NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Sanskrit Shemushi Chapter 2 स्वर्णकाकः

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Shemushi Sanskrit Class 9 Solutions Chapter 2 स्वर्णकाकः

Class 9 Sanskrit Shemushi Chapter 2 स्वर्णकाकः Textbook Questions and Answers

अभ्यासः

प्रश्न 1.
एकपदेन उत्तर लिखत –

(क) माता काम् आदिशत्?
(ख) स्वर्णकाक: कान् अखादत्?
(ग) प्रासादः कीदृशः वर्तते?
(घ) गृहमागत्य तया का समुद्घटिता?
(ङ) लोभाविष्टा बालिका कीदृशीं मञ्जूषां नमति?
उत्तर:
(क) पुत्रीम्
(ख) तण्डुलान्
(ग) स्वर्णमयः
(घ) मञ्जूषा
(ङ) बृहत्तमाम्

प्रश्न 2.
अधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया लिखत –

(क) निर्धनायाः वृद्धायाः दुहिता कीदृशी आसीत्?
(ख) बालिकया पूर्व कीदृशः काकः न दृष्टः आसीत्?
(ग) निधनायाः दुहिता मञ्जूषायां कानि अपश्यत?
(घ) बालिका किं दृष्ट्वा आश्चर्यचकिता जाता?
(ङ) गर्विता बालिका कीदृशं सोपानम् अयाचत् कीदृशं च प्राप्नोत्?
उत्तर:
(क) निर्धनायाः वृद्धायाः दुहिता विनम्रा मनोहरा च आसीत्।
(ख) बालिकया पूर्व एतादृशः स्वर्णपक्षः रजतचञ्चुः स्वर्णकाकः न दृष्टः आसीत्।
(ग) निर्धनायाः दुहिता मञ्जूषायां महाहाणि हीरकाणि अपश्यत्।
(घ) बालिका वृक्षस्य उपरि स्वर्णमयं प्रासादं दृष्ट्वा आश्चर्यचकिता जाता।
(ङ) गर्विता बालिका स्वर्णमय सोपानम् अयाचत् ताम्रमयं च प्राप्नोत्।

प्रश्न 3.
(अ) अधोलिखितानां शब्दानां विलोमपदं पाठात् चित्वा लिखतशब्दाः विलोमपदानि –

शब्दाः – विलोमपदानि
(क) पश्चात् – ………..
(ख) हसितुम् – ………
(ग) अधः – ……………
(घ) श्वेतः – ………….
(ङ) सूर्यास्त: – ………….
(च) सुप्तः – …………..
उत्तर:
शब्दाः – विलोमपदानि
(क) पश्चात् x पूर्वम्
(ख) हसितुम् x रोदितुम्
(ग) अधः x उपरि
(घ) श्वेतः x कृष्णः
(ङ) सूर्यास्त: x सूर्योदयः
(च) सुप्तः x प्रबुद्धः

(आ) सन्धिं कुरुत –

(क) नि + अवसत् – ………….
(ख) सूर्य + उदयः – ………….
(ग) वृक्षस्य + उपरि – ………….
(घ) हि + अकारयत् – ………….
(ङ) च + एकाकिनी – ………….
(च) इति + उक्त्वा – ………….
(छ) प्रति + अवदत् – ………….
(ज) प्र + उक्तम् – ………….
(झ) अत्र + एव – ………….
(ञ) तत्र + उपस्थिता – ………….
(ट) यथा + इच्छम् – ………….
उत्तर:
(क) नि + अवसत् – न्यवसत्
(ख) सूर्य + उदयः – सूर्योदयः
(ग) वृक्षस्य + उपरि – वृक्षस्योपरि
(घ) हि + अकारयत् – ह्यकारयत्
(ङ) च + एकाकिनी – चैकाकिनी
(च) इति + उक्त्वा – इत्युक्त्वा
(छ) प्रति + अवदत् – प्रत्यवदत्
(ज) प्र + उक्तम् – प्रोक्तम्
(झ) अत्र + एव – अत्रैव
(ञ) तत्र + उपस्थिता – तत्रोपस्थिता
(ट) यथा + इच्छम् – यथेच्छम्

प्रश्न 4.
स्थूलपदान्यधिकृत्य प्रश्ननिर्माणं कुरुत –

(क) ग्रामे निर्थना स्वी अवसत्।
(ख) स्वर्णकाकं निवारयन्ती बालिका प्रार्थयत्।
(ग) सूर्योदयात् पूर्वमेव बालिका तत्रोपस्थिता।
(घ) बालिका निर्धनमातुः दुहिता आसीत्।
(ङ) लुब्धा वृद्धा स्वर्णकाकस्य रहस्यमभिज्ञातवती।
उत्तर:
(क) ग्रामे का अवसत्?
(ख) कं निवारयन्ती बालिका प्रार्थयत्?
(ग) कस्मात् पूर्वमेव बालिका तत्रोपस्थिता?
(घ) बालिका कस्याः दुहिता आसीत्?
(ङ) लुब्धा वृद्धा कस्य रहस्यमभिज्ञातवती?

प्रश्न 5.
प्रकृति-प्रत्यय-संयोगं कुरुत (पाठात् चित्वा वा लिखत) –

(क) वि + लोक् + ल्यप् – ………….
(ख) नि – क्षिप् + ल्यप् – ………….
(ग) आ + गम् + ल्यप् – ………….
(घ) दृश् + क्त्वा – ………….
(ङ) शी + क्त्वा – ………….
(च) लघु + तमप् – ………….
उत्तर:
(क) वि + लोक् + ल्यप् – विलोक्य
(ख) नि – क्षिप् + ल्यप् – निक्षिप्य
(ग) आ + गम् + ल्यप् – आगम्य
(घ) दृश् + क्त्वा – दृष्ट्वा
(ङ) शी + क्त्वा – शयित्वा
(च) लघु + तमप् – लघुतम (लघुतमम्)

प्रश्न 6.
प्रकृति-प्रत्यय-विभागं कुरुत –

(क) रोदितुम् – ………….
(ख) दृष्ट्वा – ………….
(ग) विलोक्य – ………….
(घ) निक्षिप्य – ………….
(ङ) आगत्य – ………….
(च) शयित्वा – ………….
(छ) लघुतमम् – ………….
उत्तर:
(क) रोदितुम् – रुद् + तुमुन्
(ख) दृष्ट्वा – दृश् + क्त्वा
(ग) विलोक्य –वि + लोक् + ल्यप्
(घ) निक्षिप्य – नि + क्षिप् + ल्यप्
(ङ) आगत्य – आ + गम् + ल्यप्
(च) शयित्वा – शी + क्त्वा
(छ) लघुतमम् – लघु + तमप्

प्रश्न 7.
अधोलिखितानि कथनानि कः/का, कं/कां च कथयति –

कथनानि – क:/का – कं/काम्
(क) पूर्व प्रातराशः क्रियताम्। – …………. – ………….
(ख) सूर्यातपे तण्डुलान् खगेभ्यो रक्ष। – …………. – ………….
(ग) तण्डुलान् मा भक्षय। – …………. – ………….
(घ) अहं तुभ्यं तण्डुलमूल्यं दास्यामि। – …………. – ………….
(ङ) भो नीचकाक! अहमागता, महां तण्डुलमूल्यं प्रयच्छ। – …………. – ………….
उत्तर:
कथनानि – कः/का – कं/काम्
(क) पूर्व प्रातराशः क्रियताम्। – स्वर्णकाक:बालिकाम्
(ख) सूर्यातपे तण्डुलान् खगेभ्यो रक्ष। – वृद्धा मातापुत्रीम्
(ग) तण्डुलान् मा भक्षया – बालिकास्वर्णकाकम्
(घ) अहं तुभ्यं तण्डुलमूल्यं दास्यामि। – स्वर्णकाकःबालिकाम्
(ङ) भो नीचकाक! अहमागता, मां तण्डुलमूल्यं प्रयच्छ। – लुब्धायाः पुत्रीस्वर्णकाकम्

प्रश्न 8.
उदाहरणमनुसृत्य कोष्ठकगतेषु पदेषु पञ्चमीविभक्तेः प्रयोगं कृत्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत –

यथा-मूषक: बिलाद् बहिः निर्गच्छति। (बिल)
(क) जनः …………. बहिः आगच्छति। (ग्राम)
(ख) नद्यः …………. निस्सन्ति। (पर्वत)
(ग) …………. पत्राणि पतन्ति। (वृक्ष)
(घ) बालकः …………. बिभेति। (सिंह)
(ङ) ईश्वरः …………. त्रायते। (क्लेश)
(च) प्रभुः भक्तं …………. निवारयति। (पाप)
उत्तर:
(क) ग्रामात्
(ख) पर्वतात्/पर्वतेभ्यः
(ग) वृक्षात्
(घ) सिंहात्
(छ) क्लेशात्
(च) पापात्

Class 9 Sanskrit Shemushi Chapter 2 स्वर्णकाकः Additional Important Questions and Answers

अतिरिक्त कार्यम्

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखितम् अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा तदाधारिताना प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि लिखत –

1. पुरा कस्मिंश्चिद् ग्रामे एका निधना वृद्धा स्त्री न्यवसत्। तस्याः च एका दुहिता विनमा मनोहरा चासीत्। एकदा माता स्थाल्या तण्डुलान् निक्षिप्य पुत्रीम् आदिशत्। “सूर्यातपे तण्डुलान् खगेभ्यो रक्षा” किञ्चित् कालादनन्तरम् एको विचित्रः काकः समुड्डीय तस्याः समीपम् अगच्छत्

(i) एकपदेन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नद्वयमेव)

  1. वृद्धा स्त्री कीदृशी आसीत्?
  2. वृद्धायाः कीदृशी दुहिता आसीत्?
  3. निर्धनास्त्री कुत्र न्यवसत्?

उत्तर:

  1. निर्धना
  2. विनम्रा
  3. कस्मिंश्चिद्ग्रामे

(ii) पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नमेकमेव)

  1. किञ्चित्कालानन्तरम् किम् अभवत्?
  2. दुहिता कीदृशी आसीत?

उत्तर:

  1. किञ्चित्कालानन्तरम् एको विचित्रः काकः समुड्डीय तस्याः समीपम् अगच्छत्।
  2. दुहिता विनम्रा मनोहरा चासीत्।

(iii) भाषिककार्यम् (केवलं प्रश्नत्रयमेव)

  1. अनुच्छेदे ‘न्यवसत्’ इति क्रियापदस्य कर्तृपदं किमस्ति?
  2. ‘दुहिता विनम्रा’ अनयोः पदयोः विशेषणपदं किम्?
  3. अस्मिन् अनुच्छेदे ‘धनवती’ इति पदस्य कः विपर्ययः आगतोऽस्ति?
  4. पुत्री इत्यर्थे किं पदं प्रयुक्तम्?

उत्तर:

  1. स्त्री
  2. विनम्रा
  3. निर्धना
  4. दुहिता

2. नैतादृशः स्वर्णपक्षो रजतचञ्चुः स्वर्णकाकस्तया पूर्व दृष्टः। तं तण्डुलान् खावन्तं हसन्तञ्च विलोक्य बालिका रोदितुमारब्धा। तं निवारयन्ती सा प्रार्थयत्-“तण्डुलान् मा भक्षया मदीया माता अतीव निर्धना वर्तते।” स्वर्णपक्षः काकः प्रोवाच, “मा शुचः। सूर्योदयात्प्राग् ग्रामाबहिः पिप्पलवृक्षमनु त्वया आगन्तव्यम्। अहं तुभ्यं तण्डुलमूल्यं दास्यामि।” ङ्केप्रहबिता बालिका निनामपि न लेभा

(i) एकपदेन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नद्वयमेव)

  1. स्वर्णकाकस्य चञ्चुः कीदृशः आसीत्?
  2. बालिकायाः माता कीदृशी आसीत्?
  3. क: तण्डुलान् अखादत्?

उत्तर:

  1. रजतस्य
  2. निर्धना
  3. स्वर्णकाक:

(ii) पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नमेकमेव)

  1. स्वर्णकाकं निवारयन्ती सा कि प्रार्थयत्?
  2. स्वर्णकाकः किम् अवदत्?

उत्तर:

  1. स्वर्णकाकं निवारयन्ती सा प्रार्थयत्-“तण्डुलान् मा भक्षय। मदीया माता अतीव निर्धना वर्तते।”
  2. स्वर्णकाकः प्रोवाच मा शुचः। सूर्योदयात्प्राग् ग्रामाद्बहिः पिप्पवृक्षमनु त्वया आगन्तव्यम्। अहं तुभ्यं तण्डुलमूल्यं दास्यामि।

(iii) भाषिककार्यम् (केवलं प्रश्नत्रयमेव)

  1. अनुच्छेदे ‘हसितुम्’ इत्यस्य पदस्य कः विपर्ययः लिखितः?
  2. रोदितुमारब्धा’ इत्यस्याः क्रियायाः अनुच्छेदे कर्तृपदं कि वर्तते?
  3. ‘प्रहर्षिता बालिका निद्रामपि न लेभे’। अत्र वाक्ये विशेषणपदं किमस्ति?
  4. ‘दृष्ट्वा ‘ इत्यर्थे किं पदं प्रयुक्तम्?

उत्तर:

  1. रोदितुम्
  2. बालिका
  3. प्रहर्षिता
  4. विलोक्य

3. सूर्योदयात्पूर्वमेव सा तत्रोपस्थिता। वृक्षस्योपरि विलोक्य सा च आश्चर्यचकिता सजाता यत् तत्र स्वर्णमयः प्रासादो वर्तते। यदा काकः शयित्वा प्रबुद्धस्तदा तेन स्वर्णगवाक्षात्कथितं “हहो बाले! त्वमागता, तिष्ठ, अहं त्वत्कृते सोपानमवतारयामि, तत्कथय स्वर्णमयं रजतमयम् तासमय वा”? कन्या अवदत्-“अहं निर्धनमातुः दुहिता अस्मि। तानसोपानेनैव आगमिष्यामि।” परं स्वर्णसोपानेन सा स्वर्णभवनम् आरोहत्

(i) एकपदेन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नद्वयमेव)

  1. सूर्योदयात् पूर्वमेव का तत्र उपस्थिता?
  2. कन्या कस्याः दुहिता आसी?
  3. काकः किं कृत्वा प्रबुद्धः?

उत्तर:

  1. बालिका (सा)
  2. निर्धनमातुः
  3. शयित्वा

(ii) पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नमेकमेव)

  1. स्वर्णगवाक्षात् काकेन किं कथितम्?
  2. कन्या किं प्रावोचत्?

उत्तर:

  1. स्वर्णगवाक्षात् काकेन कथितम्-हंहो बाले! त्वमागता, तिष्ठ, अहं त्वत्कृते सोपानमवतारयामि।
  2. कन्या प्रावोचत् अहं निर्धनमातुर्दुहिताऽस्मिा ताम्रसोपानेनैव आगमिष्यामि।

(iii) भाषिककार्यम् (केवलं प्रश्नत्रयमेव)

  1. ‘अधः’ इत्यस्य पदस्य कः विपर्ययः अनुच्छेदे लिखितोऽस्ति?
  2. ‘अहं निर्धनमातुः दुहिता अस्मि’। अत्र वाक्ये ‘अहम्’ इति कर्तृपदस्य क्रियापदं किम्?
  3. अनुच्छेदे ‘ताम्रमयं सोपानम्’ अनयो: पदयोः विशेषणपदं किमस्ति?
  4. अस्ति’ इत्यर्थे कि पदं प्रयुक्तम्?

उत्तर:

  1. उपरि
  2. अस्मि
  3. ताम्रमयं
  4. वर्तते

4. चिरकाल भवने चित्रविचित्रवस्तूनि सज्जितानि दृष्ट्वा सा विस्मयं गता। श्रान्तां तां विलोक्य काकः अवदत् “पूर्व लघुप्रातराशः क्रियताम्-वद त्वं स्वर्णस्थाल्यां भोजनं करिष्यसि किं वा रजतस्थाल्याम् उत ताम्रस्थाल्याम्”? बालिका अवदत्-ताप्रस्थाल्याम् एव अहं-“निर्धना भोजनं करिष्यामि।” तदा सा आश्चर्यचकिता सञ्जाता यदा स्वर्णकाकेन स्वर्णस्थाल्यां भोजनं पर्यवेषितम्। न एतादृशम् स्वादु भोजनमद्यावधि बालिका खादितवती। काकोऽववत्-“बालिके! अहमिच्छामि यत् त्वम् सर्वदा अत्रैव तिष्ठ परं तव माता तु एकाकिनी वर्तते। अतः त्वं शीघ्रमेव स्वगृहं गच्छ ।”

(i) एकपदेन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नद्वयमेव)

  1. कीदृशीं तां विलोक्य काकः प्राह?
  2. बालिका कीदृशं भोजनम् अद्यावधि न खादितवती?
  3. कीदृशानिवस्तूनि दृष्ट्वा सा विस्मयं गता?

उत्तर:

  1. श्रान्ताम्
  2. स्वादु
  3. चित्रविचित्रवस्तूनि

(ii) पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नमेकमेव)

  1. सा बालिका कथं विस्मयं गता?
  2. काकः किम् अवदत्

उत्तर:

  1. चिरकाल भवने चित्रविचित्रवस्तूनि सज्जितानि दृष्ट्वा सा विस्मयं गता।
  2. काकः अवदत् बालिके। अहमिच्छामि यत्त्वं सर्वदा अत्रैव तिष्ठ पर तव माता तु एकाकिनी वर्तते। त्वं शीघ्रमेव स्वगृहं गच्छ।

(iii) भाषिककार्यम् (केवलं प्रश्नत्रयमेव)

  1. तदा सा कन्या आश्चर्यचकिता सञ्जाता’। अस्मिन् वाक्ये विशेषणपदं किमस्ति?
  2. अनुच्छेदे ‘जननी’ इत्यस्य पदस्य कः पर्यायः लिखितः?
  3. ‘त्वम्’ इत्यस्य कर्तृपदस्य अनुच्छेदे क्रियापदं किमस्ति?
  4. ‘दृष्ट्वा ‘ इत्यर्थे किम् पदं प्रयुक्तम्?

उत्तर:

  1. आश्चर्यचकिता
  2. माता
  3. तिष्ठ
  4. विलोक्य

5. इत्युक्त्वा काकः कक्षाभ्यन्तरात् तिनः मञ्जूषाः निस्सार्य तां प्रत्यवदत् “बालिके! यथेच्छ गृहाण मञ्जूषामेकाम्।” लघुतमा मञ्जूषां प्रगृह्य बालिकया कथितम् इयत् एव मदीयतण्डुलानां मूल्यम्। गृहमागत्य तया मञ्जूषा समुद्घाटिता, तस्यां महार्हाणि हीरकाणि विलोक्य सा प्रहर्षिता तहिनाद्धनिका च सजाता

(i) एकपदेन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नद्वयमेव)

  1. काकः कक्षाभ्यन्तरात् कति मञ्जूषाः निस्सारयति?
  2. कीदृशी मञ्जूषां प्रगृह्य बालिका कथितम्?
  3. किं विलोक्य सा प्रहर्षिता सञाता?

उत्तर:

  1. तिस्रः
  2. लघुतमाम्
  3. हीरकाणि

(ii) पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नमेकमेव)

  1. मञ्जूषायां कानि विलोक्य सा बालिका प्रहर्षिता अभवत्?
  2. काकः किं अवदत्?

उत्तर:

  1. मञ्जूषायां महार्हाणि हीरकाणि विलोक्य सा बालिका प्रहर्षिता अभवत्।
  2. बालिके! यथेच्छं गृहाण मञ्जूषामेकाम्।

(iii) भाषिककार्यम् (केवलं प्रश्नत्रयमेव)

  1. ‘प्रत्यवदत्’ इति क्रियापदस्य अनुच्छेदे कर्तृपदं किमस्ति?
  2. अनुच्छेदे ‘सा’ इति कर्तृपदस्य क्रियापदं किम् आगतम्?
  3. “निष्क्रम्य’ इति पदस्य कः विपर्ययः अत्र अनुच्छेदे लिखितः?
  4. ‘ग्रहणं कुरु’ इत्यर्थे किं पदं प्रयुक्तम्?

उत्तर:

  1. काकः
  2. सजाता
  3. आगत्य
  4. गृहाण

6. तस्मिन्नेव ग्रामे एका अपरा लुब्धा वृद्धा न्यवसत्। तस्या अपि एका पुत्री आसीत्। ईयया सा तस्य स्वर्णकाकस्य रहस्यम् ज्ञातवती। सूर्यातपे तण्डुलान् निक्षिप्य तयापि स्वसुता रक्षार्थं नियुक्ता। तथैव स्वर्णपक्षः काकः तण्डुलान् भक्षयन् तामपि तत्रैवाकारयत्। प्रातस्तत्र गत्वा सा काकं निर्भर्त्सयन्ती प्रावोचत्-“भो नीचकाक! अहमागता, मां तण्डुलमूल्यं प्रयच्छ।” काकोऽब्रवीत्-“अहं त्वत्कृते सोपानम् अवतारयामि। तत्कथय स्वर्णमयं रजतमय तासमयं वा।” गर्वितया बालिकया प्रोक्तम्-“स्वर्णमयेन सोपानेन अहम् आगच्छामि।” परं स्वर्णकाकस्तत्कृते तासमयं सोपानमेव प्रायच्छत्। स्वर्णकाकस्तां भोजनमपि तानभाजने एव अकारयत्

(i) एकपदेन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नद्वयमेव)

  1. तस्मिन् एव ग्रामे कीदृशी वृद्धा न्यवसत्?
  2. स्वर्णकाकः तां बालिका कस्मिन् भोजनम् अकारयत्?
  3. लुब्धा वृद्धायाः एका का आसीत्?

उत्तर:

  1. लुब्धा
  2. ताम्रभाजने
  3. पुत्री

(ii) पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नमेकमेव)

  1. सा वृद्धा ईर्ष्णया किम् अभिज्ञातवतो?
  2. तस्मिन्नेव ग्रामे एकाऽपरा कीदृशी वृद्धा न्यवसत्?

उत्तर:

  1. सा वृद्धा ईयया तस्य स्वर्णकाकस्य रहस्यम् अभिज्ञातवती।
  2. तस्मिन्नेव ग्रामे एकाऽपरा लुब्धा वृद्धा न्यवसत्।

(iii) भाषिककार्यम् (केवलं प्रश्नत्रयमेव)

  1. अनुच्छेदे ‘अकारयत्’ इति क्रियायाः कर्तृपदं किम्?
  2. अनुच्छेदे ‘लुब्धा वृद्धा’ इति कर्तृपदस्य क्रियापदं किमस्ति?
  3. ‘प्रशंसयन्ती’ इति पदस्य कः विपर्ययः अनुच्छेदे आगतः?
  4. ‘वसति स्म’ इति अर्थ किं पदं प्रयुक्तम्?

उत्तर:

  1. स्वर्णकाकः
  2. न्यवसत्
  3. निर्भर्त्सयन्ती
  4. न्यवसत्

प्रश्न 7.
प्रतिनिवृत्तिकाले स्वर्णकाकेन कक्षाभ्यन्तरात् तिम्रः मञ्जूषाः तत्पुरः समुत्क्षिप्ताः। लोभाविष्टा सा बृहत्तमा मञ्जूषां गृहीतवती। गृहमागत्य सा तर्षिता यावद् मञ्जूषामुद्घाटयति तावत् तस्या भीषणः कृष्णसर्पो विलोकितः। लुब्धया बालिकया लोभस्य फलं प्राप्तम्। तदनन्तरं सा लोभ पर्यत्यजत्

(i) एकपदेन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नद्वयमेव)

  1. केन तिनः मञ्जूषाः कन्यायाः पुरः समुत्क्षिप्ता:?
  2. लोभाविष्टा सा कन्या कीदृशीं मञ्जूषां गृहीतवती?
  3. मञ्जूषाम् उद्घाट्य सा किम् पश्यति?

उत्तर:

  1. स्वर्णकाकेन
  2. बृहत्तमाम्
  3. कृष्णसर्पः

(ii) पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत (केवलं प्रश्नमेकमेव)

  1. गृहमागत्य यदा सा तर्षिता मञ्जूषाम् उद्घाटयति तदा कं विलोकयति?
  2. लुब्धया बालिकया कस्य फल प्राप्तम्?

उत्तर:

  1. गृहमागत्य यदा सा तर्षिता मञ्जूषाम् उद्घाटयति तदा तस्यां भीषणं कृष्णसर्प विलोकयति।
  2. लुब्धया बालिकया लोभस्य प्राप्तम्।

(iii) भाषिककार्यम् (केवलं प्रश्नत्रयमेव)

  1. अनुच्छेदे ‘समुत्क्षिप्ताः’ इति क्रियायाः कर्तृपदं किम्?
  2. अस्मिन् अनुच्छेदे ‘लोभाविष्टा’ इति विशेषणं कस्यै आगतम्?
  3. ‘तदनन्तरं सा लोभं पर्यत्यजत्’। अत्र अव्ययपदं किमस्ति?
  4. तस्य समक्षे’ इत्यर्थे किं पदं प्रयुक्तम्?

उत्तर:

  1. स्वर्णकाकेन
  2. बालिकार्य
  3. अनन्तरम्
  4. तत्पुरः

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नवाक्येषु रेखाङ्कित पदानां स्थानेषु प्रश्नवाचकं पदं लिखत –

प्रश्न 1.
पुरा कस्मिंश्चिद् ग्रामे एका वृद्धा न्यवसत्।
(क) क;
(ख) का
(ग) किम्
(घ) के
उत्तर:
(ख) का

प्रश्न 2.
तस्याः दुहिता विनम्रा मनोहरा च आसीत्।
(क) का
(ख) कीदृशम्
(ग) कीदृशः
(घ) कीदृशी
उत्तर:
(घ) कीदृशी

प्रश्न 3.
सा पुत्रीम् आदिदेश।
(क) काम्
(ख) कम्
(ग) किम्
(घ) कथम्
उत्तर:
(क) काम्

प्रश्न 4.
सूर्यातपे तण्डुलान् खगेभ्यो रक्ष।
(क) कथम्
(ख) काभ्यः
(ग) केभ्यः
(घ) कस्यै
उत्तर:
(ग) केभ्यः

प्रश्न 5.
तदा एक: विचित्रः काकः समुड्डीय ताम् उपाजगाम।
(क) के
(ख) काः
(ग) क:
(घ) कीदृशः
उत्तर:
(ग) क:

प्रश्न 6.
सा प्रार्थयत् – तण्डुलान् मा भक्षय।
(क) का
(ख) कः
(ग) के
(घ) काः
उत्तर:
(क) का

प्रश्न 7.
प्रहर्षिता बालिका निद्राम् अपि न लेभे।
(क) कथम्
(ख) कीदृशी
(ग) कीदृशः
(घ) कीदृशम्
उत्तर:
(ख) कीदृशी

प्रश्न 8.
अहं तुभ्यं तण्डुलमूल्यं प्रदास्यामि।
(क) कम्
(ख) कस्यै
(ग) केभ्यः
(घ) काभ्यः
उत्तर:
(ख) कस्यै

प्रश्न 9.
वृक्षस्य उपरि विलोक्य सा आश्चर्यचकिता सञ्जाता।
(क) का
(ख) काः
(ग) कीदृशः
(घ) कीदृशी
उत्तर:
(घ) कीदृशी

प्रश्न 10.
अहं त्वत्कृते सोपानम् अवतारयामि।
(क) किम्
(ख) कम्
(ग) काम्
(घ) कथम्
उत्तर:
(क) किम्

प्रश्न 11.
अहं निर्धनमातुः दुहिता अस्मि।
(क) कस्याः
(ख) कस्य
(ग) कः
(घ) का
उत्तर:
(क) कस्याः

प्रश्न 12.
श्रान्तां तां विलोक्य काकः प्राह।
(क) के
(ख) कथम्
(ग) काः
(घ) कः
उत्तर:
(घ) कः

प्रश्न 13.
अहं निर्धना ताम्रस्थाल्याम् एव भोजनं करिष्यामि।।
(क) कस्याम्
(ख) के।
(ग) काः
(घ) काभ्यः
उत्तर:
(क) कस्याम्

प्रश्न 14.
तव माता एकाकिनी वर्तते।
(क) किम्
(ख) कस्याः
(ग) के
उत्तर:
(ख) कस्याः

प्रश्न 15.
त्वं शीघ्रमेव स्वगृहं गच्छ।
(क) कीदृशः
(ख) कस्यै
(ग) का
(घ) कुत्र
उत्तर:
(घ) कुत्र

प्रश्न 16.
काकः कक्षाभ्यन्तरात् तिस्रः मञ्जूषाः निस्सार्य अवदत्।
(क) कति
(ख) कथम्
(ग) किम्
(घ) काम्
(घ) का
उत्तर:
(क) कति

प्रश्न 17.
लघुतमा मञ्जूषां प्रगृह्य बालिकया कथितम्।
(क) कम्
(ख) कया
(ग) कस्याः
(घ) काम्
उत्तर:
(ख) कया

प्रश्न 18.
तत्रैव एका अपरा लुब्धा वृद्धा न्यवसत्।
(क) कः
(ख) किम्
(ग) केभ्यः
(घ) का
उत्तर:
(घ) का

प्रश्न 19.
ईय॑या सा स्वर्णकाकस्य रहस्यम् अभिज्ञातवती।
(क) कथम्/कया
(ख) का
(ग) कस्मै
उत्तर:
(क) कथम्/कया

प्रश्न 20.
तथा अपि स्वसुता तण्डुलरक्षार्थं नियुक्ता।
(क) कथम्
(ख) के
(ग) कः
उत्तर:
(घ) का

प्रश्न 21.
महयं तण्डुलमूल्यं प्रयच्छ।
(क) कस्याः
(ख) किम्
उत्तर:
(ख) किम्

प्रश्न 22.
स्वर्णमयेन सोपानेन अहम् आगच्छामि।।
(क) कीदृशेण
(ख) कीदृशी
(ग) काभ्यः
उत्तर:
(क) कीदृशेण

प्रश्न 23.
लोभाविष्टा सा बृहत्तमा मञ्जूषां गृहीतवती।
(क) के
(ख) कस्याः
(ग) का
(घ) कीदृशी
उत्तर:
(घ) कीदृशी

प्रश्न 24.
तस्यां तया भीषणः सर्पः विलोकितः।
(क) कः
(ख) कम्
(ग) का
(घ) कम्
उत्तर:
(क) कः

प्रश्न 25.
लुब्धया बालिकया लोभस्य फलं प्राप्तम्।
(क) क;
(ख) किम्
(ग) केभ्यः
(घ) कस्य
उत्तर:
(घ) कस्य

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नवाक्यानि घटनाक्रमानुसारं पुनर्लिखत –

प्रश्न 1.

  1. बालिका सूर्योदयात् पूर्वम् एव तत्र उपस्थिता अभवत्।
  2. यदा मञ्जूषां सा उद्घाटितवती तदा तस्यां महाणि हीरकाणि दृष्ट्वा सा प्रसन्ना जाता।
  3. यदा काकः शचित्वा प्रबुद्धः जातः तदा सः स्वर्णगवाक्षात् अवदत्।
  4. कस्मिंश्चिद् ग्रामे एका धनहीना वृद्धा स्त्री अवसत्।
  5. बालिका अकथयत्-अहं ताम्रस्थाल्यामेव भोजनं करिष्यामि।
  6. बालिके! त्वम् आगता? तिष्ठ, अहं त्वत्कृते सोपानम् अवतारयामि।
  7. सा काकं भर्त्सयन्ती अवदत्।
  8. परं स्वर्णसोपानेन सा स्वर्णभवनम् आससाद।

उत्तर:

  1. कस्मिंश्चिद् ग्रामे एका धनहीना वृद्धा स्त्री अवसत्।
  2. बालिका सूर्योदयात् पूर्वम् एव तत्र उपस्थिता अभवत्।
  3. यदा काकः शचित्वा प्रबुद्धः जातः तदा सः स्वर्णगवाक्षात् अवदत्।
  4. बालिके। त्वम् आगता? तिष्ठ, अहं त्वत्कृते सोपानम् अवतारयामि।
  5. परं स्वर्णसोपानेन सा स्वर्णभवनम् आससाद।
  6. बालिका अकथयत् – अहं ताम्रस्थाल्यामेव भोजनं करिष्यामि।
  7. यदा मञ्जूषां सा उद्घाटितवती तदा तस्यां महाहाणि हीरकाणि दृष्ट्वा सा प्रसन्ना जाता।
  8. सा काकं भर्ल्सयन्ती अवदत्।

प्रश्न 2.

  1. इति उक्त्वा काकः कक्षायाः अभ्यन्तरात् तिस्रः मञ्जूषा: निस्सारयत्।
  2. लोभाविष्टा सा बृहत्तमा मञ्जूषां गृहीतवती।
  3. भो नीचकाक! अहम् आगता अस्मि। मह्यं तण्डुलमूल्यं प्रयच्छ।
  4. किञ्चित् कालात् अनन्तरं एकः विचित्रः काकः तत्र तामुपाजगाम।
  5. एकस्याः वृद्धायाः एका विनम्रा मनोहरा च कन्या आसीत्।
  6. कन्या प्रावोचत्-अहं निर्धन मातुः कन्या अस्मि। अतः ताम्र सोपानेन एव आगमिष्यामि।
  7. तस्मिन्नेव ग्रामे एका अपरा लुब्धा वृद्धा स्त्री अवसत्।
  8. एकदा सा पुत्रीम् आदिदेश-सूर्यातपे तण्डुलात् खगेभ्यो त्वं रक्ष।

उत्तर:

  1. एकस्याः वृद्धायाः एका विनम्रा मनोहरा च कन्या आसीत्।
  2. एकदा सा पुत्रीम् आदिदेश-सूर्यातपे तण्डुलात् खगेभ्यो त्वं रक्ष।
  3. किञ्चित् कालात् अनन्तरं एक: विचित्रः काकः तत्र तामुपाजगाम।
  4. कन्या प्रावोचत्-अहं निर्धन मातुः कन्या अस्मि। अतः ताम्र सोपानेन एव आगमिष्यामि।
  5. इति उक्त्वा काकः कक्षायाः अभ्यन्तरात् तिम्रः मञ्जूषाः निस्सारयत्।
  6. तस्मिन्नेव ग्रामे एका अपरा लुब्धा वृद्धा स्त्री अवसत्।
  7. भो नीचकाक! अहम् आगता अस्मि। मह्यं तण्डुलमूल्यं प्रयच्छ।
  8. लोभाविष्टा सा बृहत्तमा मञ्जूषां गृहीतवती।

प्रश्न 3.

  1. गृहम् आगत्य यदा सा मञ्जूषाम् उद्घाटयति तदा तस्मिन् एवं कृष्णसर्पम् अपश्यत्।
  2. हे नीच काक! अहम् आगता अस्मि, मह्यं तण्डुलानां मूल्यं प्रयच्छ।
  3. तदनन्तरं सा लोभम् अत्यजत्।
  4. तस्मिन् एवं ग्रामे एका लुब्धा वृद्धा अपि न्यवसत्।
  5. गर्विता बालिका अवदत्-अहं स्वर्णमयेन सोपानेव एव आगमिष्यामि।
  6. लुब्धया कन्यया लोभस्य फलं प्राप्तम्।
  7. तस्याः अपि एका ईर्ष्यालु: कन्या अपि आसीत्।
  8. सूर्यातपे सापि तण्डुलान् निक्षिप्य स्वसुता तेषां रक्षार्थ नियुक्तवती।

उत्तर:

  1. तस्मिन् एव ग्रामे एका लुब्धा वृद्धा अपि न्यवसत्।
  2. तस्याः अपि एका ईर्ष्यालुः कन्या अपि आसीत्।
  3. सूर्यातपे सापि तण्डुलान् निक्षिप्य स्वसुतां तेषां रक्षार्थ नियुक्तवती।
  4. हे नीच काक! अहम् आगता अस्मि, महयं तण्डुलानां मूल्यं प्रयच्छ।
  5. गर्विता बालिका अवदत्-अहं स्वर्णमयेन सोपानेव एव आगमिष्यामि।
  6. गृहम् आगत्य यदा सा मञ्जूषाम् उद्घाटयति तदा तस्मिन् एवं कृष्णसर्पम् अपश्यत्।
  7. लुब्धया कन्यया लोभस्य फलं प्राप्तम्।
  8. तदनन्तर सा लोभम् अत्यजत्।

प्रश्न 4.
निम्न पदानां पर्यायपदानि मेलयत-

पदानि – पर्यायः

  1. निर्धना – अवदत्
  2. एकदा – तस्याः समक्षे
  3. पुरा – शोकं कुरु
  4. माता – अतीव प्रसन्ना
  5. शुचः – स्वर्णशरीरम्
  6. प्रबुद्धः – अद्यपर्यन्तम्
  7. स्वर्णमयम् – निक्षिप्ताः
  8. चिरकालम् – दृष्ट्वा
  9. दुहिता – असन्तुष्टा (उत्कण्ठिता)
  10. विस्मयम् – एकवारम् (एकस्मिन् दिवसे)
  11. प्राह – खादन्
  12. अद्यावधि – प्राचीने काले
  13. प्रगृह्य – जागरितः
  14. विलोक्य – दीर्धकालम्
  15. प्रहर्षिता – जननी
  16. भक्षयन् – गृहीत्वा
  17. तत्पुरः – धनहीना
  18. समुत्क्षिप्ताः – आश्चर्यम्
  19. पर्यत्यजत् – तुभ्यम्
  20. तर्षिता – सुता
  21. त्वत्कृते – त्यक्तवती

उत्तर:

पदानि – पर्यायः

  1. निर्धना – धनहीना
  2. एकदा – एकवारम् (एकस्मिन् दिवसे)
  3. पुरा – प्राचीनेकाले
  4. माता – जननी
  5. शुचः – शोकं कुरु
  6. प्रबुद्धः – जागरितः
  7. स्वर्णमयम् – स्वर्णशरीरम्
  8. चिरकालम् – दीर्घकालम्
  9. दुहिता – सुता
  10. विस्मयम् -आश्चर्यम्
  11. प्राह – अवदत्
  12. अद्यावधि – अद्यपर्यन्तम्
  13. प्रगृह्य – गृहीत्वा
  14. विलोक्य – दृष्ट्वा
  15. प्रहर्षिता – अतीव प्रसन्ना
  16. भक्षयन् – खादन्
  17. तत्पुरः – तस्याः समक्षे
  18. समुत्क्षिप्ताः – निक्षिप्ता:
  19. पर्यत्यजत् – त्यक्तवती
  20. तर्षिता – असन्तुष्टा (उत्कण्ठिता)
  21. त्वत्कृते – तुभ्यम्

प्रश्न 5.
‘क’ स्तम्भे विशेषणानि ‘ख’ स्तम्भे विशेष्याणि दत्तानि। तानि समुचित योजयत –

‘क’ स्तम्भ – ‘ख’ स्तम्भ

  1. वृद्धा – स्वर्णकाक:
  2. मनोहरा – माता
  3. कस्मिंश्चिद् – बालिका
  4. स्वर्णपक्ष: – भवनम्
  5. निर्धना – मञ्जूषा
  6. प्रहर्षिता – सा
  7. स्वर्णमयम् – काक:
  8. आश्चर्यचकिता – ग्राम
  9. प्रबुद्धः – दुहिता
  10. एकाकिनी – माता
  11. इयत् – स्त्री
  12. तिस्रः – मूल्यम्

उत्तर:

‘क’ स्तम्भ – ‘ख’ स्तम्भ

  1. वृद्धा – स्त्री
  2. मनोहरा – दुहिता
  3. कस्मिंश्चिद् – ग्रामे
  4. स्वर्णपक्ष: – स्वर्णकाकः
  5. निर्धना – माता
  6. प्रहर्षिता – बालिका
  7. स्वर्णमयम् – भवनम्
  8. आश्चर्यचकिता – सा
  9. प्रबुद्धः – काकः
  10. एकाकिनी – माता
  11. इयत् – मूल्यम्
  12. तिस्रः – मञ्जूषा

Environment and Sustainable Development Class 12 Important Extra Questions Economics Chapter 9

Here we are providing Class 12 Economics Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 9 Environment and Sustainable Development. Economics Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Economics Chapter 9 Important Extra Questions Environment and Sustainable Development

Environment and Sustainable Development Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Give two examples of biotic elements.
Answer:
Examples of biotic elements include air, land, water, etc.

Question 2.
Name any two greenhouse gases.
Answer:
Carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases.

Question 3.
What causes skin cancer in humans?
Answer:
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes skin cancer in humans.

Question 4.
Name the important mineral reserves in India.
Answer:
The important mineral reserves in India are bauxite, copper, chromate, diamonds, gold, lead, lignite,manganese, zinc, uranium, etc.

Question 5.
List the major contributors to air pollution in urban India.
Answer:
The major contributors to air pollution in urban India are:
(i) Vehicles
(ii) Industries
(iii) Thermal power plants

Question 6.
Write two features of sustainable development.
Answer:
Features of sustainable development are:
(i) It increases real per capita income and quality of life.
(ii) It helps in reducing pollution.

Question 7.
How can solar energy be converted into electricity?
Answer:
Solar energy can be converted into electricity with the help of photovoltaic cells.

Environment and Sustainable Development Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources.
Answer:
The following are the points of difference between renewable and non-renewable resources: omelette

Renewable ResourcesNon-renewable Resources
1. Renewable resources are those which can be used without the possibility of the resource becoming depleted or exhausted.1. Non-renewable resources are those which get exhausted with extraction and use.
Examples: Trees, fish, water, etc.Examples: Petroleum, coal, iron-ore, etc.

Question 2.
State some long-term impacts of global warming.
Answer:
Some long-term impacts of global warming are:

  • Melting of polar ice
  • Rise in sea level
  • Frequent coastal flooding and tropical storms
  • Disruption of drinking water supplies
  • Extinction of species
  • Increased incidence of tropical diseases

Question 3.
State some long-term impacts of global warming.
Answer:
Some long-term impacts of global warming are:
(i) Melting of polar ice
(ii) Rise in sea level
(iii) Frequent coastal flooding and tropical storms
(iv) Disruption of drinking water supplies
(v) Extinction of species
(vi) Increased incidence of tropical diseases

Question 4.
Write short notes on the following:
(i) Solar energy
(ii) Mini-hydel plant
Answer:
(i) Solar energy can be converted into electricity with the help of photovoltaic cells. These cells use semi-conductive materials to capture solar energy and then convert the energy into electricity. It is a pollution-free technology, which is extremely useful for such places where power supply through grid or power lines is either not possible or very costly.

(ii) Mini-hydel plants use the energy of perennial streams to move small turbines. These turbines generate electricity, which can be used locally. Mini-hydel power plants are environment-friendly source of energy generation. Such plants are capable of generating enough power to meet local demands.

Environment and Sustainable Development Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Define the term ‘Global Warming’? What are its main causes?
Answer:
Global warming is a gradual increase in the average temperature of the earth’s lower atmosphere as a result of the increase in greenhouse gases since the advent of industrial revolution.

Following are the main causes of global warming:
(i) Buildup of Carbon Dioxide: Increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to burning of fossil fuels is the most significant human cause of global warming.

(ii) Deforestation: Deforestation means clearing the forest to make the land available for other uses. All living plants store carbon. As forest and grassland are cleared for use, enormous amount of carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere.

(iii) Methane’s Impact: When we consider the effects of methane within a single decade, it is 100 times as powerful as carbon dioxide as a
greenhouse gas. Methane’s has the potential to have significant impacts on the future of global warming.

(iv) Increased Use of Fertilisers: With the advent of green revolution, the use of chemical fertilisers and machines to produce food has increased significantly. One of the primary components of the green revolution is nitrogen fertilisers, which have 300 times more heat trapping capacity per unit of volume than carbon dioxide. Hence, these contribute towards global warming.

(v) Other Causes: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydro chlorofluorocarbons (FHCFCs) used in refrigerator are also powerful greenhouse gases. These gases occur in lower concentration in the atmosphere but as they are so comparatively more potent than carbon dioxide, they contribute to global warming as well.

Question 2
Suggest some measures to prevent environmental degradation.
Answer:
The following measures are needed to prevent environmental degradation:
(i) Population Control: Rising population is a threat to the country. Therefore, it is absolutely essential to check the rising population if environment is to be protected.

(ii) Proper Implementation of Environment Conservation Acts. In India the Environment Protection Act was passed in 1986. The objective of this Act is to check degradation in the quality of environment Therefore, this Act should be strictly implemented.

(iii) Social Awareness: Social awareness must be spread among the people to understand the dangerous consequences of pollution. This will ultimately save the environment.

(iv) Afforestation Campaign: Plantation should be done on a large scale for the protection of environment.

(v) Water Management: For the protection of envionment, provisions must be made to supply clean drinking water to the people A so river water should be made dean.

(vi) improvement in Housing: For the protection of environment living places of the people should be made neat and clean. Slums must be replaced by airy and well-lighted dwelling houses.

(vii) Solid Waste Management: Solid waste management in a planned way is very essential in the country. Solid waste should be treated chemically. In this connection, rural garbage must be converted into compost for the protection of environment.

Question 3.
Differentiate between economic development and sustainable development.
Answer:
The following are the points of difference between economic and sustainable development:

Economic DevelopmentSustainable Development
1. Economic development refers to the long­term increase in real per capita income and economic welfare.In sustainable development, besides the increase in real per capita income, the welfare of the present and future generation is taken into consideration.
2. It does not account for the exploitation of natural capital.Sustainable development emphasises on rational utilisation of natural resources.
3. It is generally used in the context of undeveloped economies.It is used for developed, developing as well as underdeveloped economies.
4. It lays special stress on the structural technical and institutional changes in the economy.It does not lay such stress on the structural, technical and institutional changes in the economy.
5. It does not emphasise on environmental protection.It gives main emphasis on environmental protection.

Question 4.
Explain the objectives of sustainable development.
Answer:
The objectives of sustainable development are:
(i) Sustained Rise in Real per Capita Income and Quality of Life: The main objective of the sustained development is to maintain the remarkable level of real per capita income and the quality of life.

(ii) Reduction in Pollution: Sustainable development aims to discard those activities which prove to
be detrimental to the natural resources and environment. Thus, reduction in the pollution at any cost is its main objective.

(iii) Rational Use of Natural Resources: Its means that people should avoid excessive or unnecessary exploitation of natural resources.

(iv) Fulfilling the Requirements of Future Generation: Sustainable development aims to minimise environmental problems and meet the needs of the present, generation without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs.

Question 5.
How does thermal power plant cause pollution?
Answer:
Thermal power plant cause pollution in the following ways:
(i) Emission of large quantities of carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas
(ii) Production of fly ash, which can cause land, air and water pollution, if not used properly

Question 6.
How do animals help in biopest control?
Answer:
Snakes prey upon rats, mice and various other pests. Similarly, birds such as owls and peacocks prey upon vermin and pests. If these are allowed to dwell around the agricultural areas, they can kill variety of pests, including insects. Lizards also help in reducing the insect population in the soil. It is important to know the value of these animals and save them.

Environment and Sustainable Development Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
‘Water has become an economic commodity.’ Justify the statement.
Answer:
Water has become an economic commodity because potable water is in limited supply on the earth. We buy water in, the form of bottled water, or pay monthly bills for water consumption. Since we pay price for water on the basis of its supply and demand, it would not be technically incorrect to consider water as an economic commodity. Although water is not yet a formal commodity traded on an organised exchange, it likely will be sometime in the next two decades.

NCERT Class 9 Economics Chapter 4 Notes Food Security in India

NCERT Class 9 Economics Chapter 4 Notes

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Economics Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 4 SST Food Security in India will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Food Security in India Class 9 Notes Social Science Economics Chapter 4

CBSE Class 9 Economics Chapter 4 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Food is essential for living. Food security means something more than getting two square meals. Food security is ensured in a country only if all of its citizens have enough nutritious food available, all persons have the capacity to buy food of acceptable quality and there is no barrier on access to food.

2. The people living below the poverty line might be food insecure most of the time while better off people might also be food insecure at the time of a national disaster or calamity like earthquake, drought, flood, etc.

3. Due to a natural calamity, total production of food grains decreases which creates shortage of food. Due to shortage of food, the prices goes up. In such a situation poor people fail to buy food. If this condition remains for a longer time, it may cause a situation of starvation. A massive starvation might take a turn of famine.

4. Although a large section of people suffer from food and nutrition insecurity in India, the worst affected groups are landless people with little or no land in rural areas and people employed in ill- paid occupations and casual labourers engaged in seasonal activities in the urban areas.

5. The social composition along with the inability to buy food also plays a role in food insecurity. The SCs, STs and some sections of the OBCs are prone to food insecurity. A great number of women are also food insecure.

6. The food insecure people are disproportionately large in some regions of the country, such as economically backward states with high incidence of poverty, tribal and remote areas, regions prone to natural disasters, etc.

7. Hunger is another aspect indicating food insecurity. The attainment of food security therefore involves eliminating current hunger and reducing the risks of future hunger.

8. Hunger may be chronic or seasonal. Chronic hunger is a consequence of diets persistently inadequate in terms of quantity and /or quality. Seasonal hunger is related to cycles of food growing and harvesting.

9. India is aiming at self-sufficiency in food grains since Independence. The Green Revolution which took place in agriculture resulted in the increased production of food grains especially wheat and rice.

10. The increase in food grains was, however, disproportionate. It was highest in Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. But production of food grains has dropped in states like Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Assam, etc.

11. Since the advent of the Green Revolution in the early 70s, famine-like situation has never occurred even during adverse weather conditions. India has become self-sufficient in food grains during the last thirty years because of a variety of crops grown all over the country.

12. To ensure availability of food to all sections of the society the Indian government carefully designed food security system which is composed of two components: (a) buffer stock and (b) Public Distribution System.

13. Buffer stock is the stock of food grains, namely wheat and rice procured by the government through Food Corporation of India (FCI). The FCI purchases wheat and rice from the farmers at a pre-announced price and store them in granaries. This is done to distribute food grains in the deficit areas and among the poorer section of society at a price lower than the market price.

14. The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government-regulated ration shops called the Public Distribution System (PDS). Ration shops are now present in most localities, villages, towns and cities,

15. In addition to PDS, various poverty alleviation programmes were also started which comprised a component of food security. Some of these programs are-Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS); Food-For-Work (FFW); Mid-Day-Meals, Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY), etc.

16. In addition to the role of the government in ensuring food security, there are various cooperatives and NGOs also working intensively towards this direction.

17. The cooperative societies set up shops to sell low priced goods to poor people. For example, Mother Dairy in Delhi. AMUL is another success story of cooperatives in milk and milk products from Gujarat.

18. In Maharashtra, the Academy of Development Science (ADS) has facilitated a network of NGOs for setting up grain banks in different regions.

Food Security in India Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Food security: It means availability, accessibility and affordability of food to all people at all times.

Famine: Extreme scarcity of food.

Starvation: Suffering or death caused by lack of food.

Malnutrition: Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat.

Hunger: A feeling of discomfort or weakness caused by lack of food, compelled with the desire to eat.

Buffer stock: The stock of food grains.

Granary: A storehouse for threshed grain.

NCERT Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Notes Poverty as a Challenge

NCERT Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Notes

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 3 SST Poverty as a Challenge will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Poverty as a Challenge Class 9 Notes Social Science Economics Chapter 3

CBSE Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Poverty is a major challenge faced by independent India. It has many dimensions, normally, this is measured through the concept of ‘Poverty line’.

2. A common method used to measure poverty is based on the income or consumption levels. A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given ‘minimum level’ necessary to fulfil basic needs.

3. What is necessary to satisfy basic needs is different at different times and in different countries. Therefore, poverty line may vary with time and place.

4. While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical requirement, etc; are determined for subsistence.

5. These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices in rupees. The present formula for food requirements while estimating the poverty line is based on the desired calorie requirement.

6. The calorie needs vary depending on age, sex and type work that a person does. The accepted average calorie requirement in India is 2400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2100 calories per person per day in urban areas.

7. For the age 2011-12, the poverty line for a person was fixed at ? 816 per month for the rural areas and? 1000 for the urban areas.

8. In the year 2011-12, a family of five members living in rural areas and earning less than about? 4,080 per month will be below the poverty line. A similar family in urban areas would need a minimum of ? 5,000 per month to meet their basic requirements.

9. The poverty line is estimated periodically by conducting sample surveys which are carried out by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO).

10. There is substantial decline in poverty ratios in India between 1993-94 and 2004-05 but the number of poor remained at about 407 million which further declined to 269 million in 2011-12.

11. The social groups which are most vulnerable to poverty are scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households. Among the economic groups, the rural agricultural labour households and the urban casual labour households are the most vulnerable groups. In poor families, women, elderly people and female infants are considered poorest of the poor.

12. The proportion of poor people is not the same in every state of India. Bihar and Odisha continue to be the two poorest states with poverty ratios of 33.7 and 37.6 per cent respectively.

13. In states like Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and West Bengal there has been a significant decline in poverty. States like Punjab and Haryana have also succeeded in reducing poverty to a great extent.

14. There has also been a substantial reduction in global poverty. But it is marked with great regional differences. Poverty declined substantially in China and Southeast Asian countries but in countries of I South Asia i.e. India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan, the decline has not been rapid.

15. In Sub-Saharan Africa, poverty rose from 51 per cent in 1981 to 47 per cent in 2008. In Latin America, the ratio of poverty remained the same.

16. The causes of widespread poverty in India are—the low level of economic development under the British colonial administration, high growth rate of population, huge income inequalities and socio­cultural and economic factors.

17. Removal of poverty has been one of the major objectives of Indian developmental strategy. The government is focusing on the promotion of economic growth. It has also started many anti-poverty schemes/programmes.

18. There are many schemes which are formulated to affect poverty directly or indirectly. Some of them are – Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, (MGNREGA), Prime Minister Rozgar Yozana (PMRY), Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP), Swarnajayaanti Gram Swarozgar Yozana (SGSY), Pradhanmantri Gramodaya Yozana (PMGY), and Antyodaya Anna Yozana (AAY).

19. Poverty has certainly declined in India. But poverty reduction is still India’s most compelling challenge. Poverty reduction is expected to make better progress in the next ten to fifteen years.

20. Even though we will be able to provide the minimum necessary in terms of income to all people by the end of the next decade, but the target will move on for many of the bigger challenges that still remain. For example, providing health care, education and job security for all and achieving gender equality and dignity for the poor. These are some of the issues which also need to be focused.

Poverty as a Challenge Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Poverty: The state of being extremely poor.

Poverty line: The estimated minimum level of income needed to secure the necessities of life.

Challenge: Something that needs great mental or physical effort in order to be done successfully and therefore tests a persons’ ability.

Human poverty: A situation in which people have food, clothing and shelter but don’t have proper education, self-confidence, gender equality and dignity.

Poverty alleviation: Removal of poverty.

NCERT Class 9 Economics Chapter 2 Notes People as Resource

NCERT Class 9 Economics Chapter 2 Notes

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 9 Economics Chapter 2 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 2 SST People as Resource will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

People as Resource Class 9 Notes Social Science Economics Chapter 2

CBSE Class 9 Economics Chapter 2 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Population becomes human capital when there is investment made in the form of education, training and medical care. Human capital is the stock of skill and productive knowledge.

2. Higher incomes are earned because of the higher productivity of the more educated or the better-trained persons, as well as the higher productivity of healthier people. Society also gains indirectly because the advantages of a more educated or a healthier population spreads to those also who themselves were not directly educated or given health care.

3. Human capital is superior to other resources like land and physical capital because it is human resource that can make use of land and capital. The large population of India can be turned into a productive asset by investment in human capital.

4. Investment in human resource via education and medical care can give high rates of return in the future in the form of higher earnings and greater contribution to society. Countries like Japan have invested in human resources. They did not have any natural resources. These countries are developed countries because they have invested on people especially in the field of education and health.

5. People have been engaged in various economic activities which have been classified into three main sectors-primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, etc. Secondary sector includes manufacturing. Trade, transport, communication, tourism, etc. come under tertiary sector.

6. Economic activities are also called market activities as they involve remuneration. Non-market activities are the production for self-consumption. The earning of any individual in the market depends mainly on education and skill. Since a majority of women lack good education and skill so they are paid low compared to men.

7. The quality of population depends upon the literacy rate, health of a person, indicated by life expectancy and skill formation acquired by the people of the country. The quality of the population ultimately decides the growth rate of the country. Educated and healthy people are an asset.

8. Education is an important input for the growth of an individual. Education also contributes towards the growth of society. It enhances the national income, cultural richness and increases the efficiency of governance. Sarva Siksha Abhiyan is a significant step towards providing elementary education to all children in the age group of six to fourteen years.

9. The health of a person helps him to realise his potential and the ability to fight illness. An unhealthy person becomes a liability. So, improvement in health status of the population has the priority of the country.

10. Unemployment is a big problem in our country. In rural areas, there is seasonal and disguised unemployment. Urban areas have mostly educated unemployment.

11. Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource. People who are an asset for the economy turn into a liability. Unemployment tends to increase economic overload. The dependence of the unemployed on the working population increases. The quality of life of an individual as well as society is adversely affected.

12. The employment structure is characterised by self-employment in the primary sector. Agriculture is the most labour absorbing sector of the economy. In recent years there has been a decline m the dependence of population on agriculture. Some of the surplus-labour in agriculture has moved to either the secondary or tertiary sector.

People as Resource Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Population: All the inhabitants of a particular place.

Human Capital: The stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied in people.

Investment: Purchase of goods that are not consumed today but are used in future to create wealth.

Physical Capital: Wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization.

Liability: A person or thing whose presence or behaviour is likely to put one at a disadvantage.

Vocational Education: Educational training that provides practical experience in a particular occupational field, agriculture home economics, industry.

Illiterate: One who is unable to read or write.

Asset: A useful or valuable thing or person.

Elementary education: A period of formal education following pre-school but before high school.

Life expectancy: The average period that a person may expect to live.

Subsistence level: A standard of living or wage that provides only the bare necessities of life.

Biotechnology: The exploitation of biological processes for industrial and purposes, especially the genetic manipulation micro-organisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.

Surplus: An amount of something left over when requirements have been met.