CBSE Class 9

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 3 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 SST Nazism and the Rise of Hitler will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Class 9 Notes Social Science History Chapter 3

CBSE Class 9 History Chapter 3 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Germany was a powerful empire in the early twentieth century. It fought the First World War (1914-1918) alongside the Austrian empire and against the Allies.

2. Germany was defeated in 1918 and the emperor was abdicated. This gave an opportunity to parliamentary parties to recast German polity. A National Assembly met at Weimar and established a democratic constitution with a federal structure.

3. German people did not welcome the new Weimar Republic because they held it responsible for the defeat of Germany in the war and the disgrace at Versailles.

4. Germany faced deep economic crisis in 1923. It had fought the war largely on loans and had to pay war reparations in gold. This depleted gold reserves at a time resources were scarce.

5. The German economy was further hit by the Great Economic Depression. By 1932, industrial production was reduced to 40 percent of the 1929 level. Workers lost their jobs. The economic crisis created deep anxiety and fears in people. Since the Weimar Republic failed to manage this crisis; people lost confidence in the democratic parliamentary system.

6. All this formed the background of Hitler’s rise to power. The German defeat horrified Hitler and the Versailles Treaty made him furious. In 1919, he joined the German Worker’s Party. He subsequently took over the organization and renamed it the National Socialist German Worker’s Party which later came to be known as the Nazi Party.

7. Nazism became a mass movement during the Great Depression. In a situation when workers lost jobs and the middle classes were threatened with destitution, Nazi propaganda stirred hopes in them. In 1928, the Nazi Party was not very successful but by 1932, it had become the largest party. Hitler impressed the German people with his powerful speeches. He promised them to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore their dignity.

8. On 30 January 1933, Hitler was offered the Chancellorship of Germany. Having acquired power, Hilter set out to dismantle the structures of democratic rule. Civic rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly were suspended. The Communists were sent to the newly established concentration camps.

9. The famous Enabling Act, passed on 3 March 1933, established dictatorship in Germany. Hilter became the most powerful man in the country. He sidelined Parliament and rule by decree. He also banned all political parties and trade unions.

10. Special surveillance and security forces were created to control and order society in ways that the Nazis wanted. People could now be detained in Gestapo (secrete state police) torture chambers, rounded up and sent to concentration camps.

11. Hitler got quick success in his foreign policy. He integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 under the slogan, One people, One empire and One leader.

12. In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. This started a war with France and England. In September 1940, a Tripartite Pact was signed between Germany, Italy and Japan which strengthened Hitler’s claim to international power.

13. Hitler created an exclusive racial community of pure German by eliminating all those who were seen as ‘undesirable’ in extended empire. Nazis wanted only a society of pure and healthy Nordic Aryan’s. Only they were seen as worthy of prospering and multiplying against all who were classed; as ‘undesirables’.

14. Jews, Gypsies and blacks living in Nazi Germany were widely persecuted. Even Russians and Poles were considered subhuman. However, Jews remained the worst sufferers. They were terrorized, pauperized and segregated.

15. Hitler was fanatically interested in the youth of the country. He felt that a strong Nazi society could be established only by teaching children Nazi ideology. So, all schools were ‘cleansed’ and ‘purified’. Jew teachers and children were thrown out of schools.

16. School textbooks were rewritten, racial science was introduced to justify Nazi ideas of race. Children were taught to be loyal and submissive, hate Jews, and worship Hitler.

17. Youth organizations were made responsible for educating German youth in ‘the spirit of National Socialism’. Ten-year-olds had to enter Jungvolk and at 14 all boys had to join the Nazi youth organization e. Hilter youth where they learnt to worship war, glorify aggression and violence, and condemn democracy.

18. In Nazi Germany, all mothers were not treated equally. Women who bore racially undesirable children were punished and those who produced racially desirable children were awarded.

19. The art of propaganda that Nazis used was peculiar. They never used the words ‘kill’ or ‘murder’ in their official communications. Mass killings were termed special treatment, final solution (for the Jews), euthanasia (for the disabled), selection and ‘Evacuation’ meant deporting people to gas chambers.

Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Allies: The Allied Powers were initially led by the UK and France. In 1941 they were joined by the USSR and USA. They fought against the Axis Powers, namely Germany, Italy and Japan.

Genocidal: Killing on large scale leading to destruction of large sections of people.

Deplete: Reduce, empty out.

Reparation: Make up for a wrong done.

Wall Street Exchange: The name of the world’s biggest stock exchange located in the USA.

Hyperinflation: A situation when prices rise phenomenally high.

Proletarianization: To become impoverished to the level of working classes.

Propaganda: Specific type of message directly aimed at influencing the opinion of people through the use of posters, films, speeches, etc.

Concentration camp: A camp where people were isolated and detained without due process of law. Typically, it was surrounded by electrified barbed wire fences.

Nordic German Aryans: One branch of those classified as Aryans. They lived in north European countries and had German or related origin.

Gypsy: The groups that were classified as ‘gypsy’ had their own community identity. Sinti and Roma were too such communities. Many of them traced their origin to India.

Pauperised: Reduce to absolute poverty.

Persecution: Systematic, organized punishment of those belonging to a group or religion.

Usurers: Moneylenders charging excessive interest, often used as a term of abuse.

Synagogues: Place of worship for people of Jewish faith.

Jungvolk: Nazi youth groups for children below 14 years of age.

Holocaust: It was a genocide in which Hitler’s Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews.

Notes of History Class 9 Chapter 3 Time Period

1914: The First World War broke out.

1917: Entry of the USA in the First World War.

1918: The First World War ended.

1919: Treaty of Versailles.

1923: Economic crisis in Germany.

1929: The Great Economic Depression started.

1932: The Nazi Party became the largest party in the German Parliament.

1933: Hilter was made Chancellor of Germany.

1939: Germany invaded Poland, Second World War began.

1940: Hitler was at the height of his power.

1941: The USA joined Second World War.

1945: Allied victory in Europe, Hitler was defeated.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 2 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes History Chapter 2 SST Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Class 9 Notes Social Science History Chapter 2

CBSE Class 9 History Chapter 2 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. The powerful ideas of freedom and equality circulated in Europe after the French Revolution. In many parts of the world including Europe and Asia, new ideas about individual rights and who controlled social power began to be discussed.

2. Not everyone in Europe wanted a complete transformation of society. Responses varied from those who accepted that some change was necessary but wished for a gradual shift, to those who wanted to reconstruct society radically. Some were conservatives, others were liberals or radicals. Conservatives were opposed to radicals and liberals. After the French Revolution, however, even conservatives had opened their minds to the need for change.

3. Liberals and radicals opposed to the privileges the old aristocracy had by birth because they firmly believed in aristocracy had by birth because they firmly believed in the value of individual effort, labour and enterprise. So, many working men and women rallied around liberal and radical groups and parties in the early nineteenth century.

4. By the mid-nineteenth century in Europe, socialism attracted widespread attention. Socialist were against private property, and saw it as the root of all social evils of the time. They wanted that attention should be part to collective social interest.

5. Karl Marx was against capitalism. He believed that to free themselves from capitalist exploitation, workers had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled. This would be a communist society.

6. Socialists took over the government in Russia in 1917 by a eliminating monarchy there. But this came about after a long struggle.

7. In 1914, Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia and its empire. At that time, the vast majority of Russia’s people were agriculturists. Industries were few and were controlled by industrialists.

8. Russia was an autocracy. Unlike other European rulers, even at the beginning of the twentieth century, the Tsar was not subject to parliament. Liberals in Russia campaigned to end this system. The year 1904 was bad for Russian workers. Prices of essential goods rose so quickly that real wages declined by 20 percent. Hence, the workers in St. Petersburg went on strike demanding an increase in wages.

9. When the procession of workers reached the Winter Palace it was attacked by the police and the Cossacks. Hundreds of workers were killed and many were wounded. The incident, known as Bloody Sunday, started a series of events that came to be known as the 1905 Revolution.

10. During the 1905 Revolution, the Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative Parliament or Duma. But he dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and re-elected second Duma within three months. He did not want any reduction in his power. He changed the voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservative politicians.

11. In 1914, the first world war was broke out. In Russia, the war was initially popular and people rallied around the Tsar. But soon the number of his supporters went down, because he did not pay any heed to the soldier’s welfare.

12. The Russians Revolution of 1917 revolves around two primary events—the February Revolution and the October Revolution. The February Revolution brought down the monarchy in Russia through violent demonstrations and riots on the street of Petrograd.

13. But the February Revolution failed to express the wishes of the majority of the Russian population, as the event was primarily limited to the city of Petrograd.

14. However, most of those who took power after the February Revolution, in the Provisional Government that replaced the Tsar, and in the Petrograd Soviet generally favoured rule that was at least partially democratic.

15. The October Revolution, also called the Bolshevik Revolution, overturned the interim Provisional Government and established the Soviet Union.

16. After October, the Bolsheviks realised that they could not maintain power in an election-based system without sharing power with other parties and compromising their principles. As a result, they formally abandoned the democratic process in January 1918 and declared themselves the representatives of a dictatorship of the proletariat. In response, the Russian civil war broke out which lasted till 1920.

17. During the civil war, the Bolsheviks kept industries and banks nationalized. They permitted the peasants to cultivate the land that had been socialized. They also introduced centralized planning which led to economic growth.

18. The Bolsheviks encouraged colonial peoples to follow their experiment. Many non-Russians participated in the conference of the peoples of the East and the Bolshevik founded Comintern. By the time of the outbreak of the Second World War, the USSR had given socialism a global face but afterwards it began losing its popularity.

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Conservative: A person who favours free enterprise, private ownership, and holds traditional values.

Radical: A person who advocates thorough or complete political or social reform.

Liberal: A person who is open to new ideas.

Suffragette movement: A movement to give women the right to vote.

Autocracy: A system of government by one person with absolute power.

Jadidists: Muslim reformers within the Russian Empire.

Read wage: Reflects the quantities of goods which the wages will actually buy.

Deported: Forcibly removed from one’s own country.

Exiled: Forced to live away from one’s own country.

Collectivization: Consolidation of individual landholdings and labor into collective farms.

Socialism: A political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production distribution and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Kulaks: The name for well-to-do peasants in Russia.

Notes of History Class 9 Chapter 2 Time Period

1850s-1880s: Debates over socialism in Russia.

1898: Formation of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party.

1905: The Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of 1905.

1917: 2nd March- Abdication of the Tsar.

24th October- Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd.

1918-20: The Civil war in Russia.

1919: Formation of Comintern.

1929: Beginning of Collectivisation.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 1 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 SST The French Revolution will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

The French Revolution Class 9 Notes Social Science History Chapter 1

CBSE Class 9 History Chapter 1 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. In 1774, Louis XVI of the Bourbon family of kings ascended the throne of France. Upon his accession the new king found an empty treasury. So the state was forced to increase taxes.

2. French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates, but only the members of the third estate had to pay taxes. The third estate was comprised of big businessmen, merchants, court officials, peasants and artisans. The members of the first two estates, that is, the clergy and the nobility, enjoyed certain privileges by birth.

3. The phenomenal increase in the population of France in 1789 led to a rapid increase in the demand for food grains. As a result the price of bread rose rapidly. It became difficult for the poor to keep pace with the rise in prices. The gap between the poor and the rich widened.

4. In the eighteenth century there emerged new social groups, termed the middle class. The people belonging to this class were educated and believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth. Rather, a person’s social position must depend on this merit.

5. Philosophers such as John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu put forward the ideas of freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all. These philosophers refuted the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monarch.

6. At a time when general public was facing hard times, the news that Louis XVI planned to impose further taxes generated anger among them. They protested against the system of privileges. But as Louis XVI had to increase taxes, he called together an assembly of the Estates-General on 5 May 1789, to pass proposals for new taxes.

7. Voting in the Estates-General in the past had been conducted according to the principle that each estate had one vote. This time too Louis XVI was determined to continue the same practice. But the members of the third estate demanded that voting now be conducted by the assembly as a whole, where each member would have one vote. However, the king rejected their proposal which compelled them to walkout.

8. Meanwhile, the representatives of the third estate assembled in the grounds of Versailles on 20 June and declared themselves a National Assembly. They had drafted a constitution for France that would limit the powers of the monarch.

9. In the meantime the condition of the common mass in France worsened because of the bad harvest. Unaware of his subjects problem the king ordered troops to move into Paris on 4 July, the agitated crowed stormed and destroyed Bastille.

10. Louis XVI, could not suppress his revolting subjects and finally accorded recognition to the National Assembly and accepted the principle that his powers would from now on be checked by a constitution.

11. On the night of 4 August 1789, the Assembly passed a decree abolishing the feudal system of obligations and taxes. Members of the clergy too were forced to give up their privileges.

12. The National Assembly completed the draft of the constitution in 1791. Powers were now separated and assigned to different institutions-the legislature, executive and judiciary.

13. The constitution began with a Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Rights such as the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, equality before law, were established as natural rights.

14. But one wrong step of Louis XVI worsened the situation in France. Although he had signed the constitution, he entered into secret negotiations with the king of Prussia. In the meantime, the National Assembly declared war against Prussia and Austria. Thousands of volunteers joined the army. They saw this as a war of the people against kings and aristocracies all over Europe.

15. Large sections of population were in favour of the continuation of revolution, as the constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the richer sections of society. Political clubs came into existence. They wanted to plan their own forms of action. The most successful of these clubs was that of the Jacobins.

16. The members of the Jacobin club belonged mainly to the less prosperous sections of society. Their leader was Maximilian Robespierre.

17. In the summer of 1792 the Jacobins planned an insurrection of a large number of Parisians who were angered by the short supplies and high prices of food. On the morning of August 10 they stormed the Palace of the Tuileries, killed the king’s guards and held the king himself as hostage. Later, the Assembly imprisoned the royal family.

18. Louis XVI and his queen were sentenced to death in 1793. Thus, monarchy was abolished and France was made a republic. Then started the Reign of Terror in France under the leadership of Robespierre. But it could last for long. In July 1794, Robespierre was arrested and then sentenced to death.

19. The fall of the Jacobin government allowed the wealthier middle classes to seize power. But political instability continued which paved the way for the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte who crowned himself Emperor of France in 1804. He was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815.

20. The Ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution for the peoples of the world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

The French Revolution Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Livre: Unit of currency in the France, discontinued in 1794.

Clergy: Group of persons invested with special functions in the church.

Tithe: A tax levied by the church, comprising on tenth of the agricultural produce.

Taille: Tax to be paid directly to the state.

Subsistence: An extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered.

Chateau: (PI. chateaux)-Castle or stately residence belonging to a king or a nobleman.

Manor: An estate consisting of the lord’s lands and his mansion.

Treason: Betrayal of one’s country or government.

Guillotine: A device consisting of two poles and a blade with which a person is beheaded.

Negroes: A term used for the indigenous people of Africa south of the Sahara.

Emancipation: The act of freeing.

Marseillaise: The national anthem of France.

Sans-culottes: Those without knee-breeches.

Notes of History Class 9 Chapter 1 Time Period

1774: Louis XVI became the king of France.

1789: The Bastille was stormed.

1791: A constitution was framed to limit the power of the king.

1792-93: France became a republic, the king was beheaded.

1804: Napoleon became the emperor of France.

1815: Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo.

On this page, you will find Improvement in Food Resources Class 9 Notes Science Chapter 15 Pdf free download. CBSE NCERT Class 9 Science Notes Chapter 15 Improvement in Food Resources will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

CBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Notes Improvement in Food Resources

Improvement in Food Resources Class 9 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. The population of India is more than one billion people, and it is still growing. So, the need of the hour is to increase the food production. This can be done by farming on more land. India is already intensively cultivated, so the only way out is to increase our production efficiency for both crops and livestock.

2. There is a need for sustainable practices in agriculture and animal husbandry to increase food production without degrading our environment and disturbing the balances maintaining it.

3. Types of Revolutions Related to Increase in Food Production

• Green revolution: increase in food grain production.
• White revolution: increase in milk production.
• Blue revolution: increase in fish production.
• Yellow revolution: increase in oilseed crops production.
• Golden revolution: increase in pulse production.

4. Kharif season crops: These are grown in rainy season from the month of June to October. Paddy, soyabean, pigeon pea, maize, cotton, green gram and black gram are kharif crops.

5. Rabi season crops: These are grown in winter season from November to April. Wheat, gram, peas, mustard and linseed are Rabi crops.

6. Msyor groups of activities for improving crop yields

• Crop variety improvement
• Crop production improvement
• Crop protection management

7. Hybridisation: A crossing between genetically dissimilar plants is called hybridisation.

8. Types of hybridisation

• Intervarietal: crossing between different varieties.
• Interspecific: crossing between two different species of the same genus.
• Intergeneric: crossing between different genera.

9. Ways of improving crop: Hybridisation, polyploidy, recombinant DNA technology, genetic manipulation, mutation breeding, etc.

10. Some of the factors for which variety improvement is done are

• Higher yield
• Improved quality
• Biotic and abiotic resistance
• Change in maturity duration
• Wider adaptability
• Desirable agronomic characteristics
• Higher yield
• Improved quality
• Biotic and abiotic resistance
• Change in maturity duration
• Wider adaptability
• Desirable agronomic characteristics

11. Nutrients
There are sixteen nutrients which are essential for plants. Carbon and oxygen supplied by air, hydrogen comes from water, and the other thirteen nutrients supplied by soil to plants.

12. Types of Nutrients:

• Macronutrients: The nutrients which are required in large quantities. They are six.
• Micronutrients: The nutrients which are required in small quantities. They are seven.

13. Manure
Manure is prepared by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste and contains a lot of organic matter which helps in enriching soil with nutrients and increasing soil fertility. It is classified on the basis of kind of biological material used as:

• Compost: Compost is prepared by decomposition of the farm waste material like livestock excreta (cow dung etc.), vegetable waste, animal refuse, domestic waste, sewage waste, straw, eradicated weeds, etc., in pits.
• Vermi-compost: The compost is called as vermicompost if it is prepared by using earthworms to hasten the process of decomposition of plant and animal refuse.
• Green manure: Green plants like sun hemp or guar are grown and then mulched by ploughing them into the soil prior to the sowing of the crop seeds to enrich the soil in nitrogen and phosphorus.

14. Fertilisers: They are commercially produced plant nutrients which supply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to soil in order to increase the crop yield.

15. Organic farming: It is a farming system which focuses on the minimal or no use of chemicals like fertilisers, herbicides, pesticides, etc., and with a maximum input of organic manures, recycled farm-wastes (straw and livestock excreta), use of bio-agents, etc.

16. Irrigation systems
Wells, canals, river lift system, tank, etc., are used for irrigation. Some new initiatives like rainwater harvesting and watershed management are being used. For this small check-dams are constructed to stop the rainwater from flowing and lead to an increase in ground water levels.

17. Cropping Patterns

• Mixed cropping: Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land.
• Inter-cropping: Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in a definite pattern.
• Crop rotation: Growing two or more crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession.

18. Crop Protection Management

Weeds: The unwanted plants in the cultivated field which compete for food, space and light with the crop plant and reduce the growth of the crop. For example, Xanthium (gokhroo), Parthenium (gajar ghas), Cyperinus rotundus (motha).

Weed control methods: Mechanical removal, spray of chemicals called weedicides and preventive methods like proper seed bed preparation, timely sowing of crops, intercropping and crop rotation.

Three ways in which insect pests attack the plants

• They cut the root, stem and leaf,
• They suck the cell sap from various parts of the plant, and
• They bore into stem and fruits.

19. Insect and Pest control methods: Spray of chemicals like insecticides, pesticides, use of resistant varieties and summer ploughing in which fields are ploughed deep in summers to destroy weeds and pests, crop rotation and cropping systems.

Ways to reduce loss during storage of grains

• Proper treatment and systematic management of warehouses.
• They include strict cleaning of the produce before storage,
• Proper drying of the produce first in sunlight and then in shade
• Fumigation using chemicals that can kill pests.

Animal Husbandry

• The scientific management of animal livestock is called animal husbandry.
  Cattle husbandry is done for two purposes: milk and draught labour for agricultural work.
• Two species of Indian cattle: Bos indicus of cows and Bos bubalis of buffaloes.
• Milch animals: Milk-producing females of cattle are called milch animals (dairy animals).
• Draught animals: Animals used for farm labour are called draught animals.
• Lactation period: The period of milk production after the birth of a calf is called lactation period. Milk
• production can be increased by increasing the lactation period.
• Exotic or foreign breeds of cow: Jersey, Brown Swiss are selected for long lactation periods while Local breeds of cow: Red Sindhi, Sahiwal show excellent resistance to diseases.

Food requirements of dairy animals:
Their food requirements are of two types:

• Maintenance requirement, which is the food required to support the animal to live a healthy life.
• Milk producing requirement, which is the type of food required during the lactation period.

Two types of feed for animals are

• Roughage, which is largely fibre.
• Concentrates, which are low in fibre and have high levels of proteins and other nutrients.

20. Poultry farming: It is undertaken to raise domestic fowl called layers for egg production and the broilers for chicken meat.

21. Indigenous breed: Aseel; Exotic or foreign breed: Leghorn

Desirable traits of poultry

• number and quality of chicks;
• dwarf broiler parent for commercial chick production;
• summer adaptation capacity/tolerance to high temperature;
• low maintenance requirements;
• reduction in the size of the egg-laying bird with ability to utilise more fibrous cheaper diets formulated using agricultural by-products.

22. Fish production: It includes the finned true fish as well as shellfish such as prawns and molluscs.

23. Two ways of obtaining fish

• Capture fishery: Fish are obtained from natural resources in capture fishery.
• Culture fishery: Fish farming is called culture fishery.

24. Types of fish: The fish can be classified according to the water source from which they are obtained as Freshwater fishery and Marine fishery.

25. Inland or freshwater fisheries: Fresh water resources include canals, ponds, reservoirs and rivers. Example- Catla, Rohu, etc.

26. Marine fisheries: Marine fishery resources include 7500 km coastline and the deep seas beyond it. Some marine fish varieties are pomphret, mackerel, tuna, sardines and Bombay duck. Fishes like mullets, bhetki and pearl spots; shellfish such as prawns, mussels and oysters as well as seaweed are of high economic value.

27. Composite fish culture systems: A combination of five or six fish species is used in a single fish pond in the composite fish culture system. The selected species do not compete for food among them as they have different types of food habits.

28. The types of fishes used are:
Catlas are surface feeders, Rohus feed in the middle-zone of the pond, Mrigals and Common Carps are bottom feeders, and Grass Carps feed on the weeds. As a result, the food available in all the parts of the pond is used.

29. Bee Keeping: It is done for obtaining honey which is used in many medicinal preparations and bee wax which is used in cosmetics.

30. Local variety of bee: Apis cerana indica, commonly known as the Indian bee, Apis dorsata, the rock bee and Apis florae, the little bee.

31. Italian bee variety: Apis mellifera is the Italian variety of bee. It has the following advantages:

• They have high honey collection capacity.
• They sting somewhat less.
• They stay in a given beehive for long periods, and breed very well.

Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Notes Important Terms

Green revolution: The increase in food grain production is called green revolution.

White revolution: The increase in milk production is called white revolution.

Blue revolution: The increase in fish production is called as blue revolution.

Yellow revolution: The increase in oilseed crops production is called yellow revolution.

Golden revolution: The increase in pulse production is called golden revolution.

Kharif season crops: These crops are grown in rainy season from the month of June to October. Rabi season crops: These crops are grown in winter season from November to April.

Hybridisation: A crossing between genetically dissimilar plants is called as hybridisation. Macronutrients: The nutrients which are required in large quantities.

Micronutrients: The nutrients which are required in small quantities.

Manure: Manure is prepared by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste and helps in increasing soil fertility.

Vermi-compost: The compost prepared by using earthworms to hasten the process of decomposition of plant and animal refuse.

Fertilisers: They are commercially produced plant nutrients which supply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to soil in order to increase the crop yield.

Organic farming: The farming system which focuses on the minimal or no use of chemicals like fertilisers, herbicides, pesticides etc. and with a maximum input of organic manures, recycled farm- wastes (straw and livestock excreta), use of bio-agents, etc.

Mixed cropping: Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land.

Inter-cropping: Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in a definite pattern.

Crop rotation: Growing two or more crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession.

Weeds: The unwanted plants in the cultivated field which compete for food, space and light with the crop plant and reduce the growth of the crop.

Animal husbandry: The scientific management of animal livestock is called animal husbandry. Milch animals: Milk-producing females are called milch animals (dairy animals).

Draught animals: Animals used for farm labour are called draught animals.

Lactation period: The period of milk production after the birth of a calf is called lactation period. Capture fishing: Fish obtained from natural resources is capture fishing.

Culture fishery: Fish farming is called culture fishery.

Composite fish culture systems: A combination of five or six fish species is used in a single fish pond in the composite fish culture system.

On this page, you will find Natural Resources Class 9 Notes Science Chapter 14 Pdf free download. CBSE NCERT Class 9 Science Notes Chapter 11 Natural Resources will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

CBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 14 Notes Natural Resources

Natural Resources Class 9 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Natural resource: Any substance or material derived from nature that humans can use for their benefit. The resources on the Earth are land, water and air.

2. The outer crust and the upper mantle of the Earth is called lithosphere.

3. All the water on, under and above the surface of the Earth comprises the hydrosphere.

4. The blanket of air that covers the whole of the Earth is called atmosphere.

5. The atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere interact to constitute biosphere which is the life-supporting zone of the Earth i.e., living things are found where these three exist.

6. The two components of the biosphere are

• Biotic component: comprises of living things.
• Abiotic component: comprises of non-living things like air, water and soil.

7. Air is a mixture of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour.

8. Carbon dioxide constitutes up to 95-97% of the atmosphere on planets—Venus and Mars.

9. Carbon dioxide is produced by activities like:

• Respiration in eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
• Combustion (it includes burning of fuels to get energy and forest fires).

10. Carbon dioxide is ‘fixed’ in two ways:

• By green plants during photosynthesis to make glucose.
• Carbonates dissolved in sea water are used by many marine animals to make their shells.

11. Role of atmosphere:

• It keeps the average temperature of the Earth fairly constant.
• It prevents the sudden increase in temperature during the daylight hours.
•  It slows down the escape of heat into outer space during night.

12. The temperature ranges from -190°C to 110°C in the moon as it does not have atmosphere.

13. Changes occur in the atmosphere due to:

• Heating of air
• The formation of water vapour.

14. Convection currents are set up in air when the atmosphere gets heated from below by the radiation that is reflected back by the land or water bodies.

15. During the day in the coastal regions, the air above the land gets heated faster and warm air being lighter rises up thereby creating a region of low pressure. The air over the sea then moves towards the area of low pressure. The movement of air from one region to the other creates winds. At night, water cools down slower than the land, so the air above water would be warmer than the air above the land. This causes air over the land to move towards the region of low pressure over water.

16. Two main factors which influence winds:

• the rotation of the Earth
• the presence of mountain ranges in the paths of wind

17. Heating of water bodies and the activities of living organisms result in evaporation of water and formation of water vapour.

18. As the air containing water vapour rises up, it expands and cools to condense in the form of tiny droplets. This condensation of water is facilitated if particles like dust and other suspended particles act as the ‘nucleus’ for these drops to form around. Once the water droplets are formed, they grow bigger by the ‘condensation’ of these water droplets. These drops grow big and heavy and then fall down in the form of rain.

19. If the temperature of air is low, then precipitation may occur in the form of snow, sleet or hail.

20. The prevailing wind patterns in an area decide the rainfall patterns there.

21. The rains in India are mostly brought by the southwest or north-east monsoons.

22. The burning of fossil fuels like coal and petroleum releases:

• Oxides of nitrogen and sulphur which dissolve in rain to give rise to acid rain.
• Suspended particles which are unburnt carbon particles or substances called hydrocarbons. In cold weather conditions, high levels of these pollutants cause visibility to be lowered when water condenses out of air. This phenomenon is known as smog.

23. Most of the water on the Earth’s surface is found in seas and oceans and is saline.

24. Fresh water is found frozen in the ice-caps at the two poles and on snow covered mountains.

25. The underground water and the water in rivers, lakes and ponds is also fresh.

26. Water is essential for the various metabolic and the biochemical processes taking place in a living organism.

27. Water pollution is caused due to:

• Addition of undesirable substances (like pesticides, fertilisers, disease causing organisms)
• removal of desirable substances (like dissolved oxygen)
• Change in temperature of water (e.g., addition of hot water released from industries into rivers or the water released from dams into rivers which would be colder than water on the surface).

28. The outermost layer of our Earth is called the crust and the minerals found in this layer supply a variety of nutrients to life-forms.

29. Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and various organisms that together support life on Earth.

30. Soil is formed due to various physical, chemical and biological processes which result in breakdown of rocks into fine particles of soil over millions of years. The formation of soil occurs due to factors and processes like Sun, water, wind, living organisms and lichens.

31. Removal of useful components from the soil and addition of undesirable substances into it which adversely affect the fertility of the soil and kill the diversity of organisms that live in it, is called soil pollution.

32. Constant recycling of nutrients and materials occurs between the biotic and the abiotic components in an ecosystem. The pathway by which a chemical substance moves through biotic and abiotic components of the Earth is called biogeochemical cycle.

33. Nitrogen gas constitutes 78% of our atmosphere and is a part of many molecules like proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and some vitamins which are essential for life.

34. Legumes (like pulses) have nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules which convert the nitrogen molecules into nitrites and nitrates.

35. The high temperatures and pressures created in the air during lightning convert nitrogen into oxides of nitrogen which dissolve in water to give nitric and nitrous acids. They can be utilised by various living organisms when they fall on land along with rain.

36. The phenomenon in which the incoming sunlight is allowed to pass through the atmosphere but heat radiated back from the planet’s surface is trapped by the gases like carbon dioxide, water vapour and methane present in the atmosphere is called as greenhouse effect.

37. Increase in percentage of the gases like carbon dioxide and methane prevents escape of heat from the Earth. Greenhouse effect is responsible for the increase in average temperature worldwide and is causing global wanning.

38. Ozone is a molecule containing three atoms of oxygen with a formula of 03 and contains three atoms of oxygen. It is a poisonous gas but does not harm us as it is present in the upper reaches of the atmosphere. It plays an important role as it absorbs harmful radiations from the Sun which can harm living organisms.

39. Ozone layer is getting depleted due to the use of CFCs. CFCs are carbon compounds having both fluorine and chlorine which are very stable and not degraded by any biological process. These react with the ozone molecules and result in its reduction.

40. An ozone hole caused due to the reduction of ozone molecules has been discovered above the Antarctica.

Class 9 Science Chapter 14 Notes Important Terms

Natural resource: Anything that comes from nature and can be used by humans for various purposes is called a natural resource.

Lithosphere: The outer crust and the upper mantle part of the Earth is called the lithosphere.

Hydrosphere: All the water on, under and above the surface of the earth comprises the hydrosphere.

Atmosphere: The blanket of air that covers the whole of the Earth is called atmosphere.

Biosphere: The region comprising of lithosphere, hydrosphere and the atmosphere which can sustain life or living organisms is called biosphere.

Components of biosphere: The two components of biosphere are biotic (living) component and abiotic (non living) component.

Wind: Moving air is called wind.

Air pollution: The addition of undesirable substances in air which adversely affect its physical, chemical or biological characteristics is called air pollution.

Pollutant: The undesirable substances added to air, water or land which pollutes them is called pollutant.

Biodiversity: The variety of life forms present on Earth constitutes its biodiversity.

Water pollution: The addition of undesirable substances in water which adversely affect its physical, chemical or biological characteristics is called water pollution.

Biogeochemical cycle: The pathway by which a chemical substance moves through biotic and abiotic components of the Earth is called biogeochemical cycle.

Greenhouse effect: The phenomenon in which the incoming sunlight is allowed to pass through the atmosphere but heat radiated back from the planet’s surface is trapped by the gases like carbon dioxide, water vapour and methane present in the atmosphere is called greenhouse effect.

Ozone: The triatomic molecule of oxygen with formula 03 which prevents the harmful UV radiation of the Sun from reaching the earth’s surface.