CBSE Class 9

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Geography Chapter 1 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 1 SST India Size and Location will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time. India Size and Location

India Size and Location Class 9 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 1

CBSE Class 9 Geography Chapter 1 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. India lies entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. The mainland extends between latitudes 8°4′ N and 37°6′ N and longitudes 68°7′ E and 97°25′ E. The Tropic of Cancer divides the country in two halves. The landmass of India has an area of 3.28 million square km. India’s total area accounts for about 2.4 percent of the total geographical area of the world.

2.India has a land boundary of about 15,200 km and the total length of the coastline of the mainland including Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep is 7,516.65 km.

3. The Indian landmass has a central location between the East and West Asia. India is a southward extension of the Asian continent.

4. India occupies an important strategic position in South Asia. India has 29 states and 7 Union Territories. The neighbouring countries of India are-Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Maldives.

5. India has had strong geographical and historical links with her neighbours.

India Size and Location Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Longitude: It refers to the imaginary lines that bisect the globe through the North and South Poles the ones that run vertically, as opposed to the lines of latitude that run horizontally, parallel to the equator.

Latitude: The angular distance east or west on the earth’s surface, measured by the angle contained between the meridian of a particular place and some prime meridian, as that of Greenwich, England, and usually expressed in degrees.

Equator: The imaginary great circle around the earth’s surface equidistant from the poles and perpendicular to the earth’s axis of rotation. It divides the earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.

Mainland: A large continuous extent of land that includes the greater part of a country or territory, as opposed to offshore islands and detached territories.

Coastline: The land along a coast. A line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean, or a lake.

Pass: A gap or break in high, rugged terrain such as a mountain ridge.

Merchandise: Goods to be bought and sold.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Geography Chapter 2 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 2 SST Physical Features of India will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Physical Features of India Class 9 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 2

CBSE Class 9 Geography Chapter 2 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. The land of India displays great physical variation. Different geological periods have influenced her relief. Besides geographical formations, a number of processes such as weathering, erosion and disposition have created and modified the relief to its present form.

2. According to the theory of Plate tectonics, the upper part of the earth has been formed out of seven major and some minor plates. The movement of these plates are classified into three types- convergent boundary, divergent boundary and transform boundary.

3. The oldest landmass was a part of the Gondwana land. The Gondwana land included India, Australia, South Africa, South America and Antarctica as one single landmass.

4. Geologically, the Peninsular Plateau constitutes one of the ancient landmasses on the earth’s surface. The Himalayas and the Northern Plains are the most recent landforms.

5. The physical features of India can be grouped under six physiographic divisions-the Himalayan Mountains, the Northern Plains, the Peninsular Plateau, the Indian Desert, the Coasted Plains and the Islands.

6. The whole mountain system of Himalayas represents a very youthful topography with high peaks, deep valleys and fast-flowing rivers. The Himalayas consist of three parallel ranges in its longitudinal extent-The Great or Inner Himalayas or the Himadri, Himachal or lesser Himalayas and the Shivaliks.

7. Besides the longitudinal divisions, the Himalayas have been divided on the basis of regions from west to east-Punjab Himalayas, Kumaon Himalayas, the Nepal Himalayas and Assam Himalayas.

8. The Brahmaputra marks the easternmost boundary of the Himalayas known as the Purvachal or the eastern hills and mountains. The Purvachal comprises the Patkai hills and Naga hills, Manipur hills and the Mizo hills.

9. The Northern Plains are formed of alluvial deposits. The three major river systems of which the plain have been formed are-the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra along with their tributaries.

10. The Northern plains are broadly divided into three sections-The Punjab plains, the Ganga plain and the Brahmaputra plain. These plains have diverse relief features. According to the variations in relief features, they can be divided into four regions.

11. The largest part of the Northern Plains is formed of older alluvium. They lie above the floodplains of the rivers and is known as The newer, younger deposits of the flood plains are called khadar.

12. The Peninsular plateau is composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks with gently rising hills and wide valleys. This plateau consists of two broad divisions, namely, the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau. The Deccan Plateau is a triangular landmass that lies to the south of the river Narmada.

13. The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats mark the western and the eastern edges of the Deccan plateau respectively. The Western Ghats are continuous and are higher than the Eastern Ghats.

14. The Great Indian desert lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills. It is an undulating sandy plain covered with sand dunes. This region receives very low rainfall.

15. The coastal plains of India are located along the Arabian Sea coast in the west and along the Bay of Bengal coast in the east. According to their location to the east or west of the peninsular plateau, they are a called-East coastal plain and West coastal plain.

16. India has two groups of Islands-The Lakshadweep Islands groups and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Lakshadweep Islands groups lie close to the Malabar coast of Kerala and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located in the Bay of Bengal.

17. Different physiographic units highlights the unique features of each region. Each region complements the other and makes the country richer in its natural resources.

Physical Features of India Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Folding: A type of earth movement resulting from the horizontal compression of rock layers by internal forces of the earth along plate boundaries.

Faulting: A crack in the earth’s crust resulting from the displacement of one side with respect to the other.

Gondwana land: It is the southern part of the ancient supercontinent Pangea with Angara land in the northern part.

Tethys: The sedimentary rocks accumulated in the geosyncline.

Duns: The longitudinal valley lying between lesser Himalaya and the Shivaliks.

Alluvium: A deposit of clay, silt and sand left by flowing floodwater in a river valley or delta, typically producing fertile soil.

Doab: The term is made up of two words-‘do’ meaning two and ‘ab’ meaning water.

Distributaries: Branches of rivers that do not return to the mainstream after leaving it.

Terai: A wet, swampy and marshy region.

Kankar: The soil containing calcareous deposits.

Khadar: The newer, younger alluvium of the flood plains.

Bhangar: The older alluvium lying above the flood plains of the rivers and presenting a terrace like feature.

Central Highlands: The part of the Peninsular plateau lying to the north of the Narmada river covering a major area of the Malwa plateau.

Western Ghats: The western edges of the Deccan plateau.

Eastern Ghats: The eastern edges of the Deccan plateau.

Deccan Trap: The black soil area of the Peninsular plateau.

Barchans: Crescent-shaped dunes found in the desert regions.

Dune: A hill of loose sand built by wind or the flow of water.

Konkan: The northern part of the coast.

Kannad plain: The central stretch of level open land.

Coral polyps: Short-lived microscopic organisms, which live in colonies.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 6 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes History Chapter 6 SST Peasants and Farmers will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Peasants and Farmers Class 9 Notes Social Science History Chapter 6

CBSE Class 9 History Chapter 6 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. This lesson deals with the small cottages in England, the wheat farmers of the USA, and the opium producers of Bengal and what happened to them with the coming to modern agriculture.

2. It is England where the agriculture revolution first occurred. Over the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the English countryside changed dramatically.

3. Before this time in large parts of England the countryside was open where peasants cultivated, pastured their cows and grazed their sheep. For the poor, the common land was essential for survival.

4. But their life change miserably when common land began to be enclosed. Rich farmers drove them out and prevented them from entering the enclosed fields.

5. The early enclosures were usually created by individual landlords. They were not supported by the state or the church. After the mid-eighteenth century, however the enclosure movement swept through the countryside, changing the English landscape forever. The British Parliament legalized these enclosures.

6. Unlike the early enclosures that promoted sheep farming, the land being enclosed in the late eighteenth century was for grain production to feed the growing population.

7. Landlords were encouraged to enclose lands and enlarge the area under grain cultivation. Farmers at this time continued to use the simple innovations in agriculture that had become common by the early eighteenth century.

8. Enclosures allowed the richer landowners to expand the land under their control and produce more for the market. But it worsened the condition of the poor. They could no longer collect their firewood from the forests, or graze their cattle on the commons.

9. In places where enclosures happened on an extensive scale—the poor were displaced from the land. They found their customary rights gradually disappearing. Deprived of their rights and driven off the land, they wandered in search of work.

10. The introduction of threshing machines increased the miseries of the poor. The rich farmers bought the new threshing machines that had come into the market. This reduced their dependence on laborers. As a result, their income became instable, their jobs insecure, their livelihood precarious. For them the threshing machines had become a sigh of bad times.

11. At the time that common fields were being enclosed in England at the end of the eighteenth century, settled agriculture had not developed on any extensive scale in the USA. Forests covered over 800 millions acres and grasslands 600 million acres.

12. By the early nineteenth century, this landscape had transformed radically. White Americans had moved westward and established control upto the west coast, displacing local tribes and carving out the entire landscape into different agricultural belts.

13. The story of agrarian expansion is closely connected to the westward movement of the white settlers who took over the land. After the American War of Independence from 1775 to 1783 and the formation of the United States of America, the white Americans began to move westward and turn forests into cultivated fields.

14. From the late nineteenth century, wheat production expanded in the USA dramatically. By the early twentieth century about 45 million acres of land in the USA was under wheat. The area soon expanded to 74 million acres. This dramatic expansion was made possible by new technological innovations such as mechanical reapers, drills, tractors, etc.

15. For the poorer farmers, machines brought miseries. They became jobless because mechanization had reduced the need for labour. The boom of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries came to an end by the mid-1920s. There was large surplus wheat which lowered down its prices.

16. The expansion of wheat agriculture in the Great Plains created ecological problems too because zealous farmers had recklessly uprooted all vegetation, and tractors had turned the soil over, and broken the sod into dust. In the early twentieth century, the whole region had become a dust bowl.

17. In the colonial period, rural India produced a range of crops for the world market. In the early nineteenth century, indigo and opium were two of the major commercial crops. By the end of the century, peasants were producing sugar cane, cotton, jute, wheat and several other crops for export.

18. The history of opium production in India was linked up with the story of British trade with China. In the late eighteenth century, the English East India Company was buying tea and silk from China for sale in England. As tea became a popular English drink, the trade became very important.

19. But there was a problem. England at this time produced nothing that could be easily sold in China. Opium, they thought, could be sold in China so they persuaded Indian farmers to grow this commodity.

20. They introduced system of advances to trap the poor farmers of Bengal and Bihar. When offered a loan, they readily accepted it, hoping to meet their immediate needs and pay back the loan at a later stage. But the loan tied the peasants to the headmen and through him to the government.

21. By taking the loan, the cultivator was forced to grow opium on a specified area of land and handover the produce to the agents once the crop had been harvested. Here, it is worth mentioning that the prices given to the peasants were very low.

Peasants and Farmers Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Bushel: A measure of capacity.

Shillings: An English currency. (20 shillings = £ 1)

Commons: Land or resources belonging to or affecting the whole of a community.

Sod: Pieces of earth with grass.

Maund: A measure of weight. (1 maund = 40 seers. 1 seer is a little under a kg))

Opium: The dried latex obtained from the opium poppy.

Scythe: A machine used for mowing grass.

Agrarian: Relating to cultivated land or the cultivation of land.

Enclosure: An area that is surrounded by a barrier.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 5 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 SST Pastoralists in the Modern World will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Pastoralists in the Modern World Class 9 Notes Social Science History Chapter 5

CBSE Class 9 History Chapter 5 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Pastoralism has been important in societies like India and Africa. Here we will read about the way colonialism impacted their lives, and how they have coped with the pressures of modern society. Pastoralism in India-Pastoralists are found in mountains, plateaus, plains and deserts of India. In the mountains of Jammu and Kashmir are found the Gujjar Bakarwals. They are great herders of goat and sheep.

2. The Gaddi shepherds are found in Himachal Pradesh. Further to the east, in Garhwal and Kumaon, the Gujjar cattle herders can be seen.

3. These pastoral communities moved annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds. They had to adjust to seasonal changes and make effective use of available pastures in different places. When the pasture was exhausted or unusable in one place they moved their herds and flock to new areas.

4. Dhangars were an important pastoral community of Maharashtra. They stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra during the monsoon, grew bajra and moved west by October. After a march of about one month they reached the Konkan where they lived till the onset of monsoon. Afterwards, they left the Konkan and the coastal areas with their flocks and returned to the settlements on the dry plateau.

5. In Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, the dry central plateau was inhabited by cattle, goat and sheepherders. The Gollas herded cattle. The Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets.

6. Banjaras were well-known group of graziers. They were to be found in the villages of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

7. In the deserts of Rajasthan lived the Raikas. They combined cultivation with pastoralism. One group of Raikas-known as the Maru (desert) Raikas-herded camels and another group reared sheep and goat.

8. The life of pastoralists changed dramatically during the colonial rule. Their grazing grounds shrank, their movements were regulated, and the revenue they had to pay increased.

9. The colonial government enacted Forest Acts which prevented pastoralists from entering many forests that had earlier provided valuable forage for their cattle.

10. The British officials were suspicious of nomadic people. Since they kept on moving from one place to another, they were considered to be criminal. In 1871, the colonial government in India passed the Criminal Tribes Act to check their movement.

11. As pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields, the existing animal stock had to feed on whatever grazing land remained. This led to continuous intensive grazing of these pastures. As a result of this the quality of pastures declined. This in turn created a further shortage of forage for animals and the deterioration of animal stock.

12. Some pastoralists reduced the number of cattle in their herds, because there was dearth of enough pastures. Others discovered new pastures when movement to old grazing grounds became difficult. And thus, pastoralists continue to survive. In many regions their numbers have also expanded over recent decades.

13. Pastoralism in Africa-Over half the world’s pastoral population lives in Africa. Even today, over 22 million Africans depend on some form of pastoral activity for their livelihood. They include communities like Bedouins, Berbers, Maasai, Somali, Boran and Turkana.

14. Like pastoralists in India, the lives of African pastoralists have changed dramatically over the colonial and post-colonial periods. We can take example of one pastoral community-the Maasai-whose life changed when new laws and regulations were imposed on them by the colonial government.

15. The Maasai cattle herders live primarily in east Africa in Kenya and Tanzania. Before colonial times, Maasai land stretched over a vast area from north Kenya to the steppes of northern Tanzania. In the late nineteenth century, their best grazing lands were gradually taken over for white settlement and they were pushed into a small area in south Kenya and north Tanzania.

16. From the late nineteenth century, the British colonial government in east Africa also encouraged local peasant communities to expand cultivation. As a result, pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields. Large areas of grazing land were also turned into game reserves like the Maasai Mara and Samburu National Park in Kenya and Serengeti Park in Tanzania.

17. The loss of the finest grazing lands and water resources created pressure on the small area of land that the Maasai were confined within. Continuous grazing within a small area deteriorated the quality of pastures.

18. Like the Maasai, other pastoral groups were also forced to live within the confines of special reserves. The boundaries of these reserves became the limits within which they could now move.

19. The new territorial boundaries and restrictions imposed on them suddenly changed the loves of pastoralists. This adversely affected their pastoral and trading activities.

20. Pastoral communities in different parts of the world are affected in a variety of different ways by changes in the modem world. New laws and new borders affect the patterns of their movement. Yet, they do adapt to new times. They change the paths of their annual movement and reduce their cattle number but at the same time also demand a right in the management of forests and water resources.

Pastoralists in the Modern World Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Nomads: People who do not live in one place but move from one area to another to earn their living.

Pastoralism: The branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal | husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, etc.

Kafila: When several households come together for a journey, it is known as

Bhabar: A dry forested area below the foothills of Garhwal and Kumaun.

Bugyal: Vast meadows in the high mountains.

Kharif: The autumn crop, usually harvested between September and October.

Rabi: The spring crop, usually harvested after March.

Stubble: Lower ends of grain stalks left in the ground after harvesting.

Customary rights: Rights that people are used to by custom and tradition.

Livestock: Cattle, goats and sheep.

Drought: A period of below-average precipitation in a given region, resulting in prolonged shortages in its water supply.

Forage: Plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by grazing livestock.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 SST Forest Society and Colonialism will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Forest Society and Colonialism Class 9 Notes Social Science History Chapter 4

CBSE Class 9 History Chapter 4 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Forests treasure valuable resources. They provide us many things, such as paper, gum, honey, rubber, fruits, flowers and many other things.

2. Forest area is fast disappearing due to various reasons. The process of deforestation began many centuries ago; but under colonial rule it became more systematic and extensive.

3. In the colonial period, cultivation expanded rapidly for a variety of reasons. The British thought that forests were unproductive. They were considered to be wilderness that had to be brought under cultivation so that the land could yield agricultural products and revenue. This led to the clearance of forests.

4. By the 1830s, trees were felled on a massive scale and vast quantities of timber were exported from India to England.

5. The spread of railways from the 1850s also led to deforestation. Large areas of natural forests were also cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europe’s growing need for these commodities.

6. In order to manage the forests the British made Dietrich Brandis, a German expert, the first Inspector General of Forests in India. Brandis thought that felling of trees and grazing should be restricted in order to preserve forests for timber production. Hence, rules about the use of forest resources were made. Anybody who cut trees without permission was punished.

7. Brandis introduced ‘scientific forestry’ in which natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down. In their place, one type of tree was planted in straight rows.

8. In 1865, the Forest Act was enacted. It was amended twice, once in 1878 and then in 1927. The 1878 Act divided forests into three categories-reserved, protected and village forests. The best forests were called ‘reserved forests’. Villagers could not take anything from these forests.

9. The Forest Act meant severe hardship for villagers across the country. After the Act, all their everyday practices such as grazing cattle, collecting fruits and roots, etc., became illegal.

10. The British government also banned shifting cultivation. As a result, many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. The new forest laws also deprived the forest dwellers of their customary rights to hunt. Those who were caught hunting were now punished for poaching.

11. Some people, however, benefited from the new opportunities that had opened up in trade. Many communities started trading in forest products such as hides, horns silk cocoons, bamboo, spices, fibres, grasses, gums and resins, etc.

12. New opportunities of work did not always mean improved well-being for the people. In Assam, both men and women from forest communities like Santhals and Oraons from Jharkhand, and Gonds from Chhattisgarh were recruited to work on tea plantations. Their wages were low and conditions of work were very bad.

13. In many parts of India, and across the world, forest communities rebelled against the changes that were being imposed on them. The first rebellion took place in Bastar district in Madhya Pradesh in 1910 which was suppressed by the British troops.

14. The colonial power in Indonesia were the Dutch and there were many similarities in the laws for forest control in Indonesia and India. Java in Indonesia is where the Dutch started forest management. Like the British, they wanted timber from Java to build ships.

15. The Dutch enacted forest laws in Java, restricting villagers access to forests. They were punished for grazing cattle in young stands, transporting wood without a permit, or travelling on forest roads with horse carts or cattle.

16. Around 1890, Surontiko Samin of Randublating village, a teak forest village, began questioning state ownership of the forest. He argued that the state could not own wind, water, earth and wood. Soon a widespread movement developed.

17. War and deforestation are closely related. The two world wars had a major impact on forests. In India, the forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs. In Java, just before the Japanese occupied the region, the Dutch followed ‘a scorched earth’ policy, destroying sawmills, and burning huge piles of giant teak logs so that they would not fall into Japanese hands.

18. Conservation of forests has now become and important goal. The government has recognized that in order to meet this goal, the people who live near the forests must be involved.

Forest Society and Colonialism Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Deforestation: The disappearance of forests.

Sleepers: Wooden planks laid across railway tracks; they hold the tracks in position.

Plantation: Planting of one type of trees in straight rows.

Scientific forestry: A system of cutting trees controlled by the forest department in which old trees are cut and new ones planted.

Poaching: The illegal practice of trespassing on another’s property to hunt or steal game without the landowner’s permission.

Pargana: Cluster of villages.

Notes of History Class 9 Chapter 4 Time Period

1850s: the spread of railways started from this period.

1860s: The railway network expanded rapidly from this period.

1864: The Indian Forest Service was set up.

1865: The Forest Act was enacted.

1878: The Forest Act was amended.

1910: Rebellion took place in the Kingdom of Bastar.

1927: The Forest Act was amended.