CBSE Class 7

These NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Hindi Vasant & Bal Mahabharat Katha Class 7 Questions Answers Summary in Hindi Chapter 2 भीष्म-प्रतिज्ञा are prepared by our highly skilled subject experts.

Bal Mahabharat Katha Class 7 Questions Answers Summary in Hindi Chapter 2 भीष्म-प्रतिज्ञा

Bal Mahabharat Katha Class 7 Questions Answers in Hindi Chapter 2

पाठाधारित प्रश्न

लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
सत्यवती कौन थी? राजा शांतनु ने उसे कहाँ देखा?
उत्तर:
सत्यवती मल्लाहों के राजा केवटराज की पुत्री और राजा शांतनु की दूसरी पत्नी थी। राजा शांतनु ने यमुना नदी के किनारे देखा था।

प्रश्न 2.
केवटराज ने शांतन के सामने क्या शर्त रखी थी?
उत्तर:
पुत्री से विवाह का प्रस्ताव सुनकर केवटराज ने शांतनु से शर्त रखी कि आपके बाद हस्तिनापुर के राज-सिंहासन पर मेरी लड़की का पुत्र बैठेगा। क्या आप मुझे इस बात का वचन दे सकते हैं?

प्रश्न 3.
केवटराज ने देवव्रत के सामने दूसरी शर्त क्या रखी?
उत्तर:
दूसरी शर्त में केवटराज में कहा कि मुझे डर है कि आपकी संतान आपके वचन का ध्यान न रखकर मेरे नाती से राज्य छीनने की कोशिश करने लगे तो आपके वचन का क्या होगा?

प्रश्न 4.
सत्यवती को देखकर राजा शांतनु के मन में क्या इच्छा बलबती हो उठी?
उत्तर:
सत्यवती को देखकर राजा शांतनु के मन में उसे अपनी पत्नी बनाने की इच्छा बलबती हो उठी।

प्रश्न 5.
केवटराज ने सत्यवती के विवाह के लिए क्या शर्त लगाई ?
उत्तर:
केवटराज ने शर्त लगाई-शांतनु की मृत्यु के बाद सत्यवती का पुत्र ही हस्तिनापुर के राज सिंहासन पर बैठेगा।

प्रश्न 6.
केवटराज की प्रथम शर्त पर देवव्रत ने क्या उत्तर दिया।
उत्तर:
केवटराज की प्रथम शर्त सुनकर देवव्रत ने कहा- मैं वचन देता हूँ कि मेरे पिता के बाद सत्यवती का पुत्र ही राजा बनेगा।

प्रश्न 7.
देवव्रत ने केवटराज की शंका का निवारण कैसे किया?
उत्तर:
केवटराज’ की शंका निवारण करते हुए देवव्रत ने कहा- “मैं जीवन भर विवाह नहीं करूँगा। आजन्म ब्रह्मचारी रहूँगा। मेरे संतान ही नहीं होगी। अब तो तुम खुश हो।”

दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
देवव्रत किस प्रतिज्ञा के कारण भीष्म कहलाए।
उत्तर:
जीवनभर विवाह न करने तथा आजन्म ब्रह्मचारी रहने की भयंकर प्रतिज्ञा के कारण देवव्रत भीष्म कहलाए। इन्हीं कारणों से वे भीष्म के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुए।

प्रश्न 2.
सत्यवती से शांतनु को कितने पुत्र प्राप्त हुए। उनके नाम बताइए।
उत्तर:
सत्यवती से शांतनु के दो पुत्र हुए चित्रांगद और विचित्रवीर्य।

प्रश्न 3.
शांतनु के बाद हस्तिनापुर के सिंहासन पर कौन बैठा?
उत्तर:
शांतनु के बाद हस्तिनापुर के सिंहासन पर चित्रांगद बैठा। उसके युद्ध में मारे जाने के बाद विचित्रवीर्य ने राजगद्दी सँभाली।

प्रश्न 4.
देवव्रत के चरित्र से आपको क्या शिक्षा मिलती है?
उत्तर:
देवव्रत ने अपने पिता की खुशी के लिए अपना सबकुछ बलिदान कर दिया और आजीवन शादी न करने की प्रण ली। उनके पिता जिस सुंदरी से विवाह करना चाहते थे उसके पिता की भी ऐसी ही शर्त थी। अपने पिता के लिए ऐसी कठोर प्रतिज्ञा लेने वाले देवव्रत के चरित्र से हमें यह शिक्षा मिलती है कि अपने माता-पिता की खुशी के लिए अपना सर्वस्व न्यौछावर कर देना चाहिए।

Bal Mahabharat Katha Class 7 Summary in Hindi Chapter 2

राजा शांतनु अपने तेजस्वी बेटे को पालकर प्रसन्नचित होकर खुशी-खुशी अपने नगर में लौट गए। गंगा से देवव्रत को प्राप्त करके शांतनु ने उसको राजकुमार बना दिया। इस प्रकार से चार वर्ष बीत गए। एक दिन राजा शांतनु यमुना के किनारे घूम रहे थे। वहाँ उन्होंने नदी के किनारे सत्यवती नाम की युवती को देखा। राजा ने उससे अपने प्रेम की याचना की तो सत्यवती ने बताया कि मेरे पिता मल्लाहों के सरदार हैं। आप उनसे अनुमति लीजिए फिर मैं आपसे विवाह करने के लिए तैयार हूँ।

राजा शांतनु ने जब अपनी इच्छा प्रकट की तो, केवटराज ने कहा- “आपको मुझे एक वचन देना पड़ेगा।” राजा शांतनु ने कहा-“जो माँगोगे दूंगा यदि वह मेरे लिए अनुचित न हो।”

केवटराज बोले- “आपके बाद हस्तिनापुर के राज सिंहासन पर मेरी लड़की का पुत्र बैठेगा, इस बात का आप मुझे वचन दे सकते हैं” केवटराज की शर्त राजा शांतनु को नागवार लगी। निराश मन से वे अपने नगर राज्य को लौट आए। उनकी व्यथा को देखकर देवव्रत ने अपने पिता शांतनु से पूछा कि आपको किस बात की चिंता है। राजा शांतनु के स्पष्ट जवाब न पाकर देवव्रत ने उनके सारथी से पूछा। सारथी ने उस दिन राजा और केवटराज की बातों को बताया। अपने पिता के मन की व्यथा को जानकर देवव्रत केटवराज के पास गए और, बोले आप अपनी पुत्री का विवाह राजा शांतनु से कर दें। केवटराज ने पुनः वही शर्त देवराज देवव्रत के सामने रखी। देवव्रत ने कहा कि मैं वचन देता हूँ कि पिता के बाद सत्यवती का पुत्र ही राजा बनेगा।

इस पर केवटराज ने कहा- मुझे आप पर भरोसा है कि अपने वचन पर अटल रहेंगे, किंतु आप जैसे वीर का पुत्र भविष्य में मेरे नाती से राज्य छीनने का प्रयास नहीं करेगा, यह मैं कैसे मान लूँ।” केवटराज के इस प्रश्न को सुनकर पितृ भक्त देवव्रत तनिक भी विचलित नहीं हुए। गंभीर स्वर में देवव्रत ने कहा- “मैं जीवन भर विवाह नहीं करूँगा। आजन्म ब्रह्मचारी रहूँगा। मेरे संतान ही न होगी। अब तो तुम संतुष्ट हो?”

देवव्रत के इस भयंकर प्रतिज्ञा के कारण ही उनका नाम भीष्म पड़ गया। केवटराज ने खुशी-खुशी अपनी पुत्री को देवव्रत के साथ विदा कर दिया।

इस तरह शांतनु का सत्यवती के साथ विवाह हो गया। सत्यवती के दो पुत्र हुए- चित्रांगद और विचित्रवीर्य। शांतनु के बाद चित्रांगद सिंहासन पर बैठे पर उनकी असमय मृत्यु हो गई। इसके बाद विचित्रवीर्य राजा बने जिसकी दो रानियाँ थीं। अंबिका और अंबालिका। अंबिका से धृतराष्ट्र व अंबालिका से पांडु पैदा हुए। धृतराष्ट्र के पुत्र कौरव व पांडु के पुत्र पांडव कहलाए। कुरुक्षेत्र के युद्ध के अंत तक भीष्म इस वंश के कुल नायक व पूज्य रहे। शांतनु के बाद कुरुवंश का क्रम यह रहा।

शब्दार्थ:

पृष्ठ संख्या-5
प्रफुल्लित – प्रसन्न, अप्सरा – देवलोक की नर्तकी, तरुणी – युवती, विराग – उदासीनता, विलीन – समाप्त हो गया, प्रेम-याचना – प्रणय निवेदन, अनुमति – आज्ञा, नागवार – अनुचित, व्यथा – पीड़ा, कुशाग्र – तेज़, सारथी – रथवान, रथ चलाने वाला, आर्य पुत्र – श्रेष्ठ पुरुष, अटल – अडिग, नाती – पुत्री का पुत्र।

पृष्ठ संख्या-6
अप्रत्याशित – जिसकी आशा न हो, आजन्म – जीवनभर, ब्रह्मचारी – अविवाहित, भीष्म – भयंकर, सानंद – आनंदपूर्वक, देवावसान – मृत्यु, कुलनायक – वंश का मुख्य पुरुष, क्रम – सिलसिला।

These NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Hindi Vasant & Bal Mahabharat Katha Class 7 Questions Answers Summary in Hindi Chapter 1 देवव्रत are prepared by our highly skilled subject experts.

Bal Mahabharat Katha Class 7 Questions Answers Summary in Hindi Chapter 1 देवव्रत

Bal Mahabharat Katha Class 7 Questions Answers in Hindi Chapter 1

पाठाधारित प्रश्न

लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
नदी के किनारे पर खडी कन्या कौन थी?
उत्तर:
नदी के किनारे खड़ी कन्या गंगा थी।

प्रश्न 2.
शांतनु के सामने पत्नी बनने के लिए गंगा ने क्या शर्त रखी थी?
उत्तर:
गंगा ने पत्नी बनने के लिए राजा शांतनु से शर्त रखी थी कि मैं कुछ भी करूँ, आप मुझसे कुछ नहीं कहेंगे।

प्रश्न 3.
शांतनु के द्वारा गंगा की शर्त मान लेने पर क्या परिणाम हआ?
उत्तर:
शांतनु के द्वारा सारी शर्त मान लेने के बाद गंगा उसकी पत्नी बन गई। बीते समय के साथ-साथ गंगा ने कई तेजस्वी पुत्रों को जन्म दिया और उन्हें गंगा की धारा में बहाती रही।

प्रश्न 4.
अपने पुत्रों को नदी की धारा में बहाने के बाद गंगा कहाँ जाती थी?
उत्तर:
अपने पुत्रों को नदी की धारा में बहाने के बाद गंगा हँसती-मुसकराती हुई शांतनु के महल में आ जाती थी।

प्रश्न 5.
राजा शांतनु गंगा के द्वारा अपनी संतान को नदी के धारा में बहाते हुए देखकर भी कुछ क्यों नहीं बोल पाते थे?
उत्तर:
राजा शांतनु गंगा को संतान को नदी की धारा में बहाते हुए देखकर भी कुछ इसलिए नहीं कह पाते थे, क्योंकि वे वचनबद्ध थे।

प्रश्न 6.
गंगा जब आठवें बच्चे को लेकर नदी की ओर चली तब शांतनु ने उससे क्या कहा?
उत्तर:
जब गंगा आठवें पुत्र को गंगा की धारा में बहाने के लिए चली तब शांतनु ने उससे कहा-
“माँ होकर अपने नादान बच्चे को अकारण ही क्यों बलि दिया करती हो? यह घृणित व्यवहार तुम्हें शोभा नहीं देता।”

प्रश्न 7.
आठवें बच्चे का क्या हुआ? यह आठवाँ बच्चा आगे चलकर किस नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुआ?
उत्तर:
आठवें बच्चे को गंगा अपने साथ ले गई। इस आठवें बच्चे का नाम था देवव्रत। आगे चलकर यह भीष्म के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुआ।

प्रश्न 8.
शांतनु की बात सुनकर गंगा ने क्या कहा?
उत्तर:
शांतनु की बात सुनकर गंगा ने राजा शांतनु से कहा- राजन आपने दिया हुआ वचन तोड़ दिया है। अतः अब मैं ठहर नहीं सकती। अतः अब मैं आपके इस पुत्र को नदी में न डालकर कुछ दिन इन्हें पालूँगी और फिर आपको इसे दे दूंगी।

प्रश्न 9.
अचानक एक दिन गंगा नदी की धारा क्यों रुकी थी?
उत्तर:
एक दिन सुंदर और गठीला युवक (देवव्रत) गंगा नदी की बहती हुई धारा में बाण चला रहा था। उसी से गंगा की धारा रुकी हुई थी।

दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
राजा को गंगा ने अपना और देवव्रत का परिचय किस प्रकार से दिया?
उत्तर:
राजा शांतनु के पास आकर गंगा ने उस युवक को अपने पास बुलाया और राजा से बोली- ‘राजन यह मेरा और आपका आठवाँ पुत्र देवव्रत है। यह शास्त्र ज्ञान में शुक्राचार्य व रण-कौशल में परशुराम के समान है। यह कुशल योद्धा और चतुर राजनीतिज्ञ है। अब आप अपने साथ ले जाइए।

प्रश्न 2.
देवव्रत कौन थे?
उत्तर:
देवव्रत गंगा और शांतनु के पुत्र थे जो आगे चलकर भीष्म पितामह के नाम से विख्यात हुए।

प्रश्न 3.
गंगा ने शांतनु को देवव्रत की किन-किन विशेषताओं का परिचय कराया?
उत्तर:
गंगा ने देवव्रत की विशेषताओं का परिचय कराया कि इसे महर्षि वशिष्ठ द्वारा शिक्षा दिया गया है। इसके सामने शास्त्र ज्ञान में शुक्राचार्य और युद्धकला में परशुराम ही इसका मुकाबला कर सकते हैं।

Bal Mahabharat Katha Class 7 Summary in Hindi Chapter 1

एक बार गंगा एक सुंदर कन्या का रूप धारण किए हुए खड़ी थीं कि राजा शांतनु उस पर आकर्षित हो गया था। राजा ने गंगा की बातें मानकर उससे विवाह कर लिया। समय पाकर गंगा से शांतनु के कई तेजस्वी पुत्र हुए। गंगा अपने पुत्र को पैदा होते ही नदी की धरा में बहाकर राजा शांतनु के महल में वापस आ जाती थी। राजा शांतनु उसके इस व्यवहार पर आश्चर्य चकित रह जाते थे। राजा को क्रोध आता था, पर वचन से बंधे रहने के कारण मन मसोस कर रह जाते थे। इस तरह गंगा ने सात बच्चों को नदी की धारा में बहा दिया।

गंगा ने तेजस्वी पुत्र को जन्म दिया और आठवें बच्चे की बारी आई तब राजा शांतनु से नहीं रहा गया। उन्होंने इस घृणित कार्य को करने से गंगा को मना कर दिया। गंगा बोली- राजन क्या आप अपना वचन भूल गए। शर्त के अनुसार, मैं अब यहाँ नहीं ठहर सकती। अब मैं इस आठवें पुत्र को नदी में नहीं फेकूगी लेकिन आपके आठवें पुत्र को मैं कुछ समय पालूँगी और फिर आपको सौंप दूंगी। इसके बाद गंगा अपने पुत्र को लेकर चली गई। बड़ा होकर यही बच्चा आगे चलकर भीष्म पितामह के नाम से विख्यात हुआ। गंगा के चले जाने के बाद राजा शांतनु का मन भोग विलास से विरक्त हो गया और वे राज-काज में लगे। एक दिन राजा शांतनु शिकार खेलते-खेलते गंगा तट पर गए। वहाँ एक सुंदर गठीले युवक को देखा जो नदी की बहती धारा में तीर चलाकर, उसकी प्रचंड धारा को रोक रहा था। राजा आश्चर्यचकित थे। इतने में वहाँ स्वयं गंगा आ गईं। उन्होंने राजा से कहा-

राजन पहचाना मुझे और इस युवक को यही आपका और मेरा आठवाँ पुत्र देवव्रत है। महर्षि वशिष्ठ ने इसे शिक्षा दी है। शास्त्र ज्ञान में शुक्राचार्य और रण-कुशल में परशुराम ही इसका मुकाबला कर सकते हैं। यह जितना, कुशल योद्धा है उतना ही कुशल राजनीतिज्ञ भी है अब मैं आपका पुत्र आपको सौंप रही हूँ। अब इसे आप अपने साथ ले जाइए। गंगा ने देवव्रत का माथा चूमा और आशीर्वाद देकर राजा के साथ विदा कर दिया।

शब्दार्थ:

पृष्ठ संख्या-3
युवती – कन्या, आकर्षित – मोह लेना, अपने तरफ़ आकर्षित कर लेना, अज्ञात – जिसके बारे में पता न हो, नादान – ना समझ, अकारण – बिना किसी कारण के।

पृष्ठ संख्या-4
विख्यात – प्रसिद्ध, क्रोध – गुस्सा, मुकाबला – बराबरी, राजनीतिज्ञ – राजनीति की जानकारी रखने वाला, कुशल – चतुर।

Eighteenth-Century Political Formations Class 7 History Chapter 10 Extra Questions and Answers Social Science CBSE Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 7 Social Science SST History Chapter 10 Eighteenth-Century Political Formations.

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Class 7 History Chapter 10 Extra Questions and Answers Eighteenth-Century Political Formations

Eighteenth-Century Political Formations Class 7 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 10 Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
Why was the first half of the 18th century was significant?
Answer:
First half of the 18th century was significant because many happenings occurred in the subcontinent.

Question 2.
Who was Nadir Shah?
Answer:
Nadir Shah was ruler of Iran.

Question 3.
When did Nadir Shah attacked Delhi?
Answer:
Nadir Shah attacked Delhi in 1739 and took away immense amounts of wealth.

Question 4.
How many times Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded north India?
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded north India five times.

Question 5.
Who was Ahmad Shah Abdali?
Answer:
Ahmad Shah Abdali was ruler of Afghan.

Question 6.
Name the Mughal Emperors who was assassinated?
Answer:
Farrukh Siyar and Alamgir.

Question 7.
Who was Sa’adat Khan?
Answer:
Sa’adat Khan was governor of Awadh province during the Mughal Empire.

Question 8.
Who was governor of Bengal province during the Mughal regime?
Answer:
Murshid Quli Khan.

Question 9.
Who was Shivaji?
Answer:
Shivaji was the founder of the Maratha Kingdom.

Question 10.
Who was involved in the factional politics at the Mughal court?
Answer:
Ajit Singh, the ruler of Jodhpur, was involved in the factional politics at the Mughal court.

Question 11.
Where was new capital founded by Sawai Raja Jai Singh?
Answer:
Sawai Raja Jai Singh founded his new capital at Jaipur and was given the subadari of Agra in 1722.

Question 12.
What do you understand by ‘rakhi’?
Answer:
A system called rakhi was introduced offering protection to cultivators on the payment of a tax of 20 per cent of the produce by the Khalsa.

Question 13.
Who was leader of Jats who acquired control over territories situated on the west of the city of Delhi?
Answer:
Churaman Jats acquired control over territories situated to the west of the city of Delhi and began dominating the region between the two imperial cities of Delhi and Agra.

n. Short Answer Questions (SA)

Question 1.
What did governors, subadars and zamindars do when Mughal Emperor declined?
Answer:
With the decline in the authority of the Mughal emperors, the governors of large provinces, subadars, and the great zamindars consolidated their authority in different parts of the subcontinent.

Question 2.
Who founded Khalsa and when? Describe.
Answer:
Khalsa was founded in 1699 by Guru Gobind Singh against the Rajput and Mughal rulers. Several battles were fought by Guru Gobind Singh against the Rajput and Mughal rulers, both before and after the institution of the khalsa in 1699.

Question 3.
Give the name of towns which were prosperous under Jats leadership.
Answer:
The Jats were prosperous agriculturists and towns like Panipat and Ballabhgarh became important trading centres in the areas dominated by them. Under Suraj Mai the kingdom of Bharatpur emerged as a strong state.

Question 4.
How was Aurangzeb’s policy responsible for the decline of the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
The orthodox policies of Aurangzeb provoked Sikhs, Marathas and Rajputs against Mughal Empire and the policy of crushing rebellion in Deccan led to the decline of his empire.

Question 5.
What were the common features of the three (Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad) Mughal Provinces?
Answer:
The common features of the three Mughal Provinces i.e. Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad are:

1. They were suspicious of Mughal’s Jagirdari system;
2. Their revenue collection system was different. They were connected to the revenue farmers for collection of revenue.
3. They relied on rich members and merchants. They lent money to peasants and collected through their own agents.

Question 6.
Name the old Mughal provinces and describe them in brief.
Answer:
Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad were old Mughal provinces. They were extremely powerful and quite independent, the rulers of these states did not break their formal ties with the Mughal emperor. All three states were founded by members of the high Mughal nobility who had been governors of large provinces-Sa’adat Khan (Awadh), Murshid Quli Khan (Bengal) and Asaf Jah (Hyderabad). All three had occupied high mansabdari positions and enjoyed the trust and confidence of the emperors. The two of them had zat rank of 7,000 each.

Question 7.
What efforts were made by the Khalsa for strengthening the Sikh community?
Answer:
Under Banda Bahadur’s leadership Khalsa declared their sovereign rule by striking coins in the name of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh and established their own administration between the Sutlej and the Jamuna. Banda Bahadur was captured in 1715 and executed (death sentence) in 1716. The Sikhs organized themselves into a number of bands called ‘jathas’ and later on ‘misls’. Their combined forces were known as the grand army i.e., dal khalsa.

Eighteenth-Century Political Formations Class 7 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 10 Long Answers Type

Question 1.
Describe about the crises faced by the Mughal in the last of 17th century.
Answer:
The Mughal Empire started facing a variety of crises towards the closing years of the 17th century. These were caused by a number of factors. Emperor Aurangzeb had depleted the military and financial resources of his empire by fighting a long war in the Deccan. Under his successors, the efficiency of the imperial administration broke down and it became difficult for the Mughal emperors to keep a check on their powerful mansabdars.

Nobles appointed as governors (subadars) often controlled the offices of revenue and military administration (diwani and faujdari) as well. As the governors consolidated their control over the provinces, the periodic remission of revenue to the capital declined. In the northern and western India Mughals faced many rebellions including revolts of peasant and zamindari.

These groups were now able to seize the economic resources of the region to consolidate their positions. After Aurangzeb, Mughal were unable to arrest the shifting of political and economic authority into the hand of provincial governors, local chieftains and other groups.

Question 2.
Write a short note on Maratha kingdom.
Answer:
The Maratha kingdom was another powerful regional kingdom to arise out of a sustained opposition to Mughal rule. Shivaji carved out a stable kingdom with the support of powerful warrior families (deshmukhs). Groups of highly mobile peasants, pastoralists provided the backbone of the Maratha army. These forces used to challenge the Mughals in the peninsula. Chitpavan Brahmanas served Shivaji’s successors as Peshwa (principal minister).

Poona became the capital of the Maratha kingdom. Under the Peshwas, the Marathas developed a very successful military organization. Malwa and Gujarat were seized from the Mughals by the 1720s.

By the 1730s the Maratha king was recognized as the overlord of the entire Deccan peninsula. He possessed the right to levy chauth and sardeshmukhi in the entire region. The frontier of Maratha domination expanded into Rajasthan, Punjab, Bengal and Orissa, Karnataka, Tamil and Telugu region in the south.

Agriculture was encouraged and trade revived. This allowed Maratha chiefs (sardars) like Sindhia (Gwalior), Gaekwad (Baroda) and Bhonsle (Nagpur) the resources to raise powerful armies. Ujjain expanded under Sindhia’s patronage and Indore under Holkar’s. These cities were large and prosperous and functioned as important commercial and cultural centres. The silk produced in the Chanderi region now founded a new outlet in Poona.

Question 3.
Describe religious policy and administration of Shivaji.
Answer:
Religious Policy of Shivaji: Shivaji was a heartfelt Hindu but he had great respect for Islam as well as Quran and employed large number of Muslims in his army. Grants for construction of mosques were also provided by him. Thus, his religious policy was very much liberal.

Administration of Shivsyi: Shivaji was a very brave and wise warrior. His kingdom was divided into two parts:

• homeland which was under direct control and was called Swarajya.
• the territories adjacent to Mughal territories called Mughlai.

Shivaji kingdom collected two types of the taxes known as chauth and Sardeshmukhi. Prant or provinces of the empire were divided into several parganas and each pargana was consisted from various villages. The headmen of villages were called as Patel. Thus, the administrative system of Shivaji was quite well in view of the tax collection and controlling over the prant as well as kingdom.

Question 4.
Divide the states of 18th century into three overlapping groups.
Answer:
States of the 18th century can be divided into three overlapping groups:
(i) States that were old Mughal provinces like Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad. They were extremely powerful and quite independent, the rulers of these states did not break their formal ties with the Mughal emperor.

All three sites were founded by members of the high Mughal nobility who had been governors of large provinces- Sa’adat Khan (Awadh), Murshid Quli Khan (Bengal) and Asaf Jah (Hyderabad). All three had occupied high mansabdari positions and enjoyed the trust and confidence of the emperors. The two of them had zat rank of 7,000 each.

(ii) States that had enjoyed considerable independence under the Mughals as watan jagirs. These included several Rajput kingdoms.

(iii) States under the control of Marathas, Sikhs and others like the Jats. These had seized their independence from the Mughals after a long-drawn armed struggle.

Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years Class 7 History Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers Social Science CBSE Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 7 Social Science SST History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years.

You can also practice NCERT Solutions for Class 7 History Chapter 1 Questions and Answers on LearnInsta.com.

Class 7 History Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years

Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years Class 7 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 1 Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
What do you understand about the cartographer?
Answer:
The cartographer is a person who makes maps.

Question 2.
Who was Al-Idrisi?
Answer:
Al-Idrisi was an Arab geographer and was an Arabian.

Question 3.
What was made by Al-Idrisi?
Answer:
Al-Idrisi made a detail of the Indian subcontinent from his large map of the world in 1154 CE.

Question 4.
By whom was the term Hindustan used first of all?
Answer:
First of all, the term Hindustan was used by Minhaj-i-Siraj in 13th century. He was a Persian chronicler.

Question 5.
What did Minhaj-i-Siraj meant by the term ‘Hindustan’?
Answer:
He meant the areas of Punjab, Haryana and the lands between the Ganga and Yamuna. The term was used in a political sense for lands that were a part of the dominions of the Delhi Sultan but it never included south India.

Question 6.
What did Babur meant by Hindustan?
Answer:
Babur used Hindustan to describe the geography, the fauna and the culture of the inhabitants of the subcontinent.

Question 7.
Who used the word ‘Hind’ and when?
Answer:
Amir Khusrau used the word “Hind” in the 14th century.

Question 8.
From which language is the word ‘ajnabi’ related?
Answer:
Persian.

Question 9.
How did the scribes copy manuscripts in absence of Printing Press?
Answer:
By hand.

Question 10.
From which word ‘Rajput’ derived?
Answer:
The word ‘Rajput’ was derived from “Rajaputra”, the son of a ruler.

Question 11.
Name the language in which prashasti of Ghiyasuddin Balban has been written.
Answer:
In Sanskrit.

Question 12.
Which was the new religion that appeared in the subcontinent?
Answer:
The new religion which appeared in the subcontinent was Islam.

Question 13.
Give the name of the holy book of Islam.
Answer:
Quran.

Question 14.
Who brought Islam and when?
Answer:
In 7th century merchants of Arab brought teachings of Islam.

Question 15.
In how many periods was the history divided by the British historians?
Answer:
In the middle of the 19th century, British historians divided the history of India into three periods- Hindu, Muslim and British.

Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years Class 7 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 1 Short Answers Type

Question 1.
Which were the sources used to learn the past?
Answer:
Historians used different types of sources to learn about the past depending upon the period of their study and the nature of their investigation such as on coins, inscriptions, architecture and textual record for information.

Question 2.
Why did people use the paper?
Answer:
Paper became cheaper and more widely available and hence people used it to write texts, chronicles of rulers, letters and teachings of saints, petitions and judicial records, and for registers of accounts and taxes.

Question 3.
How did the manuscripts of the same text become different from one another?
Answer:
In the absence of Printing Press, scribes copied manuscripts by hand. They also introduced small changes-a word, a sentence. These small differences grew over centuries of copying until manuscripts of the same text became substantially different from one another.

Question 4.
Why has study been a great challenge between 700 and 1750?
Answer:
The study of the thousand years between 700 and 1750 has been a huge challenge to historians largely because of the scale and variety of developments that occurred over the period.

Question 5.
What were the new technology and crops that came in subcontinent during the period?
Answer:
New technology like Persian wheel in irrigation, the spinning wheel in weaving and firearms in combat, new foods and beverages potatoes, corn, chillies, tea and coffee arrived in the subcontinent. All these innovations-new technologies and crops came along with people, who brought other ideas with them as well.

Question 6.
What do you understand about the Rajputs?
Answer:
The term Rajput was applied more generally to a group of warriors who claimed Kshatriya caste status. The term included not just rulers and chieftains but also soldiers and commanders who served in the armies of different monarchs all over the subcontinent.

Question 7.
Write the name of other groups who became politically important.
Answer:
Other group of people such as the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats, Ahoms and Kayasthas also used the opportunities of the age to become politically important.

Question 8.
Which factors forced many forest-dwellers to migrate?
Answer:
There was a gradual clearing of forests and the extension of agriculture throughout this period. This forced many forest-dwellers to migrate. Others started tilling the land and became peasants.

Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years Class 7 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 1 Long Answers Type

Question 1.
Describe, how the new groups of peasants were important group.
Answer:
The new groups of peasants gradually began to be influenced by regional markets, chieftains, priests, monasteries and temples. They became part of large complex societies and were required to pay taxes and offer goods and services to local lords.

As a result, significant economic and social differences emerged amongst peasants. Some possessed more productive land, others also kept cattle, and some combined artisanal work with agricultural activity during the lean season.

Question 2.
How were the jatis classified in the society during the period 700-1750?
Answer:
As society became more differentiated, people were grouped into jatis or sub-castes and ranked on the basis of their backgrounds and their occupations. Ranks of jatis were not fixed permanently, and varied according to the power, influence and resources controlled by members of the jati. The status of the same jati could vary from area to area. Jatis framed their own rules and regulations to manage the conduct of their members.

Question 3.
What was written about Ghiyasuddin Balban in the Prashasti?
Answer:
A prashasti praising the Delhi Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban explained that was the ruler of a vast empire that stretched from Bengal in the east to Ghazni in Afghanistan in the west and including all of south India. People of different regions-Gauda, Andhra, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat apparently fled before his armies. Historians regard these as exaggerated claims.

Question 4.
What has been written by Amir Khusrau regarding the languages?
Answer:
Amir Khusrau noted (1318) that there was different language in every region of this land. In southern Karnataka, Sindhi, Lahori, Kashmiri, Dvarsamudri; in Andhra Pradesh-Telangani; in Gujarat-Gujari; In Tamil Nadu-Ma’bari; In Bengal-Gauri; in eastern UP-Awadhi; around Delhi-Hindawi. In contrast to these languages there was Sanskrit which did not belong to any region. It was an old language and ‘common people do not know it, only the Brahmanas do’.

Question 5.
What changes occurred in Hinduism during the period?
Answer:
During this period important changes occurred in what we call Hinduism today. These included the worship of new deities, the construction of temples by royalty and the growing importance of Brahmanas, the priests, as dominant groups in society.

The knowledge of Sanskrit texts earned the Brahmanas a lot of respect in society. One of the major developments of this period was the emergence of the idea of Bhakti.

Question 6.
Describe the variety of ways interpreted by the Islamic followers.
Answer:
Islam was interpreted in variety of ways by its followers. There were the Shia Muslims and Sunni Muslims. Shia who believed that the Prophet Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali was the legitimate leader of the Muslim community while Sunni accepted the authority of the four Khalifas which also includes Ali as an one and last Khalifa.

The Making of Regional Cultures Class 7 History Chapter 9 Extra Questions and Answers Social Science CBSE Pdf free download are part of Extra Questions for Class 7 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Extra Questions for Class 7 Social Science SST History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures.

You can also practice NCERT Solutions for Class 7 History Chapter 9 Questions and Answers on LearnInsta.com.

Class 7 History Chapter 9 Extra Questions and Answers The Making of Regional Cultures

The Making of Regional Cultures Class 7 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 9 Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
Define the forest.
Answer:
Forest can be defined as the place where trees Eire the main type of vegetation.

Question 2.
What do you understand about grassland?
Answer:
Where grasses form the dominant type of plant life is called grassland.

Question 3.
How much part of the land is grassland?
Answer:
Grasslands make up almost a quarter of the total land surface.

Question 4.
What are the factors which affect the plants or grasses and determine its types?
Answer:
The types of plants or grasses are dependent on the climate and soil.

Question 5.
Name the two categories of world’s grasslands.
Answer:
The world’s grasslands can be divided into two broad categories—temperate and tropical regions grasslands.

Question 6.
In which part are the Prairies Mountains found?
Answer:
The prairies are bound by the Rocky Mountains in the West.

Question 7.
What is found in the eastern part of prairies?
Answer:
In the eastern part of prairies great lakes are found.

Question 8.
Where is river Mississippi?
Answer:
Mississippi river is in USA.

Question 9.
How is the annual rainfall in the Prairies?
Answer:
The annual rainfall is moderate and is ideal for the growth of grass.

Question 10.
Which trees are grown in the Prairies?
Answer:
Trees such as willows, alders and poplars are grown in the region.

Question 11.
What is‘ranches’?
Answer:
Large cattle farms are called ‘ranches’.

Question 12.
Name the animal which is most important in America.
Answer:
Bison or the American buffalo is the most important protected animal of this region.

Question 13.
Which animal of America is protected?
Answer:
Bison or the American buffalo is protected animal of this region

Question 14.
Why are the prairies known as “Granaries of the world” ?
Answer:
The Prairies are known as the “Granaries of the world,” because of the huge surplus of wheat production.

Question 15.
Name the mineral deposits found in the prairies region.
Answer:
Large mineral deposits particularly coal and iron are found in this region.

Question 16.
Mention name of rivers which drain the region.
Answer:
The tributaries of rivers Orange and Limpopo drain the region.

Question 17.
Which types of vegetation is found in the velds?
Answer:
The vegetation cover is sparse. Grasses dominate the landscape. Red grass grows in bush velds. In the high velds acacia and maroola are seen to be growing.

Question 18.
Name the animals found in the velds region.
Answer:
The animals of the velds are primarily lions, leopards, cheetah and kudu.

Question 19.
Which crops are grown in the region of velds?
Answer:
In the velds region the main crops are maize, wheat, barley, oats and potato. Cash crops like tobacco, sugar cane and cotton are also grown.

Question 20.
Why is merino sheep popular?
Answer:
Merino sheep is a popular species because its wool is very warm and has a great demand in the world.

Question 21.
Name the city which is famous for diamond mines.
Answer:
Kimberley is famous for its diamond mines.

Question 22.
Which city is called Gold Capital of the world?
Answer:
Johannesburg is known as the golden capital of the world.

Question 23.
What are velds?
Answer:
The temperate grasslands of South Africa are called the velds.

Question 24.
Where does red grass grow?
Answer:
Red grass grows in bush velds.

Question 25.
What is Chinook?
Answer:
A hot wind that blows in winter is called Chinook.

Question 26.
What are prairies?
Answer:
The temperate grasslands of North America are known as the prairies.

Question 27.
What are the two categories of the world’s grasslands?
Answer:
The world’s grasslands are divided into two broad categories:

• Temperate region
• Tropical region

Question 28.
Name the crops which are grown in the areas where rainfall is over 50 cm.
Answer
Maize, potatoes, soyabean, cotton and alfa-alfa

Question 29.
What are Bison?
Answer:
Bison are the American buffalo.

Question 30.
What are the main crops grown in the velds?
Answer:
Maize, wheat, barley, oats and potato.

Question 31.
Name the cash crops grown in temperate grasslands of South Africa (velds).
Answer:
Tobacco, sugar cane and cotton.

Question 32.
Name the countries covered by prairies.
Answer:
The prairies cover parts of United States of America and parts of Canada.

Question 33.
Why does local wind ‘Chinook’ blow in the prairies?
Answer:
Due to the absence of the north-south barrier, a local wind ‘Chinook’ blows in the regions of prairies.

Question 34.
Name the tribes which live in the prairies.
Answer:
The Prairies were home of tribes like the Apache, the Crow, the Cree and the Pawnee.

Question 35.
Name the trees grown in the prairies.
Answer:
Wilders, Alders and Poplars

Question 36.
What is combine machine?
Answer:
Combine is a machine which can sow, plough and work as thresher all by itself.

Question 37.
Name some important cities in the American prairies.
Answer:
Chicago, Minneapolis, Indianapolis, Kansas and Denver.

Question 38.
Why are the soils not fertile in the velds?
Answer:
The soils are not fertile in the velds due to the presence of discontinuous grasses exposing barren surface.

Question 39.
Which tributaries drain the areas in the prairies?
Answer:
In the USA, the area is drained by the tributaries of Mississippi and the Canadian prairies are drained by the tributaries of Saskatchewan Rivers.

The Making of Regional Cultures Class 7 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 9 Short Answers Type

Question 1.
Describe climate of the prairies.
Answer:
The climate is of continental type with extreme temperatures. The summers are warm with temperatures of around 20°C, while in winter -20°C has been recorded in Winnipeg, Canada. In winters a thick blanket of snow covers this region.

Question 2.
Which are the suitable places for farming and name the major crops which are grown in that region.
Answer:
Places that receive rainfall of over 50 cm, are suitable for farming as the soil is fertile. The major crop of this area is maize, other crops including potatoes, soybean, cotton and alfa-alfa are also grown.

Question 3.
Which cattle are reared in the prairies?
Answer:
Prairies are suitable for cattle rearing. Bison or the American buffalo is the most important and protected animal of this region. The other animals found in this region are rabbits, coyotes, gophers and Prairie dog.

Question 4.
What do you understand about the velds? Describe briefly.
Answer:
The temperate grasslands of South Africa are called the velds. Velds are rolling plateaus with varying heights ranging from 600 m to 1100 m. It is bound by the Drakensburg Mountains on the east. To its west lies the Kalahari Desert. On the northeastern part, ‘high velds’ are located that attain a height of more than 1600 m, in some places.

Question 5.
What is the most important occupation of the people in the velds region?
Answer:
In the velds regions, sheep rearing is the most important occupation of the people. Sheep has given rise to the wool industry in the velds. Merino sheep is a popular species and its wool is very warm.

Question 6.
Which dairy products are famous in the velds region?
Answer:
Dairy farming is the next important occupation. Cattle are reared in the warmer and wetter regions and the dairy products like butter, cheese are produced for both domestic supply and also for export.

Question 7.
Why do the velds have rich reserve of minerals? Describe.
Answer:
The velds have rich reserve of minerals. Iron and steel industry has developed where coal and iron are present. Gold and diamond mining are major occupations of people of this region. Johannesburg is known for being the gold capital of the world. Kimberley is famous for its diamond mines. The mineral-rich area has a well-developed network of transport.

Question 8.
Describe Chinook.
Answer:
Chinook is a hot wind that blows in winter and therefore raises the temperature in a short time. This increase in temperature results in the melting of snow and making pasture land available for grazing of animals.

The Making of Regional Cultures Class 7 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 9 Long Answers Type

Question 1.
Describe the major features of the prairies.
Answer:
The major features of the prairies are:

1. These are the grasslands (temperate) of North America.
2. These regions having flat, gently sloping or hilly land.
3. These regions are almost treeless, but woodlands can be found near the low lying plains, flanking river valleys.
4. Areas with 50cm rainfall with fertile soil grow maize, potatoes, soybeans, cotton and alfa-alfa.
5. American buffalo is the most important animal of this region.

Question 2.
What do understand about Prairies? Describe briefly.
Answer:
The temperate grasslands of North America are known as the Prairies. It is a region of flat, gently sloping or hilly land. Tall grass, up to two metres high dominates the landscape. Most part of prairies is treeless. The prairies are bound by the Rocky Mountains in the West and the great lakes in the East. Prairies cover parts of the United States of America and parts of Canada.

In the USA, the area is drained by the tributaries of Mississippi and the Canadian prairies are drained by the tributaries of Saskatchewan Rivers. The climate is of continental type with extreme temperatures.

The summers are warm with temperatures of around 20°C, while in winter -20°C has been recorded in Winnipeg, Canada. In winters a thick blanket of snow covers this region. The annual rainfall is moderate and is ideal for the growth of grass.

A local wind “Chinook” blows here. Prairies are practically tree-less. Where water is available, trees such as willows, alders and poplars grow. Places that receive rainfall of over 50 cm, are suitable for farming as the soil is fertile. The major crop of this area is maize, other crops including potatoes, soybean, cotton and alfa-alfa are also grown.

Question 3.
Write a brief note on the climate of velds.
Answer:
The velds have a mild climate due to the influence of the Indian Ocean. Winters are cold and dry Temperatures vary between 5°C and 10°C and July is the coldest month. Summers are short and warm. The velds receive rainfall mainly in the summer months from November to February. In the velds region the main crops are maize, wheat, barley, oats and potato. Cash crops like tobacco, sugar cane and cotton are also grown.