CBSE Class 8

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

Question 1.
In a town called Peace Land, the supporters of the Fiesta football team learn that the supporters of the Jubilee football team in the nearby city about 40 km away have damaged the pound on which the Final between both teams to be held the following day. A crowd of Fiesta fans armed with deadly weapons attacks the homes of the supporters of the Jubilee football team in the town. In the attack, 10 men are killed, 5 women are gravely hurt, many homes are destroyed and over 50 people injured.

Imagine that you and your classmates are now part of the criminal justice system. First  divide the class into the following four groups of persons:

1. Police
2. Public Prosecutor
3. Defence lawyer
4. Judge

The column on the right provides a list of functions. Match these with the roles that are listed on the left. Have each group pick the functions that it needs to perform to bring justice to those who were affected by the violence of the Fiesta fans. In what order will these functions be performed?

Answer:
1. (ii), (iv), (v), (vi), (xii)
2. (viii), (x)
3. (iii), (x)
4. (i), (vii), (ix),(xi), (xiii)

Question 2.
Now take the same situation as question 1. but ask one student who is a supporter of the Fiesta Club to perform all the functions listed above.
Do you think the victims would get justice if only one person performed all of the functions of the criminal justice system? Why not?
State two reasons why you believe that different persons need to play different roles as a part of the criminal justice system.
Answer:
No, the victims will not get justice if only one person performs all the functions of the criminal justice system because of the following reasons :

1. One person can become partial.
2. If the person, who has committed the crime, belongs to majority group or has political approach, will put pressure on the single person and. can win the case.
3. It is difficult for one person to perform all the functions of police, Public Prosecutor, Defence Lawyer as well as judge.
4. If all the functions of the criminal justice system are performed by a single person, it will not remain a fair trial but a biased and partial trial.

 We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 9 Public Facilities

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 9 Public Facilities

Question 1.
Why do you think there are so few cases of private water supply in the world?
Answer:
Water is an essential public facility that, needs to be provided for everyone without considering the aspect of profit or loss. But, the private companies operate mainly for-profit motives. They hardly care whether the product is within the reach of every person or not. Therefore, there are few cases of private water supply in the world. Since water is an essential facility, it becomes important for the government to ensure that this public facility is made available to everyone.

Question 2.
Do you think the water in Chennai is available and affordable by all? Discuss.
Answer:
Water in Chennai is not available and affordable by all.

• Water supply is marked by shortages especially. The municipality is able to meet only about half of the total need.
• Some areas have a regular supply, some close to storage points gets more water than others.
• The burden of shortfall falls mainly on the poor. The middle class is able to cope through private means like water tankers or bottled water. The wealthy have more choices.
• Even in the case of access to ‘safe’ water—the wealthy and middle class has options, like mineral water, and the poor again left out.

Question 3.
How is the sale of water by the farmer to water dealers in Chennai affecting the local people? Do you think local people can object to such exploitation of groundwater? Can the government do anything in this regard?
Answer:
Due to the sale of water by farmers to water dealers, the groundwater levels have dropped drastically in all these towns and villages. Local people are facing severe shortages of water. Local people can object to such exploitation of groundwater. Being, a natural resource, under-ground water should not be overused. The government can penalize the farmers as well as water dealers.

Question 4.
Why are most of the private hospitals and private schools located in major cities and not in towns or rural areas?
Answer:
Private hospitals and private schools are located only in major cities as the services they offer are very costly and only the affluent city dweller will be able to afford it.

Question 5.
Do you think the distribution of public facilities in our country is adequate and fair? Give an example of your own to explain.
Answer:
The distribution of public facilities in our country is not adequate and fair. For example, in Delhi, all public facilities like water, healthcare, and sanitation, electricity, public transport, schools, and colleges are available. But if we go few kilometers away, for example, Mathura or Aligarh the public facilities are not adequate. Electricity cut-offs, water shortages are normal routines of life. Public transport is also not properly developed.

Question 6.
Take some of the public facilities in your area, such as water, electricity, etc. Is there scope to improve these? What is your opinion should be done? Complete the table.

Answer:

Question 7.
Are the above public facilities shared equally by all the people in your area? Elaborate.
Answer:
Yes, the above public facilities are shared equally by all the people in our area.

Question 8.
Data on some of the public facilities are collected as part of the Census. Discuss with your teacher when and how the Census is conducted.
Answer:
Conduction of Census

• House listing one year before the actual Census.
• Census every 10 years.
• Target date: 1 March.
• Enumerators visiting each and every household.
• Collects information in a prescribed form.
• Compile them and handover them same to the cluster in-charge.
• He compiles them and sends them to the District office.
• After the collection Census Deptt. publishes the data.

Question 9.
Private educational institutions—schools, colleges, universities, technical and vocational training institutes are coming up in our country in a big way. On the other hand, educational institutes run by the government are becoming relatively less important. What do you think would be the impact of this? Discuss.
Answer:
Private educational institutions are coming up in a big way while educational institutes run by the government are becoming relatively less important. The impact of this Would be as follows:

1. Government institutions will gradually lose importance.
2. The poor people will not be able to get higher education since they cannot afford high fees in private institutions.
3. It will be unjust for the economically poor and weaker sections of our society.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 9 Public Facilities, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 9 Public Facilities, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science.Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners

Question 1.
What kinds of cloth had a large market in Europe?
Answer:
Chintz, cossaes or khassa and bandanna.

Question 2.
What is jamdani?
Answer:
Jamdani is a fine muslin on which decorative motifs are woven on the loom, typically in grey and white. Often a mixture of cotton and gold thread was used.

Question 3.
What is bandanna?
Answer:
Bandanna is a brightly coloured and printed scarf for the neck or head. Originally, the term derived from the word ‘bandhna’ and referred to a variety of brightly coloured cloth produced through a method of tying and dying.

Question 4.
Who are the Agaria?
Answer:
The Agaria refers to a community of iron smelters. They were specialized in the craft of iron smelting.

Question 5.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The word chintz comes from the word Chhint (Hindi word)  
2. Tipu’s sword was made of Wootz steel.
3. India’s textile exports declined in the 19th century.

Question 6.
How do the names of different textiles tell us about their histories?
Answer:
Muslin: European traders first encountered fine cotton cloth from India carried by Arab merchants in Mosul in present-day Iraq. So, they began referring to all finely woven textiles as “muslin”.

Calico: When the Portuguese first came to India in search of spices, they landed in Calicut on the Kerala coast in South-West India. The cotton textiles which they took back to Europe, along with the spices, came to be called “Calico” which was derived from Calicut. Subsequently, Calico became the general name for all cotton textiles.

Chintz: It was derived from the Hindi word “Chhint”.

Bandanna: This term also derived from the Hindi word “bandhna”, i.e., tying.

Question 7.
Why did the wool and silk producers in England protest against the import of Indian textiles in the early eighteenth century?
Answer:
At this time textile industries had just begun to develop in England. Unable to compete with Indian textiles, English producers wanted a secure market within the country by preventing the entry of Indian textiles.
So, by the early eighteenth century, worried by the popularity of Indian textiles, wool and silk makers in England began protesting against the import of Indian textiles. In 1720, the British government enacted legislation banning the use of printed cotton textiles — chintz. The Act was known as the “Calico Act”.

Question 8.
How did the development of cotton industries in Britain affect textile producers in India?
Answer:
The development of cotton industries in Britain badly affected textile producers in India:

1. Indian textiles now had to compete with British textiles in the European and American markets.
2. Exporting textiles to England became increasingly difficult since very high duties were imposed on Indian textiles imported into Britain,
3. Thousands of weavers in India became unemployed. Bengal weavers were the worst hit.
4. By the 1830s British cotton cloth flooded Indian markets. This affected not only specialist weavers but also spinners.

Question 9.
Why did the Indian iron smelting industry declined in the nineteenth century?
Answer:
This has the following reasons:

1. The new forest laws were enacted. When the colonial government prevented people from entering the reserved forests, it became difficult for the iron smelters to find wood for charcoal and to get iron ore.
2. In some areas, the government did grant access to the forest. But the iron smelters had to pay a very high tax to the forest department for every furnace they used.
3. By the late nineteenth century, iron and steel were being imported from Britain. This inevitably lowered the demand for iron produced by local smelters.
4. By the early twentieth century, the artisans producing iron and steel-faced a new competition.

Question 10.
What problems did the Indian textile industry face in the early years of its development?
Answer:
In the early years of its development the Indian textile industry faced several problems:

1. It found it difficult to compete with the cheap textiles imported from Britain.
2. In most countries, governments supported industrialization by imposing heavy duties on imports. This eliminated competition and protected newly born industries. But the colonial government in India refused such protection to local industries.
3. However, during the First World War when textile imports from Britain declined Indian factories were called upon to produce cloth for military supplies. This boosted up cotton factory production in India.

Question 11.
What helped TISCO expand steel production during the First World War?
Answer:

• As the First World War broke out in 1914, steel produced in Britain now had to meet the demands of the war in Europe. So, the import of British steel into India declined dramatically.
• Indian railways also turned to TISCO for the supply of rails. As the war dragged on for several years.
• TISCO had to produce shells and carriage wheels, for the war.
• By 1919, the colonial government was buying 90% of the steel manufactured by TISCO.
• Over time TISCO became the biggest steel industry within British rule.

Question 12.
Find out about the history of any craft around the area you live. You may wish to know about the community of craftsmen, the changes in the techniques they use, and the markets they supply. How have these changed in the past 50 years?
Answer:

1. I found out about the history of carpets around my area.
2. The origin of carpet weaving in our area is very ancient. This can be traced back to the Buddhist and Mauryan times.
3. The carpet weaving craft is practiced by Mushhar and shepherds which are semi-nomadic.
4. The generally traditional and strong influence of Tibetan and Persian Art is seen in the designs. The images of Hindus Gods and deities, natural scenarios of the hills and geometrical motifs, etc. are included.
5. The techniques of weaving have been changed to a great extent. Now electrical appliances are also used in this process. Its market has also expanded over time.
6. However, due to the spread of education, many people have shifted to other jobs. Currently, many women from other communities have also taken to carpet weaving. Thus, it is expanding in our area.

Question 13.
On a map of India, locate the centers of different crafts today. Find out when these centers came up.
Answer:

Objective Type Questions

1. Match the following:

Answer:
(i)  f
(ii)  e
(iii) c 
(iv) a
(v)  b
(iv) d

2. State whether True or False:

1. The Wootz steel-making process was widely known in north India. False
2. The importance of Surat declined in the eighteenth century. True
3. Charkha was put at the center of the tricolour flag of the Indian National Congress adopted in 1931. True
4. Tipu Sultan fought seven wars with the British. False
5. Tipu Sultan ruled Mysore till 1812. False
6. During British rule, the Sugar industry was focused. False

3. Fill in the blanks:

1. In the mid-nineteenth century, Patola was highly valued in Indonesia 
2. TISCO became the biggest steel industry within British rule.
3. The first cotton mill in India was set up in 1854
4. Khadi slowly became a symbol of nationalism.
5. Michael Faraday was the discoverer of electricity and electromagnetism.

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer:

1……… cloth had a large market in Europe.
(a) Chintz    
(b) Patola
(c) Jamdani
(d) None of these

2. women and men who carried basket loads of iron ore on their heads were called
(a) wootz
(b) agaria
(c) bandanna
(d) cossies

3. In which century did India’s textile industry decline?
(a) 17^th century
(b) 18^th century
(c) 19^th century    
(d) 20^th century

4. TISCO expanded steel production during the
(a) First World War 
(b)Second World War
(c) Third World War
(d) None of these

5. Portuguese first came to India in search of
(a) cotton
(b) spices
(c) steel
(d) muslin

6. What things did the Portuguese take back to Europe?
(a) Steel
(b) Sugar
(c) Cotton textile
(d) Coffee

7. Tipu Sultan’s sword was made of
(a) stainless  steel
(b) wootz
(c) silver
(d) none of these

8. Which of the following was NOT the name of Indian textile?
(a) Chintz
(b) Cossaes
(c) Calico
(d) Agaria

9. Michael Faraday spent four years studying
(a) the property of Indian steel
(b) the ancient Indian culture
(c) the properties of Indian Wootz
(d) none of these

10. Which place in India had one of the finest ores in the world?
(a) Raniganj
(b) Jharia
(c) Rajhara  Hills
(d) None of these

11. Spinning Jenny was invented by
(a) Weld
(b) John Kaye
(c) Dorabji
(d) none of these

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters, and Factory Owners, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters, and Factory Owners, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 9 Women, Caste and Reform

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 9 Women, Caste and Reform

Question 1.
What social ideas did the following people support?
Answer:
Rammohun Roy
Dayanand Saraswati
Veerasalingam Pantulu
Jyotirao Phule
Pandita Ramabai
Periyar
Mumtaz Ali
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Answer:
Rammohun Roy (1772-1833) was the founder of Brahmo Sabha (Brahmo Samaj) in Calcutta. He supported the ideas to spread the knowledge of western education in the country and bring about greater freedom and equality for women. As a result of his efforts, the practice of Sati was banned in 1829.

Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in 1875 and supported widow remarriage.

Veerasalingam Pantulu formed an association and supported widow remarriage.

Jyotirao Phule supported education for girls. He established schools for girls in Maharashtra. He opposed all forms of inequality, including the caste system.

Pandita Ramabai supported the equality of women with men. She opposed the miserable lives of upper-caste Hindu women. She also founded a widows’ home at Poona.

Periyar or E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker advocated for social equality. He founded the Self Respect Movement and challenged Brahmanical claims to power.

Mumtaz Ali supported women’s education.

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar supported widow remarriage, education for girls and set up schools for girls.

Question 2.
State whether True or False:

1. When the British captured Bengal they framed many new laws to regulate the rules regarding marriage, adoption, the inheritance of property, etc. True
2. Social reformers had to discard the ancient texts in order to argue for reform in social practices. False
3. Reformers got full support from all sections of the people of the country. False
4. The Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed in 1829. False

Question 3.
How did the knowledge of ancient texts help the reformers promote new laws?
Answer:
This strategy was first adopted by Raja Rammohun Roy and later by other reformers. Whenever they wished to challenge a practice that seemed harmful, they tried to find a verse or sentence in the ancient sacred texts that supported their point of view. They then suggested that the practice as it existed, at present, was against early tradition.

Question 4.
What were the different reasons people had for not sending girls to school?
Answer:
In fact people afraid of the schools that were opened in the mid-19th century. They had their own reasons.

1. They feared that schools would take girls away from home and prevent them from doing their domestic works.
2. As girls had to travel through public places in order to reach school, many people began to feel that this would have a corrupting influence on them.
3. Several people were of the opinion that girls should stay away from public spaces.

Question 5.
Why were Christian missionaries attacked by many people in the country? Would some people have supported them too? If so, for what reasons?
Answer:

1. The Christian missionaries were attacked by many people in the country because they feared that the missionaries would change the religion of tribal groups and lower-caste children.
2. Yes, some people would have supported them too.
3. This has the following reasons:
   • The missionaries were setting up schools for tribal groups and ‘lower’ caste children.
   • These children were thus equipped with some resources to make their way into a changing world.

Question 6.
In the British period, what new opportunities opened up for people who came from castes that were regarded as “low”?
Answer:
During the British period, several new opportunities were opened up for the people who came from castes that were regarded as low. The following account reveals this:

• The poor began leaving their villages to look for jobs that were opening up in the cities. There was work in the factories and jobs in municipalities.
• Drains had to be dug, roads laid, buildings constructed, and cities cleaned. This needed coolies, diggers, carriers, bricklayers, sewage cleaners, sweepers, palanquin bearers, rickshaw pullers.
• Some of them also went to work in plantations in Assam, Mauritius, Trinidad, and Indonesia.
• The poor, and the people from low castes, saw this as an opportunity to get away from the oppressive hold of the upper-caste landowners.
• There were other jobs too. The army, for instance, offered opportunities.
• Numerous Mahar people, who were regarded as untouchable, found jobs in the Mahar Regiment.
• The father of B.R. Ambedkar, the leader of the Dalit movement, taught at an army school.

Question 7.
How did Jyotirao the reformer justify their criticism of caste inequality in society?
Answer:
Jyotirao Phule attacked the Brahmans’ claim that they were superior to others since they were Aryans. He argued that
the Aryans were foreigners, who came from outside the subcontinent, and defeated and subjugated the true children of the country. Aryans began looking at the defeated people as inferiors, as low-caste people. Phule further said that the upper castes had no right to their land and power. In reality, the land belonged to indigenous people, the so-called low castes.

Question 8.
Why aid Phule to dedicate his hook Gulamgiri to the American movement to free slaves?
Answer:
In 1873, Phule wrote Gulamgiri. It means slavery.

• Some ten years before this, the American Civil War resulted in the abolition of slavery in America.
• Phule dedicated his book to all those Americans who fought to abolish slavery. Thus this book set up close relations between “lower” castes in India and the black slaves in America.

Question 9.
What did Ambedkar want to achieve through the temple entry movement?
Answer:
In 1927, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar started a Temple Entry Movement. He led three such movements for temple entry between 1927 and 1935 in which his Mahar caste, followers participated. Ambedkar wanted to make everyone see the power of caste prejudices within society.

Question 10.
Why were Jyotirao Phule and Ramaswamy Naicker critical of the national movement? Did their criticism help the national struggle in any way?
Answer:
1. They were critical of the national movement run by upper-caste leaders because they held that this would serve the purposes of upper-castes. After the movement, these people would again talk of untouchability.. Again they would say “Me here and you over there”. Periyar left Congress in the reaction of an incidence of untouchability.

2. Yes, their criticism helped the national struggle as unity. The forceful speeches, writings, and movements of such lower caste leaders did lead to rethinking and some self-criticisms among upper-caste nationalist leaders.

Objective Type Questions

1.Match the following:

Answer:
(i)   d
(ii)  e
(iii) f
(iv) a
(v)  c
(vi) b

2. State whether True or False:

1. Pandita Ramabai supported the economic independence of women, set up widow homes, True
2. Reformers got full support from all sections of the people of the country. False
3. Jyotirao Phule set up schools for girls in Punjab. False
4. Raja Rammohun Roy was the founder of Braham Samaj. True
5. People were dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s. True

3. Fill in the blanks:

1. The Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed in 1929 
2. In 1873, Phule wrote Gulamgiri
3. In 1940 the Muslim league demanded an ‘Independent State’ for Muslims.
4. Independence Day was observed on 26th January 1930 all over the country.
5. The knowledge of ancient texts helps the reformers promote new laws.
6. Ambedkar was born into a Mahar
   
7. Periyar was an outspoken critic of Hindu scriptures.

 Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer:

1. Who supported the idea of the self-respect movement?
(a) Mumtaz Ali
(b) Rammohun Roy
(c) Periyar
(d) Pandita Ramabai

2. The idea of widow remarriage was advocated by
(a) Dayanand Saraswati
(b) Jyotirao Phule
(c) Periyar
(d) Pandita Ramabai

3. The Satyashodhak Samaj association was founded by
(a)  Mumtaz Ali
(b) Periyar
(c) Jyotirao Phule 
(d) B.R. Ambedkar

4. Widow Remarriage Act was passed in the year
(a) 1826
(b) 1856
(c) 1876
(d) 1886

5. What is coolie ship?
(a) Luggage lifter at the railway platform
(b) A ship that carried many Indians to Mauritius
(c) Association of Coolies
(d) None of the above

6. E.V. Ramaswamy was known by the name
(a) Phule
(b) Periyar
(c) Vidyasagar
(d) Dayanand Saraswati

7. During which period did Ambedkar lead the three temple entry movements?
(a) Between 1900 to  1927
(b) Between 1927 to 1935
(c) Between 1935 to  1940
(d) Between 1940 to 1945

8. Prarthana Samaj was founded by
(a) H.L.V. Derozio
(b) Swami Vivekananda
(c) R.G. Bhandarkar       
(d) Raja Rammohun Roy

9. Which of the reforms movement was founded by H.L.V. Derozio?
(a) Young Bengal   
(b) Brahmo Samaj
(c) Veda Samaj
(d) Aligarh Movement

10. Who started schools for Muslim girls in Patna and Calcutta?
(a) Mumtaz  Ali
(b) Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain
(c) Sayyid Ahmed Khan
(d) None of these

11. The first Urdu novels began to be written from
(a) the late sixteenth century
(b) the late seventeenth century
(c) the late eighteenth century
(d) the late nineteenth century

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 9 Women, Caste and Reform, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 9 Women, Caste and Reform, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement 1870s – 1947

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement 1870s – 1947

Question 1.
Why were people dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s?
Answer:

1. The Arms Act was passed in 1878, disallowing Indians from possessing arms.
2. The Vernacular Press Act was enacted in an effort to silence those who were critical of the government.
3. In 1883, the government attempted to introduce the Ilbert Bill. The bill provided for the trial of British persons by Indians. But when white opposition forced the government to withdraw the bill, Indians became enraged.
4. Many political associations came into existence in the 1879s and 1880s which highlighted the issues.

Question 2.
Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for?
Answer:

1. The need for an all-India organization of educated Indians had been felt since 1880.
2. The Ilbert Bill controversy deepened this desire.
3. The Indian National Congress was established when 72 delegates from all over the country met at Bombay in December 1885 to speak for the people of India to the government.

Question 3.
What economic impact did the First World War have on India?
Answer:
The First World War had the following economic impact on India:

1. In order to meet a huge rise in defense expenditure, the government increased taxes on individual incomes and business profits.
2. Increased military expenditure and the demands for war supplies led to a sharp rise in prices which created great difficulties for the common people.
3. The war created a demand for industrial goods like jute bags, cloth, rail, etc., and caused a decline of imports from other countries into India.
4. Indian industries expanded during the war and Indian business groups began to demand greater opportunities for development.
5. Business groups reaped fabulous profits from the war.

Question 4.
What did the Muslim League resolution of 1940 ask for?
Answer:
In 1940 the Muslim League demanded “Independent States” for Muslims in the north-western and eastern areas of the country.
1. The resolution did not mention partition or Pakistan.
2. From the late 1930s, the League began viewing the Muslims as a separate “nation” from the Hindus.
3. Besides, the provincial elections of 1937 convinced the League that Muslims were a minority, and they would always have to play second fiddle in any democratic structure.

• It feared that the Muslims may even go unrepresented.
• The Congress rejected the League’s desire to form a joint Congress-League’s government in the United Province (now Uttar Pradesh) in 1937.
• This also annoyed the League.

Question 5.
Who were the Moderates? How did they propose to struggle against British rule?
Answer:
(1) Those Congress leaders were called Moderates who were “moderate” in their objectives and methods.

(2)

• They proposed a greater voice for Indians in the government and in administration.
• They wanted the Legislative Councils to be made more representative, given more power and introduced in provinces that did not exist.
• They demanded that Indians be placed in high positions in the government.
• The moderate leaders wanted to develop public awareness about the unjust nature of British rule.
• They wanted to make the government aware of the feelings of Indians.

Question 6.
How was the politics of the Radicals within the Congress different from that of the Moderates?
Answer:
By the 1890s a large number of Indians began to raise questions on the political style of the Congress.

• In Bengal, Maharashtra and Punjab, leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Lala Lajpat Rai began to explore more radical objectives and methods. They were popularly called: Lal-Bal-Pal.
• They criticised the Moderates for their “politics of prayers”.
• They emphasised the importance of self-reliance and constructive work.
• They argued that people must rely on their own strength, not on the “good” intentions of the government.
• They also said that people must fight for
• Tilak raised the slogan, “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it!”

Question 7.
Discuss the various forms that the Non-Cooperation Movement took in different parts of India. How did the people understand Gandhiji?
Answer:

1. In kheda, Gujarat, Patidar peasants organized non-violent campaigns against the high land revenue demand of the British.
2. In the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, tribals and poor peasants staged a number of “Forest satyagrahas”.
3. In coastal Andhra and Tamil Nadu, liquor shops were picketed.
4. In sind and Bengal, the khilafat non-cooperation alliance gave enormous communal unity and strength to the national movement.
5. In Punjab, the Akali agitation of the Sikhs sought to remove corrupt mahants from their gurudwaras.
6. In Assam, tea garden labourers demanded a big increase in their wages.

Question 8.
Why did Gandhiji choose to break the salt law?
Answer:
Gandhiji’s Choice to Break Salt Law

• In 1930, Gandhiji led a march to break the salt law.
• According to this law, the state had a monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt.
• Mahatma Gandhi along with other nationalists reasoned that it was sinful to tax salt since it is such an essential item of our food.

Question 9.
Discuss those developments of the 1937-47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan.
Answer:

1. The Congress’ failure to mobilize the Muslim masses in the 1930s allowed the League to widen its social support.
2. The League sought to enlarge its support in the early 1940s when most Congress leaders were in jail.
3. After the Second World War, the British opened negotiations between Congress, the League, and themselves. The talks failed because the League saw itself as the sole spokes-persons of India’s Muslims. Congress did not accept it.
4. In provincial elections, 1946, the League’s success in the seats reserved for Muslims was spectacular. It persisted with its demand for “Pakistan”.
5. In March 1946, the British Cabinet mission could not get Congress and the Muslim League to agree to specific details of the proposal.
6. The League announced 16 August 1946 as “Direct Action Day”. On this day riots broke out in Calcutta and by March 1947, violence spread to different parts of northern India.

Question 10.
Find out how the national movement was organized in your city, district, area or state. Who participated in it and who led it? What did the movement in your area achieve?
Answer:
(Students to do it as per their area)
Organization of National Movement in our city:
Hints:

• Visit of Gandhiji.
• Formation of Action Committees.
• Meetings and awareness of different events at the national level.
• Prabhat Pheries and Rallies.
• Protest march to district headquarters.
• Mass arrests.
• Hanging of the freedom fighters.
• Award after getting independence.

Question 11.
Find out more about the life and work of any two participants or leaders of the national movement and write a short essay about them. You may choose a person not mentioned in this chapter.
Answer:
(1) Kunwar Singh: Babu Veer Kunwar Singh (1777-1858) was a zamindar of Jagdishpur near Arrah in the state of Bihar. At the age of 80 years, during India’s First War of Independence (1857-58), he assumed command of the soldiers who had revolted at Danapur on 5 July 1857. Two days later, he occupied Arrah which was relieved by Major Eyre on 3rd August. He recorded victories in many battles. In his last battle which was fought on 23 April 1858 near Jagdishpur, Kunwar Singh had a victory over the force led by Captain Le Grand. On 26 April 1858, he died in his village.

(2) Sarojini Naidu: Sarojini Naidu (February 13, 1879— March 2, 1949), “the Nightingale of India” was a distinguished poet, renowned freedom fighter, and one of the great Orators of her time. In 1898, she got married to Govindarajulu Naidu, a doctor by profession.

She presided over the annual session of the Indian National Congress at Kanpur (1925).
She had a leading role in Salt Satyagraha and consecutive struggles. She was President of the National Women’s Conference for many years and trained many volunteers who took up women’s cause. She was the first woman to be appointed in 1947 as the Governor of the United Province (Presently—Uttar Pradesh).

Objective Type Questions

1. Match the following:

Answer:
(i)  d
(ii)  c 
(iii) a
(iv) e
(v)  f 
(vi) b

2. State whether True or False:

1. People were satisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s. False
2. The Arms Act was passed in 1875. False
3. O. Hume was a Chinese educationist. False
4. Muslim League demanded “Independent States” for Muslims in 1940. True
5. The Congress in the first twenty years of its formation was “moderate”. True
6. In 1930, Gandhiji led a march to break the salt law. True
7. The leaders of the Khilafat agitation were Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. True

3. Fill in the blanks:

1. The Arms Act disallowed Indians from having arms.
2. Gandhiji and his followers marched from Sabarmati to Dandi.
3. 16 August 1946 was announced as Direct Action Day by the Muslim League.
4. C. Rajagopalachari is popularly known as Rajaji.

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer:

1. Marathi newspaper ‘Kesari’ was edited by
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Chitta Ranjan Das
(d) Sarojini Naidu

2. Lala Lajpat Rai was a nationalist from
(a) Bengal
(b) Bihar
(c) Punjab
(d) Haryana

3. Which of the following movement is associated with Chitta Ranjan Das?
(a) Quit India Movement
(b) The Salt March
(c) Non-Cooperation Movement
(d) None of these

4. The founder of Khudai Khidmatgars was
(a) Mohammad Ali
(b) Shaukat Ali
(c) Badshah Khan
(d) None of these

5. Who established the Natal Congress?
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Balgahgadhar Tilak
(d) Lala Lajpat Rai

6. Bengal was divided by the British in the year
(a) 1900
(b) 1910
(c) 1905 
(d) 1920

7. Hindustan Socialist Republic Association was related to the nationalist
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Bhagat Singh  
(d) None of these

8. The Vernacular Press Act was enacted in
(a) 1840
(b) 1857
(c) 1878    
(d) 1890

9. Ilbert Bill was introduced in
(a) 1860
(b) 1878
(c) 1883 
(d) 1890

10. Naoroji was……… settled in London.
(a) a businessman and publicist   
(b) an artist
(c) an educationist
(d) none of these

11. Second World War ended in
(a) 1910
(b) 1920
(c) 1945
(d) 1920

12. The fight for Purna Swaraj was fought under the presidentship of
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) C. Rajagopalachari
(d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

13. Who was the first Indian Governor-General of free India?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) C. Rajagopalachari 
(d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

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