Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers Manufacturing Industries

CBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers Manufacturing Industries Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science SST Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries.

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Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 6

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Answers should not exceed 30 words. 

Question 1.
How is economic strength of a country-measured ?
Answer:
The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.

Question 2.
What is NMCC ?
Answer:
National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council.

Question 3.
What are the benefits of cities in industrialisation ?
Answer:
Cities provide markets and provide services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice etc. to the industry.

Question 4.
Name the places where most manufacturing units were located before independence.
Answer:
Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai.

Question 5.
Which are the factors for the ideal location of industry ? Mention any one.
Answer:
Availability of raw material.

Question 6.
Mention any two agro-based industries.
Answer:
Cotton and woolen textile industry.

Question 7.
How industries are divided on the basis of capital investment ?
Answer:

1. Small scale industry.
2. Large scale industry.

Question 8.
Mention the industries on the basis of ownership.
Answer:

1. Public sector owned and operated by the government agencies – BHEL.
2. Private sector owned and operated by individuals – TISCO.
3. Joint sector which are owned and run jointly by the state and individuals – Oil India Ltd.
4. Cooperative sector industries owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw material, workers or both g. sugar industry in Maharashtra.

Question 9.
In which state spinning continues to be centralised ?
Answer:
Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.

Question 10.
Mention two places of silk textile industries.
Answer:
Srinagar, Anantnag and Baramula in Jammu & Kashmir.

Question 11.
Where most of the jute mills are located ?
Answer:
Most of the jute mills are located in West Bengal mainly along the banks of the Hugh river.

Question 12.
State one reason for increase in internal demand for jute products.
Answer:
The internal demand has been on the increase due to government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging.

Question 13.
In which year the National Jute Policy was formulated ?
Answer:
2005.

Question 14.
What is the position of India in the production of sugar, gur and khandsari ?
Answer:
India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first place in the production of gur and khandsari.

Question 15.
In recent years why is there a tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the Southern and Western states ? State any one reason.
Answer:
The sugarcane produced there has a higher sucrose content.

Question 16.
What are the challenges before sugar industry ? Mention any one.
Answer:
Old and inefficient methods of production.

Question 17.
What do you mean by mineral based industries ? Give one example.
Answer:

1. Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral based industries.
   • Iron and steel
   • cement.

Question 18.
State any one feature of iron and steel industry.
Answer:
Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs.

Question 19.
Name any one integrated steel plant.
Answer:
TISCO.

Question 20.
By which authority, the steel of all public sector undertaking is marketed ?
Answer:
All public sector undertaking market their steel through, Steel Authority of India Ltd.

Question 21.
Why the Chhotanagpur region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries ?
Answer:
The Chhotanagpur region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries due to low cost of iron ore, high grade raw material in proximity, cheap labour and vast growth potential in the home market.

Question 22.
State any one feature of aluminium smelting industry.
Answer:
Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.

Question 23.
What is the contribution of chemical industry in the GDP ?
Answer:
The chemical industry contributes approximately 3 per cent of the GDP.

Question 24.
Which are organic chemicals ? How are they used ?
Answer:
Organic chemicals include petrochemicals which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs, and pharmaceuticals.

Question 25.
When the fertiliser industry has expanded significantly ?
Answer:
After the Green Revolution the fertiliser industry has expanded significantly to many parts of the country.

Question 26.
Which materials are required by the cement industry ?
Answer:
The cement industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.

Question 27.
What is the main cause for rapid strides in the cement industry in 1980s and 1990s ?
Answer:
Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and other policy reforms led the cement industry to make rapid strides in capacity, process, technology and production.

Question 28.
What is the use of automobiles ?
Answer:
Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of good services and passengers.

Question 29.
Which city has emerged as the electronic capital of India ?
Answer:
Bangalore.                                                       ,

Question 31.
What does the software technology park provide ?
Answer:
The software technology parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts.

Question 32.
Which machine helps in reducing noise pollution ?
Answer:
Silencers.

Question 33.
Name any two industries that are responsible for water pollution.
Answer:
Chemical, textile, dying and petroleum refineries.

QUESTIONS OF 3/5 MARKS

Answers should he in about 80/100 words.

Question 1.
How is manufacturing sector considered the backbone of economic development of the country ? Explain any three points in this regard. [CBSE 2015]
                                                                 Or
The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries. Explain.                                                                                                                           [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The economic strength of a country lies in the development of manufacturing indus­tries. It is the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular due to the following reasons :

1. Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture.
2. It reduces the heavy dependence of people on agricultural sector. At present more than half of the workers in the country are still working in the primary sector, mainly in agricultural activities. The workers in this sector are under employed.
3. It provides jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
4. Industrial development or manufacturing industries are necessary for the removal of unemployment and poverty in a country like India. This was the main philosophy behind public sector ventures in India.
5. It brings down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
6. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
7. The industries make a country rich and prosperous because raw materials are transformed into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value which increases the income.

Question 2.
“Agriculture and industry are complementary to each other.” Explain with examples.
                                                               Or
How do industries give boost to the agriculture sector ?   [CBSE 2015]

Answer:
It is true that agriculture and industry move hand in hand.

1. There are agro-based industries such as cotton, woollen, jute, edible oil that get their raw materials from agriculture.
2. In return, these industries sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, PVC pipes and many other things to the farmers.
3. Thus agro-industries has given boost to agriculture by raising its productivity and has made the production processes very efficient as well.

Question 3.
What is the contribution of industry to national economy in India ? Compare it with the East Asian Countries. What is the desired growth and present position of industry in GDP ?
Answer:

1.  The contribution of industry to national economy has not been satisfactory for the last two decades. It has stagnated at 17 per cent of GDP — out of a total of 27 per cent for the industry which includes 10 per cent for mining, quarrying, electricity and gas.
2. In comparison to India’s 17 per cent share in the GDP, the East Asian Countries have contributed 25 to 35 per cent to their GDP.
3. The trend of growth rate in manufacturing over the last decade has been around 7 per cent per annum.
4. The desired growth over the next decade is 12 percent.
5. At present growth rate is about 9 to 10 per cent and it is expected that we can achieve the growth rate of 12 per cent by some efforts like setting up of the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC).

Question 4.
Why are industries located in or near the cities ?
                              Or
Why do the industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand ? Explain.
Answer:
Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand because sometimes industries are set up in or near the cities. The reasons for this are as mentioned below :

1. Industries need different types of services such as labour, banking, transport, insurance and financial consultants. Such services are available in cities.
2. In cities the manufactured products are sold. They become markets for these products and people are able to buy them according to their requirements.
   Availability of products attracts people from other parts to settle there. Thus, industrialisation leads to urbanisation.
3. Sometimes many industries are set up together to make use of the advantage offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration economies. Gradually a large industrial agglomeration takes place. Thus, it is correct to state that the industries are located in or near the cities.

Question 5.
Where the most manufacturing units were located in the pre-independence period ? What were the results ?

1.  In the pre-independence period, the manufacturing units were located in places keeping in view the overseas trade. These places were Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.
2. Result :
   1. The result of locating the manufacturing industries at Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai and other places was the emergence of certain pockets of industrially developed urban centers surrounded by a huge agricultural rural hinterland.
   2. First cotton textile mill was set up at Mumbai in 1854.
   3. First jute mill was established at Rishra near Kolkata in 1859.

Question 6.
Classify industries on the basis of source of raw material. How are they different from each other ?
[CBSE 2016]
Answer:
(1) Industries on the basis of source of raw material are classified as given below :

• Agro-based e., cotton, woolen, jute, silk, textile, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.
• Mineral based e., iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools and petrochemicals.

Agro-based industries	Mineral based industries
(1) These are not capital intensive and do not need large investment e.g., dairy products. (2) Agro-based industries use plant and animal based products as their raw material. These are based on agricultural raw material. (3) Cotton textiles, dairy products are example of agro-based industries.	(1) These are capital intensive industries as these involve large investments. (2) These industries use any kind of mineral such as iron ore, aluminium. Example is iron and steel industry and chemical industry. (3) These industries use raw material for the manufacture of a number of other products such as heavy machinery, building material and railway coaches.

Question 7.
Classify industries on the basis of their main role. How do they differ from each other ? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:

1. The industries on the basis of their role are classified into basic industries and consumer industries.
2. The difference between the two are as given below :

Basic Industries	Mineral based industries
(1) Basic industries produce primary raw materials for factories to work for instance steel and iron industries. (2) Basic industries do not depend on other industries to exist. Their raw material is not the output of another industry but rather their raw material is the stuff of nature itself. (3) The basic industries are iron and steel, copper smelting etc.	(1) These are capital intensive industries as these involve large investments. (2) These industries use any kind of mineral such as iron ore, aluminium. Example is iron and steel industry and chemical industry. (3) These industries use raw material for the manufacture of a number of other products such as heavy machinery, building material and railway coaches.

Question 8.
How industries are classified on the basis of ownership ? Explain.
Answer:
(1) Industries are classified on the basis of ownership into various categories as
mentioned below :

1. Public sector
2. Private sector
3. Joint sector
4. Cooperative sector.

(2) These are explained below :

1. Public sector : These are owned and operated by the government agencies. Examples are BHEL, SAIL etc.
2. Private sector : These industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. Their main object is to earn profit. Examples are TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
3. Joint sector : These industries are jointly run by the state and individual or a group of individuals. Examples Oil India Ltd. which is jointly owned by private and pubic sector.
4. Cooperative sector : These industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.

Question 9.
Classify industries on the basis of capital investment. How are they different from one another ? Explain with examples.  [CBSE 2016]
Answer:

1. On the basis of capital investment, industries are classified into small scale and large scale industry.
2. Small scale and large scale industries differ from each other as mentioned below :

Small scale industry	Large scale industry
(1) A small scale industry is that in which maximum investment is ? one crore. (2) These industries employ less number of persons. (3) Most of the work is done by man power, small machines and tools. (4) Raw material used are less and therefore, production is also less. These are generally more labour intensive.	(1) In large scale industry the investment is more than X one crore. (2) These industries employ a large number of persons. (3) Most of the work is done by machines. (4) The production is on large scale as the raw materials used is more.

Question 10.
Classify industry on the basis of the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods.
Answer:
On the basis of bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods the industries are classified into heavy and light industries.

1. Heavy industries are such as iron and steel.
2. Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical industries.

Question 11.
“The textile industry is the only industry in the country which is self reliant and complete in the value chain.” Justify the statement.  [CBSE 2016]
                                                                       Or
“The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy.” Explain with examples.
Answer:
The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy due to the facts mentioned below :

1. It contributes 14 per cent to industrial production.
2. It generates employment for 35 million persons.
3. It earns foreign exchange which is 24.6 per cent of the total earnings.
4. It contributes 4 per cent towards GDP.
5. It is self-reliant and complete in the value chain e., raw material to the highest value added products as shown in figure given below :

Figure showing value addition in the textile industry :

From above it is clear that value at each step is added in the textile industry and one has to go step by step.

Question 12.
Describe the condition of cotton textile industry in India before and after independence.
Answer:
(1) Before independence :

1. In ancient India and even during the British rule our textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques.
2. India remained the world’s main producer of cotton textiles.
3. Indian textiles were of top quality and other countries could not compete with it.
4. There was great demand for Indian textiles and India had a substantial export trade to Britain as well.

(2) During British period after 18th century textile industry suffered a set back due to coming of Manchester goods in India. The Indian weavers could not compete due to various reasons.
(3) At present the condition of cotton textile industry in India is as mentioned below :

1. There are 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country.
2. About 80 per cent are in the private sector and the rest in public and cooperative sectors.
3. There are thousands of small factories with four to ten looms.
4. In the early years, cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat due to availability of raw cotton, market, transport, labour and port facilities. But now spinning is centralised in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu but weaving is highly decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari and embroidery.
5. Cotton textiles industry is closely related to agriculture. It provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.
6. It supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works by creating various types of demands.
7. India has world class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric.
8. The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry.
9.  India exports yam to Japan and cotton goods to USA, UK, Russia, France, East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka and African countries.

Question 13.
Describe the production of fabric in India by various sectors. Why is it important for us to keep the mill sector loomage lower than the power loom and handloom.
Answer:
(1) The production of fabric in India by various sectors is as mentioned below :

Sector	Share of production	Loomage
Mills Powerloom Handloom	G.OCUper cent 54.17 per cent 23.00 per cent	1.33 lakh 14 lakh NA

From above figure it is clear that 90 percent of the weaving, cutting and processing is in decentralised sector.

(2) It is important for us to keep the mill/sector loomage lower than power loom and handloom due to facts as mentioned below :

1. In our country many artisans and weavers work independently along with the familly on handloom and powerlooms.
2. Most of these people working on handlooms and power looms are poor. It is the only source of income for them.
3. If the mill production is increased to meet the demands of the people then these weavers and artisans will suffer as their sales will be affected.
4. Increase in mill production will lead largely to rural unemployment and decline in standard of living.
   Thus in order to provide more employment opportunities and regular income to these weavers, the loomage or the production of the mills must be kept lower than power loom and handloom.

Question 14.
Why is it important for us to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting yam in large quantities ?
Answer:
We need to make improvement in the weaving sector for the reasons as mentioned below :

1. Weaving machinery is old and needs to be upgraded to give more output.
2. Power supply to powerlooms is erratic and power needs to be available on continuous basis.
3. Weavers can directly supply cloth to garment manufacturers instead of garment makers importing the fabric.
4. This will also increase employment and incomes of the weavers.
5.  Increasing the weaving capacity will increase the GDP of country and create opportunity for development of ancillary industries like dyeing, processing and printing of woven fabrics, production of stitched garments.
6.  This could also mean reduction in imports of fabrics and ready made garments thus saving foreign exchange reserves and using it for other important products.

Question 15.
Explain why many of our spinners export cotton yam while apparel/garment manufacturers have to import fabric.
Answer:
India’s share in the world trade of cotton yarn accounts for one-fourth of the total trade. However, our trade in garments is only 4 per cent of the world’s total but in spite of these facts many of our spinners export cotton yarn while apparel/garment manufacturers have to import fabric. The reasons for this state of affairs are as mentioned below :

1. The weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yam that we produce.
2. There are some large and modern factories but most of the production is done in fragmented small units. These units cater to the needs of loqal market. This mismatch is a major drawback for the industry.
3. Production of good quality long staple cotton has increased but India still imports due to the following reasons :
   
   1. Erratic power supply.
   2. Old machinery that needs upgradation.
   3. Low output of labour.
   4. Stiff competition with the synthetic fiber industry.

Question 16.
Describe the factors responsible for the location of most of the jute mills along the banks of the Hugli river in West Bengal.
Answer:
The factors for the location of most of the jute mills along the banks of the Hugli river in a narrow belt i.e., 98 km long and 3 km wide in West Bengal are as given below :

1. Proximity of the jute producing areas.
2. Inexpensive water transport.
3. Good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills.
4. Abundant water for processing raw jute.
5. Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
6. Availability of facilities such as banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods at Kolkata which is a large urban center.

Question 17.
What are the challenges faced by the jute industry ? How the internal demand has been on the increase ? Which are the main markets for jute products ?
Answer:
(1) The challenges faced by the jute industry are as mentioned below :

1. Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes.
2. Competition with other countries like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.

(2) However inspite of the challenges, there is increase in the internal demand due to factors as mentioned below :

1. The government has made mandatory use of jute packaging.
2. The growing global concern for environment friendly biodegradable materials has also increased the use of jute products.
3. In 2005 National Jute Policy was formulated with the objective of increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and enhancing the yield per hectare.
4. The growing global concern for environment friendly biodegradable materials has also helped in use of more jute products.

(3) The main markets are USA, Canada, Russia, United Arab Republic, UK and Australia.

Question 18.
Give a brief description of sugar industry with special reference to its raw material, its nature, location of sugar mills and place in the world.
Answer:
(1) Raw material : The raw material, i.e., sugarcane, is bulky and in haulage, its sucrose content reduces. It is weight losing and perishable.
(2) Nature : This industry is seasonal in nature and, therefore, it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector because it needs large manual labour in various processes of cultivation and production of sugar and other products that can be provided by the cooperatives.
(3)

1. Location of sugar mills : There are about 460 sugar mills which are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
2.  In recent years there has been a tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states due to following reasons :
   
   • The sugarcane produced in the southern and western states has a higher sucrose content.
   • The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
   • The industry is ideally suited to the cooperative sector and this sector has been more successful in these states.
   • Place in the world : India stands second as a producer of sugar. It, however, occupies the first place in the production of gurand
   • The challenges before the sugar industry are its seasonal nature, old and inefficient methods of production, transport delay in reaching sugarcane to factories, need to maximise the use of baggase.

Question 19.
Describe iron and steel industry with reference to its features, uses and method of production.
Ans.
(1) Basic industry : Iron and steel industry is the basic industry because all the other industries depend on it for their machinery.
(2) Production and heavy industry :

• It is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs.
• Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4:2:1. f (3) Some quantities of manganese are also required to harden the steel.
• Uses : Steel is used to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and consumer goods.

Question 20.
Which mineral’s production and consumption is regarded as the index of a country’s development ? What is the rank of India among the world crude steel producers ? Why is the per capital consumption of steel so low in India ?
Answer:
(1) Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development.
(2)

• India produces 32.8 millon tons of steel.
• It ranks ninth among the world crude steel producers.
• It is the largest producer of sponge iron.

(3) In spite of large quantity of production of steel, per capital consumption per anum is only 32 kg. The reasons for the low consumption of steel are as mentioned below :

1.  Lack of domestic market for steel in India.
2. Most of the steel is produced for international market.
3. High costs of steel because modern and cost effective technologies for steel production are not utilised due to lack of infrastructure.
4. Nearly % of Indian population live in villages which require very small quantities of steel.
5. To carry steel to some areas is difficult because of improper means of transport.
6. Low developed remote areas are not in need of steel.

Question 21.
Why the Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries ? Give reasons.    [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
The Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries due to the following reasons :

• Low cost of iron.
• High grade raw materials are available in proximity.
• Cheap labour is available.
• There is vast growth potential in the home market.

Question 22.
Which are the factors responsible for not performing to our full potential ? What is its present position ?     [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
(1) We are not able to perform to our full potential energy due to the reasons as mentioned below :

• High costs and limited availability of coking coal.
• Lower productivity of labour.
• Irregular supply of energy.
• Poor infrastructure.

(2) The present position is as mentioned below :

• The overall production of steel is sufficient to meet our domestic demand.
• Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.
• There is need to allocate resources for research and development to produce steel more competitively.

Question 23.
Write a brief note on Aluminium smelting industry in India.
Answer:
(1) Qualities : It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat and malleable. It becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.
(2) Uses : It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires. It is also used as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.
(3)Position of Aluminium :

1. Aluminium smelting is the second important metallurgical industry in India. There are eight aluminium smelting plants in India. These are located in Orissa (Nalco and Balco), West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
2. In 2004, India produced over 600 million tons of aluminium.
3. Factors for the location of the industry are regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw materials e., bauxite at the minimum cost.

Question 24.
Describe the main features of chemical industry in India.
Ans.
The main features are as follows :

1. It is fast growing and diversifying industry.
2. Its contribution to GDP is approximately 3 per cent.
3. It is the third largest in Asia and twelfth in the world in size.
4. It has both large and small scale manufacturing units.
5. Rapid growth in both organic and inorganic sectors.
6. It has its own consumer market because basic chemicals are used for producing other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer mar­kets.
7. Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
8. Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries and petrochemical plants because petrochemicals are heavy organic chemicals which are difficult to transport to other places.
9. The inorganic chemical industry manufactures fertilisers, plastics, paints, adhesives, soaps, detergents and paper etc. These products are used by people all over the country and can ¹   be produced by small inorganic chemical industries spread all over the country.

Question 25.
Write a short note on the main features of the fertiliser industry in India.
Answer:
Main features are :

1. It produces nitrogenous fertilisers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilisers and ammo­nium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilisers i.e., combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) | and potash (K).
2. India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers.
3. Number of fertiliser units in the country are as follows :
   
   • Nitrogenous and complex nitrogenous fertiliser — 57
   • Urea – 29
   • Ammonium sulphate – 09
   • Single superphosphate – 68
4. There are 10 public sector undertakings and one in cooperative sector at Hazira in Gujarat under the Fertiliser Corporation of India.
5. Main fertiliser producing states are Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Kerala where half of the fertiliser is produced. Other states are Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

Question 26.
Describe the cement industry in India with special reference to the uses of element and its expansion.
Answer:
The main facts about the cement industry in India are as given below :

1. Uses : Cement is used for construction of buildings, factories, dams, airports, roads and other commercial complexes.
2. Raw materials : Bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum are used in it. Besides this, it needs coal, electric power and rail transportation.
3. Location of plants :
   1. First cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904. However,decontrol of price and distribution and policy reforms since 1989 led to its expansion.
   2. There are 128 large plants and 332 mini-cement plants in the country.
   3. Some plants have been strategically located in Gujarat. These plants have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries.
   4. Present position of the industry : Good quality of cement of India has great demand in Last Asia, Middle East, Africa and South Asia as well as in the country. At present the cement industry is doing well in terms of production as well as export. Efforts are being made
      togenerate adequate domestic demand and supply in order to sustain the industry.

Question 27.
What are the advantages of automobiles ? What are the factors responsible or the healthy growth of automobile industry ? Which are the main centers of automobile industry ?
Answer:

1. Advantages : Automobiles provide vehicles for quick transport of good services and passengers.
2. Liberalisation, foreign direct investment, new and contemporary models are factors responsible for the healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and three- wheelers.
3. Manufacturing : Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi­utility vehicles are manufactured in India at various centers.
4. Location of industry : Around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bangalore.
5. Number of manufacturers : At present, the number of manufacturers are as given below :
   1. Passenger cars and multi-utility vehicles – 15
   2. Commercial vehicles – 09
   3. Two and three-wheelers – 14

Question 28.
Name the electronic capital of India. Write characteristics of IT and electronic industry of India.
Answer:

1. Bangalore is the electronic capital of India.
2. The main characteristics of the electronic industry are as mentioned below :
   
   1. Products of electronics industry : Transistor sets, television, telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, radars, computers and many other equipment required by the telecommunication industry.
   2. Centers : Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
   3. Software Technology Parks : 18 parks which provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts.
   4. Employment : Up to 31st March, 2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. It is likely to increase to 8 million in next three to four years. 30 per cent employees are women in this industry.
   5. Foreign exchange : It earns lot of foreign exchange due to fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector.

Question 29.
Describe the method of treatment of industrial effluents.
Answer:
Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases as given below :

• Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
• Secondary treatment by biological process.
• Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.

Question 30.
Describe the ways by which the NTPC has preserved the natural environ­ment and other resources like water.
Answer:
NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001. The Corporation has taken following steps for preserving the natural environment and resources like water :

• Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
• Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
• Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
• Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recy­cling system and liquid waste management.
• Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.
  Thus, by taking above steps, the NTPC has shown the was to the people for preserving the natural environment.

MAP QUESTIONS

Question 1.
On the outline map of India, show major places of following industries :

1. Cotton textile
2. Woollen textile
3. Silk textile
4. Synthetic textile.

Answer:
Major places of above industries are given below :

1. Cotton Textile : Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Porbandar, Vadodara, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Moradabad, Agra, Kanpur, Murshidabad, Haora and Hugli.
2. Woollen Textile : Ahmedabad, Jamnagar, Mumbai, Bangalore, Bikaner, Panipat, Gurgaon, Jaipur, Shahjahanpur, Gwalior, Kanpur, Srinagar, Amritsar and Ludhiana.
3. Silk Textile : Kolar, Bangalore, Mysore, Belgaon, Murshidabad, Varanasi, Baramulla, Srinagar and Anantnag.
4. Synthetic Textile : Amritsar, Gwalior, Ahmedabad, Surat, and Murshidabad.
   

Question 2.
On the outline map of India show the major iron and steel plants.
Answer:
The major iron and steel plants are shown as given below :

1. Bokaro
2. Jamshedpur
3. Raurkela
4. Bhilai
5. Durgapur
6. Vijaynagar
7. Bhadravati
8. Salem
9. Vishakhapatnam
10. Burnpur
    

Question 3.
On the outline map of India show the major Software Technology Parks.
Answer:
There are 18 Software Technology Parks that provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts. They are at Mohali, Srinagar, Noida, Jaipur, Gandhinagar, Indore, Mumbai, Pune, Mysore, Bangalore, Thiruvananthapuram, Chennai, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, Vishakhapatnam, Bhubaneshwar, Kolkata and Guwahati.See map given below :

Question 4.
Six features with serial numbers (1) to (6) are marked in the given political outline map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following informa­tion and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map.

• Woollen textile
• Silk textile
• Cotton textile
• Iron and steel plant
• Software technology park
• Iron and steel plant.

Answer:

1.  Woollen textile — Ludhiana
2. Silk textile — Srinagar
3. Cotton textile — Ahmedabad
4. Iron and steel plant — Salem
5. Software technology park — Noida
6. Iron and steel plant — Bumpur
   See map given below:

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