand for finer varieties : These were bought by rich and their demand was stable than the coarse qualities because the rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris.
(iii) In addition to this, the mills could not imitate specialised weaves. For example, Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.
However the weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. They lived hard lives and worked long hours. But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

Question 31.
‘Industrialisation in India was a mixed blessing.’ Justify the statement.
Answer:
It is true to say that industrialisation in India was a mixed blessing because it had both positive and negative aspects as mentioned below :
(a) Positive aspects of industrialisation :

A large number of people got employment in factories. For example, people from the United Provinces went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
During the First World War new factories were set up and old one ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours.
People started working in factories. There was migration of people from rural to urban areas. There was now less pressure on agriculture.

(b) Negative aspects of industrialisation :

The condition of weavers was affected badly. With the arrival of Manchester goods, the local market shrank.
There was decline in most of weaving region in India.
The weavers could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality.

Question 32.
What steps were adopted by the producers in India to expand the market for their goods in the 19th century ?
Or
How did the British manufacturers attempt to take over the Indian market with the help of
advertisement ?
Or
How were people persuaded to use the new products ?
Or
Explain the ways which were adopted to persuade the people to use the new products.
Answer:
People were persuaded by the following ways to use the new products :

Advertisements : Advertisements played an important part in expanding markets for products and in shaping a new consumer culture. Now-a-days the advertisement appear in newspapers, magazines, television screen etc.
Labels : Labels are needed to tell the consumer, the place of manufacture and the name of the company and about the quality of the product. If a buyer is familiar to the company and is confident about it, he will buy that product. Generally, a person buys a branded shirt or any other product because he knows that a particular company is a company of repute. So, label do help in attracting consumers to buy a product.
Printing of calendars : Calendars are also printed to popularise the products. They are hung in tea shops, homes and other places. People see the calendars daily and slowly they are attracted towards that product.
Figures of important persons, emperors etc. : These figures are used to convey the message that if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product too. If the royal person is using a product, its quality cannot be questioned. So, use of a royal figure popularise that product.
Advertisement of nationalist message : In such advertisement, people are told that if
you love your country then use that product. Such advertisements were used by Indian manufacturers. ‘
Thus, various ways were adopted to persuade people to buy new products.

Hope given Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 5 are helpful to complete your homework.

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