CBSE Class 9

CBSE Class 9 Civics Chapter 6 Extra Questions Democratic Rights Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science SST Civics Chapter 6 Democratic Rights.

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NCERT Class 9 Civics Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers Democratic Rights

SOLVED QUESTION BANK

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 1.
What is Guantanamo Bay? What is it known for?
Answer:
Guantanamo Bay is an area near Cuba controlled by the American Navy. It was known as a prison where the Americans kept 600 people without trail on suspicion of taking part in attack on New York on September 11, 2011.

Question 2.
Which organisation reported about human rights violation in Guantanamo Bay?
Answer:
Amnesty International, an International human rights organisation tried to expose the violation of human rights.

Question 3.
Mention one charge of human rights violation made by Amnesty International against the USA.
Answer:

1. The prisoners were tortured and denied the treatment that is given to even prisoners of war as per international treaties.
2. Prisoners were not released even after they were officially declared non-guilty. (any one)

Question 4.
Mention one fundamental rights which the Saudi Arabia denies to its citizens.
Answer:

1. Citizens cannot form any political parties. Media cannot write anything that the king does not like. So freedom of speech and expression is denied.
2. There is no freedom of religion. Every citizen has to be a Muslim. Non-Muslim residents can follow their religion in private but not in public. (any one)

Question 5.
How are the rulers of Saudi Arabia elected?
Answer:
The country is ruled by a hereditary King and the people have no role in electing or changing their rulers.

Question 6.
Why did ethnic massacre take place in Kosovo?
Answer:
Kosovo, a province of Yugoslavia, had majority population of Albanians. But Serbs were in majority in the entire country. The government of Milosevic was hostile to the Kosovo Albanians. He ordered the massacre of Albanians who did not leave the country.

Question 7.
How was an ethnic massacre in Kosovo put to end?
Answer:
The intervention of many countries led to Milosevic’s loss of power and he was tried by the International Court of Justice.

Question 8.
What can be done in a democratic country to avoid the examples of Saudi Arabia, Kosovo and Guantanamo Bay?
Answer:
To have a system where minimum freedom is granted to its citizens—powerful or weak, rich or poor, majority or minority and this freedom can be enforced also.

Question 9.
What are rights? [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
Rights are reasonable claims of a person recognised by society and sanctioned by law.

Question 10.
How can we practice our rights?
Answer:
A right is possible when we make a claim that is equally possible for others. We cannot have a right that harms or hurts others.

Question 11.
When do the rights become enforceable?
Answer:
Rights become enforceable when they are recognised by the society and the law.

Question 12.
What happen if rights are not written into laws?
Answer:
The remain only natural or moral rights if not recognised by laws. They can not be enforced and citizens can not approach courts for their application.

Question 13.
Give one reason why rights are necessary in a democracy.
Answer:
Citizens can express their opinion, form political parties and take part in political activities.

Question 14.
Why are some rights placed higher than the government? How?
Answer:
Some rights are placed higher than the government so that it cannot violate them. They are written in constitution and are enforceable.

Question 15.
What are fundamental rights? How many fundamental rights are granted by our constitution?
Answer:
Some rights are given special status as they are essential or fundamental or basic to our life. These rights are called fundamental rights and every citizen is given these rights. Six fundamental rights are granted by our constitution.

Question 16.
Name the six fundamental rights provided by the Indian Constitution to Indian citizens.
Answer:
The fundamental rights are:

1. Right to Equality
2. Right to Freedom of Religion
3. Right to Freedom
4. Cultural and Educational Rights
5. Right against Exploitation
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies

Question 17.
What does ‘rule of law’ mean?
Answer:
It means that no person is above the law and the laws apply to all in the same manner regardless of a person’s position, caste, creed, religion or gender.

Question 18.
Why is the rule of law considered the foundation of any democracy?
Answer:
It means that no person is above the law. There cannot be any distinction between a political leader, government official and an ordinary citizen. The laws apply in the same manner to all.

Question 19.
To which sections of society government of India give reservations?
Answer:
The government of India give reservations to Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.

Question 20.
What do you mean by equality?
Answer:
Equality means that all citizens are treated equally and there should be no discrimination on basis of caste, colour, creed, gender, and giving everyone an equal opportunity to achieve whatever one is capable of.

Question 21.
What do you mean by untouchability?
Answer:
It is the refusal to touch people belonging to certain castes as well as any belief or social practice which looks down upon people on account of their birth with certain caste labels.

Question 22.
What do job reservation mean?
Answer:
Job reservation means giving special treatment to someone in order to ensure equal opportunity.

Question 23.
What does Right to Freedom mean?
Answer:
It means living without interference by others in one’s affairs. Others should not dictate us what we should do. It means that citizens are free to do everything but do not violates other’s right to freedom.

Question 24.
Name the freedoms allowed to Indian citizens under the Right to Freedom.
Answer:

1. Freedom of speech and expression.
2. Freedom to assemble in a peaceful manner.
3. Freedom to form associations and unions.
4. Freedom to move freely throughout the country.
5. Freedom to reside in any part of the country.
6. Freedom to practice any profession or carry out any occupation, trade or business.

Question 25.
What is meant by freedom of speech and expression?
Answer:
It means that people are free to think differently, express their views accordingly, criticise the government or activities of an association, publicise our views through magazine or newspaper.

Question 26.
How does the government restricted freedom to speech?
Answer:
This freedom can not be used to instigate violence against others. Someone can’t be defamed by false and mean things.

Question 27.
“Workers in a factory can form a worker’s union.” Which right of freedom is represented by the statement?
Answer:
Right to form associations and unions.

Question 28.
How do citizens of India exercise freedom to travel to any part of the country?
Answer:
The citizens of India have single citizenship and are free to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India. This allows lakhs of citizens to migrate villages to towns and poorer regions to more prosperous regions.

Question 29.
Which fundamental right says that no person can be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law? [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
Right to freedom.

Question 30.
What action is mandatory after arresting or detaining a person?
Answer:
The person shall be produced before nearest magistrate within a period of 24 hours of arrest.

Question 31.
Which three evils have been declared illegal by the constitution?
Answer:
The evils are:

1. Traffic in human beings especially women for immoral purposes.
2. Forced labour or begar in any form.
3. Child labour

Question 32.
What do you mean by ‘traffic in human beings’?
Answer:
Traffic means buying and selling of human being for immoral purposes.

Question 33.
What is Begar?
Answer:
Begar is practice where the worker is forced to render service to the master free of charge or at a nominal remuneration.

Question 34.
What is bonded labour?
Answer:
When the practice of begar takes place on a life-long basis, it is called the practice of bonded labour.

Question 35.
In what way is child labour prohibited by the Indian constitution?
Answer:
The constitution prohibits child labour, i.e., no one can employ a child below the age of fourteen to work in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous work such as railways and ports.

Question 36.
In which industries children prohibited from working?
Answer:
Children were prohibited from working in industries such as beedkmaking, fire crackers and matches, printing and dyeing.

Question 37.
What is a secularism?
Answer:
Secularism means that the state is concerned only with relations among human beings and not with the relation between human beings .and the God. Indian secularism practices an attitude of a principled and equal distance from all religions.

Question 38.
What is meant by a ‘secular state’? [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
It is a state which does not have an official religion. All religions are given equal status and respect.

Question 39.
What does right to freedom of religion mean?
Answer:
It means that every person has the right to choose, practice and propagate any religion he or she believes in. Every religious group is free to manage its religious affairs. –

Question 40.
Why are there no special guarantees for the majority?
Answer:
The reason is that the working of democracy gives power to the majority.

Question 41.
The cultural and educational rights of the minorities need special protection. What is the reason behind it?
Answer:
These rights of the minorities may get neglected or undermined under the impact of the languages, culture and religion of the majority.

Question 42.
What does Right to Constitutional Remedies imply?
Answer:
In case of violation of our rights by fellow citizens, private bodies or by the government, we can approach the courts and seek remedy.

Question 43.
What is writ?
Answer:
It is a formal document containing an order of the court to the government issued only by High Court or the Supreme Court.

Question 44.
What is PIL?
Answer:
The expanded form of PIL is Public Interest Litigation. It a right under which, citizen or group of citizens can approach the Supreme Court or High Court for the protection of public interest against a particular law or action of the government.

Question 45.
In which year the National Human Rights Commission was set up by law?
Answer:
1993.

Question 46.
What is the main focus of NHRC?
Answer:
Helping the victims secure their human rights.

Question 47.
Who appoint the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)?
Answer:
The President of India appoints the NHRC.

Question 48.
How many states in our country have State Human Right Commission?
Answer:
26 states (as on 10 December 2017).

Question 49.
Mention certain rights derived from the fundamental rights.
Answer:
Freedom of press, right to information and right to education are derived from fundamental rights.

Question 50.
What does the right to education mean?
Answer:
According to this right, children up to the age of 14 years are entitled for free and compulsory education under this law.

Question 51.
What is RTI?
Answer:
Right to Information is the expanded form of RTI. RTI is the right to seek information from government offices regarding public work. This right comes under the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression.

Question 52.
What are Human Rights?
Answer:
Human Rights are universal moral claims that may or may not have been recognised by law. But there rights give a right to be treated as equal by law. Every human being born anywhere has the right to live and enjoy his life and should not be tortured by any means.

Question 53.
What is the International Covenant on economic, social and cultural rights?
                                                         Or
How has the International Covenant contributed to the expansion of rights?
Answer:
It is an international agreement which recognises many rights that are not directly part of the fundamental rights but are considered as a standard of human rights. For example, right to adequate food, clothing and housing.

Question 54.
Mention any one right granted to its people by the constitution of South Africa.
Answer:

1. Right to privacy, so that citizens or their homes cannot be searched, their phones cannot be tapped, their communication cannot be opened.
2. Right to environment that is not harmful to their health or well being. (any one)

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 55.
How were prisoners tortured by the US Army in Guantanamo Bay prison?
Answer:
The prisoners were being tortured in the following ways that violated the US laws.

1. They were being denied the treatment that even prisoners of war must get as per the institutional treaties.
2. Prisoners were not released even after they were officially declared not guilty.
3. Prisoners have no trial before any magistrate in the US, nor could these prisoners approach courts in their own country.

Question 56.
Describe the ethnic massacre in Kosovo. [CBSE 2016]
                                             Or
What was the background of the ethnic massacre that took place in Kosovo?
Answer:

1. Kosovo was a province of Yugoslavia before it split. In this province, the Serbs were in minority and Albanians were in majority while it was the other way round in the rest of the country.
2. A narrow-minded Serb nationalist Milosevic had won the elections. His government was hostile to the Kosovo Albanians.
3. He wanted the Serbs to dominate the country. According to many Serbs leaders, ethnic minorities like the Albanians should either leave the country or accept the dominance of the Serbs.

Question 57.
Which three qualities are required for calling any claim a right?
Answer:
The three qualities which are required for calling any claim a right are as follows.

1. The claims should be reasonable.
2. It has to be recognised by the society
3. It has to be sanctioned by the law.

Question 58.
What are rights? Why are they essential in a democracy? Give two reasons. [HOTS]
Answer:
Rights are claims of persons recognised by society and sanctioned by law. Rights are necessary for the very sustainance of a democracy in the following manner.

1. Rights protect minorities from the oppression of majority. They ensure that the majority cannot do whatever it likes. Rights are guarantees which can be used when things go wrong, when some citizens may wish to take away the rights of others. This happens when those in majority want to dominate those in minority. In such a situation, the government should protect the citizen’s rights.
2. Rights are necessary so that citizens can express their opinion, form political parties and take political activities.
3. Sometimes the elected governments may not protect or may’attack the rights of their citizens. That is why some rights need to the placed at higher than the government, so that the government cannot violate them. (any two)

Question 59.
What are the main features of ‘Right to Equality’?
Answer:
The main features of ‘Right to Equality’ are:

1. The constitution says that the government shall not deny to any person in India equality before law or the equal protection of the laws. This means that the laws apply in the same manner to all, regardless of a person’s status, i.e., every citizen of India is subjected to the same law e.g. from the Prime Minister to a villager. This is known as the rule of law.
2. The government shall not discriminate against any citizen on the grounds of religion, caste, ethnicity, gender or place of birth. Every citizen shall have equal access to public-places like shops, restaurants, hotels and cinema halls etc.
3. All citizens get equal opportunity in matters relating to employment or appointment to any position in the government. No citizen shall be discriminated against or made uneligible for employment on these grounds.

Question 60.
The Government of India has provided reservations for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. Are these reservations against the right to equality? Explain. [HOTS]
Answer:

1. Such reservations are not against the right to equality. Equality does not mean giving everyone the same treatment, no matter what they need. Equality in real sense means giving everyone an equal opportunity to achieve whatever one is capable of.
2. Sometimes, it is necessary to give special treatment to someone in order to ensure equal opportunity.
3. This is what job reservations do. To clarify this, the constitution says that reservations of this kind are not violation of the right to equality.

Question 61.
Why has constitution made untouchability a punishable offence? [HOTS]
Answer:
Untouchability has been made a punishable offence by the constitution because:

1. The constitution mentions untouchability as an extreme form of social discrimination and clearly directs the government to put an end to it.
2. It does not only mean refusal to touch a person belonging to certain castes. It is a belief or social practice which looks down upon certain castes on account of their birth with certain caste labels.
3. Such a practice denies such people interaction with others or access to public places as equal citizens. So constitution has declared untouchability as a punishable offence.

Question 62
How can citizens exercise their freedom to hold rallies and demonstrations?
Answer:
Citizens have the freedom to hold rallies and demonstrations in our country guaranteed by the constitution. But they can excise the right in following manners.

1. Such meetings have to be peaceful.
2. They should not lead to public disorder or breach of peace in society.
3. Those who participate in these activities should not carry weapons and arms.
4. Citizens can also form associations like doctors, traders etc. But these cannot provoke others. (any three)

Question 63.
What legal procedures have to be followed by a police officer if he arrest or detain any citizen?
Answer:

1. A person who is arrested and detained will have to be informed the reasons for such arrest and detention.
2. A person who is detained and arrested shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of 24 hours of arrest. .
3. Such person have the right to enage a lawyer for his/her defence.

Question 64.
Explain the three evils declared illegal under the Right against Exploitation.
Answer:
The constitution mentions three evils and declares them illegal.

1. Traffic in human beings. Traffic here means selling and buying of human beings, usually women for immoral purposes.
2. Begar. Our constitution also prohibits forced labour or begar in any form. It is a pratice where the worker is forced to render service to the master, free of cost/charge or at nominal salary. When this takes place on life-long basis, it is called bonded labour.
3. Child labour. The constitution also prohibits child labour. No one can employ a child below the age of 14 years to work in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous work such as in the railways and at ports. Many laws have been made to prohibits children from working in industries such as beedi making, fire crackers and matchbox, printing and dyeing.

Question 65.
How is the Right to Equality exercised?
Answer:
The Right to Equality exercised in the following manner.

1. By prohibiting discrimination against any citizen on the grounds of religion, caste, ethnicity, gender or place of birth.
2. Every citizen shall have access to public places likes shops, restaurants, hotels and cinema halls.
3. Giving equal opportunity to all citizens.
4. Provide reservations for SCs, STs, OBCs, women, poor or physically handicapped in some kinds of jobs to ensure equal opportunity.

Question 66.
Mention any three constitutional provisions that make India a secular state.
Answer:
In India, people follow different religions. So the constitution makers made provisions for India to be a secular country.
The constitutional provisions that make India secular are:

1. The constitution provides to all its citizens the freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion of their choice.
2. There is no official religion for India. Unlike Srilanka, where Buddhism is state religion and Pakistan which has Islam as state religion.
3. There shall be no religious instruction in the government educational institutions.

Question 67.
Why have new rights been added to fundamental rights from time to time? Give a few examples.
Answer:
New rights been added to fundamental rights because as time moves, societies develop or new
constitution is made. So to accommodate the needs of the present generation the scope of rights has been expanded over the years.
For example:

1. Right to education has become a fundamental right for Indian citizens.
2. Right to property is not a fundamental right but it is a legal or constitutional right.
3. Right to freedom of press is also another right which is an expansion of the right to freedom.

Question 68.
What does the constitution specify about the cultural and educational rights of the minorities?
Answer:
The constitution specifies the cultural and educational rights of the minorities in the following ways:

1. Any section of the citizens with a distinct language or culture have a right to conserve it.
2. Admission to any educational institution maintained by government or receiving government aid can not be denied to any citizen on the ground of religion or language.
3. All minorities have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

Question 69.
How does PIL work? Mention the importance of PIL.
Answer:
Under this (PIL), any citizen or group of citizens can approach tfye supreme court or high court for the protection of public interest against a particular law or action of the government.

Public Interest Litigation is use of litigation or legal action, which seeks to advance the cause of minority or disadvantaged groups or individuals. It raises issues of broad public cancern. It is a way of using the law strategically to effect social change.

Question 70.
Mention the powers/functions of the NHRC.
Answer:
The NHRC has the following powers/functions:

1. To make independent and credible inquiry into any case of violation of human rights.
2. It inquires into any case of abetment of such violation or negligence in controlling it by any government officer and takes other general steps to promote human rights in the country.
3. It presents its findings and recommendations to the government or intervene in the. court on behalf of the victims.
4. It has wide ranging powers to carry out its inquiry. It can summon witnesses, question any government official, demand any official paper, visit any prison for inspection or send its own team for on-the-spot inquiry.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 71.
What type of government does Saudi Arabia have? What are its main features?
Answer:
Saudi Arabia is a monarchy, ruled by a hereditary king and the people have no role in electing or changing their rulers.
The main features of this type of government are:

1. The king selects the legislature, the executive and also appoints the judges and can change any of their decisions.
2. Citizens cannot form political parties or any political organization.
3. Media cannot report anything that the monarch does not like.
4. There is no freedom of religion. Every citizen is required to be a muslim. Non-muslim residents can follow their religion in private but not in public.
5. Women are subjected to many public restrictions. The testimony of one man is considered equal to that of two women. (any four)

Question 72.
What are fundamental rights? How many fundamental rights are mentioned in our constitution? Why are they important?
Answer:
In India, like in other democracies in the world, some rights are mentioned in the constitution. These rights are fundamental to our life and therefore they are given a special status. They are called fundamental rights.
Six fundamental rights are:

1. Right to Equality
2. Right to Freedom
3. Right to Freedom of Religion
4. Right against Exploitation
5. Right to Constitutional Remedies
6. Cultural and Educational Rights

The fundamental rights are important as:

1. Fundamental rights are an important basic feature of the Indian constitution.
2. The preamble of the constitution takes about securing for all its citizens equality, liberty and justice. Fundamental rights put these into effect.
3. They provide the security to the minorities in the country.
4. They keep a check on the government.

Question 73.
Describe any five Freedom granted to the citizens of India under the Right to Freedom. [CBSE 2016]
                                                          Or
What is rights to Freedom? Mention different rights that come under it.
Answer:
Everybody wants to live in freedom which means absence of constraints. We want to live in a society but we want to be free and do not want to be dictated by anyone. So the constitution of India has given to its citizens the following rights:

1. Right to freedom of speech and expression.
2. Right to assemble in a peaceful manner.
3. Right to form associations and unions.
4. Right to move freely throughout the country.
5. Right to reside in any part of the country.
6. Right to practice any profession or carry out any occupation, trade or business.

These freedoms are not unlimited licences to do anything we want. The government has/can impose certain restrictions on these freedoms of the citizens under certain conditions for the good of the society.

Question 74.
Explain briefly the Right to Constitutional remedies. How this right could be enforced?
Answer:

1. The fundamental rights in the constitution are important because they are enforceable. We have the right to seek the enforcement of their rights. This is called the Right to Constitutional . Remedies. This itself is a fundamental right. This right was rightly called the heart and soul of the constitution by Dr BR Ambedkar. It makes other rights effective.
2. Sometimes our rights may be violated by fellow citizens, private bodies or by the government. When any of our rights is violated we can seek remedy through the supreme court or high court of a state.
3. The supreme court and high court have the power to issue directions, orders or writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights. They can also award compensation on the victims and punishment to the violators.

Question 75.
What is the role of International Covenant in the expansion of rights?
Answer:
International Covenant has also contributed to the expansion of rights. It binds the signatory countries to provide some rights to the citizens.

International Covenant on economic, social and cultural rights recognises many rights that are not directly a part of the fundamental rights in the India Constitution. This includes:

1. Right to work, opportunity to everyone to earn livelihood by working.
2. Right to safe and healthy working conditions with fair wages that can provide a decent standard of living for workers and their families.
3. Right to adequate standard of living including adequate food, clothing and housing.
4. Right to social security and insurance.
5. Right to health, medical care during illness, special care for women during childcare and prevention of epidemics.
6. Right to education, free and compulsory primary education, equal access to higher education. Thus International covenants play a significant role in expanding the scope of rights, {any five)

Question 76.
Explain how the scope of rights has expanded in recent times. [HOTS]
Answer:
The scope of rights has expanded in the following ways.

1. The court judgements have helped in expanding the scope of rights in the following ways.
   1. Certain rights like right to freedom of press, right to information and right to education are derived from the fundamental rights.
   2. The government is responsible for providing free and compulsory education to all children up to the age of 14 years.
   3. The Supreme Court has expanded the meaning of right to life to include the right to food also.
2. The Parliament has enacted a law giving the right to information to the citizens. This is under the freedom of thought and expression.
3. Constitution provides certain rights which are not fundamental e.g. right to property.
4. Right to vote is a constitutional right. .
5.  Human rights that are universal moral claims also help in expansion of rights.
6.  International movements also help in expansion of rights.
7. International covenants also contribute to expansion of rights.
8.  Last, but not the least sometimes new rights are guaranteed under the constitution as a result of the struggle of the people e.g. the constitution of South Africa guaranteed its citizens the following rights.
   1. Right to privacy.
   2. Right to environment that is not harmful to their health or well being.
   3. Right to have access to adequate housing.
   4. Right to access to health care services, sufficient food and water and medical treatment in an emergency. (any five)

Hope given Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science Civics Chapter 6 are helpful to complete your homework.

If you have any doubts, please comment below. Learn Insta try to provide online tutoring for you.

CBSE Class 9 History Chapter 1 Extra Questions The French Revolution Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 9 Social Science SST History Chapter 1 The French Revolution.

You can also practice NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 1 Questions and Answers on LearnInsta.com.

NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers The French Revolution

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which incident sparked the French Revolution?
Answer:
The attack by the third estate on the Bastille State prison (14th July 1789) and setting free the prisoners was the incident which sparked the French Revolution.

Question 2.
Why was Bastille prison attacked?
Answer:
The revolutionaries attacked the Bastille prison with a hope to find hoarded ammunition for the revolution.

Question 3.
Why was the Bastille hated by all?
Answer:
Bastille was hated by all because it was seen as a symbol of the despotic power of the king.

Question 4.
What did the French Revolution of 1789 stand for?
Answer:
The French Revolution of 1789 stood for the ideas of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.

Question 5.
What was the immediate cause of rioting in Paris?
Answer:
The high price of bread was the immediate cause of rioting in Paris.

Question 6.
Which ruler came to power in France in 1774? [CBSE 2012]
Answer:
Louis XVI of the Bourbon family ascended the throne of France in 1774.

Question 7.
What activity of the French monarchy hastened the revolution?
Answer:
The extravagant lifestyle of the monarch brought France on the verge of bankruptcy and hastened the revolution.

Question 8.
How did the American War of Independence add more debt to France?
Answer:
The French army supported thirteen colonies of America in the war of independence against Great Britain. It added one billion livres (currency unit in France) that had risen to more than two billion livres with interest.

Question 9.
Why did the French government increase the taxes?
Answer:
To meet the regular expenses such as cost of maintaining an army, the court and running the government offices or universities, the state was forced to increase taxes.

Question 10.
What was the Old Regime?
Answer:
The term Old Regime is usually used to describe the society and institutions of France before 1789.

Question 11.
Which estate paid taxes out of all?
Answer:
The third estate paid taxes out of all.

Question 12.
How was the society divided before the French Revolution?
Answer:
Before the French Revolution, the society was divided into three estates.
(a) The 1st estate consist of the clergy.
(b) The 2nd estate consist of the nobles.
(c) The 3rd estate included big businessmen, merchants, court officials, lawyers, peasants, landless labourers, servants and artisans.

Question 13.
Who owned the majority of land in 18th century France?
Answer:
The nobels, the Church and the richer members of the third estate owned the 60% of land in France.

Question 14.
What was the most important privilege enjoyed by the first two estates?
Answer:
The most important privilege enjoyed by the first two estates was the exemption from payment of taxes to the states.

Question 15.
Which estate enjoyed the feudal privileges? What were the feudal privileges?
Answer:
The feudal privileges were enjoyed by the second estate i.e., nobels. Nobels collected the feudal dues from the peasants comes under the feudal privileges.

Question 16.
What were the conditions of eighteenth century french peasants?
Answer:
Peasants were obliged to render services to the lord to work in his fields or house to serve in the army or to participate in building roads.

Question 17.
What was Tithe?
Answer:
Tithe was a tax levied by the Church, comprising one-tenth of the agricultural produce.

Question 18.
Which types of taxes were levied by the states?
Answer:
The taxes levied by the state included a direct tax called taille and number of other indirect taxes levied on everyday consumption articles like salt or tobacco.

Question 19.
Why had the peasants and workers had participated in revolts?
Answer:
To protest against increasing taxes and food scarcity, peasants and workers had started participating in revolts.

Question 20.
Which social group emerged in France in the 18th century? [CBSE 20131
Answer:
The middle class emerged in France in the 18th century.

Question 21.
Name the Philosophers who put forward the ideas of freedom, equal laws and opportunities for all in French society.
Answer:
The philosophers were John Locke, Montesquieu and Jean Jacques Rousseau.

Question 22.
What did John Locke write in his book Two Treaties of Government? [CBSE 2011]
Answer:
John Locke sought to refute the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monarch in his book.

Question 23.
Which form of government was proposed by Rousseau?
Answer:
Rousseau proposed the form of government which was based on a social contract between people and their representative.

Question 24.
Who wrote The Spirit of the Laws? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The Spirit of the Laws was written by Montesquieu.

Question 25.
Mention the ideas proposed by Montesquieu in the book The Spirit of the Laws.
Answer:
Fie proposed a division of power within government between the executive, the legislative and the judiciary.

Question 26.
Where and when did the ideas of division of power within government came into effect?
Answer:
This idea firstly came into effect in USA, after the thirteen American colonies declared their independence from America.

Question 27.
What did become an example for political thinkers in France?
Answer:
The American Constitution and its guarantee of individual rights became an example for political thinkers in France.

Question 28.
Where were the ideas of the philosophers discussed intensively in France?
Answer:
The ideas of the philosophers were discussed intensively in salons and coffee-houses and spread among people through books and newspapers.

Question 29.
Which news enraged the system of privileges in eighteenth century France?
Answer:
The news of imposing more taxes by the king of France i.e., Louis XVI enraged the system of privileges.

Question 30.
What was the Estates General? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The Estates General was a political body to which the three estates sent their representatives.

Question 31.
Why was the meeting of Estate General called in France during Old Regime?
Answer:
During Old Regime of France, the King lacks the power to impose taxes. For this purpose, he had to call a meeting of Estate General which further on pass the proposal for new taxes.

Question 32.
What was the representation of the three estates at the Estate General Assembly of 1789?
Answer:
The first and the second estates sent 300 representatives each, who were seated facing each other on two sides. The third estate sent 600 members who had to stand.

Question 33.
When and where did Louis XVI called the assembly of General Estate?
Answer:
On 5 May 1789, Louis XVI called the assembly of General Estate in a resplendent hall in Versailles.

Question 34.
Which principle was followed by Estate General for taking vote? [HOTS]
Answer:
According to the principle, each estate has one vote.

Question 35.
Which proposal of the third estate was refused by King Louis XVI?
Answer:
The third estate demanded that voting should be conducted by the assembly as a whole in which each member had one vote. But the king refused this proposal.

Question 36.
In which book did Rousseau mention the idea of one person, one vote? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
In The Social Contract, Rousseau wrote about one person, one vote.

Question 37.
What step was taken by the third estate when their demand was refused?
Answer:
The third estate assembled in the indoor tennis court hall which was in the Versailles. They sworned to draft a constitution for France in which would limit the power of monarchs and also declared themselves a National Assembly.

Question 38.
Who was Mirabeau?
Answer:
Mirabeau belonged to a nobel family. He was convinced with the need to do away with the society of feudal privileges and led the representatives of the 3rd estate.

Question 39.
What do you know about Abbe Sieyes? [CBSE 2011]
Answer:
Abbe Sieyes was originally a priest. He wrote an influential pamphlet named ‘What is the Third Estate’?

Question 40.
Define Chateaux.
Answer:
A Chateaux is a castle or stately residence belonging to a king or a nobleman.

Question 41.
What was the decree of the National Assembly of 1789?
Answer:
The decree of the National Assembly of 1789 was to abolish the feudal system of obligations and taxes.

Question 42.
When did the National Assembly completed the drafting of the constitution?
Answer:
In 1791, the National Assembly completed the drafting of the constitution.

Question 43.
What was the objective of the National Assembly’s draft completed in 1791?
Answer:
The National Assembly’s draft of 1791 aimed at limiting the powers of the monarch

Question 44.
What made France a constitutional monarch?
Answer:
Limiting the powers of the monarch and separating the power of administration among different institutions i.e., the legislature, the executive and the judiciary made France a constitutional monarch.

Question 45.
Which section of the French society got political right by the constitution of 1791? [CBSE 2013]
Answer:
Only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of labourer’s wage got the status of active citizens and also right to vote.

Question 46.
Which document was in the beginning of the French constitution?
Answer:
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was in the begining of the French revolution.

Question 47.
Which rights were the natural and inalienable rights according to the French Constitution?
Answer:
The natural and inalienable rights were the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion and equality before law.

Question 48.
What was the significance of natural and unalienable rights?
Answer:
These rights belonged to each human being by birth and could not be taken away.

Question 49.
What was the decision taken by National Assembly in April 1792?
Answer:
National Assembly declared was against Prussia and Austria in April 1792.

Question 50.
What was Marseillaise? Who composed it? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
Marseillaise was one of the patriotic songs sung by volunteers from Marseilles as they marched into
Paris and got its name. It was composed by Roget de L Isle. It is now the national anthem of France.

Question 51.
What were the roles played by people of French when fight took place with Prussia and Austria?
Answer:
The French men were fighting at the front and women were left with the tasks of households and
also earning livelihoods for the family.

Question 52.
Why were the political clubs formed in France?
Answer:
Political clubs were formed by the people in France to discuss the policies of the government which gave the political rights only to the richer sections of the society and to plan their action. Both men and women formed various clubs.

Question 53.
Which was the most successful of the political clubs formed in France? How did it get its name?
Answer:
The most successful of the clubs was that of the Jacobins. It got its name from the former convent
of St Jacob in Paris.

Question 54.
Who were the members of the Jacobin Club? Name the leader. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The members of the Jacobin club were from the less prosperous sections of the French society, for
example small shopkeepers, artisans such as shoemakers, pastry cooks, etc. Maximilian Robespierre was its leader.

Question 55.
Who were Sans-culottes?
Answer:
The Jacobins came to be known as Sans-culottes, which literally means those without knee breeches.

Question 56.
What was the name give to newly-elected assembly of the Jacobins? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The newly elected assembly of the Jacobins was called the Convention. It abolished the monarchy
and declared France a republic.

Question 57.
Explain the term ‘republic’.
Answer:
Republic is a form of government where the people elect the government including the head of the government. There is no hereditary monarchy.

Question 58.
Define TVeason.
Answer:
Treason means betrayal of one’s country or government.

Question 59.
Why was Louis XVI sentenced to death?
Answer:
Louis XVI was sentenced to death on the charges of treason in January 1793.

Question 60.
Which period in France was known as Reign of Terror? Why?
Answer:
The period of 1793 to 1794 was known as the Reign of Terror because Robespierre followed the policy of severe control and punishment.

Question 61.
Against whom the Robespierre followed the policy of severe control and punishment?
Answer:
Against all those persons whom he considered the enemies of the republic. These included ex-nobels, clergy, other political parties members and also some members from his political party who did not agree within his policies.

Question 62.
What was guillotine?
Answer:
Guillotine was a device consisting of two poles and a blade using which a person was beheaded. It was named after Dr Guillotine who invented it.

Question 63.
Which class came into power after the fall of Jacobin government?
Answer:
The wealthier middle class came into power after the fall of Jacobin government.

Question 64.
To whom the new constitution denied the vote?
Answer:
The new constitution of wealthier middle class government denied vote to non-propertied sections of society.

Question 65.
What was Directory?
Answer:
Directory was an executive body of five members. Directory was appointed by two elected legislative councils.

Question 66.
Why the executive body like Directory was introduced?
Answer:
It was introduced to safeguard against the concentration of power in one-man executive as under the Jacobins.

Question 67.
How did the Napoleon Bonaparte come to power?
Answer:
Napoleon, a military dictator, came to power due to the political instability of the Directory.

Question 68.
What was the status of education among women during French revolution?
Answer:
Most of the women did not have access to education or job-training. Only daughters of nobels or wealthier members of the third estate could study at a convent.

Question 69.
What did the women in France do to discuss and voice their interests?
Answer:
In order to discuss and voice their interests, the women started their political clubs and newspapers.

Question 70.
Name an important political club formed by women in France.
Answer:
The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women was the famous club formed by women in France.

Question 71.
According to French women, how their interests were presented in new government?
Answer:
According to them, when they got the right to vote, to be elected to the assembly and to hold political office with this step, their interests were presented in new government.

Question 72.
When did the new government issued laws to close down the women’s club?
Answer:
The new government issued laws during the Reign of Terror in 1793-94.

Question 73.
When did French women got the political rights?
Answer:
In 1946, women in France got the political rights.

Question 74.
Who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of woman and citizen? [CBSE 2011]
Answer:
Olympe de Gouges wrote a Declaration of the Rights of woman and citizen in 1791.

Question 75.
What was the most revolutionary reform of the Jacobin regime? [CBSE 2010]
Answer:
The most revolutionary reform of the Jacobin regime was the abolition of slavery in the French colonies.

Question 76.
List four commodities supplied by the French colonies in the Caribbean.
Answer:
The French colonies in the Caribbean were important suppliers of tobacco, indigo, sugar and coffee.

Question 77.
Between which three continents was the slave trade carried out?
Answer:
A triangular slave trade was carried out between Europe, Africa and the Americas.

Question 78.
Name the ports of France from where the slave trade was carried out.
Answer:
The slave trade was carried out from the ports of Bordeaux or Nantes.

Question 79.
Why had the exploitation of slave labour done?
Answer:
The exploitation of slave labour had done to meet the growing demand in European markets for sugar, coffee and indigo.

Question 80.
Why did the National Assembly did not pass any law regarding exploitation of slave labour?
Answer:
They were fearing from the opposition of businessmen whose income was depend on the slave trade.

Question 81.
What the freedom mean in view of plantation owners?
Answer:
In view of plantation owner, freedom included the right to enslave African Negroes in pursuit of their economic interest.

Question 82.
When did the slavery Anally abolished in French colonies?
Answer:
In 1848, slavery was finally abolished from French colonies.

Question 83.
Which law came into effect soon after the incident of Bastille 1789?
Answer:
Abolition of censorship came into effect after the incident of Bastille 1789.

Question 84.
Which document proclaimed the freedom of speech as natural right?
Answer:
The freedom of speech as natural right was proclaimed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

Question 85.
Who crowned himself as Emperor of France?
Answer:
Napolean Bonaparte crowned himself as Emperor of France in 1804.

Question 86.
What actions proved Napoleon as moderniser of Europe? [HOTSJ
Answer:
He introduced many laws like a uniform system of weights and measures provided by the decimal
system and protection of private property.

Question 87.
How were Napoleon image taken up by the people? What image came later?
Answer:
Napoleon was seen as liberator who might bought freedom for the people but the Napoleon army was seen later as invading forces.

Question 88.
Where was Napoleon defeated?
Answer:
Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo in 1815.

Question 89.
How did the colonised people created the sovereign nation state?
Answer:
They created the sovereign nation state by redefining the idea of freedom from bondage into a movement.

Question 90.
Name the two Indian individuals who responded to the ideas coming from revolutionary France.
Answer:
The two Indian individuals who responded to the ideas coming from revolutionary France, were Raja Rammohan Roy and Tipu Sultan.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 91.
Describe the events that took place on 14th July 1789 in France. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The following events took place on 14th July 1789.
(a) The king had ordered the troops to move into the city. There were rumours that he would soon order the troops to open fire upon citizens.
(b) Around 7,000 men and women formed a militia and broke into a number of government buildings in search of arms.
(c) Then the fortress-prison of Bastille was stormed by hundreds of people with the hope to find hoarded ammunition. Bastille was destroyed completely as it was hated by all.

Question 92.
On ascending the throne of France, Louis XVI found the treasury empty. Why was the treasury empty?
Answer:
The causes for empty treasury at the time of his accession were as follows.
(a) The financial resources of France had drained due to the long years of war.
(b) The high cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles also added to the financial drain.
(c) France had helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from Britain. This increased the debt to more than 2 billion livres.

Question 93.
Describe the divisions of the French society before the French Revolution.
Answer:
Before the French Revolution, the French society was divided into three estates.
(a) The 1st estate was comprised of the Church and the clergy. They enjoyed certain privileges by birth. The most important of these privileges was exemption from paying taxes.
(b) The 2nd estate was comprised of the nobles and other rich people of the society. These were also exempted from paying taxes. They also enjoyed feudal privileges which included collection of feudal dues by the peasants.
(c) The 3rd estate was comprised of big businessmen, merchants, court officials, lawyers, peasants, artisans, landless labourers and servants. Within the third estate, some were rich and others were poor. The peasants obliged the landlords by working on their fields, in their houses, to serve in the army or to participate in the building of roads. They were paying all direct taxes like taille and a number of indirect taxes on salt or tobacco, but had no rights.

Question 94.
Which three causes led to the ‘subsistence crisis’ in France during the Old Regime? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The following points show how the subsistence crisis occurred in France during the Old Regime.
(a) The population of France increased from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. This led to the increase in demand for foodgrains.
(b) When the production of foodgrains could not keep pace with the growing demand, the price of bread which was the staple food increased rapidly.
(c) On the other hand, the wages could not keep pace with the rise in prices. At the time of drought or hail, harvest reduced and things got worsed. Thus, the gap between the poor and the rich widened and this led to the subsistence crisis.

Question 95.
Describe the middle class in three points. [CBSE 2013]
Answer:
The following points describe the middle class in French society.
(a) The middle class was a social group that emerged in France in the 18th century. This class made money through an expanding overseas trade and by manufacturing goods like woollen and silk textiles.
(b) The middle class, along with merchants and manufacturers, included professionals like lawyers and administrative officials.
(c) All these people were educated believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth and a person’s position in society should be based on his merit.

Question 96.
What was the tennis court oath? [HOTS]
Answer:
The third estate representatives viewed themselves as spokesmen for the whole French nation. They
assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles on 20 June 1789. There
they declared themselves as a National Assembly.

Question 97.
Explain the turmoil in France while the National Assembly was busy at Versailles.
Answer:
While the National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting the constitution, the rest of France seethed with turmoil in the following ways.
(a) A severe winter had meant a bad harvest, resulting in rising price of bread thus, the situation was exploited by bakers and hoarded supplies. Angry women stormed into the shops after standing for long hours in bakery queues.
(b) The army was ordered by the king to more into the city. There were rumours that army would be ordered to open fire upon the citizens. Thousands of agitated people gathered and decided to form a militia.
(c) They broke into a number of government buildings in search of arms. They distroyed the prison of Bastille on 14 July 1789.

Question 98.
How did peasants protest against the feudal lords or nobles of France?
Answer:
Peasants protested against the feudal lords or nobles in the following ways.
(a) In the countryside there were rumours spread from village to village that the lords of the manor had hired hands of brigands who were on their way to destroy the ripe crops. Caught in frenzy of fear, peasants in several districts seized hoes and pitchforks and attacked Chateaux.
(b) They looted hoarded grain and burnt down documents containing records of manorial dues.
(c) A large number of nobles fled from their homes, many of them migrating to the neighouring countries.

Question 99.
How was the National Assembly recognised and how did it start exercising its powers? [CBSE 2010]
Answer:
Faced with revolting people, Louis XVI recognised the National Assembly and accepted that his
powers would from now on be checked by the constitution.
National Assembly started exercising its power in the following ways.
(a) On the night of 4 August, 1789, the Assembly passed the law for abolishing feudal system of obligations and taxes, the clergy members were also forced to give up their privileges.
(b) Tithes were abolished and lands owned by the Church were seized and all this resulted in acquiring assets worth at least 2 billion livres.

Question 100.
Describe how the new political system of constitutional monarchy worked practice in France. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The new political system of constitutional monarchy in France worked in the following manner:
The constitution of 1791 had given the power to make laws to the National Assembly, that was indirectly elected by a group of electors voted by the citizens who had chosen the assembly.
The right to vote was given to men above 25 years of age, who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s wage, were given the status of active citizens, i.e., they were entitled to vote.
The remaining men and all women were classed as passive citizens. To qualify as an elector and as a member of the assembly, a man had to belong to the highest bracket of taxpayers.

Question 101.
Write a short note on national and inalienable rights.
Answer:
The constitution of France began with a Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens. Rights ‘ such as right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, equality before law were established as natural and inalienable rights i.e., they belong to each human being by birth and could not be taken away. It is the duty of the state to protect each citizen’s natural rights.

Question 102.
List and explain the successful achievements of the National Assembly from 1789-1791. [HOTS]
Answer:
The successful achievements of the National Assembly from 1789-1791 were as follows:
(a) One of the most successful achievements of the National Assembly was the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen which upheld the equality of all before law, eligibility of all for public offices, freedom from arrest or punishment without a proven cause and right to freedom of speech and expression.
(b) It also laid emphasis that the burden of taxation must be borne by all without any distinction and so nobles and clergy were denied special privileges.
(c) A new constitution was formed providing a constitutional monarchy where the powers of the monarch are limited and the legislative powers are given to the National Assembly.

Question 103.
Write a short note on Marseillaise.
Answer:
Marseillaise is the national anthem of France. It was written by Roget de L ‘Isle during the French Revolution. It aroused such enthusiasm that large number of people joined the company. It was first sung in Paris when the Marseilles battalion sang it as they marched into Paris and thus it was named so.

Question 104.
Who were Jacobins? What was their role in emergence of France as a Republic?
Or
Who were the Jacobins? Write about it in three points. [CBSE 2013]
Answer:
Jacobins were the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution. They were the members of a democratic club established in 1789. Jacobins were led by Maximilian Robespierre. Angered by the short supplies and high prices of foodgrains Jacobins stormed the Palace of the Tuileries.
The king’s guards were killed and the king was held hostage for several hours. The assembly later, voted to imprison the royal family. Elections were held in which every man of 21 years and above got the right to vote. The Convention was known as newly elected assembly, which abolished monarchy and declared France a republic.

Question 105.
What do you mean by Directory? Why was it removed from France?
Answer:
The Directory was a five-member committee which governed France when the political power
was passed into the hands of the wealthier middle class. It was meant as a safeguard against the
concentration of power in the hands of one-man executive as under the Jacobins.
The Directors often clashed with the legislative councils who in turn sought to dismiss them. This led to political instability of Directory in France. It paved the way for the rise of a military dictator called Napoleon Bonaparte.

Question 106.
Evaluate the role of women in France before the revolution.
Answer:
Women played a very significant role in France before the French Revolution. They played an active role and brought about important changes. They worked for their living like dress makers, laundry workers, flower vendors, fruit and vegetable vendors. Sometimes they also worked as maid servants for rich people. They cooked food, fetched water and stood in queues for bread. In order to discuss – and voice their interests women started their own political clubs and newspapers. One of the major demand was right to vote. The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women was one such club formed by women.

Question 107.
How did the women suffer in France during the Old Regime?
Answer:
During the Old Regime, most women worked to earn a living. They worked as seamstresses or laundresses or domestic servants in the houses of rich people. Many sold fruits, flowers and vegetables at the market to earn money.
(b) Most of them were not educated or trained to do any job. Only the daughters of rich people could study.
(c) Working women had to take care of their families too. They had to fetch water, queue up for bread, cook and look after the children.
Therefore, it can be said that women suffered a lot during the Old Regime.

Question 108.
What was the condition of slave trade in the seventeenth century?
Answer:
The conditions of slaves during salve labour was as follows:
(a) As the slave trade began in seventeenth century, the slaves were bought from local chieftians.
(b) After branding and shackling, the slaves were packed tightly into ships for the three-month long voyage across the Atlantic to the Caribbean.
(c) At the African coast, they were sold to plantation owners.

Question 109.
How did storming of Bastille became the main cause of the French Revolution? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
Storming of Bastille became the main cause of the French Revolution because of the following
reasons.
(a) While the National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a constitution, the rest of France faced turmoil. Due to bad harvest, price of bread increased.
(b) This situation worsened when the bakers started hoarding supplies.
(c) Women who stood in queues at the bakery stormed the shops. At the same time the king had ordered troops to move into Paris.
As a result on 14 July the angry crowd stormed and destroyed Bastille. It was hated by all as it stood for the despotic powers of the king.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 110.
Discuss the main causes of the French Revolution. [HOTS]
Answer:
The following are the main causes of French Revolution:
(a) Despotic rule of Louis XVI. Long years of wars and extravagance of the king led to financial crises in France. This forced king to increase taxes mostly paid by the.third estate. It created chaos in the society.
(b ) Privileges and Burdens of the French Society. First and the second estate had certain privileges by birth. The first two estates were comprised of the clergy and nobility which was 10% of the total population. Rest of the 90% population made up the third estate that paid all the various direct and indirect taxes. This discrimination led to the revolution by the 3rd estate.
(c) Rising prices. The population of France had increased. This resulted into more demand of foodgrains. So, the price of bread rose rapidly, the poor were not able to buy the high-priced bread. So, the gap between the rich and poor widened.
(d) Inspiration by the Philosophers. The philosophers like Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu spread the ideas of having a society where the people enjoy freedom, equal laws and equal opportunities. They inspired the people of France to realise their dreams.
(e) Role of Middle class. Another major cause was the role of the middle class who earned their wealth through expanding trade of manufactured goods, being exported.
(f) Storming of Bastille prison. During the political turmoil, France experienced severe winters leading to bad harvest. The price of bread increased, as the stocks were hoarded in the market. Angry women attacked the shops. At the same time troops were ordered into Paris. Agitated crowd stormed and destroyed Bastille prison administrative officials, i.e., those who were educated. They believed that no person in the society should be privileged by birth.

Question 111.
Explain the events/incidents which led to the outbreak of French Revolution. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The following events/incidents led to the outbreak of the French Revolution:
(a) Meeting of the Estate General. On 5 May 1789, Louis XVI had called a meeting of Estate General to increase the taxes. Representatives of all the three estates came. But the members of the 3rd estate were made to stand while women, peasants, artisans and women were not allowed entry to the assembly.
(h) Demand for one vote one person. The third estate at the meeting of the Estate General demanded one vote for each member. This demand was rejected by the king and the members of the third estate walked out in protest.
(c) Meeting of the newly-formed National Assembly. Since the members of the third estate were more, they considered themselves the voice of the people/whole nation. They assembled in the indoor tennis court of Versailles and declared themselves as the ‘National Assembly’. They believed in removing the feudal privileges of the nobles and clergy.
(d) Winters created worse situation. Harvest declined, prices rose and bakers exploited poor by hoarding supplies. Angry crowd stormed the shops.
(e) Revolt in the countryside by the peasants. There were rumours that their ripe crops would be destroyed by the lords hired bands. The peasants in several districts seized hoes and pitchforks and attacked manors of the lords. They looted the hoarded grains and burnt the documents containing the records of manorial dues.

Question 112.
How did philosophers influence the thinking of the people of France? [CBSE 2012, 2014]
Answer:
The philosophers influenced the thinking of the people of France in the following ways:
(a) Philosophers such as John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau put forward ideas envisaging a society based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all.
(b) In Two Treatises of Government, John Locke sought to refute the doctrine of the divine and absolute rights of the monarch.
(c) His ideas were carried forward by Rousseau as he was proposing a form of government based on social contract between the people and their representatives.
(d) In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu proposed a division of power within the government between the legislative, the executive and the judiciary.
(e) The ideas of these philosophers were discussed intensively in salons and coffee-houses and were spread among people through books and newspapers.

Question 113.
Explain the features of the constitution of France drafted in 1791. [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
(a) The constitution of 1791 was the first written constitution in France, created after the collapse
of the absolute rule.
(b) Its main aim was to limit the powers of the monarch.
(c) Powers were then divided/separated and assigned to different institutions like legislative, executive and judiciary.
(d) According to this, active citizens of France elected electors who inturn voted to elect the National Assembly.
(e) Not all citizens had the right to vote. Only men of 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to atleast three days of a labourer’s wage. They were called active citizens.
(f) The remaining men and all women were called the passive citizens.
(g) The National Assembly controlled the king. France became constitutional monarchy. (any five points)

Question 114.
List down the political symbols of France.
Answer:
Most of the people (i.e. men and women) in the 18th century. France could not read and write. So
images and symbols instead of printed books were used to communicate ideas. These symbols were
used to convey the content of declaration of rights. The important symbols were:
(a) Broken Chains: Chains were used to restrain the slaves from running away. Broken chains signify the act of becoming free.
(b) A bundle of rods: It was used to convey the message that strength lies in unity.
(c) The eye within or triangle radiating light: The all-seeing eye stands for knowledge. The rays of the sun will drive away the dark clouds of ignorance.
(d) Sceptre: It symbolises royal power.
(e) Snake bitting its tail to form a ring: A symbol of eternity. The ring has neither beginning nor end.
(f) Red phrygian cap: It was worn by slaves when they were freed.
(g) Blue-white-red: These are the national colours of France.
(h) The winged woman: Personification of the law.
(i) The law tablet: The law is same for all and all are equal before it. (any five points)

Question 115.
Explain the “Reign of Terror” in brief. [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
The following points explain the Reign of Terror:
(a) The period from 1793 to 1794 is called the Reign of Terror because Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. Ex-nobles, clergy, members of other political parties and even the members of his own party, who did not agree with his methods, were arrested, imprisoned and guillotined.
(b) Laws were issued by Robespierre’s government lows were issued by placing a maximum ceiling of wages and prices. Meat and bread were rationed.
(c) Peasants were forced to transport their grain to the cities and sell it at prices fixed by the government. The use of more expensive white flour was forbidden; all citizens were required to eat the equality bread.
(d) Equality was also sought to be practised through forms of speech and address. Instead of the traditional Sir and Madam, French men and women were addressed as citizen.
(e) Churches were shut down and their buildings converted into barracks or offices. Finally, Robespierre was convicted by a court in July 1794, arrested and the next day, sent to the guillotine.

Question 116.
How did the Revolution affect the everyday life of the French people? Discuss. [HOTS]
Answer:
(a) Revolutionary ideas of equality and liberty transformed the clothes people wore, the language they spoke and books they read.
(b) With the abolition of censorship in 1789 and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen in 1791, freedom of speech became a natural right. This led to the growth of newspapers, books, pamphlets and printed pictures.
(c) Freedom of the press enabled voicing of opinions and counter options.
(d) Art flourished in the form of paintings, plays, songs and festive processions.
(e) Visual and oral art form enabled even the common man who could not read and write to relate with the ideas of liberty, equality and justice.

Question 117.
Write a short note on Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:
(a) Napoleon came to power as a result of unstable directory that ruled France. Due to weak directory Napoleon got on opportunity to rise to political power. In 1804, he crowned himself as the Emperor of France.
(b) He set out to conquer the neighbouring countries defeating the dynasties and putting his own relatives/members of his family.
(c) He was seen as a moderniser of Europe. He brought out many laws such as protection of private property and a uniform system of weights and measures provided by the decimal system.
(d) He was also seen by many as a liberator who will bring freedom to the people.
(e) Very soon his army came to be viewed everywhere as invading force. He carried out military campaigns and invasion of Russia and Spain. He soon became a threat for the kings in Europe who decided to come together and defeat him. Finally, he was defeated at Waterloo in 1815.

Question 118.
What was the impact of French Revolution on France?
Answer:
(a) French Revolution marked the end of absolute monarchy and paved the way for the republican government.
(b) It also helped to uphold the theory of popular sovereignty and laid the foundations of democratic principles, i.e., to say that the government should be based on the consent of the governed.
(c) The slogans of equality, liberty and fraternity became the watchwords of freedom loving people all over the world.
(d) Feudalism and serfdom were abolished and the power of clergy curbed.
(e) People were given the right to vote during the Jacobins.
(f) New reforms were introduced in education of girls during Jacobins time.
(g) Napoleon also reformed legal system by reorganising it and brought a progressive legal system. He also introduced economic reforms like fair tax system, increased trade and development of French luxury industries fashions, films, perfumes, etc. (any five points)

MAP SKILLS

Question 119.
Three items A, B and C are shown on the outline map of France. Identify these items with the help of following information and write their correct names on the lines marked on the map:
A. A place where fortress-prison was stormed by the people in 1789.
B. A port of France related to slave trade.
C. The National Anthem of France got its name from the name of this place.
D. Center of peasants panic movement.

Answer:
A. Paris
B. Bordeaux
C. Marseilles
D. Nantes

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NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was Helmuth?
Answer:
Helmuth, was an eleven-year-old German boy who overheard his parent’s discussion on whether the entire family should be killed or only his father should commit suicide.

Question 2.
Who was Helmuth’s father?
Answer:
Helmuth’s father was a Nazi and supporter of Adolf Hitler.

Question 3.
‘Nazism was a system.’ Explain.
Answer:
Nazism did not consist of few isolated acts. It was a structure of ideas about the world and politics.

Question 4.
Who was Goebbels? How did Hitler and Goebbels meet their end?
Answer:
Goebbels was the propaganda minister of Hitler. They, along with Goebbels’ family committed suicide collectively in Hitler’s Berlin bunker in April 1945.

Question 5.
Why was International Military Tribunal set up at Nuremberg, at the end of the war?
Answer:
The International Military Tribunal was set up at Nuremberg by the Allies to prosecute Nazi war criminals for Crimes against Peace, for War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity.

Question 6.
Name the countries which formed the Axis Powers during the Second World War.
Answer:
Germany, Italy and Japan formed the Axis Powers.

Question 7.
Explain ‘genocidal war’.
Answer:
Genocidal war means killing on large scale, leading to elimination of large section of people.

Question 8.
How did Nazis kill the innocent people?
Answer:
They devised an unprecedented means of killing people, i.e., by gassing them in numerous killing centres like Auschwitz

Question 9.
What was the attitude of the Allied Powers at the Nuremberg Tribunal?
Answer:
The Nuremberg Tribuanl sentenced only eleven leading Nazis to death. Many were imprisoned for life. The Allies had a lenient attitude towards Germany. The Allies did not want to be harsh on Germany, as they were after the First World War.

Question 10.
Name the countries which formed the Allied powers.
Answer:
At the beginning of the second world war, Allied powers were led by U.K. and France. In 1941 they were joined by USSR and USA.

Question 11.
What was the result of First World War for Germany?
Answer:
Germany and the central powers were defeated in November 1918. Germany had to sign the humiliating Treaty of Versailles.

Question 12.
What events made an opportunity for parliamentary parties to recast German polity?
Answer:
The defeat of imperial Germany and abdication of the emperor (Kaiser) led to recast German polity.

Question 13.
What was the nature of the government formed in Germany at Weimar?
Answer:
The government formed at Weimar was a democratic republic.

Question 14.
How were the deputies elected under the Weimar constitution?
Answer:
Deputies were elected to the German parliament or Reichstag on the basis of equal and universal votes cast by all adults including women.

Question 15.
Why was the Weimar Republic not received well by its own people?
Answer:
The Weimar Republic was not received well by its own people because of the terms it had to accept after Germany’s defeat at the end of the First World War. The Treaty of Versailles with the Allies was a harsh and humiliating peace.

Question 16.
Name the peace treaty signed by Germany with the Allies at the end of the First World War.
Answer:
The Treaty of Versailles was signed between Germany and the Allied Powers at the end of the war.

Question 17.
What was the War Guilt clause in the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer:
The War Guilt clause, in the Treaty of Versailles held Germany responsible for the War and damages suffered by the Allied Powers.

Question 18.
Who were mockingly called the ‘November criminals’?
Answer:
Socialists, Catholics and Democrats were called the ‘November Criminals’.

Question 19.
‘The media glorified trench life’. What was the actual truth about trench life?
Answer:
Although the media glorified trench life, the soldiers lived a miserable life, trapped with rats feeding on corpses. They faced poisonous gas and enemy shelling.

Question 20.
Who founded the Communist Party of Germany?
Answer:
The Spartacists founded the Communist Party of Germany.

Question 21.
Mention the reason for economic crises in 1923.
Answer:
Germany depended largely on loans for fighting in wars and for this they had to pay war reparations in gold.

Question 22.
What steps were taken by the French when Germany refused to pay its gold reserves in 1923?
Answer:
French occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr, to claim their coal when Germany refused to pay its reparation payment in 1923.

Question 23.
What do you mean by hyperinflation?
Answer:
It is a situation when prices rise phenomenally high. For instances, Germans paid cartloads of currency notes to buy a loaf of bread.

Question 24.
Why did USA introduce the Dawes Plan?
Answer:
Germany did not pay reparation payments to France, which occupied Ruhr. Germany resisted and printed paper currency. The value of German mark gradually fell. The Americans intervened and introduced the Dawes Plan, which reworked the terms of reparation payment to ease the financial burden on Germany.

Question 25.
What is Wall Street Exchange?
Answer:
It is the name of the world’s biggest stock exchange. It is located in USA.

Question 26.
‘Small businessmen, self-employed and retailers were filled with the fear of proletarianisation’. Explain ‘proletarianisation’.
Answer:
It is a fear of being reduced to the ranks of the working class or be unemployed.

Question 27.
What is proportional representation?
Answer:
It is an electoral system in which each political group gains a number of seats in the legislature that is in proportion to the number of votes it wins.

Question 28.
What was Article 48 in the Weimar constitution?
Answer:
Article 48 in the Weimar constitution gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree.

Question 29.
Name the party renamed by Hitler.
Answer:
In 1919, Hitler joined a small group called German Workers’ Party. Subsequently, he took over the organisation and renamed it the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. This party later came to be known as the Nazi Party.

Question 30.
How did Nazism become a mass movement?
Answer:
During the Great Depression, Nazism became a mass movement because Nazi propaganda gave hopes of a better future. By 1932 it become the largest party with 37 per cent votes.

Question 31.
How did Hitler get the support of the Germans?
Answer:
Hitler was a very good orator, who could draw the attention of the people and impress them with his words. He promised to build a strong nation and wipe out the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles. He promised employment.

Question 32.
How was the Hitler projected by the Nazi propaganda?
Answer:
The Hitler was projected as a messiah, a saviour, as someone who arrived to deliver people from their distress.

Question 33.
When did President Hindenburg offer Chancellorship to Hitler? How did he use his powers?
Answer:
On 30 January 1933, President Hindenburg offered the Chancellorship to Hitler. It was the highest office in the cabinet of ministers. Hitler took steps to dismantle the structures of democratic rule.

Question 34.
What was the Fire Decree of 28 February 1933?
Answer:
The Fire Decree of 28 February 1933 suspended civic rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly for an indefinite period, which were guaranteed under the Weimar constitution.

Question 35.
Who were the arch-enemies of Hitler and the Nazis?
Answer:
The Communists were the arch-enemies of Hitler and the Nazi Party.

Question 36.
What was the Enabling Act (3 March 1933)?
Answer:
The Enabling Act, passed on 3 March 1933, established dictatorship in Germany. It gave Hitler all powers to rule by decree and without the consent of the Parliament.

Question 37.
What was ‘Gestapo’?
Answer:
Gestapo was the secret state police. People could be detained in Gestapo torture chambers and then sent to concentration camps, deported at will or arrested without any legal procedures.

Question 38.
Who was given the responsibility of economic recovery by Hitler? What was his aim?
Answer:
Hitler assigned the responsibility of economic recovery to the economist Hjalmar Schacht, who aimed at full production and full employment through a state-funded work-creation programme.

Question 39.
What was produced under the project of state-funded work-creation programme?
Answer:
This project produced the famous German superhighways and the people’s car, the Volkswagen.

Question 40.
Name the country occupied by Germany under the’ slogan ‘One people, One Empire and One Leader’.
Answer:
Under the above slogan Austria and Germany integrated in 1938 by Hilter.

Question 41.
Why did the England provide an unspoken support to German’s foreign policy?
Answer:
England considered the Versailles verdict too harsh so it provided an unspoken support to the Germans.

Question 42.
How did the Second World War start?
Answer:
In September, Germany invaded Poland. This started the war with England and France.

Question 43.
Why did Hitler conquer Eastern Europe?
Answer:
Hitler conquered Eastern Europe because he wanted to ensure food supply and living space for Germans.

Question 44.
Why was the attack on Soviet Union, a historic blunder?
Answer:
The attack on Soviet Union in June 1941 was a historic blunder because it exposed German western front to British aerial bombing and the eastern front to the powerful Soviet armies.

Question 45.
Name the place where Soviet Red Army inflicted a crushing defeat on Germany.
Answer:
The Soviet Red Army inflicted a crushing and humiliating defeat on Germany at Stalingrad.

Question 46.
Why did USA enter the Second World War?
Answer:
Japan was expanding its power in the east and had captured French Indo-China and was planning attacks on US naval bases in the Pacific. When Japan attacked the US base at Pearl Harbor, the US entered the Second World War.

Question 47.
How did the Second World War end?
Answer:
The Second World War ended in May 1945 with Hitler’s defeat and dropping of the atom bomb on Hiroshima in Japan by USA.

Question 48.
What was Hitler’s worldview?
Answer:
Hitler’s worldview was synonymous with Nazi ideology According to this ideology, there was no equality between people but only a racial hierarchy.

Question 49.
Name two thinkers who influenced the racial ideology of Hitler.
Answer:
The two thinkers were Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer.

Question 50.
Explain ‘Lebensraum’.
Answer:
‘Lebensraum’ or living space. Hitler believed that new territories had to be acquired for settlement.

Question 51.
How did Hitler’s ideology was related to the geopolitical concept of ‘Lebensraum’ or living space?
Answer:
Hitler believed that new territories would increase the area of mother country. It would increase the material resources and power of the German nation.

Question 52.
Mention the reason for Nazi hatred for Jews.
Answer:
The Nazi hatred had a precursor in the traditional Christian hostility. Jews had been stereotyped as killers of Christ and usurers.

Question 53.
What was General Government in Poland?
Answer:
Nazis divided occupied Poland into two parts. Much of north-western Poland was annexed to Germany. The other part was called General Government. All ‘undesirables’ were sent to this part where they were killed in gas chambers. Large number of Jews were killed.

Question 54.
How were the Polish children treated by the Nazis?
Answer:
Polish children who looked like Aryans were examined by race experts. It they passed the race test they were sent to German families, if not they were sent to the orphanages, where they died.

Question 55.
What was the distinguishing mark which all Jews had to wear from September 1941?
Answer:
From September 1941, all Jews had to wear a yellow Star of David, on their breasts. It was also stamped on their passports, all legal documents and houses.

Question 56.
From September 1941 all Jews had to wear a yellow Star of David on their breast. Why?
Answer:
Jews had to wear a yellow Star of David, so that they could be segregated from the German population. This mark was also stamped on their passports, legal documents and houses.

Question 57.
What is a ghetto?
Answer:
It was a part of the city, where the Jews lived eg. Lodz and Warsaw. It became a site of extreme misery and poverty.

Question 58.
Name any two ghettos.
Answer:
The two Ghettos are Lodz and Warsaw.

Question 59.
Which sport, according to Hitler, made children iron-hearted, strong and masculine?
Answer:
Hitler believed that boxing could make children iron-hearted, strong and masculine.

Question 60.
What were the Honour crosses awarded to the mothers?
Answer:
To encourage German women to produce more children, they were given Honour awards—bronze cross was given for four children, a silver cross for six and gold for eight or more children.

Question 61.
What was mass killing? For whom were the words final solution used?
Answer:
It was termed as special treatment. Final solution was used for the Jews.

Question 62.
What were disinfection areas?
Answer:
The gas chambers were called disinfection areas. They looked like bathrooms fitted with fake showerheads.

Question 63.
What did the term evacuation mean?
Answer:
It meant taking people to the gas chambers.

Question 64.
What was Holocaust?
Answer:
The Nazi killing operations were called Holocaust.

Question 65.
Name the most infamous film about the Jews.
Answer:
The most infamous film was The Eternal Jew.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 66.
State the verdict of the Nuremberg Tribunal. Why did the Allies avoid harsh punishment to Germany? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The Nuremberg Tribunal convicted Germany and dubbed its conduct during war as crime against humanity. The allies avoided harsh punishment to Germany because of the following reasons.
(a) They did not want to repeat the mistakes done after First World War by being harsh to Germany that gave rise to the ideology of Nazism under Hitler.
(b) They were conscious about another destructive war that could erase humanity.

Question 67.
“The TVeaty of Versailles was humiliating on the Germans.” Give three examples in support of your statement. [HOTS]
Answer:
The Treaty of Versailles was humiliating on the Germans in the following ways.
(a) The War Guilt clause held Germany responsible for the war and damages, the Allied countries suffered.
(b) Germany was forced to pay compensation amounting to £ 6 billion.
(c) Germany lost her overseas possessions, 13 per cent of her territories, 75 per cent of its iron and 26 per cent of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.

Question 68.
‘The Weimar constitution had some inherent defects.’ Explain.
Answer:
The Weimar constitution had some inherent defects, which made the government weak and unstable and vulnerable to dictatorship. The defects were:
(a) Proportional representation: It became impossible for any one political party to achieve a majority, leading to coalition government.
(b) Article 48: It gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree.
Within a short period Weimar Republic saw twenty different cabinets lasting 239 days on an average. People no longer had faith in the democratic parliamentary system.

Question 69.
State three ways in which Nazi state established total control over its people. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The Nazi state established total control over its people by the following ways.
(a) The Enabling Act 1933 established dictatorship in Germany. All trade unions and political parties were banned except for the Nazi Party.
(b) The state established total control over the economy, media, army and judiciary.
(c) Special surveillance and security forces were created to control society in the ways that Nazis Wanted.

Question 70.
How did the Nazi state get the reputation as the most dreaded criminal state?
Answer:
Special surveillance and security forces were created to keep a close watch on the activities of the people and to control and order society in the ways that Nazi wanted. Apart from regular police force and SA or the Storm Troopers, there was the Gestapo (secret state police), the SS (the protection squads), the criminal police and the Security Service (SD) the new organised forces enjoyed extra-constitutional powers. These dreaded organisation and their workings gave the Nazi state the reputation of the most dreaded criminal state. People could be detained in torture chambers and sent to concentration camps or arrested and detained without any legal procedures.

Question 71.
‘By the end of 1940, Hitler was at the pinnacle of his power.’ Explain the statement with examples. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
(a) In foreign policy, Hitler acquired quick successes. He left the League of Nations, reoccupied Rhineland, annexed Austria, took German-speaking Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia and finally the whole country.
(b) In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. It started the war with England and France. Puppet governments who supported Hitler were set up in many parts of Europe.
(c) In September 1940, Hitler signed a Tripartite pact with Italy and Japan to strengthen his claim to international power.

Question 72.
What was Hitler’s aim in conquering Eastern Europe? What was its result?
Answer:
Hitler wanted to conquer Eastern Europe because he wanted to ensure food supplies and living space for the Germans. He attacked Soviet Union in June 1941. The Red Army inflicted a humiliating defeat on Germany. It was a historic blunder on the part of Germany. Her western frontiers were exposed to British aerial bombing and eastern frontier to the soviet army. The soviet army established its control over the entire Eastern Europe.

Question 73.
‘The Nazis established a racial state, once they come to power.’ Explain.
Or
How the Nazi established a racial state after coming into power?
Answer:
Once the Nazis come to power, they wanted to create an exclusive racial community of pure Germans and eliminating those who were seen as ‘undesirables’. They wanted a society of pure and healthy Nordic Aryans. They were considered as ‘desirables’. It meant even those Germans, who were seen as impure or abnormal had no right, to exist. „
Jews were not the only community who were classified as ‘undesirables’. Many gypsies and blacks living in Nazi Germany were considered as racial inferiors and threatened the purity of the Aryan race. They were widely persecuted. Even Russians and Poles were considered as subhuman. Many of them died through hard work and starvation.

Question 74.
Mention the communities termed as ‘desirables’ and ‘undesirables’ by the Nazis. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The ‘desirables’ included blond, blue-eyed, Nordic German Aryans. He wanted a society of pure
and healthy Nordic Aryans.
The ‘undesirables’ included many gypsies, blacks, Jews remained the worst sufferers. Even those ‘ Germans who were seen as impure or abnormal had no right to live. Under the Euthanasia Programme they were condemned to death. Even Germans who were mentally and physically unfit were put to death.

Question 75.
Why did Helmuth’s father shoot himself?
Answer:
Helmuth’s father was a prominent physician and had been a Nazi and a supporter of Adolf Hitler. Germans, who were seen as impure or abnormal, were ‘undesirables’ and had no right to exist under the Euthanasia Programme. Helmuth’s father along with other physicians and officials had condemned to death many Germans who were considered as mentally and physically unfit. They knew that the Allies would take revenge. So he shot himself in his office.

Question 76.
Define genocidal war. Mention any two methods adopted for extermination of Jews. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
Genocidal war means killing on large scale leading to the destruction of large sections of people.
The following two methods were adopted for the extermination of Jews.
(a) Passing them through gas chambers in various killing centres like Auschwitz, Treblinka, Sobibor.
(b) They were kept in ghettos. Ghettos were sites of extreme poverty and misery. Jews had to surrender all their wealth before they entered the ghetto. Soon after, some were brimming with hunger, starvation and disease due to poor hygiene.

Question 77.
How was Nazi ideology taught to the youth in Germany? Explain. [CBSE 2015]
Answer:
(a) Nazi ideology was taught to the youth in school. School textbooks were rewritten. These books
justified Nazi ideas of racism. Hitler believed that boxing could make children iron-hearted, strong and masculine.
(b) Youth organisations like Jangvolk, Hitler Youth, Youth league and Labour Services were made responsible for educating German youth in the spirit National socialism or Nazism.
(c) The German mothers had to teach Nazi values to their children.

Question 78.
How did the common people react to Nazism?
Answer:
Common People reacted to Nazism in different ways.
(a) One group of Germans were influence by Nazi thinking they felt hatred and anger when they saw someone who looked like a Jew. They marked the houses of the Jews and reported them suspicious neighbours.
(b) Many Germans organised active resistance against Nazism and faced death.
(c) The third group of Germans were passive spectators, they were scared to act or protest.

Question 79.
Who wrote the book ‘Third Reich of Dreams’? What did the author describe in the book? [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
Charlotte Beradt secretly recorded people’s dreams in her diary and later published them in a book called the Third Reich of Dreams. She wrote how Jews themselves began to believe in Nazi stereotypes about them. They dreamt of hooked noses, black hair and eyes. These images troubled them in their dreams. Finally, they died in the gas chambers

Question 80.
Describe the events which happened in 1945 when Germany surrendered to Allies. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
(a) In May 1945 Germany surrendered to the Allies. Hitler and his propaganda minister Goebbels and his family committed suicide in his Berlin bunker.
(b) As the Allied armies overran the areas, occupied by Nazi Germany, they came across many concentration camps where people were on the last stage of their life.
(c) When the war seemed lost, the Nazi leaders distributed petrol to their subordinates to destroy all evidences available in the offices.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 81.
What was the impact of First World War on European and German society? [HOTS]
Answer:
The First World War left a deep impact on European and German society and polity.
(a) Financially, Europe which was a continent of creditors turned into one of debtors.
(b) Soldiers were placed above civilians. Politicians and publicists wanted men to be aggressive, strong and masculine. Aggressive propaganda was carried out.
(c) Democracy which was a new idea could not survive during interwar Europe.
(d) The Weimar Republic, formed in Germany after the war, had to accept war guilt and national humiliation. It had to make reparation payments which made Germany financially crippled.
(e) Media glorified trench life against the truth in which soldiers were leading a miserable life.

Question 82.
What was the economic crisis of 1923? How did it affect Germany?
Answer:
(a) Germany had fought the war largely on loans and had to make reparation payments in gold. This depleted gold reserves and resources were scarce.
(b) In 1923 Germany refused to pay, and the French retaliated by occupying the Ruhr, to claim their coal.
Germany protested and printed paper currency. With too much money in circulation, the value of German mark fell. In April, the US dollar was equal to 24000 marks, in July 353,000 marks, in August 4621,000 marks. By December figure had run into trillion. As the value of the mark declined the prices of goods started rising. This crisis came to be known as hyperinflation.

Question 83.
Highlight the five events of 1933 that led to the destruction of democracy in Germany. [CBSE 2016]
Or
Explain any five features of political policy adopted by Hitler after coming to power in 1933. [CBSE 2015]
Or
How was democracy destroyed in Germany?
Answer:
The events of 1933 that led to the destruction of democracy in Germany are as follows.
(a) On 30 January 1933 President Hindenburg gave the Chancellorship, the highest position in cabinet to Hitler. Hitler now tried to dismantle the structure of democratic rule.
(b) A mysterious fire broke out in German Parliament which facilitated his move.
(c) The Fire Decree of 27 February 1933 indefinitely suspended civic rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly that had been granted by the Weimar republic.
(d) Communists, who were the enemies of Hitler were sent to the concentration camps.
(e) On 3 March, Enabling Act was passed. It established dictatorship in Germany. Hitler
could rule without the consent of the parliament. All political parties and trade unions were banned except the Nazi Party. The state had full control over media, army and judiciary.

Question 84.
What was the foreign policy of Hitler?
Answer:
As soon as Hitler came to power, he took the following action as part of his foreign policy.
(a) Germany left the League of Nations in 1933.
(b) Hitler reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936.
(c) He annexed Austria in 1938 under the slogan one people, one empire and one leader.
(d) He annexed Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia and then the whole country.
(e) Hitler chose war as the way to solve economic crisis. Territories had to be expanded for collection of resources. In September 1939, Poland was invaded and it started the Second World War. In 1940, Tripartite Pact was signed between Germany, Italy and Japan.
Puppet governments, who supported Nazi Germany, were installed in large parts of Europe.

Question 85.
How did the Nazis proceed to realise their murderous racial ideology by eliminating the ‘undesirables’? Explain. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The Nazis proceeded to realise their murderous racial ideology by eliminating the undesirables in
the following manner.
(a) Jews remained the worst sufferers in Nazi Germany. From 1933-1938 Jewish business was boycotted, they were expelled from government services and their property was confiscated. From 1939-1945 the Jews were kept in ghettos, in extreme poverty and misery and eventually they were killed in gas chambers.
(b) Germany occupied the north-western Poland. Poles were forced to leave their homes and property, to be occupied by ethnic Germans. Poles were then sent to the final destination of the ‘undesirables’.
(c) Members of Polish intelligentsia were murdered in large number in order to keep the entire people intellectually servile.
(d) Polish children who looked like Aryans were forcibly snatched and examined by race experts. If they passed the test, they were raised in German families and if not they were sent to orphanages, most of them died.
(e) Poland had some of the largest ghettos and gas chambers where Jews were killed.

Question 86.
What were the steps taken against the Jews between 1933-1939?
Answer:
The steps taken against the Jews between 1933-39 are as follows. The Nuremberg Laws of Citizenship of September 1935 was passed which had following clauses.
(a) Only people of Germans or related blood would be called Germans, enjoying the protection of the state.
(b) Marriages between Jews and Germans were prohibited.
(c) It was a crime to have extramarital relations between Jews and Germans.
(d) Jews could not fly the national flag.
Other legal measures included:
(a) Boycott of Jewish business
(b) Jews were expelled from government services.
(c) Their property was forcibly confiscated.

Question 87.
Why was Hitler interested in the youth of the country?
Answer:
(a) Hitler was interested in the youth of the country. He believed a strong Nazi society could be established by teaching Nazi ideology.
(b) All schools were cleansed and purified. It meant that all Jew teachers were considered as politically unreliable and were dismissed. German and Jew children could neither set together or play together. Finally the ‘undesirable children’, the Jews, the physically and mentally handicapped and Gypsies were expelled. Finally they were taken to the gas chambers.
(c) Good German children underwent a process of Nazi schooling. School textbooks were re-written and racial science was introduced. Children were taught to hate Jews and worship Hitler. Even sports developed a spirit of aggression and violence among children. Hitler believed that boxing could make children iron-hearted.
(d) Youth organisation were made responsible for educating German youths.

Question 88.
How were youth organisation made responsible for education German youth in the spirit of National socialism?
Answer:
The youth organisations were made responsible for educating German youth in the following ways.
(a) Ten-year-olds had to enter Jungvolk.
(b) At 14 all boys had to join the Nazi youth organisation Hitler Youth. There they learnt to glorify war and aggression, and condemn the Jews, Gypsies, communists and all those who came under the undesirable category.
(c) At the age of 18, they joined the Labour Service. They had to serve in the armed forces and join one of the Nazi organisation.
(d) The Youth League was founded in 1922. It was renamed Hitler Youth.
(e) All other youth organisations were dissolved.

Question 89.
How was Nazi Germany’s Art of Propaganda responsible for establishing total control over its people?
Answer:
Nazi Germany’s Art of Propaganda was responsible for establishing total control over its people in the following ways.
(a) Hitler was skillfully projected as a messiah, a savior and someone who could deliver Germans from their distress.
(b) Language and media were used with great care to win support for the rule and popularise it worldview. Visual images, propaganda films, posters, catchy slogans, leaflets, etc. were used to spread Nazi ideas.
(c) People’s minds were worked, their emotions were tapped and their hatred and anger was turned towards the so-called ‘undesirables’.
(d) Equal efforts were made to appeal all sections of the population and win their support by suggesting that only Nazis could solve their problems and give a dignified place to live in.
(e) The education curriculum was also crafted in a way that highlighted the supremacy of Nazi ideology. Stereotypes about the Jews were popularised through subjects like mathematics and children were taught to hate Jews.

Question 90.
Describe the reaction of masses against Nazi barbarities.
Answer:
The reaction of the masses against Nazi barbarities were:
(a) Not every German was a Nazi. Many people resisted Nazism even facing police repressions and death.
(b) Many people were passive onlookers, they were too scared to act, to differ or protest so, they stayed away. Ordinary Germans observed silence on the on-going process of brutality.
(c) Some secretly recorded the horrors.
(d) Many Jews began to believe in the stereotypes popularised about them.

Question 91.
Mention five consequences of Nazism in Germany. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The consequences of Nazism in Germany were:
(a) Weimar Republic came to an end. Under Nazism, Germany became a dictatorial state, democracy was destroyed.
(b) Hitler assigned the responsibility of economic recovery to the economist Hjalmar Schacht. He aimed at full production and full employment through state-funded work-creation programme. This project produced the famous German highways and peoples car Volkswagen.
(c) In foreign policy, Germany left the League of Nations in 1933, reoccupied Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938. He then took Sudentenland, a part of Czechoslovakia and finally took the whole country.
(d) Special surveillance and security forces were created to control and order society in ways Nazi wanted.
(e) He believed in the survival of the fittest and established an exclusive racial community of pure Aryans.

Question 92.
(a) The Nazi regime used language and media with care, and often to great effect the terms they coined to describe their various activities are not only deceptive. They are chilling. Explain.
(b) Explain Annihilation.
Answer:
(a) Nazis never used the words ‘kill’ or ‘murder’ in their official communications.
Special treatment meant mass killing, final solution for the Jews, euthanasia for the disabled. Evacuation meant deporting people to gas chambers, gas chambers were called disinfection-areas. They looked like bathrooms with fake showerheads.
(b) Annihilation was the stage from 1941 onwards which states that Jews had no right to live. Jews from Jewish houses, concentration camps and ghettos from different parts of Europe were brought to death factories by goods trains. The most notorious concentration camps in Poland and other places were Auschwitz, Belzek, Sobibor, Treblinka, Chelmno and Majdanek. They were charred in gas chambers.

Map Skills

Question 93.
Seven features are marked on the outline map of world. Identify these features with the help of following information and write their correct names.
A. Axis powers
B. Allied Powers
Answer:

A. Axis powers: A. Germany, B. Italy, C. Japan
B. Allied Powers: D. UK, E. France, F. Former USSR, G. USA.

Question 94.
Locate and label the following territories under German expansion (Nazi Power).
(a) Austria
(b) Poland
(c) Slovakia
(d) Denmark
(e) Lithuania
(f) France
(g) Belgium.
Answer:

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NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers Peasants and Farmers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the British agricultural revolution?
Answer:
The British agricultural revolution was a process of agricultural developments in Britain between 16th century and mid-18th century which saw a massive increase in agricultural production and net output.

Question 2.
How did the introduction of threshing machines improve agriculture?
Answer:
The introduction of threshing machines improved agriculture by improving efficiency and reducing costs.

Question 3.
Why peasants protested against the threshing machines?
Answer:
The peasants were against the threshing machines because these machines deprived the workmen of their livelihood.

Question 4.
How were the suspects of rioting and threatening the farmers dealt with by the government?
Answer:
The suspects of rioting were tried, prisoned, hanged and even deported to Australia.

Question 5.
Why was common land essential for the survival of the poor in England? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The common land supplemented the meagre income of the poor, sustained their cattle and helped in times when their crops failed.

Question 6.
What did the enclosure imply?
Answer:
The enclosure implied a piece of land enclosed from all sides.

Question 7.
Why was the land enclosed in the 16th century in England?
Answer:
The land was enclosed in the 16th century in England for sheep farming.

Question 8.
What was the attitude of the British Parliament towards the enclosure movement?
Answer:
The early enclosures were not supported by the state but by mid-18th century, a number of enclosure acts, were passed legalising enclosures.

Question 9.
What encouraged the landowners of England to enclose large lands?
Answer:
England was at war with France which restricted the import of food grains from Europe. This resulted in rapid increase in the prices of food grains which encouraged the large landowners in England to enclose large lands.

Question 10.
What makes the period after 1780s different from any earlier period in English history?
Answer:
Earlier, increased population faced food shortages. After 1780s, production of food grains matched the growing population.

Question 11.
Why did the price of food grains rise in the 18th century in England? [CBSE 2016,2015]
Answer:
As the urban population in England grew, the market for food grains expanded, and when demand increased rapidly, food grains prices rose sharply .

Question 12.
What led to the increase in food grain production in England in the later 18th century?
Answer:
Increase in food grain production in England was not due to bringing large areas under cultivation.

Question 13.
Why did farmers undertake cultivation of turnip and clover in 1660s?
Answer:
Farmers undertook cultivation of turnip and clover because these crops helped enhance the fertility of the soil by increasing the nitrogen content of the soil. Turnip was also a good fodder relished by cattle.

Question 14.
Which practice disappeared by 1800, drastically changing the lives of the labourers?
Answer:
The practice that disappeared by 1800, drastically changing the lives of the labourers was that the labourers lived with landowners, ate with their masters and helped them throughout the year doing various jobs.

Question 15.
What were the occupations of Native Americans?
Answer:
The Native Americans lived by hunting, gathering and fishing. Others cultivated corn, beans, tobacco and pumpkin.

Question 16.
Who was the President of USA in 1800?
Answer:
Thomas Jefferson was the President of USA in 1800.

Question 17.
Why did the White settlers want to push away the Indian Americans from their lands?
Answer:
The White settlers wanted to push away the Indian Americans from their lands because of the following reasons:
(a) The land possessed by the Indians could be turned into cultivated fields.
(b) Forest timber could be exported, animals hunted for skins, mountains mined for gold and minerals.

Question 18.
How were the Indian Americans pushed westward by the settlers?
Answer:
The methods used by the settlers to oust the Indian Americans were:
(a) Numerous wars in which Indians were massacred and many villages burnt.
(b) After defeat, the Indian Americans were forced to sign treaties to give up their lands’and move westwards.

Question 19.
Between 1820-1850 in which area did the Indian Americans settle down?
Answer:
Between 1820-1850, the Indian Americans settled down in the Mississippi Valley.

Question 20.
Name the US President who said “Plant more wheat, wheat will win the war”.
Answer:
It was President Wilson who said “Plant more wheat, wheat will win the war”.

Question 21.
Who invented the mechanical reaper in 1831?
Answer:
Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper in 1831.

Question 22.
In 1831, Cyrus McCormick invented the first mechanical reaper. What was its most important advantage?
Answer:
The most important advantage of the first mechanical reaper, invented by Cyrus McCormick, was that it could harvest 500 acres of wheat in just two weeks.

Question 23.
Why were the new machines welcomed by the big farmers of the Great Plains?
Answer:
The big farmers of the Great Plains welcomed the new machines because these machines allowed clearing large tracts of land, breaking soil, removing grass and prepare land for cultivation quickly with ease.

Question 24.
Why did the Great Agrarian Depression in USA take place? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The Great Agrarian Depression took place in USA because of the overproduction of wheat.

Question 25.
Why did the ordinary duststorm take the form of Black Blizzard in US Plains in the 1930s?
Answer:
The ordinary duststorm took the form of Black Blizzard because the entire ploughed landscape was stripped of all grass.

Question 26.
What did the settlers of the Great Plains realise after the 1930s?
Answer:
The settlers of the Great Plains realised after the 1930s that they had to respect the ecological conditions of each region.

Question 27.
In the 19th century which were the two major commercial crops India produced for the world market?
Answer:
In the 19th century indigo and opium were the two major commercial crops that India produced for world market.

Question 28.
What items were imported by the English East India Company from China?
Answer:
The items of import by the English East India Company from China were silk and tea.

Question 29.
Why were the Confucian rulers of China, the Manchus, suspicious of all foreign merchants?
Answer:
The Manchus were suspicious of all foreign merchants because they feared that they would interfere in local politics and disrupt their authority.

Question 30.
Why the war between Britain and China (1837-1842) was called the Opium War?
Answer:
The war was called the Opium War because the primary cause of war was the British illegal trade in Opium.

Question 31.
Who introduced opium into China in the 16th century?
Answer:
The Portuguese introduced opium into China in the 16th century.

Question 32.
What was Chinese Emperor’s order about the use of opium in China?
Answer:
As per the orders of the Chinese Emperor, the production and sale of opium, except for medicinal purposes, was forbidden.

Question 33.
In 1839, who was sent by the Emperor to Canton as a Special Commissioner to stop the opium trade?
Answer:
In 1839, the Chinese Emperor sent Lin Ze-xu as a Special Commissioner to Canton to stop the opium trade to China.

Question 34.
Why did the British have a negative balance of payment with China?
Answer:
The British traders had a negative balance of payment with China because while tea became-popular in Britain, England in the late 18th century produced nothing which they could export to China i.e., persuade the Chinese to buy.

Question 35.
What financed the tea purchased from China by the British?
Answer:
The returns from opium sale to China financed the tea purchased from China by the British.

Question 36.
To which country was opium from India exported?
Answer:
The opium from India was exported to China.

Question 37.
What is a maund? How many seers are there in 1 maund?
Answer:
Maund is a measure of weight. In 1 maund there are 40 seers. 1 seer is a little under a kg.

Question 38.
How were the unwilling Indian cultivators convinced to produce opium?
Answer:
The system of advances was adopted by the British to convince the unwilling Indian cultivators to produce opium.

Question 39.
Why were Indian farmers pressurised to grow commercial crops?
Answer:
Indian farmers were pressurised to grow commercial crops to feed the growing urban population of Europe and to meet the growing raw material needs of the mills of Lanchashire and Manchester in England.

Question 40.
Why were the peasants tempted to take advances to produce opium?
Answer:
The peasants were tempted to take advances to produce opium because it supplemented their immediate needs and pay back the loans.

Question 41.
What conditions were imposed on the peasants who took advance?
Answer:
Those who took advance were supposed to grow opium on a specified area and hand over the produce to the British agents at the decided cost which was often very low.

Question 42.
Why was the government offer low price of the opium to the peasants?
Answer:
The government offered low price of the opium to the peasants to keep the cost of production low and sell it at a high price to earn more and more profit.

Question 43.
What were the travelling traders called?
Answer:
The travelling traders were called pykars.

Question 44.
Why was the opium production increasing outside the British territories?
Answer:
The opium production was increasing outside the British territories because the local traders were offering higher prices to the peasants.

Question 45.
How was the government monopoly of production and sale of opium maintained?
Answer:
The government monopoly of production and sale of opium was maintained by confiscating and destroying the opium produced outside the British territories by the British agents.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 46.
Why were the poor farmers of England against the threshing machines? What was the Captain Swing Movement?
Answer:
The poor farmers of England were against the threshing machines because they felt the threshing machines would replace people and deprive them of their livelihood and render them jobless. Captain Swing Movement was a movement by rioters against the use of the threshing machines. Captain Swing was a mythical name used in threatening letters warning the landlords to stop the use of threshing machines.

Question 47.
‘Over the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English countryside changed dramatically.’ Explain.
Answer:
Earlier large parts of English countryside were open with no private ownership of land. Every year at a public meeting the strips of land were distributed among the villagers so that each villager got
‘ a mix of good and bad land. Apart from this, all villagers had access to common lands where they ‘ could pasture their cattle, collect fuel wood and fruits.
It was only after the mid-eighteenth century’ that the Enclosure Movement began at a rapid pace. It changed the English landscape forever. It was the time when population in England was rising.
Indistrialisation had also begun in Britain which attracted people to the urban areas. This increase in the urban population led to an increase in the demand and price for the foodgrains. The imports of foodgrains from Europe were disrupted as France was at war with England. This further increased the price of the foodgrains which encouraged English landowners to enclose land and raise the production. Seeing the profits accumulated, landowners pressurized the parliament to pass enclosure acts. This gave an impetus to enclosing countryside in England.

Question 48.
What were the open field system and the village commons?
Answer:
Before the eighteenth century, England countryside was open. Peasants cultivated the strips of land. There was no individual claim on the land. Every year at a public meeting, the strips were allocated to the villagers for cultivation. It was done so that every villager had the mixture of good and bad land. This was the open field system.
Away from this land was the common land that could be accessed by every villager. Here they could pasture their cattle, collect fuelwood, fruits and hunt animals. It was termed as village common. It supplemented the income of the poor in bad times.

Question 49.
How was the common land beneficial to the villages?
Answer:
The common land was beneficial to the villagers in a variety of ways:
All villagers had access to the commons. Here, they pastured their cows and grazed their sheep, collected fuel wood for fire and berries and fruits for food etc.
They did fishing in the rivers and ponds and hunted rabbits in common forests.
For the poor, the common land was essential for survival. It supplemented their meager income, sustained their cattle, and helped them tide over bad times when crops failed.

Question 50.
“In some parts of England, the economy of open fields and common lands started changing from about the sixteenth century”. Why?
Answer:
It was during the sixteenth century that the price of wool in the world market increased. To earn more profits, rich farmers sought to expand wool production by improving sheep breeds and providing good feed. For this, a large block of land was required. This made them divide and enclose common land. Villagers having cottages were displaced and prevented from entering the enclosed fields. Later in the mid-eighteenth century, increased demand for the food grains encouraged the farmers to expand cultivation. It led to large scale enclosing of the common lands.

Question 51.
What changes took place in England in the mid-eighteenth century?
Answer:
The following changes took place in England in the mid-eighteenth century.
(a) The English population increased rapidly. This meant an increased demand for food grains to feed the population.
(b) Britain at this time was industrialising. More and more people began to live and work in urban areas. Men from rural areas migrated to towns in search of jobs.
(c) As urban populations grew, the market for food grains expanded and when demand increased rapidly, food grain prices rose.

Question 52.
Discuss why the British Parliament passed the Enclosure Acts.
Answer:
The British Parliament passed the Enclosure Acts because of the following reasons.
(a) The Enclosure Movement progressed slowly till the middle of the eighteenth century. The early enclosures were usually created by individual landlords.
(b) They were not supported by the state or the Church.
(c) It was after the mid-eighteenth century that the Enclosure Movement swept through the countryside, changing the English landscape forever. Within the next hundreds years, 6 million acres of land was enclosed.
(d) The British Parliament no longer distanced itself from this progress and passed 4,000 Acts legalising these enclosures. (any three)

Question 53.
Why was there a frantic effort to enclose lands in Britain?
Answer:
There was a frantic effort to enclose lands in Britain because of the following reasons.
(a) From the mid-eighteenth century, the English population multiplied four times from 7 million in 1750 to 30 million in 1900.
(b) Britain was industrialising, more people began to live in urban areas, men from rural areas migrated to towns in search of jobs.
(c) As population grew, more food grains were needed, so land was enclosed.

Question 54.
Explain three factors which led to the Enclosure Movement in England after the mid-eighteenth century.
Or
Explain any three causes which led to the Enclosure Movement in England. [HOTS]
Answer:
The factors which led to the Enclosure Movement in England were:
(a) Rapid expansion of population in England.
(b) Increased demand for food grains to feed the growing population.
(c) War with France disrupted trade and import of food grains from Europe.
(d) Prices in England increased rapidly that encouraged landowners to enclose lands and enlarge the area under grain cultivation. (any three)

Question 55.
How was the period after 1780s different from any earlier period in English history?
Answer:
The period after 1780s was different from any earlier period in English history in the following ways. {a) Earlier population growth was followed by food shortages.
(b) Production could not match the demand.
(c) After 1780s grain production matched the growing population.
(d) Large areas were brought under cultivation to meet the growing demand. (any three)

Question 56.
Give any three positive results of enclosures on English agriculture.
Answer:
The following were the positive results of the enclosures on English agriculture:
(a) Enclosures helped bring new land under cultivation.
(b) Helped increase food production.
(c) Barren land was made cultivable by clearance of forests and marshes.

Question 57.
Give any three reasons for the increase in food production in the 19th century.
Answer:
Food production increased in 19th century because:
(a) More lands were brought under cultivation.
(b) Landlords sliced pasturelands and carved up open fields.
(c) Forest commons were cut up and marsh land was made suitable for cultivation.

Question 58.
Which innovations helped farmers to increase agricultural production in England?
Answer:
First new lands were brought under cultivation. Landlords sliced up pasture lands, carved up open fields, cut up forests, took over marshes. The farmers started growing turnips and clover as they discovered that these crops improved the soil and made it more fertile. Turnip was also a good fodder for the cattle. So they became part of the cropping system.
They also realised that nitrogen was important for crop growth. Turnip and clover restored the nitrogen and made the soil fertile again.

Question 59.
How did turnip and clover make the land fertile?
Answer:
Turnip and clover made the land fertile in the following ways.
(a) These crops had the capacity to increase the nitrogen content of the soil. Nitrogen was important for the growth of crop.
(b) Cultivation of the same soil over a few years depleted the nitrogen in the soil and reduced its fertility.
(c) By restoring nitrogen, turnip and clover made the soil fertile once again. Therefore, farmers in the early 19th century used the same method to improve agriculture on a more regular basis.

Question 60.
What were the benefits of enclosures to the rich landowners?
Answer:
The following were the benefits of the enclosures to the rich landowners.
(a) It was a long term investment on land.
(b) It allowed planning crop rotation to improve soil.
(c) It allowed expansion of land and increase production.

Question 61.
What was the effect of Enclosure Movement on landlords of England?
Answer:
The following were the effects of the Enclosure Movement on the landlords of England.
(a) The Enclosure Movement was instrumental in making the rich landlords richer by filling their pockets with profits.
(b) Landlords brought various changes in agricultural methods and technology.
(c) The richer farmers expanded grain production, sold this grain in the world market, made profits and became powerful.

Question 62.
Despite availability of labour, why did farmers invest in threshing machines?
Answer:
Rich farmers invested in threshing machines because of the following reasons.
(a) They feared shortage of labour due to Napoleonic Wars.
(b) Moreover they felt that the available labour was rude and prone to drinking.
(c) To reduce dependence on labour and increase efficiency.

Question 63.
“Coming of modern agriculture in England meant many different changes.” Explain. [HOTS]
Answer:
Coming of modern agriculture in England meant many changes.
(a) Open fields disappeared and customary rights of the peasants were undermined.
(b) Rich farmers expanded grain production, exported grains, made high profits and became economically and politically powerful.
(c) The poor were dislocated. They tramped in large numbers for jobs in the countryside and the cities.
(d) Their jobs became insecure and incomes unstable. (any three)

Question 64.
Explain three reasons for Captain Swing riots in English countryside.
Answer:
The following were the reasons for Captain Swing riots in English countryside.
(a) Enclosures deprived the poor of the use of the commons which was essential for their survival. The Enclosures barred them from pasteurising their cows, collecting fruits and berries, fuel wood, hunting small animals for food etc.,
(b) Landlords began cutting wages and retrenching workmen.
(c) Use of modern technique of agriculture like threshing machines, deprived workmen of their livelihood.

Question 65.
Discuss the factors that precipitated the Agricultural Depression. What were the consequences of this Depression? How was the Captain Swing Movement related to .this Depression?
Answer:
After the end of Napoleonic wars, thousands of soldiers returned to the villages. They needed alternative jobs to survive. But this was a time when grain from Europe began flowing into England, prices declined and an Agricultural Depression set in. Anxious landowners began reducing the area they cultivated and demanded that the exports of crops be stopped. They tried to cut wages and reduced the number of workmen they employed. The unemployed poor tramped from village to village, and those with uncertain jobs lived in fear of a loss of their livelihood. The Captain Swing riots spread in the countryside at this time. For the poor, the threshing machines had become sign of bad times.

Question 66.
How did the machines bring misery to the poor?
Answer:
The machines brought misery to the poor in the following ways.
(a) Many had bought the machines thinking that the profits would remain high.
(b) Those who had taken loans found it difficult to pay back their debts.
(c) Many of them deserted their farms and looked for jobs elsewhere.

Question 67.
Enclosures filled the pockets of landlords. What happened to the poor persons who depended on the commons for their survival?
Answer:
Enclosures filled the pockets of the rich landlords. When fences came up, the enclosed land became the property of one landowner. The poor could no longer collect apples and berries or hunt small animals for meat, nor could they gather the stalks that lay on the fields after the crop was cut. Everything belonged to the landlord, everything had a price which the poor could not afford to pay. The poor were displaced from the land. They tramped in search of work. From Midlands they moved to the southern countries of England.

Question 68.
Discuss the effect of Agricultural Revolution on different sections of people in English countryside. [HOTS]
Answer:
The coming of modern agriculture in England led to the following changes.
(a) The open fields disappeared, and the customary rights of peasants were undermined.
(b) The richer farmers expanded grain production, sold this grain in the world market, made profits, and became powerful.
(c) The poor left their villages in large numbers. Some went from Midlands to the southern countries where jobs were available, others to the cities.
(id) The income of labourers became unstable, their jobs insecure, their livelihoods precarious. (any three)

Question 69.
Why and how were the Native Americans driven westwards?
Answer:
The White settlers moved westwards as this area held a lot of promise. Forests could be cut to provide land for cultivation, animals hunted for their skin, and mountains mined for minerals.
To evacuate Indian Americans numerous wars were fought, in which Indians were massacred and their villages burnt. Ultimately they were forced to sign treaties and give up their land.

Question 70.
Which reasons led to a radical transformation of the landscape by the early 20th century?
Answer:
The main reasons for the radical transformation of the landscape by the early 20th century were as follows:
(a) White Americans had moved westward.
(b) Local tribes were displaced.
(c) Entire landscape was carved into different agricultural belts in the USA.

Question 71.
Seen from the east coast, America seemed to be the land of promise.’ Explain.
Answer:
After the formation of the United States of America, the White Americans began to move westward. By 1800, over seven lakh White settlers had moved on to the Appalachian plateau through the passes. America seemed to be a land of promise because of the following reasons.
(a) Its vast untouched landscape could be utilized for cultivation.
(b) Forest resources like timber could be cut for export, animals hunted for skin, etc.
(c) Gold and other precious minerals could be mined from mines.

Question 72.
What did the American settlers do on reaching Mississippi Valley? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The following were the impacts of westward expansion of the settlers in USA.
(a) It led to displacement of local tribes. They were driven beyond river Mississippi and further west.
(b) The settlers began agriculture on an extensive scale. They slashed and burnt forests, pulled out the stumps, cleared the land for cultivation and built log cabins in the forest clearings. Then they cleared larger areas and erected fences around the fields. They ploughed the land and sowed corn and wheat. Thus, agriculture was undertaken at the expense of grasslands and forests.
(c) The settlers continued moving further west to explore new land and raise a new crop. After the 1860s, the settlers reached the Great Plains across the river Mississippi. They started growing wheat here and soon turned this region into a major wheat producing area of America.

Question 73.
Under what circumstances did the US farmers get encouraged to produce more and more wheat?
Answer:
The following circumstances encouraged farmers to produce more and more wheat.
(a) From the late 19th century, wheat production in the USA underwent a dramatic expansion. The urban population in the USA was growing and the export market was becoming even bigger. As a result demand for wheat rose sharply. The rising demand resulted into high price of wheat. This encouraged farmers to produce more and more wheat.
(b) The spread of the railways made it possible to transport grains from surplus growing regions to the eastern coast for export.
(c) Later in the early 20th century during the First World War, the market for the grains rose further rose. It was because wheat supplies from Russia were cut-off due to war. It gave USA an opportunity to feed the entire Europe. The farmers responded to the need of the time and began producing more and more wheat.

Question 74.
Explain how technological innovations transformed the USA into the breadbasket of the world.
Answer:
The following technological innovations transformed the USA into the breadbasket of the world in
the following ways.
(a) The innovation of using tractors and disk ploughs to clear vast stretches in no time for wheat cultivation.
(b) Invention of mechanical reaper by Cyrus McCormick could cut in one day as much as five men could cut with cradles and 16 men with sickles.
(c) Farmers began the use of combined harvesters to cut grain. Large tracts of cultivation could be harvested in two weeks by these machines.

Question 75.
What were the main reasons of the duststorms?
Answer:
The main reasons for the duststorms were are follows.
(a) Years of persistent droughts during the early twentieth century. Rains failed and temperature increased. The wind blew at a great speed.
(b) The entire landscape had been ploughed over, stripped of all the grass that held it together.
(c) The tractors turned the soil and broke it into dust. Normal winds could also blow it away.

Question 76.
Describe how the Chinese became addicted to opium in the 19th century.
Answer:
Opium was introduced into China by the Portuguese in the early 16th century. It was known for its medical properties and therefore small quantities were used for certain type of medicines. The Chinese were aware of the dangers of opium addiction and thus the emperor had forbidden its production and sale. But the British began an illegal trade in opium in the mid-18th century. With the help of the local agents they were able to unload it in a number of seaports of southeastern China. From then, opium found an easy way into China, making the people addicted to it.

Question 77.
‘The conflict between the British government, peasants and local traders continued as long as opium production lasted.’ Elaborate. [HOTS]
Answer:
By 1773, the British Government in Bengal had established a monopoly to trade in opium. No one else was legally permitted to trade in the product. By the 1820s, the British taxed opium production in their territories to make it declining, but it was increasing outside British territories, especially in central India and Rajasthan within princely states, which were not under direct British control. The British tried to stop it. It instructed its agents in princely states to confiscate all opium and destroy the crop.
This conflict between the British Government, peasants and local traders continued as long as opium production lasted.

Question 78.
Which system was introduced by the British to make the unwilling cultivators produce opium? How did this system work?
Answer:
The system of advances was introduced by the British to persuade the unwilling cultivators to produce opium.
In the rural areas of Bengal and Bihar, large number of poor peasants never had enough to survive. They faced difficulties in paying rent to the landlord or managing their daily requirements of food and clothing. Through the village headmen, the government’s opium agents advanced money to them. They felt tempted to accept it, hoping to meet their immediate needs and pay back the loan at a later date.

Question 79.
Why were the Indian farmers unwilling to cultivate opium? Give any three reasons. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The Indian farmers were unwilling to grow opium in their farms because of the following reasons:
(a) The Indian farmers were reluctant to grow opium in their farms because it had to be grown on the best land, near the villages and it had to be well manured.
(b) This land was usually used for growing pulses. If opium was grown on less fertile land then yield would not be good in quality and quantity.
(c) Cultivation of opium was difficult and time-consuming. As a result, the cultivators would not have time to look after their other produce.
(d) The farmers had to pay rent for the land. This rent was quite high.
(e) Finally the prices paid by the government were very low and brought no profit to the farmer. (any three)

Question 80.
‘The conflict between the British government, peasants and local traders continued as long as opium production lasted.’ Elaborate. [HOTS]
Answer:
The British Government in Bengal established its monopoly to produce and trade in opium. There was no legal permission for opium trade to anyone. Still the opium production in their territories declined as against increasing outside their territories, especially in central India and Rajasthan within princely states, which are not under direct British control. The reasons were that local traders in the princely states were offering higher prices to the cultivators and exporting it to China. Efforts were made to stop this. Instructions were issued to opium agents to confiscate all opium and destroy the crop.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 81.
State any four major features of the ‘Open Field’ system which prevailed in England in the 18th and early 19th century.
Answer:
The following were the major features of the Open Field System of England during the 18th and 19th century:
(a) Before this period, in large parts of England, the countryside was open. It was not partitioned into enclosed lands privately owned by landlords.
(b) Peasants cultivated on strips of land around the village they lived in. Every peasant had a mix of good and bad land.
(c) Beyond the strips of cultivation lay the common land. All villagers had access to the common.
(d) The common land could be accessed for grazing cattle, fruit, fuelwood collection, etc. the rivers and ponds could be used for fishing.
(e) For the poor, the common land was very necessary for survival. It supplemented their meagre income, sustained their cattle and helped them tide over bad times when the crops failed. Poor peasants led a comfortable and secure life.

Question 82.
What were the effects of the open field system on the peasant women in England?
Answer:
(a) They pastured their cows and grazed their sheep.
(b) They collected fuelwood for fire and berries and fruit for food.
(c) They fished in the rivers and ponds.
(d) The open field system supplemented their income.
(e) It also helped them in bad times when crops failed.

Question 83.
Explain any three advantages and two disadvantages of the Enclosure Movement in England.
Answer:
Advantages:
(a) The Enclosure movement made England self-sufficient in foodgrains. Grain production grew as quickly as population. In 1868 England produced about 80 per cent of the food it consumed.
(b) Enclosures prompted the landlords to make long-term investments on land and plan crop rotations to improve the soil.
(c) Enclosures allowed landlords to expand the land under their control and produce more for the market. Enclosures made the landlords rich.
Disadvantages:
(a) The poor were hard hit. They could no longer collect their firewood from the forests, or graze their cattle on the commons. They could no longer gather apples, berries, or hunt animals for meat. Everything belonged to the landlords and poor were left helpless and miserable.
(b) In areas of extensive enclosures, the poor were displaced from the land. Deprived of their customary rights, the poor people tramped in search of work. But nowhere could the poor find secure jobs. Work became insecure, employment uncertain, income unstable. For a large part of the year the poor had no work.

Question 84.
What was the situation in England after the end of the Napoleonic Wars?
Answer:
After the Napoleonic Wars ended, the situation of England was critical.
(a) Soldiers returned to their homes and needed alternate jobs to survive.
(b) Grains flowing from Europe had reduced the prices. It led to Agricultural Depression.
(c) Landowners began reducing the cultivated area. Wages were reduced and labourers retrenched.
(d) Large scale unemployment with people searching jobs. Those unemployed feared loss of livelihood.
(e) Spread of Captain Swing riots in the rural England.

Question 85.
Discuss the factors that precipitated the Agricultural Depression. What were the consequences of this Depression?
Answer:
The following were the factors that precipitated the Agricultural depression.
(a) With the end of Napoleonic wars thousands of soldiers returned to the villages. They needed alternative jobs to survive.
(b) This was the time when markets in England were flooded with European grains, thus the prices declined. Wheat prices fell and export markets collapsed.
(c) Landowners anxiously reduced the land under cultivation along with the demand to cut the imports.
(d) Apart from this, they began cutting wages and retrenching workmen. This gave rise to unemployment and the poor marched from village to village in search of job. Those with uncertain jobs lived in fear of a losing livelihood.
(e) Believing machines responsible for their bad times, the poor began Captain Swing riots throughout the countryside.

Question 86.
Explain three advantages and two disadvantages of mechanical harvesting machines in USA.
Answer:
Advantages:
(а) In 1831, Cyrus McCormick invented the first mechanical reaper which could cut in one day as much as five men could cut with cradles and 16 men with sickles. With one of the combined harvesters, 500 acres of wheat could be harvested in two weeks.
(b) The prices of wheat were high and the demand limitless. With power-driven machinery, only four men could plough, seed and harvest 2,000 to 4,000 acres of wheat in a season.
This helped landlords to earn more and more profit.
(c) The plough could break the soil quickly and cut even strong grassroots effectively.
Disadvantages:
(a) For the poorer farmers, machines brought misery. Many of them bought these machines with the loans offered to them. Those who borrowed, found it difficult to pay back their debts. Many of them deserted their farms and looked for jobs elsewhere.
(b) Production had expanded rapidly and there was a huge surplus. Wheat prices fell and export markets collapsed. This led to Great Agrarian Depression of 1930s.

Question 87.
What were the problems associated with wheat expansion in USA? Discuss with special reference to mechanisation and ‘dust bowl’.
Answer:
In the late 19th century, there was a great expansion of wheat cultivation in the USA. With an increase in population, demand for wheat was rising. The expansion was made possible by new technology. Implements and tools were modified to suit their needs. Now farmers were using tractors and disk ploughs to clear land for cultivation. Mechanical reapers were used to reap and cut harvest. By the early 20th century, combined harvesters were being used to cut grain.
Now with power-driven machinery large tracts of land could be ploughed, seeded, harvested within a short time.
But there were problems. Poor farmers were hard hit. They could not buy these machines. The bank offered loans but most of the farmers could not repay these loans. Many of them left their farms in search of a job. In addition, terrifying dust storms began to blow, blinding the people, choking the cattle, covering fields, rivers, and machines with dust. This was because the entire area had been ploughed and stripped of grass whose roots could have bounded the soil.

Question 88.
Discuss the problems associated with wheat expansion in USA with special reference to new technology and black blizzards.
Answer:
The problems associated with the wheat expansion in USA was dealt with in the following ways.
(a) The demand for foodgrains increased with the increase in population in England. This required new technology.
(b) Implements and tools were modified to suit their needs. Now farmers were using tractors and disk ploughs to clear land for cultivation.
(c) Mechanical reapers were used to reap and cut harvest. By the early 20th century, combined harvesters were being used to cut grain.
(d) The power-driven machinery ploughed, seeded and harvested large tracts of land within a short time.
(e) Poor farmers found hard to pay the taxes, they could not buy these machines. .
(f) The bank offered loans but most declined as they could not repay these loans.
(g) Many of them left their farms in search of a job.
(h) In addition, terrifying dust storms began to blow, blinding the people, choking the cattle, covering fields, rivers, and machines with dust. These duststorms became black blizzards only because the entire area had been ploughed and stripped of grass whose roots could have bounded the soil. (any five)

Question 89.
‘The American dream of a land of plenty had turned into a nightmare’. Explain.
Answer:
From the late 19th century, there was a dramatic increase in wheat production in the USA. Millions of acre of land was brought under wheat cultivation which saw an unprecedented increase in the following years. Much of the Great Plains was used for wheat production.
But the expansion of wheat cultivation in this area created grave problems. Entire landscape was ploughed many times and grass uprooted for cultivation. By the 1930s, endless droughts turned the . land barren. Rains failed and temperature was on increase. Terrifying dust storms began to blow over the southern plains. Black blizzards became common, darkening the skies, swept the dust and people were blinded and choked. Cattle were suffocated to death as their lungs got filled with dust and mud. Sand buried everything that came in its way. Even the river surface was choked with dust and the fish died. Dead bodies of birds and animals were scattered all over the landscape. Tractors and machines were clogged with dust, damaged beyond repair.

Question 90.
‘After the 1930s, the Americans realised that they had to respect the ecological conditions of each region.’ How did they learn this lesson?
Answer:
Droughts lasted long in the US during the early 1930s. This led to failed rains and increase in temperature year after year. Winds blew with ferocious speed. Even the ordinary storms became black blizzards. As the entire landscape had been ploughed over continuously, soil turned over by the tractors and vegetation uprooted, the grass cover that held the soil disappeared. The broken soil turned into dust that could be blown even by the mild wind making the whole region a dust bowl. As a result people were blinded and choked, cattle were suffocated to death, fences were buried under the sand and the surfaces of rivers were coated till the fish died. Dead bodies of birds and animals were scattered all over the landscape. Tractors and machines were clogged with dust. These were the damages that were beyond repair. This made the Americans realise that they had to respect the ecological conditions of each region.

Question 91.
The history of opium production in India was linked up with the story of British trade with China. Elaborate. [HOTS]
Or
Why did the British smuggle opium into China? Explain briefly.
Answer:
During the late eighteenth century, English East India Company traded with China in tea and silk and sold it in England. Tea became popular in England and its demand increased. This meant loss of treasure, impoverishing the nation and depleting its wealth. England had nothing to be exported to China to finance the tea trade. At the same time the rulers of China, the Manchus, were apprehensive that the European merchants would interfere in their local politics and pose a threat to their authority. So, foreign trade was not allowed in China.
Huge outflow of reserves for financing tea trade posed problems to the British. Different ways were sought to overcome the issue. They thought of a commodity that the Chinese could be persuaded to buy. Opium was thus sought to be the commodity and India was thought to be the place for its production. Even though the Chinese were aware of its addiction dangers, its productioa and sale was permitted only for medicinal purposes. British through illegal trade of opium entered China through local agents.

Question 92.
Why were the farmers of Bengal unwilling to grow opium in their farms?
Answer:
The farmers of Bengal were unwilling to grow opium in their farms because of the following reasons.
(a) The Indian farmers were reluctant to grow opium in their farms because it had to be grown on the best land, near the villages and it had to be well manured.
(b) This land was usually used for growing pulses. If opium was grown on less fertile land then yield would not be good in quality and quantity.
(c) Cultivation of opium was difficult and time-consuming. As a result, the cultivators would not have time to look after their other produce.
(d) The farmers had to pay rent for the land. This rent was quite high.
(e) Finally, the prices paid by the government were very low and brought no profit to the farmer.

Map Skills

Question 93.
Mark Swing Movement Areas, 1830-1832.
Answer:

Question 94.
Mark the routes and conditions of triangular trade between India, England and China in the 19th Century.
Answer:

Question 95.
Mark the expansion of Agriculture in various Westward Areas.
Answer:

Question 96.
Mark the Agricultural Belts in the USA in 1920.
Answer:

Question 97.
Mark the American Communities in the Early Nineteenth Century.
Answer:

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Class 9 Economics Chapter 4 Extra Questions and Answers Food Security in India

SOLVED QUESTION BANK

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 1.
What do you mean by food security?
Answer:
Food security means availability, accessibility and affordability of food to all people at all times.

Question 2.
Why is food security needed?
Answer:
Food security is needed to meet emergencies, shortage of food grains, prevent starvation and famines.

Question 3.
Which was the most devastating famine that occurred in India during the 20th century?
Answer:
Famine of Bengal in 1943

Question 4.
Who were the most affected by the famine of Bengal?
Answer:
The agricultural labourers, fishermen, transport workers and other casual labourers were most affected by the dramatic increase in the price of rice.

Question 5.
Which are the food insecure families in the urban area?
Answer:
The food insecure families in the urban areas are those whose working members are generally employed in ill-paid occupations and casual labour market.

Question 6.
State the full form of NHFS.
Answer:
NHFS stands for National Health and Family Survey.

Question 7.
What do you mean by hunger?
Answer:
It is an another aspect of indicating food security. It is not just an expression of poverty, it brings poverty.

Question 8.
State the dimensions of hunger.
Answer:
Chronic hunger and seasonal hunger are the two dimensions of hunger.

Question 9.
What do you mean by chronic hunger?
Answer:
Chronic hunger is a consequence of diet persistently inadequate in terms of quantity or quality.

Question 10.
What do you mean by seasonal hunger?
Answer:
Seasonal hunger is related to cycles of food growing and harvesting. It is prevalent more in rural areas.

Question 11.
Name the new strategy adopted in agriculture in India after independence to achieve self-sufficiency in food grains.
Answer:
Green Revolution

Question 12.
Define Green Revolution.
Answer:
Green Revolution implies large increase in agricultural production due to use of high yielding varieties of seeds and other inputs such as manure and fertilisers.

Question 13.
Which states achieved the highest rate of growth in food grains production in 2015-16?
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Question 14.
What was the total foodgrain production in India in 201516?
Answer:
252.22 million tonnes.

Question 15.
State the two components of food security system.
Answer:
Buffer Stock and Public Distribution System

Question 16.
What do you mean by Buffer Stock?
                       Or
Define Buffer Stock. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
Buffer Stock is the stock of food grains, particularly wheat and rice, procured by the government through the Food Corporation of India (FCI).

Question 17.
What does the Food Corporation of India do?
Answer:
The Food Corporation of India is a government agency which purchases food grains from the farmers wherever they are in surplus.

Question 18.
What do you mean by minimum support price?
Answer:
Minimum support price is the minimum price of food grains which is declared by the government every year before the sowing season, to provide incentives to the farmers for raising the production of crops.

Question 19.
Define issue price.
Answer:
Issue price is the price at which the government provides food grains to the poorer strata of the society through Public Distribution System.

Question 20.
What do you mean by Public Distribution System?
Answer:
The food procured by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) is distributed through government regulated ration shops among the poorer sections of the society. This system is known as Public Distribution System.

Question 21.
What are Fair Price Shops?
Answer:
Fair Price Shops are the ration shops which have been opened by the government to provide food grains to the poorer strata of the society.

Question 22.
Which items are commonly sold at Fair Price Shops?
Answer:
Items such as food grains, sugar and kerosene oil for cooking are commonly sold at Fair Price Shops.

Question 23.
Which kind of ration cards are for the poorest of the poor?
Answer:
Antyodaya Cards

Question 24.
Name the ration card used for the people living below the poverty line and for all others.
Answer:
BPL cards are used for people living below the poverty line and APL cards are used for all others.

Question 25.
When was rationing system introduced in India?
Answer:
The rationing system was introduced in India in 1940s after the disastrous ‘Famine of Bengal’.

Question 26.
Which important food intervention programmes were introduced by the Indian government after NS SO report?
Answer:
The programmes which were introduced are:

1. Public Distribution System
2. Integrated Child Development Services
3. Food For Work Programme

Question 27.
Mention any two programmes initiated by the government having food component in them.
Answer:
Mid-day Meal and Integerated Child Development Services

Question 28.
What is the National Food Security Act 2013?
Answer:
This Act provides for food and nutritional security life at affordable prices and enables people to live a life with dignity.

Question 29.
Which is the most important step taken by the government of India to ensure food security?
Answer:
Public Distribution System (PDS)

Question 30.
Define subsidy.
Answer:
Subsidy is a payment that a government makes to a producer to supplement the market price of a commodity.

Question 31.
What is the status of per capita consumption of PDS rice and wheat in rural and urban India since 2004-05?
Answer:
Per capita consumption of PDS rice has doubled in rural India and increased by 66% in urban India since 2004-05. The per capita consumption of PDS wheat has doubled since 2004-05 in both rural and urban India.

Question 32.
What are cooperative societies?
Answer:
The cooperative societies are the societies which are run by local people. They provide public with the basic necessities of life such as foodgrains, milk and vegetables at reasonable rates.

Question 33.
Name the revolution brought about by Amul.
Answer:
White Revolution

Question 34.
Where is the Academy of Development Science located?
Answer:
Maharashtra

Question 35.
Which programme is acknowledged as the successful and innovative food security intervention?
Answer:
The Academy of Development Science’s ‘Grain Bank Programme’ is the successful and innovative food security intervention programme.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 36.
Explain the major dimensions of food security. [CBSE 2015,13,12, ll]
Answer:
The major dimensions of food security are:

1. Availability of food. It means food production within the country, food imports, along with previous years’ stock stored in government granaries.
2. Accessibility. It means food is within the reach of every person.
3. Affordability. It implies having enough money to buy sufficient safe and nutritious food to meet one’s dietary needs.

Question 37.
How is food security ensured in a country?
Answer:
Food security is ensured in a country when:

1. Enough food is available for all.
2. All persons have the capacity to buy food of acceptable quality.
3. There is no barrier to access of food.

Question 38.
How is food security affected during a calamity?
Answer:
During a calamity, the total production of food grains decreases. It creates a shortage of food in the affected areas. Due to shortage of food, the prices of commodities go up. At higher prices, some people cannot afford to buy the food. If such a calamity happens in a very wide area or is stretched over a long time, it may lead to a situation of starvation.

Question 39.
‘Food security is essential in India.’ Justify the statement. [CBSE 2011]
Answer:
Food security is essential in India in the wake of national disasters or calamities like floods, tsunami, earthquakes and famines. Due to natural and national calamities, the total production of food grains decreases which creates a food shortage. As a result of food shortage, the price of food grains goes up. It affects the population of the country, which may suffer from starvation. Massive starvation might take the form of a famine like the Famine of Bengal in 1943 But even today, famine like . conditions exist in Odisha. Starvation deaths are reported from states like Rajasthan, Jharkhand and some remote areas.

All this calls for essential food security in the country to ensure food availability at all times without interruption.

Question 40.
What is a famine? Who were the most affected by the famine of Bengal?
Answer:
A famine is characterised by widespread deaths due to starvation and epidemics caused by forced use of contaminated water or decaying food and loss of body resistance due to weakening from starvation. The people who were the most affected by the famine of Bengal were agricultural labourers, fishermen, transport workers and other casual labourers.

Question 41.
‘The food insecure people are disproportionately large in some regions of the country.’ Explain. [HOTS]
Answer:
The economically backward states such as Uttar Pradesh (eastern and south-eastern parts), Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh and some parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra account for largest number of food insecure people in the country. The tribal and remote areas are highly prone to poverty whereas regions more prone to natural disasters are vulnerable to poverty.

Question 42.
Differentiate between seasonal hunger and chronic hunger.
Answer:
Seasonal hunger is related to cycles of food growing and harvesting whereas chronic hunger is a consequence of diets persistently inadequate in terms of quantity or quality.
People suffer from seasonal hunger in rural areas because of seasonal nature of agricultural activities and because of causal labour in the urban areas whereas poor people suffer from chronic hunger because of very low income and thereby inability to buy food even for survival.

Question 43.
What are the functions of the Food Corporation of India?
                                          Or
Mention the activities of the Food Corporation of India. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The functions/activities of the Food Corporation of India are:

1. It safeguards the interests of the farmers by providing them remunerative prices for their foodgrain.
2. It maintains an adequate level of foodgrains to ensure stocks are available on any mishappening or calamity.
3. It allows the government to intervene in the food grains market for price stabilisation.

Question 44.
How does Public Distribution System ensure food security in India? Explain.
Answer:
The Public Distribution System ensures food security in India through government regulated ration shops among the poorer sections of the society. These ration shops, known as ‘Fair Price Shops’, are present in most localities, villages, towns and cities. They keep stocks of food grains, sugar and kerosene oil for cooking purposes. These items are sold to public at a price lower than the market price. Any family with a ration card can buy a stipulated amount of these items like thirty-five kg of grains, five litres of kerosene, five kg of sugar etc. every month from the nearby ration shops.

Question 45.
Examine the activities of ration shops. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
The activities performed by the ration shops are:

1. They distribute the items like food grains, sugar, kerosene and edible oil to the holders of the ration cards.
2. They maintain a stock register of the items which they receive and distribute.
3. They keep a check on the quality of the items to be distributed to the cardholders.

Question 46.
Explain the role of co-operatives in providing food and related items in different parts of the country. [CBSE 2011]
Answer:
The cooperative societies set up shops to sell low priced goods to poor people, such as Mother Dairy in Delhi is rapidly growing in providing milk and vegetables to the consumers at controlled prices, announced by the government of Delhi.

Another success story of cooperatives lies in Amul, a cooperative, dealing with milk and milk products from Gujarat. It has brought about ‘White Revolution’ in the country.

These cooperatives are functioning in various parts of the country to ensure food security to various sections of the society.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 47.
Explain about the people who are food insecure in India.
Answer:

1. In rural areas, the people more prone to food insecurity are:
   1.  Landless farmers
   2.  Traditional artisans,
   3. Petty self-employed workers
   4. Destitutes including beggars
2. In urban areas, the people more prone to food insecurity are:
   1. Casual labourers
   2. Workers employed in low-paid occupations
   3. Workers employed in seasonal activities
3. Food insecure people also include SCs, STs and some sections of OBCs (lower castes among them).
4. The people who are living in economically backward states with high poverty, tribal, remote areas and regions more prone to natural disasters also fall under the food insecure.

Question 48.
How does social inability to buy food also play a critical role in food insecurity?
Answer:
Indian social composition is very complex such as.

1. There are sections in the society which face the problem of low productivity like small land owners, traditional artisans, destitutes etc. and hence are not able to access food security.
2. Some sections of people live in absolute poverty due to their low social status in the society like SCs, STs and OBCs. Food for such sections is a luxury.
3. At the same time, pregnant and nursing mothers and children below the age of five years are more vulnerable to food access.
4. Those employed in ill-paid jobs, casual labour market are also unable to procure food for themselves and their family.
5. People affected by natural disasters and who migrate in search of work are also food insecure.
   (any three)

Question 49.
Explain the impact of the Green Revolution. [CBSE 2012]
Answer:
The Green Revolution has led to:

1. Increase in agricultural products. Green Revolution has resulted in phenomenal increase in the production of agricultural crops especially in foodgrains.
2. Rural employment. While on one hand, large scale unemployment was feared due to mechanisation of farming with the introduction of Green Revolution technology in India, there was an appreciable increase in the demand for labour force due to multiple croppirfg and use of fertilisers.
3. Industrial growth. Green Revolution brought about large scale farm mechanisation which created demand for different types of machines like tractors, harvesters, threshers, electric motors, pump-sets etc. Besides, demand for chemical fertilisers, pesticides, insecticides etc. has also increased considerably. Consequently, industries producing these items have progressed by leaps and bound.
4. Prosperity of farmers. With the increase in farm production, the earnings of the farmers also increased and they have become prosperous. This has, especially, been the case with big farmers having more than 10 hectares of land.
5. Reduction in import of food grains. The main benefit of Green Revolution was the increase in the production of food grains, as a result of which there was a drastic reduction in the Indian imports. India is now self-sufficient in food grains and has sufficient stock in the central pool.
   (any three)

Question 50.
What has our government done to provide food security to the poor? Discuss two schemes launched by the government. [CBSE 2012]
Answer:
The government has designed the food security system carefully to ensure availability of food to all sections of the society. The system is composed of two componfents, i.e.,

1. Buffer Stock
2. Public Distribution System (PDS)

In addition to the above, the government has launched several Poverty Alleviation Programmes (PAPs) that comprise a component of food security. Some of these programmes are Mid-day Meals, Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and Food For Work (FFW).
The two schemes launched by the government in this direction are:

1. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY). This scheme was launched in December 2000. Under this scheme, one crore of the poorer among the BPL families, to be covered by the Public Distribution System, were identified. Twenty-five kilograms of food grains were made available to each of the – eligible family at a highly subsidised rate. After about two years, the quantity was enhanced from
   twenty-five kg to thirty-five kg. In June 2003 and August 2004, an additional fifty lakh families were added to this scheme twice. In this way, about two crore families have been brought under the AAY.
2. Annapurna Scheme (APS). It was launched in 2,000 with special target group of ‘indigent senior citizens’. The functioning of scheme was linked with existing network of the PDS. Under this scheme, 10 kg of food grains were made available to them free of cost.

Question 51.
Why is the buffer stock created by the government? [CBSE 2013, 11, 10]
Answer:
Buffer stock is created by the government to ensure availability of food to all the sections of the society. It helps to resolve the problem of shortage of food during adverse weather conditions or during the periods of calamity.

Question 52.
Explain Buffer Stock and activities related to the creation of Buffer Stock. [CBSE 2014]
Answer:
Buffer Stock is the stock of foodgrains like wheat and rice that is procured by the government
through Food Corporation of India to resolve the problem of shortage of food grains because of adverse weather conditions or periods of calamity.
The activities related to the creation of buffer stocks are:

1. The government procures food grains through the Food Corporation of India from the farmers producing surplus.
2. Pre-announced price called the Minimum Support Price is paid to the farmers.
3. The purchased food grains are stored in the granaries maintained by the Food Corporation of Cwdiw.

Question 53.
What is the rationing system?
Answer:
The rationing system is a system of distribution of scarce resources in a controlled way. This system began in India in 1940s against the backdrop of Bengal famine. In India, certain food grains, sugar, kerosene and cereals are distributed through a network of fair price shops to those living under or above the poverty line at subsidised rates to ensure food security. Any family with a ration card can buy a stipulated amount of these items every month at a price lower than the market price. The main objective of the rationing system is the eradication of poverty and making availability of desired quantity of food to every household, who cannot afford it.

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