CBSE Class 9

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Economics Chapter 1 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 1 SST The Story of Village Palampur will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

The Story of Village Palampur Class 9 Notes Social Science Economics Chapter 1

CBSE Class 9 Economics Chapter 1 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Farming is the main production activity in the village. Other activities are small scale manufacturing, dairy, transport, etc. However, these activities are carried on a limited scale.

2. All the production activities need various types of resources such as natural resources, man-made items, human effort, money, etc. These resources are combined to produce the desired goods and services in the village.

3. There are four requirements for production of goods and services-land, labour, physical capital and human capital. These are called factors of production.

4. Land area under cultivation is practically fixed in the village. However, over the years there have been many important changes in the way farming is practised. These have allowed the farmers to produce more crops from the same amount of land. But in raising production a great deal of pressure has been put on land and other natural resources.

5. The new ways of farming need less land, but much more capital. The medium and large farmers are able to arrange for capital during the next season. But the small farmers, who constitute about 80 per cent of total farmers in India, find it difficult to obtain capital.

6. Small farmers have small size of plots, so their production is not enough. These farmers have to do additional work as farm labourers to feed themselves and their families.

7. Labour being the most abundant factor of production, it would be ideal if new ways of farming used much more labour. But such a thing has not happened. The use of labour on farms is limited. The labour, looking for opportunities is thus migrating to neighbouring villages, towns and cities. Some labour has entered the non-farm sector in the village.

8. At present, the non-farm sector in the village is not very large. Though there is a variety of non-farm activities in the villages, the number of people employed in each is quite small.

9. Unlike farming, non-farming activities require little land. People with some amount of capital can set up non-farm activities. To obtain capital, one can either use his own savings, or can take a loan. It is important that loan be available at low rate of interest so that even people without saving can start some non-farm activity.

10. Another thing which is essential for expansion of non-farm activities is to have markets where the goods and services produced can be sold. In Palampur, the neighbouring villages, towns and cities provide the markets for milk, jaggery, wheat, etc.

11. Opportunities for non-farm activities in villages would increase if they get connected to towns and cities through good roads, transport and telephone.

The Story of Village Palampur Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Goods: In economics, good are materials that satisfy human wants and provide utility.

Services: A system supplying a public need such as transport, communications, or utilities, such as electricity and water.

Production: The action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured.

Land: Primary input and factor of production which is not consumed but without which no production is possible.

Physical capital: A factor of production or input into the process of production, such as machinery, buildings or computers.

Fixed capital: That portion of the total capital outlay that is invested in fixed assets such as land, buildings, vehicles, plant and equipment, that stay in the business almost permanently, or over many years.

Working capital: Raw materials and money in hand are called working capital.

Human capital: The skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an individual or population, viewed in terms of their value or cost to an organisation or country.

Pesticide: A substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.

Multiple cropping: Growing more than one crop on a price of land during the year.

Capital: Wealth other than land which is used in production of goods or services.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Civics Chapter 6 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 6 SST Democratic Rights will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Democratic Rights Class 9 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 6

CBSE Class 9 Civics Chapter 6 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Elections and institutions are major elements of a democratic government, no doubt, but if these two elements are combined with a third element called enjoyment of rights, the government becomes more democratic.

2. Citizens democratic rights are important and they should not be violated in any circumstances. We need rights because we cannot lead a smooth life without them.

3. All of us want to live happily, without fear and without being subjected to degraded treatment. For this we expect others to behave in such a way that does not harm us or hurt us. Equally, our actions should not harm or hurt others. So a right is possible when one makes a claim that is equally possible for others.

4. Rights have to be recognized by the society we live in. What is recognized by the society as rightful becomes the basics of rights.

5. When the socially recognized claims are written into law they acquire real force and they become enforceable. We can then demand their application. When fellow citizens or the government do not respect these rights we can approach courts to protect our rights.

6. A democracy can run smoothly if its citizens have certain rights, such as the right to vote, the right to be elected to government, etc.

7. Rights also protect ministries from the oppression of majority. They ensure that the majority cannot do whatever it likes.

8. It is the duty of the government to protect the citizens’ right. But sometimes elected governments may not protect or may even attack the rights of their own citizens. That is why some rights are placed higher than the government, so that the government cannot violate them.

9. In India, like most other democracies in the world, the basic rights of the citizens are written down in the Constitution. Some rights which are fundamental to our life are given a special status and are called Fundamental Rights.

10. Our Constitutions provides for six Fundamental Rights—Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right to Freedom of Religion, Right against Exploitation, Cultural and Educational Rights and Right to Constitutional Remedies.

11. These are the rights that are essential for an individual to develop his or her personality and lead a life with dignity. These rights are important for the very sustenance of a democracy. If people are not free and equal they cannot enjoy their Fundamental Rights.

12. The Fundamental Rights in the Constitution are important because they are enforceable. We have the right to seek the enforcement of these rights. This is called the Right to Constitutional Remedies. This itself is a fundamental right and makes other rights effective.

13. Fundamental rights are guaranteed against the actions of the Legislatures, the executive and any other authorities instituted by the government. There can be no law or action that violates the Fundamental Rights.

14. The Supreme Court and High Courts have the power to issue directions, orders or writs for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights. They can also award compensation to the victims and punishment to the violators.

15. In recent years anyone can approach the courts if public interest is hurt by the actions of government. This is called Public Interest Litigation (PIL). Under the PIL any citizen or group of citizens can approach the Supreme Court or a High Court for the protection of public interest against a particular law or action of the government.

16. Apart from the Fundamental Rights, our Constitution and law offers many other rights too like Right to Freedom of Press, Right to Information and Right to Education.

17. Now school education has become a right for Indian citizens. The governments are responsible for providing free and compulsory education too all children up to the age of 14 years.

18. Recently the Supreme Court has expanded the meaning of the Right to Life to include the Right to Food. Our Constitution provides many more rights, which may not be Fundamental Rights. For example, Right to Vote in elections is an important Constitutional right.

19. With the expansion of democracy all over the world, the scope of rights has expanded. The Amnesty International is an organization that brings out independent reports on the violation of Human Rights all over the world.

Democratic Rights Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Right: Reasonable claim of a person recognised by society and sanctioned by law.

Claim: Demand for legal or moral entitlements a person makes on fellow citizens, society or the government.

Amnest International: An International Human Rights organization that brings out independent reports on the violation of Human Rights all over the world.

Trafficking: Selling and buying of men, women or children for immoral purposes.

Dalit: A person who belongs to the castes which were considered low and not touchable by others.

Ethnic group: A human population whose members usually identify with each other on the basis of a common ancestry.

Writ: A formal document containing an order of the court to the government issued only by High Courts or the Supreme Courts.

Summon: An order issued by a court asking a person to appear before it.

Covenant: Promise made by individuals, groups or countries to upload a rule or principle. It is legally binding on the signatories to the agreements or statement.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Civics Chapter 5 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 5 SST Working of Institutions will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Working of Institutions Class 9 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 5

CBSE Class 9 Civics Chapter 5 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. In a democracy the rulers have to follow some rules and procedures. They have to work with and within institutions.

2. Three institutions are those that play a key role in major decisions-legislature, executive and judiciary. These institutions together carry on the work of government.

3. A democracy works well when these institutions perform functions assigned to them. The Constitution of any country lays down basic rules on the powers and functions of each institution.

4. In India, a national assembly of elected representatives is called Parliament. At the state level this is called Legislative or Legislative Assembly.

5. Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country. It is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public issues and national policy in any country.

6. In our country, the Parliament consists of two houses-The council of states or the Rajya Sabha and the house of the people or the Lok Sabha. The President of India is a part of the Parliament.

7. Our Constitution gives the Rajya Sabha some special powers over the states. But on most matters, the Lok Sabha exercises supreme power.

8. The Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. Only a person who enjoys the support of the majority of the members in the Lok Sabha is appointed the Prime Minister.

9. The executive execute the policies of the government. In a democratic country, two categories make up the executive-the political executive and the permanent executive or civil services.

10. Persons working in civil services are called civil servants. They remain in office even when the ruling party changes. These officers work under political executive and assist them in carrying out the day to day administration.

11. The political executive has more power than the non-political executive. It means the minister is more powerful than the civil servant. The reason behind this is that the minister is elected by the people and thus empowered to exercise the will of the people on their behalf.

12. Prime Minister is the most important political institution in the country. The President appoints the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties that commands a majority in the Lok Sabha, as Prime Minister.

13. After the appointment of the Prime Minister, the president appoints other ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister. There are about 60 to 80 Ministers of different ranks-Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State with independent charge and Minister of State.

14. The cabinet works as a team. The ministers may have different views and opinions, but everyone has to own up to every decision of the cabinet. The Cabinet is assisted by the cabinet secretariat.

15. The Prime Minister is the most powerful within the cabinet. He/She chairs cabinet meetings and coordinates the work of different departments. His decisions are final in case of disagreements between departments.

16. In recent years the rise of coalition politics has imposed certain constraints on the power of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister of a coalition government cannot take decisions as he likes.

17. The President is the head of the state. In our political system the head of the state exercises only nominal powers. His/her functions are to a large extent ceremonial . He supervises the overall functioning of all the political institutions in the country so that they operate in harmony to achieve the objectives of the state.

18. All governmental activities take place in the name of the President. All laws and major policy decisions of the government are issued in his/her name. All major appointments are made in the name of the President.

19. In the last comes the judiciary. It included all the courts at different levels in a country. The Indian judiciary consists of a Supreme Court for the entire nation, High Courts in the states, District Courts and the courts at local level.

20. The Supreme Court controls the judicial administration in the country. Its decisions are binding on all other courts of the country.

21. In India, courts are independent of the legislature and the executive. The judges do not act on the direction of the government or according to the wishes of the party in power.

22. The judiciary in India is one of the most powerful in the world. The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution of the country.

23. The powers and the independence of the Indian judiciary allow it to act as the guardian of the Fundamental Rights.

24. Anyone can approach the courts of public interest is hurt by the actions of government. This is called public interest litigation. The courts intervene to prevent the misuse of the government’s power to make decisions.

Working of Institutions Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Government: A set of institutions that have the power to make, implement and interpret laws so as to ensure an orderly life. It administers and supervises over citizens and resources of a country.

Office memorandum: A communication issued by an appropriate authority stating the policy or decision of the government.

State: Political association occupying a definite territory, having an organised government and possessing power to make domestic and foreign policies. Governments may change, but the state continues.

Legislature: An assembly of people’s representatives with the power to enact laws for a country.

Executive: A body of persons having the authority to initiate major policies, make decisions and implement them on the basis of the Constitution and laws of the country.

Political institution: A set of procedures for regulating the conduct of government and political life in the country.

Coalition government: A government formed by an alliance of two or more political parties, usually when no single party enjoys majority support of the members in a legislature.

Reservations: A policy that declares some positions in government employment and educational institutions ‘reserved’ for people and communities who have been discriminated against, are disadvantaged and backward.

Judiciary: An institution empowered to administer justice and provide a mechanism for the resolution of legal disputes. All the courts in the country are collectively referred to as judiciary.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Civics Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 4 SST Electoral Politics will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Electoral Politics Class 9 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 4

CBSE Class 9 Civics Chapter 4 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. The most common form of democracy in our times is for the people to govern through their representatives. These representatives are elected bodies.

2. Elections are necessary and useful in a democracy. All democratic countries hold elections.

3. Elections are all about political competition. This competition takes various forms. The most obvious form is the competition among political parties.

4. Although an electoral competition has many demerits, our Constitution makers opted for free competition in elections as the way to select our future leaders. The did so because this system works better in the long run.

5. Regular electoral competition provides incentives to political parties and leaders. They know that if they raise issues that people want to be raised, their popularity and chances of victory will increase in the next elections.

6. If a political party is motivated only by desire to be in power, even then it will be forced to serve the people.

7. In India, Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections are held regularly after every five years. After five years the term of all the elected representatives comes to an end.

8. Elections are held in all constituencies at the same time, either on the same day or within a few days. This is called a general election. Sometimes by-elections are held to fill the vacancy caused by death or resignation of a member.

9. Our country is divided into different areas for purposes of elections. These areas are called electoral constituencies. The voters who live in an area elect one representative.

10. For Lok Sabha elections, the country is divided into 543 constituencies. The representative elected from each constituency is called a Member of Parliament or an MP.

11. Similarly, each state is divided into a specific number of Assembly Constituencies. In this case, the elected representative is called the Member of Legislative Assembly or a MLA.

12. In Panchayat and Municipal Elections, each village or town is divided into several wards. Each ward elects one member of the village or the urban local body.

13. Some constituencies are reserved for people who belong to the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST). This system of reservation was extended later to other weaker sections at the district and local level.

14. In a democratic election, the list of those who are eligible to vote is prepared much before the election and given to everyone. This list is called the Voters’ List.

15. In our country, all the citizens aged 18 years and above can vote in an election. Every citizen has the right to vote, regardless of his /her caste, religion or gender.

16. Political parties nominate their candidates who get the party symbol and support. Party’s nomination is often called party ‘ticket’.

17. Every person who wishes to contest an election has to fill a nomination form and give some money as security deposit. Recently, a new system of declaration has been introduced on direction from the Supreme Court. Every candidate has to make a legal declaration, giving details of his/her assets and liabilities, educational qualification, etc.

18. In our country election campaigns take place for a two week period between the announcement of the final list of candidates and the date of polling.

19. During election campaigns, the candidates contact their voters, political leaders, address election meetings and political parties mobilize their supporters.

20. The final stage of an election is the day when the voters cast their vote. That day is usually called the election day. Nowadays electronic voting machines EVMs are used to record votes.

21. Once the polling is over, all the EVMs are sealed and taken to a secure place. A few days later, on a fixed day, all the EVMs from a constituency are opened and the votes secured by each candidate are counted.

22. The candidate who secures the highest number of votes from a constituency is declared elected. In a general election, counting of votes in all constituencies takes place at the same time, on the same day. Within a few hours of counting, all the results are declared and it becomes clear as to who will form the next government.

23. In our country elections are conducted by an independent and very powerful Election Commission or EC. It enjoys wide-ranging powers. It takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections from the announcement of elections to the declaration of results. It can reprimand the j government and administration for their lapses.

24. People’s participation in election is usually measured by voter turnout figures. Turnout indicates the percent of eligible voters who actually cast their vote.

25. In India the poor, illiterate and underprivileged people vote in larger proportion as compared to the rich and privileged sections. This is in contrast to western democracies.

26. The final test of the free and fair election is its outcome. The electoral outcomes are usually accepted as people’s verdict by the defeated party.

27. There are many limitations and challenges of Indian elections. Some of them are-candidates and parties with a lot of money may not be sure of their victory but they do enjoy a big and unfair advantage over smaller parties, some families tend to dominate political parties, etc.

28. Citizens, social activists and organizations have been demanding reforms in our electoral system.

Electoral Politics Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Constituency: Voters in a geographical area who elect a representative to the legislative bodies.

Code of conduct: A set of norms and guidelines to be followed by political parties and contesting candidates during election time.

Rigging: Fraud and malpractices indulged by a party or candidate to increase its voters.

Booth capturing: Supporters or hired musclemen of party or a candidate gain physical control of a polling booth and cast false votes by threatening everyone or preventing genuine voters from reaching the polling booth.

Turnout: The percentages of eligible voters who cast their votes in an election.

Incumbent: The current holder of a political office.

Level playing field: Condition in which all parties and candidates contesting in an election have equal opportunities to appeal for votes and to carry out election campaign.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Civics Chapter 3 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 SST Constitutional Design will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Constitutional Design Class 9 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 3

CBSE Class 9 Civics Chapter 3 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. In a democracy the rulers are not free to do what they like. There are certain basic rules that the citizens and the government have to follow. All such rules together are called Constitution.

2. Constitution is the supreme law that determines the relationship among people living in a territory and also the relationship between the people and government.

3. All countries that have constitutions are not necessarily democratic. But all countries that are democratic will have constitutions.

4. South Africa attained independence from the apartheid government in 1994 and Nelson Mandela became the first president of the country.

5. A big task was ahead before the party that ruled through oppression and the party that led the freedom struggle to sit together to draw up a common Constitution.

6. After two years of discussion and debate they came out with one of the finest constitutions the world has ever had. This Constitution gave to its citizens the most extensive rights available in any country.

7. The South African Constitution inspires democrats all over the world. The people of the country played an important role in it. They along with the leaders worked together and finally transformed better experiences into the binding glue of a diverse nation.

8. Like South Africa, India’s Constitution was also drawn up under very difficult circumstances. The making of the Constitution for a huge and diverse country like India was not an easy affair. The makers of the Constitution had anxieties about the present and the future of the country.

9. Prominent leaders like Rajendra Prasad and Dr B. R. Ambedkar played an important role in the making of the Constitution. They were inspired by the ideals of French Revolution, the practice of parliamentary democracy in Britain and the Bill of Rights in the US. The socialist revolution in Russia had also its impact on the leaders.

10. The drafting of the document called the Constitution was done by the Constituent Assembly. It had 299 members who wrote the Constitution. The Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November, 1949 but it came into effect on 26 January 1950.

11. The Constituent Assembly worked in a systematic, open and consensual manner. First some basic principles were decided and agreed upon. Then a draft of Constitution was prepared for discussion.

12. The Preamble of the Constitution reads like a poem on democracy. It contains the philosophy on which the entire Constitution has been built. It is the soul of the Indian Constitution.

13. Some of the key words used in the Preamble of our Constitution are-sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic, justice, liberty, equality and fraternity.

14. The Constitution of India is a very long and detailed document. Therefore, it needs to be amended quite regularly to keep it updated. The Constitution makers made provisions to incorporate changes from time to time. These changes are called constitutional amendments.

15. The Constitution describes the institutional arrangements in a very legal language. Like any Constitution, the Indian Constitution lays down a procedure for choosing persons to govern the country.

16. It decides who will have how much power to take which decisions. And it puts limits to what the government can do by providing some rights to a citizen that cannot be violated.

Constitutional Design Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Apartheid: The official policy of racial separation and ill-treatment of blacks followed by the government of South Africa between 1948 and 1989.

Domination: The exercise of power or influence over someone or something, or the state of being so controlled.

Treason: The crime of betraying one’s country, especially by attempting to kill or overthrow the sovereign or government.

Racial discrimination: When a person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of his/her race, colour, ethnic origin, etc.

Segregation: The action or state of setting someone or something apart from others.

Constitution: Supreme law of a country, containing fundamental rules governing the politics and society in a country.

Preamble: An introductory statement in a Constitution which states the reasons and guiding values of the Constitution.

Citizens: People living in a territory.

Diverse: Showing a great deal of variety.

Universal Adult Franchise: It means all citizens whose age is above 18 have the right to vote.

Constituent Assembly: An assembly of people’s representatives that writes a Constitution for country.

Draft: A preliminary version of a legal document.

Clause: A distinct section of a document.

Philosophy: The most fundamental principles underlying one’s thoughts and actions.

Untouchability: A status of certain social groups (Dalits) confined to menial and despised jobs.

Tryst: A meeting or meeting place that has been agreed upon.

Secular: Not connected with religions or spiritual matters.

Democratic: A form of government where people enjoy equal political rights, elect their rulers and held them accountable.

Republic: A state which has an elected or nominated President rather than a monarch.

Liberty: Absence of unreasonable restrictions on the citizens in what they think, how they wish to express their thoughts, etc.

Fraternity: Friendship and mutual support within a group.