CBSE Class 9

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Civics Chapter 2 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 SST What is Democracy? Why Democracy? will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

What is Democracy? Why Democracy? Class 9 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 2

CBSE Class 9 Civics Chapter 2 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people. It is the most prevalent form of government in the world today and it is expanding to more countries. It is better than other forms of government.

2. In a democracy, major decisions are taken by those elected by the people. A democracy must be based on a free and fair election where those currently in power have a fair chance of losing.

3. Democracy is based on a fundamental principle of political equality. It means that in a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.

4. A democratic government cannot do whatever it likes, simply because it has won an election. It has to respect some basic rules. In particular it has to respect some guarantees to the minorities.

5. Democracy is better than other forms of government because it is a more accountable form of government. It improves the quality of decision-making and enhances the dignity of citizens. Democracy also allows us to correct its own mistakes.

6. arguments are given against democracy-leaders keep changing in democracy which leads to instability, democracy is all about political competition and power play, democracy leads to corruption for it is based on electoral competition, etc.

7. Democracy cannot get us everything and it is not the solution to all problems. But it is clearly better than any other alternatives that we know. It offers better chances of a good decision.

8. The most common form that democracy takes in our times is that of representative democracy. In the countries we call democracy, all the people do not rule. A majority is allowed to take decisions on behalf of all the people. Even the majority does not rule directly. The majority of people rule through their elected representatives.

9. It is also important to distinguish between a democracy and a good democracy. A good democracy is dedicated for the cause of the poor and the helpless. A good democracy is that which provides every citizen equal right to vote, equal information, basic education and equal resources.

10. No country is a perfect democracy. However, every democracy has to try to realise the ideals of a democratic decision-making. This cannot be achieved once and for all. This requires a constant effort to save and strengthen democratic forms of decision-making.

11. We as citizens can also play important role in making our country more or less democratic. Other forms of government do not require all citizens to take part in politics. But democracy depends on active political participation by all the citizens.

What is Democracy? Why Democracy? Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Democracy: A form of government in which rulers are elected by the people.

Contemporary: Living or occurring at the same time.

Election: A formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office.

Designation: A official name, description, or title.

Malpractices: Injurious, negligent, or improper practices.

Campaign: An organised effort which seeks to influence the decision-making process within a specific group.

Autocratic: Relating to a ruler who has absolute power.

Accountable: Required or expected to justify actions or decisions; responsible.

Minority: The smaller number or part, especially a number or part representing less than half of the whole.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Geography Chapter 6 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 6 SST Population will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Population Class 9 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 6

CBSE Class 9 Geography Chapter 6 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Population is an important topic in social studies. Everything such as resources, calamities, disasters, etc. are meaningful only in relation to human beings.

2. Human beings are producers and consumers of earth’s resources. Therefore, it is important to know how many people are there in a country, where do they live, how and why their numbers are increasing and what are their characteristics. The Census of India provides us with information regarding the population of our country.

3. India’s population as on March 2011 stood at 1,210 million, which account for 17.5 per cent of the world’s population. These 1.21 million people are unevenly distributed.

4. The 2011 Census data reveals that Uttar Pradesh with a population size of 199 million people is the most populous state of India. On the other hand, Sikkim has a population of just about 0.6 million and Lakshadweep has only 64,429 thousand people.

5. Almost half of India’s population lives in just five states-Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh.

6. The population density of India in the year 2011 was 382 persons per sq. km. Densities vary from 1,102 persons per sq. km in Bihar to only 17 persons per sq. km in Arunachal Pradesh.

7. The numbers, distribution and composition of the population are constantly changing due to births, deaths and migrations.

8. Growth of population can be expressed in two ways-in terms of absolute numbers and in terms of percentage change per year.

9. India’s population has been steadily increasing from 361 million in 1951 to 1210 million in 2011. From 1951 to 1981, the annual rate of population growth was steadily increasing. Since 1981, however the rate of growth started declining gradually.

10. The declining trend of the growth rate is indeed a positive indicator of the efforts of birth control.

11. There are three main processes of change of population-birth rates, death rates and migration. The natural increases of population is the difference between birth rates and death rates.

12. In India, most migrations have been from rural to urban areas which provide increased employment opportunities and better living conditions.

13. The urban population has increased from 17.29 per cent of the total population in 1951 to 31.80 per cent in 2011. There has been a significant increase in the number of million-plus cities from 35 to 53 in just one decade, i.e. 2001 to 2011.

14. Age composition is one of the most basic characteristics of a population.

15. The population of a nation is generally grouped into three broad categories—Children below 15 years, Working age (15-59 years) and Aged (above 59 years).

16. Sex ratio is an important social indicator to measure the extent of equality between males and females in a society at a given time. The sex ratio in the country has always remained unfavourable to females.

17. Literacy is an important quality of a population. Low levels of literacy are a serious obstacle for economic improvement.

18. The percentage of population that is economically active is an important index of development.

19. A great number of occupations are found in any country. These occupations are generally classified as primary, secondary and tertiary.

20. The percentage of people working in different activities varies in developed and developing countries. Developed nations have a high proportion of people in secondary, and tertiary activities. Developing countries tend to have a higher proportion of their workforce engaged in primary activities.

21. Health is an important component of population composition. Sustained efforts of government programmes have made significant improvements in the heath conditions of the Indian population.

22. Despite considerable achievements, the health situation is a matter of major concern for India. The per capita calorie consumption is much below the recommended levels and malnutrition afflicts a large percentage of our population.

23. Adolescent population constitutes one-fifth of the total population of India. Adolescents are generally grouped in the age-grouped of 10 to 19 years. They are the most important resource for the future.

24. The diet available to adolescents is inadequate in all nutrients. A large number of adolescent girls suffer from anaemia.

25. The National Population Policy (NPP) provides a policy framework for imparting free and compulsory school education up to 14 years of age, reducing infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live births, achieving universal immunisation of children against all vaccine-preventable diseases, etc.

26. Education and heath should be given much importance because a well-educated healthy population can play an important role in country’s development.

Population Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Adolescence: A period in which a person is no longer a child and not yet an adult. Such persons are grouped in the age-group of 10 to 19 years.

Birth rate: The number of live births for every 100 persons in a year.

Census: An official enumeration of population done periodically.

Population density: The number of persons per unit area.

Population growth: Change in the number of inhabitants of a country/territory during a specific period of time.

Death rate: The number of deaths per thousand persons in a year.

Migration: The movement of people across regions and territories.

Sex ratio: The number of females per thousand males.

Literacy: The ability to read, write and use arithmetic.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Geography Chapter 5 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 5 SST Natural Vegetation and Wildlife will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Class 9 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 5

CBSE Class 9 Geography Chapter 5 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. India has a wonderful plant diversity. It is blessed with about 47,000 plant species. There are about 15,000 flowering plants in our country which account for 6 per cent in the world’s total number of flowering plants.

2. India also has approximately 90,000 species of animals as well as a rich variety of fish in its marine waters.

3. Natural vegetation grows naturally without human aid. Cultivated crops and fruits, orchards form part of vegetation but not natural vegetation.

4. The huge diversity in flora and fauna kingdom is due to the factors, such as—relief (land and soil), climate (temperature, sunlight and precipitation) and ecosystem.

5. All the plants and animals in an area are interdependent and inter-related to each other in their physical environment.

6. Human beings are also integral part of the ecosystem. They utilise vegetation and wildlife. But their greed leads to over-utilisation of these resources.

7. There are five types of vegetation-tropical evergreen, tropical deciduous, tropical thorn forests and scrubs, montane and mangrove forests.

8. Tropical evergreen forests are found in the heavy rainfall areas. They are at their best in areas having more than 200 cm of rainfall with a short dry season. The trees reach great heights up to 60 metres or even above. Trees like ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber and cinchona and animals like elephants, monkeys, lemur and deer are found in these forests.

9. Tropical deciduous forests are also called the monsoon forests and spread over the region receiving rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm. On the basis of the availability of water, these forests are divided into moist and dry deciduous. Trees like teak, sal, peepal and neem and animals such as lion, pig, deer and elephants are found in these forests.

10. The thorn forests and scrubs are found in regions with less than 70 cm of rainfall. Acacias, palms, euphorbias and cacti are the main plant species. Animals such as rats, mice, rabbits tigers, etc. are found in these forests.

11. Montane forests are found in mountainous areas. Trees like oaks and chestnuts are found between a height of 1000 and 2000 metres. Between 1500 and 3000 metres, temperate forests containing coniferous trees like pine, deodar, silver fir, etc. are found. The common animals found in these forests are Kashmir stag, spotted deer, wild sheep, jackrabbit, Tibetan antelope, etc.

12. The mangrove tidal forests are found in the areas of coasts influenced by tides. Trees such as Sundari, palm, coconut, keora, etc. are found in these forests. Royal Bengal Tiger is the famous animal in these forests.

13. Wildlife: India is equally rich in its fauna. It has approximately 90,000 of animal species. Its shares between 5 and 8 per cent of the world’s amphibians, reptiles and mammals.

14. The elephants are found in the hot wet forests of Assam, Karnataka and Kerala. One-horn rhinoceroses live in swampy and marshy lands of Assam and West Bengal.

15. India is the only country in the world that has both tigers and lions. The natural habitat of the Indian lion in the Gir forest in Gujarat. Ladakh’s freezing high altitudes are home to yak, the shaggy homed wild ox, etc.

16. In the rivers, lakes and coastal areas, turtles, crocodiles and gharials are found. Birdlife in India is colourful. Peacocks, pheasants, ducks, parakeets, cranes and pigeons are found in the forests and wetlands of the country.

17. Due to excessive exploitation of the plants and animal resources by human beings, the ecosystem has been disturbed. About 1,300 plant species are endangered and 20 species are extinct.

18. Fourteen biosphere reserves have been set up in the country to protect flora and fauna. Project Tiger, Project Rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard and many other eco-developmental projects have been introduced by the government. National Parks, Wildlife sanctuaries and zoological gardens have been set up to protect natural heritage.

Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Vegetation: Plants considered collectively, especially those found in a particular area or habitat.

Flora: Plants a particular region or period.

Fauna: Species of animals.

Brome: A very large ecosystem on land having distinct types of vegetation and animal life.

Wildlife: Wild animals collectively, the native fauna and sometimes flora of a region.

Ecosystem: A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Geography Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 4 SST Climate will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Climate Class 9 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 4

CBSE Class 9 Geography Chapter 4 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time.

2. Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere over an area at any point of time.

3. The elements of weather and climate are the same i.e., temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation.

4. The climate of India is described as the monsoon type. Temperature and precipitation vary from place to place and season to season.

5. In upper parts of Himalayas precipitation is mostly in the form of snowfall but in the rest of the country it rains. Most parts of the country receives rainfall from June to September. There is decrease in rainfall generally from east to west in the Northern Plains.

6. There are six major controls of the climate of any place-latitude, altitude, pressure and wind system, distance from the sea, ocean currents and relief features.

7. India’s climate has characteristics of tropical as well as sub-tropical climates. The Himalayas in the north of India prevent the cold winds from Central Asia from entering the sub-continent.

8. The climate and associated weather conditions in India are governed by-pressure and surface winds, upper air circulation; and western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones.

9. The pressure and wind conditions over India are unique. During winter, there is a high-pressure area north of the Himalayas. In summer, a low-pressure area develops over interior Asia as well as over northwestern India.

10. The climate of India is strongly influenced by monsoon winds. The monsoons are experienced in the tropical area roughly between 20°N and 20°S.

11. The duration of monsoon in India is between 100-120 days from early June to mid-September. It arrives at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula by the first week of June. Subsequently, it proceeds into two-the Arabian sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch.

12. The Arabian sea branch reaches Mumbai by the 10^th of June and the Bay of Bengal branch arrives in Assam in the first week of June. Both these branches merge over the northwestern part of the Ganga plains.

13. The retreat of the monsoon begins in northwestern states of India by early September. By mid- October, it withdraws completely from the northern half of the peninsula. By early December, the monsoon has withdrawn from the rest of the country.

14. Four seasons can be identified in India-the cold-weather season, the hot weather season, the advancing monsoon and the retreating monsoon with some regional variations.

15. The cold-weather season begins from mid-November in northern India and stays till February. The hot-weather season remains from March to May. The rainy season starts from early June. By the beginning of October, the monsoon withdraws from the Northern plains.

16. December and January are the coldest in the northern part of India. The summer months experience rising temperature and falling air pressure in this part.

17. ‘Loo’ is a striking feature of the hot weather season. It blows over the north and northwestern India.

18. The retreat of monsoon is marked by clear skies and rise in temperature. While day temperature are high, nights are cool and pleasant.

19. Distribution of rainfall varies from place to place. It is highest in parts of western coast and northeastern India and lowest in western Rajasthan and adjoining parts of Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab.

20. Areas of high rainfall are liable to be affected by floods and areas of low rainfall are drought-prone.

21. The uncertainties of rain and uneven distribution are very much typical of the monsoons. The Indian landscape, its animal and plant life, its entire agriculture calender and the life of the people, revolve around this phenomenon.

Climate Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Weather: The state of atmosphere over an area of at any point of time.

Climate: The sum total of weather conditions and variation over a large area for a long period of time.

Monsoon: The seasonal prevailing wind in the region of South and South East Asia, blowing from the south-west between May and September and bringing rain.

Precipitation: Rain, snow, sleet or hail that falls to or condenses on the ground.

Loo: Strong, gusty, hot, dry winds blowing during the day over the north and north-western India.

Mahawat: The local name for the total amount of winter rainfall.

Relief: The highest and lowest elevation points in an area.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Geography Chapter 3 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 SST Drainage will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Drainage Class 9 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 3

CBSE Class 9 Geography Chapter 3 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. The term ‘Drainage’ describes the river system of an area. The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin.

2. Any mountain or an upland separating two drainage basins is called a water divide.

3. The Indian rivers are divided into two major groups

• the Himalayan rivers and
• The peninsular rivers.

4. Some of the features of the Himalayan rivers are-they are perennial, they have long courses from heir source to the sea, they perform intensive erosional activity in their upper courses and carry huge loads of silt and sand.

5. Some of the features of the Peninsular rivers are-they are seasonal, they have shorter and shallower courses as compared to the Himalayan rivers, most of them originate in the Western Ghats and flow towards the Bay of Bengal.

6. The streams within a drainage basin form certain patterns, depending on the slope of land, underlying rock structure as well as the climatic conditions of the area.

7. Types of drainage patterns are-dendrite, trellis, rectangular and radial patterns.

8. The major Himalayan rivers are-the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. The river Indus rises in Tibet, near Lake Mansarovar. It flows through Baltistan and Gilgit and emerges from the mountains at Attock. The Indus plain has a very gentle slope. The Indus is one of the longest rivers of the world.

9. The Ganga emerges from the mountains on to the plains at Haridwar. The river is joined by tributaries such as the Yamuna, the Ghaghara, the Gandak and the Kosi. The length of the Ganga is over 2500 km.

10. The Brahmaputra is slightly longer than the Indus and most of its course lies outside India. The river rises in Tibet east of Mansarovar lake. It flows eastwards parallel to the Himalayas. Every year during the rainy season, the river overflows its banks, causing widespread devastation due to floods in Assam and Bangladesh.

11. Major rivers of the Peninsula such as the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri flow eastwards and drain into the Bay of Bengal. These rivers make deltas at their mouths. The Narmada and the Tapi flow west and make estuaries.

12. The Narmada rises in the Amarkantak hills in the Madhya Pradesh. On its way to the sea, it creates many picturesque sites. The Narmada basin covers parts of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

13. The Tapi rises in the Satpura ranges, in the Betul district of Madhya Pradesh. Its basin covers parts of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

14. The Godavari, the largest Peninsular river, rises in the Nasik district of Maharashtra. Its basin covers parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.

15. The Mahanadi rises in the highlands of Chhattisgarh. Its drainage basin is shared by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha.

16. The Krishna rises from a spring near Mahabaleshwar. It drains into the Bay of Bengal. Its drainage basin is shared by Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

17. The Kaveri rises in the Brahmagri range of the Western Ghats and it reaches the Bay of Bengal in south of Cuddalore, in Tamil Nadu. Its basin drains parts of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

18. India has many lakes which differ from each other in size, and other characteristics. Most lakes are permanent while some contain water only during the rainy season.

19. Some of the lakes have come into existence as the result of the action of glaciers and ice sheets while the others have been formed by wind, river action and human activities.

20. Most of the fresh-water lakes are in the Himalayan region. The Wular lake in Jammu and Kashmir is the largest freshwater lake in India. Some lakes such as Guru Gobind Sagar have been artificially created by damming of rivers for power generation.

21. Rivers play an important role in country’s economy. Their water is used for irrigation, navigation, hydro-power generation, etc.

22. Excess use of river water has affected its quality. Untreated sewage and industrial effluents are emptied into the rivers as a result of which their self-cleansing capacity is lost.

23. Increasing urbanization and industrialization are also major reasons of river pollution. It is high time to think over it and do accordingly.

Drainage Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Drainage: The river system of an area.

Drainage basin: The area drained by a single river system.

Water divide: Any mountain or an upland that separates two drainage basins is called a water divide.

Perennial rivers: Rivers having water throughout the year.

River system: A river along with its tributaries.

Seasonal rivers: Rivers having water only during rainy season.

Floodplain: An area of low-lying ground adjacent to a river, formed mainly of river sediments and subject to flooding.

River delta: A landform that forms from deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or standing water.

Gorges: Deep, narrow valleys with a stream or river running along their bottom.

Bhagirathi: The headwaters of the Ganga.

Tributary: A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake.

Glacier: A slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles.

Distributary: A branch of a river that does not return to the mainstream after leaving it as in a delta.

Meander: A winding curve or bend in a river.

Rift valley: A linear-shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a geologic rift or fault.

Lake: A large area of water surrounded by land.

Sea: A lake of large extent.

Trough: A narrow depression as in the earth or between ocean waves or in the ocean bed. A narrow channel, gutter or gulley.