CBSE Class 8

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

1. Answer the following questions.
Question 1(1).
Which are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation?
Answer:
(a) Temperature
(b) Rainfall

Question 1(2).
Write any two reasons for land degradation today.
Answer:
(a) Deforestation
(b) Overgrazing
(c) Overdoses of fertilisers

Question 1(3).
Why is land considered an important resource?
Answer:
Land is considered an important resource because all the activities of human beings are carried out on land.

Question 1(4).
Name any two steps that the government has taken to conserve plants and animals.
Answer:
Steps were taken by the government to conserve plants and animals (Any two):

• Setting up of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves.
• Conservation of creeks, lakes, and wetlands.
• Ban on killing, hunting, and poaching.
• Social forestry and Vanamohatasava.

Question 1(5).
Suggest three ways to conserve water.
Answer:
Ways to conserve water (Any three):

• Forest and other vegetation covers.
• Water harvesting.
• Canals to be properly lined.
• Use of sprinklers in irrigation.
• Drip or trickle methods of irrigation in dry areas.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer
1. Which one of the following is NOT a factor of soil formation?
(a) time
(b) soil texture
(c) organic matter

2. Which one of the following methods is most appropriate to check soil erosion on steep slopes?
(a) shelterbelts
(b) mulching
(c) terrace cultivation

3. Which one of the following is NOT in favour of the conservation of nature?
(a) switch off the bulb when not in use.
(b) close the tap immediately after using it.
(c) dispose of poly packs after shopping.

Question 3.
Match the following.

Answer:

Question 4.
State whether the given statement is True or False. If true, write the reasons.
(1) Ganga-Brahmaputra plain of India is an overpopulated region. True
Reasons: Fertile land—agriculture main occupation, easily available job opportunities, developed agriculture-based industries, developed means of transport and communication.

(2) Water availability per person in India is declining. True
Reasons: Due to overuse, pollution, and increasing population.

(3) Rows of trees planted in the coastal areas to check the wind movement is called t intercropping. False.

(4) Human interference and changes of climate can maintain the ecosystem. False.

 Question 5.
Activity
Discuss some more reasons which are responsible for changes in land-use patterns. Has your place undergone any change in the land use pattern in recent years?
Answer:
Reasons responsible for change of land use pattern.

• People and their demands are ever-growing.
• The availability of land is limited.
• The quality of land also differs from place to place.
• People started encroaching on common lands to build up commercial areas, housing complexes in the urban areas, and to expand agricultural land in rural areas.
• Today vast changes in the land use pattern also reflect the cultural changes in our society.
• Expansion of agriculture and construction activities have caused these problems.

Question 6.
Based on the table you have just completed, draw a picture of land use patterns that you foresee in your neighbourhood after 20 years. Why do you think that land-use patterns change over the years?
Answer:

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation, and Wildlife Resources, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

1. Answer the following questions.

Question 1(1).
What is agriculture?
Answer:
Agriculture is the primary activity which includes the growing of crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers, and the rearing of livestock.

Question 1(2).
Name the factors influencing agriculture?
Answer:
Factors influencing agriculture:

• Favourable Topography
• Soil
• Climate
• Irrigation

Question 1(3).
What is shifting cultivation? What are its disadvantages?
Answer:
In shifting agriculture a plot of land is cleared by felling trees and burning them. The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops are grown. After the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivators move to a new plot.
Disadvantages of shifting agriculture

• Soil erosion
• Depletion of forest

Question 1(4).
What is plantation agriculture?
Answer:

• Plantation agriculture is a type of commercial agriculture:
• It is a single crop farming which resembles factory production,
• A large amount of labour and capital is required.
• The produce may be processed on the farm itself or in factories.
• Crops like banana, rubber, tea, coffee, etc. are grown on plantations.

Question 1(5).
Name the fiber crops and name the climatic conditions required for their growth.
Answer:
The two fibre crops are cotton and jute. The conditions required for their cultivation

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
(1) Horticulture means
(a) growing of fruits and vegetables
(b) primitive farming
(c) growing of wheat

(2) Golden fiber refers to
(a) tea
(b) cotton
(c) jute

(3) Leading producers of coffee
(a) Brazil
(b) India
(c) Russia

Question 3(1).
Give reasons.
In India, agriculture is a primary activity.
Answer:

• Because two-thirds of India’s population is still dependent on agriculture.
• The topography, soil, and climate are favourable for the cultivation of various crops.

Question 3(2).
Different crops are grown in different regions because of the following reasons:
Answer:
It happens due to variation in topography, climate, soil types, etc.

Question 4.
Distinguish between the following.
(1) Primary activities and tertiary activities.
(2) Subsistence farming and intensive farming.
Answer:
(1) Distinction between Primary Activities and Tertiary Activities.

 (2) Distinction between Subsistence and Intensive Farming.
Intensive farming is a part of subsistence farming. So both have a little difference. Still, some differences are:
Answer:

5. Activity
Question 5 (1).
Collect seeds of wheat, rice, jowar, bajra, ragi, maize, oilseeds, and pulses available in the market. Bring them to the class and find out which type of soil they grow.
Answer:
Collect the seeds of wheat, rice, jowar, bajra, ragi, maize, oilseeds, and pulses available in the market yourself and bring them to the class

Question 5(2).
Find out the differences between the lifestyle of farmers in the USA and India on the basis of pictures collected from magazines, books, newspapers, and the internet.
Answer:

Question 6.
For Fun
Solve the crossword puzzle with the help of given clues.

Answer:

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources

1. Answer the following questions.
Question 1(1).
Name any three common minerals used by you every day.
Answer:

• Aluminium
• Iron
• Copper
• Gold

Question 1(2).
What is an ore? Where are the ores of metallic minerals generally located?
Answer:
Rocks from which minerals are mined are known as ores. Metallic minerals are generally located in igneous and metamorphic rock formations that form large plateaus.

Question 1(3).
Name two regions rich in natural gas resources.
Answer:

1. In the world: Russia, Norway, UK, Netherlands (Any two)
2. In India: Jaisalmer, Krishna-Godavari Delta, Tripura, and some areas offshore in Mumbai High. (Any two)

Question 1(4).
Which sources of energy would you suggest for
(a) rural areas
(b) coastal areas
(c) arid regions
Answer:
Sources of energy suggested for
(a) Rural areas – Biogas
(b) Coastal areas – Wind energy tidal energy
(c) Arid region – Solar energy, wind energy

Question 1(5).
Give five ways in which you can save energy at home.
Answer:

• Switching off lights when not in use.
• Keeping gas cylinder off when not in use.
• Repair of equipment regularly.
• Not switching on the light during daytime.
• Always replacing the wire fittings when they are aged.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
(1) Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of minerals?
(a) They are created by natural processes.
(b) They have a definite chemical composition.
(c) They are inexhaustible.
(d) Their distribution is uneven.

2. Which one of the following is not a producer of mica?
(a) Jharkhand
(b) Karnataka
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Andhra Pradesh

3. Which one of the following is a leading producer of copper in the world?
(a) Bolivia
(b) Ghana
(c) Chile
(d) Zimbabwe

4. Which one of the following practices will NOT conserve LPG in your kitchen.
(a) Soaking the dal for sometime before cooking it.
(b) Cooking food in a pressure cooker.
(c) Keeping the vegetables chopped before lighting the gas for cooking.
(d) Cooking food in an open pan kept on low flame.

3. Give reasons.

Question 3(1).
Environmental aspects must be carefully looked into before building huge dams.
Answer:
Damming of rivers affects their natural flow. Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate. Deforestation, soil erosion, sedimentation, displacement of local communities are the other problems which arise due to the construction of huge dams.

Question 3(2).
Most industries are concentrated around coal mines.
Answer:
This is because coal is a bulky raw material and involves a high cost of transportation.

Question 3(3).
Petroleum is referred to as “black gold”.
Answer:
Petroleum is used to derive various valuable products therefore, it is referred to as “black gold.”

Question 3(4).
Quarrying can become a major environmental concern.
Answer:
Air pollution is caused due to generation of dust in mining areas. Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil and an increase in stream and river pollution.

Question 4.
Distinguish between the followings:
(1) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy
(2) Biogas and natural gas
(3) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals
(4) Metallic and non-metallic minerals
(1) Distinction between Conventional and Non-conventional Sources of Energy
Answer:

(2) Distinction between Biogas and Natural Gas
Answer:

(3) Distinction between Ferrous and Non-ferrous Minerals
Answer:

(4) Distinction between Metallic and Non-metallic Minerals
Answer:

Question 5.
Activity
(1) Salma’s class took up an active campaign to do an energy audit of their school by surveying electricity consumption. They prepared survey sheets for the students of the school.
Using the data collected during the survey, students calculated the units consumed for one month and the approximate expenditure and compared it with the electricity bill of the previous month. They also calculated the approximate cost of electricity consumed by fans’ lights and other appliances not switched off. Thus, they highlighted the amount that could be saved and suggested simple energy conservation habits like

• Switching off the appliances when not in use.
• Minimal usage as per requirement.
• Maximizing the use of natural breeze and light by keeping the windows open.
• Keeping the lights dust-free.
• The appropriate maintenance and usage of appliances as per the given instructions.

Can you add some more tips to this list?
You could conduct a similar survey at home and then extend it to your apartment and make your neighbours also energy-wise.

Electricity audit

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Human Resource

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Human Resource

1. Answer the following questions.

Question 1(1).
Why are people considered as a resource?
Answer:
People, according to their demands and abilities, turn nature’s bounty into useful things. Hence, people are considered a resource.

Question 1(2).
What are the causes for the uneven distribution of population in the world?
Answer:
Causes for uneven distribution of population are

• Uneven topography – Mountainous or plateau region are sparsely populated while plains are densely populated as they are suitable for various economic activities such as farming, manufacturing and tertiary activities, etc.
• Climate – People like to live in mild climatic regions and avoid extreme climates. Thus, very hot like Sahara desert and very cold like Antarctica are sparsely populated.
• Soil – Fertile plains like Ganga- the Brahmaputra in India, Hwang Ho in China- are densely populated.
• Water – People prefer to live in areas where fresh water is easily available.
• Minerals – Areas rich in mineral deposits are densely populated. The Discovery of oil in the Middle East lead to the settling of people in this area.

Question 1(3).
The world population has grown very rapidly. Why?
Answer:
The world population has grown very rapidly due to

• Better food supplies.
• Medical facilities.
• The rapid increase in natural growth rate.

Question 1(4).
Discuss the role of any two factors influencing population change?
Answer:
(1) The population change occur due to changes in the number of births and deaths. In the early 1970s, the population was 3 billion. In 1999, less than 30 years later the population doubled to 6 billion. This change occurs mainly due to a rapid increase in the natural growth rate. Besides, better food supplies and medicine were other reasons.

(2) Population size also gets affected due to migration. The population of the USA increased due to immigration while the population of Sudan decreased due to emigration.

Question 1(5).
What is meant by population composition?
Answer:
A population pyramid is a pictorial way to describe the population composition. The shape of the population pyramid of a country is indicative of a lot of information about the country. The size towards the bottom may be used to estimate the birth rate, while the size towards the top to estimate the death rate.

Question 1(6).
What are population pyramids? How do they help in understanding the population of a country?
Answer:
Population composition refers to the structure of the population. The composition of the population helps us to know the variation in age, sex, literacy level, health condition, occupation, and income level of a population.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
(1) What does the term population distribution refer to?
(a) How population in a specified area changes over time.
(b) The number of people who die in relation to the number of people born in a specified area.
(c)The way in which people are spread across a given area.

2. Which are the three main factors that cause population change?
(а) Births, deaths, and  marriage
(b) Births, deaths, and migration
(c) Births, deaths, and life expectancy

3. In 1999, the world population reached
(a) 1 billion
(b) 3 billion
(c) 6 billion

4. What is a population pyramid?
(a) A graphical presentation of the age, sex composition of a population.
(b) When the population density of an area is so high that people live in tall buildings.
(c) Pattern of population distribution in large urban areas.

Question 3.
Complete the sentences below using some of the following words.
sparsely, favourable, fallow, artificial, fertile, natural, extreme, densely
When people are attracted to an area it becomes …………………………………. populated. Factors that influence this include…………………………………… climate; good supplies of…………………………………… resources and ……………………. land.
Answer:

• When people are attracted to an area it becomes densely populated
• Factors that influence this include favourable climate, good supplies of natural resources, and fertile land

Question 4.
Activity   
Discuss the characteristics of society with ‘too many under 15s’ and one with ‘too few under 15s’.
Hint: the need for schools; pension schemes, teachers, toys, wheelchairs, labour supply, hospitals.
Answer:

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Human Resource, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Human Resource, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

Question 1.
Write in your own words two or more sentences of what you understand by the word ‘marginalization’?
Answer:
To be marginalized is to be forced to occupy the sides or fringes and thus not be at the center of things.
Or
Marginalized groups are those groups of the society which remained ignored in the past due to various social and economic causes.

Question 2.
List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised?
Answer:
Adivasis have been marginalised because:

• They live on the margins of social, economic development.
• They are poor, ‘low’ in social status.
• They are less educated.
• Most of them live in remote areas and do not have access to towns/cities.

Question 3.
Write one reason why you think the Constitution’s safeguards to protect minority communities are very important?
Answer:
The Constitution safeguards protect minority communities to protect India’s cultural diversity and promote equality as well as justice.

Question 4.
Re-read the section on Minorities and Marginalisation. What do you understand by the term minority?
Answer:
The minority is the term that means the communities which are small in number in comparison to the communities which are more in numbers.
Example: Muslims are in minority as compared to Hindus.

Question 5.
You are participating in a debate where you have to provide reasons to support the following statement: Muslims are a marginalised community.’ Using the data provided in this chapter, list two reasons that you would give.
Answer:
Muslims are a marginalised community because:

1. They do not have equal access to basic amenities such as pucca houses, electricity, piped water, etc.
2. Muslims have the lowest literacy rates as compared to other religious groups of India.

Question 6.
Imagine that you are watching the Republic Day parade on TV with a friend and she remarks, “Look at these tribals. They look so exotic. And they seem to be dancing all the time.” List three things that you would tell her about the lives of Adivasis in India.
Answer:
Adivasi community is generally shown in a particular stereotype way:

1. They are portrayed in colourful costumes, headgear, sometimes made of leaves or skin of animals.
2. They are shown dancing with spears or hunting animals. This makes people believe that they are exotic, primitive, and backward.
3. Often they themselves are blamed for their lack of advancement as they are believed to be resistant to change.
4. On the other side, Dance is a common act of most of the tribals on the occasion of:
   
   • Their festivals
   • Generally at the time of cutting crops
5. This is also their way of enjoying life.
   For poor people, this is enjoyment at no or a little cost.

Question 7.
In the storyboard, you read about how Helen hopes to make a movie on the Adivasi story. Can you help her by developing a short story on Adivasis?
Answer:
Students, you should do it yourselves. A story has been given below just for an example:
An Adivasi group lived in a village. They lived there peacefully and used to fulfill their needs from the land and the forests around them. One day a few strangers reached their village along with a government document and announced that ‘the land where Adivasis were living belonged to Mr. Chandra (an industrialist). So they will have to vacate the village because Mr. Chandra wanted to establish an industry over there.

When Adivasis did not agree to leave their land, they were humiliated and tortured. Mr. Chandra finally decided to visit the village personally and tried to settle the deal by offering some money to them. While coming to the village with his son, his car met with an accident in which he was badly injured and his son fell into the valley but was saved. When Mr. Chandra opened his eyes, he saw himself surrounded by some villagers.

He came to know that they saved the life of his son with the help of medicinal herbs available in forests. Mr. Chandra learned that those people belonged to the same Adivasis group whom Mr. Chandra wanted to abandon from their land. Finally, Mr. Chandra begged an apology from the Adivasis and withdrew his idea of locating industry in the village. He realized that it would not be justified to ruins the life of those who saved his son’s life.

Question 8.
Would you agree with the statement that economic and social marginalisation are interlinked? Why?
Answer:
Yes, economic and social marginalisation is interlinked. When Adivasis were displaced from their lands, they lost much more than a source of income. They lost their traditions and customs – a way of living and being. Destruction in one sphere impacts the other.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.