CBSE Class 12

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 14 Understanding Partition: Politics, Memories, Experiences are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 14 Understanding Partition: Politics, Memories, Experiences

Question 1.
When did India get independence?
Answer:
On 15th August, 1947 A.D.

Question 2.
How many people died during the partition of India?
Answer:
Scholars believe that they could be within the range of 200,000 to 500,000.

Question 3.
How many people migrated during the partition of India?
Answer:
Around 15 million people.

Question 4.
When did the British give separate Electorate to Muslims?
Answer:
In 1909 through Minto-Morley reforms.

Question 5.
What was the major objective of Arya Samaj?
Answer:
To revive Vedic learning and combine it with modern eduction in the sciences.

Question 6.
When and between whom the Lucknow Pact was made?
Answer:
Between Congress and Muslim League in 1916 A.D.

Question 7.
When were elections held in India for the provincial legislatures?
Answer:
In 1937 A.D.

Question 8.
In how many provinces, Congress made government in 1937?
Answer:
In seven provinces.

Question 9.
Why did congress reject Muslim League’s offer to form a joint government in the United Province?
Answer:
Because it had absolute majority over there.

Question 10.
When did Muslim League demand Pakistan?
Answer:
In 1940.

Question 11.
Who wrote ‘Sare Jahan Se Achha Hindustan Hamara?
Answer:
Urdu Poet Mahammad Iqbal.

Question 12.
When was Cabinet Mission sent to India by the British government?
Answer:
In March 1946.

Question 13.
When did Muslim League elaborate ‘Direct Action Day’?
Answer:
On 16th August, 1946.

Question 14.
During the partition of India, how did the survivors describe the events of 1947 ?
Answer:
The survivors used the following words to describe partition of the country in 1947 :
(i) Maashal-la (Martial Law)
(ii) Mara-mari (Killings)
(iii) Raula (Tumult)
(iv) Hullar (Disturbance or Uproar).

Question 15.
Why did the Congress not accent the proposal to form a joint government with the Muslim League in the United Provinces ? Give any two reasons. ,
Answer:
(i) The Congress had won an absolute majority in the province.
(ii) The Muslim League supported Landlordism whereas the Congress wanted to abolish it.

Question 16.
What did the Urdu poet Mohammad Iqbal meant by ‘North West Indian Muslim State’?
Answer:
Addressing a meeting of the Muslim League in 1930, Mohammad Iqbal visualised the need for a ‘North West Indian Muslim State’. He did not stress on emergence of a new state. He only wanted reorganisation of Muslim-majority areas in north-western India. In fact, he wanted an autonomous state within the Indian federation.

Question 17.
Why and when was the Cabinet Mission sent to India ?
Answer:
The Cabinet Mission was sent to India in 1946 to fulfil the following objectives:
(i) It wanted to examine the demands made by the Muslim League.
(ii) It was to suggest a suitable political framework for an independent India.

Question 18.
On the basis of any two points, tell the significance of the oral sources of history.
Answer:
(i) It helps us to grasp experiences and memories.
(ii) It enables the historians to give a beautiful and vivid description of events.

Question 19.
On which two demands of Jinnah, the discussions about the transfer of power broke down ?
Answer:
(i) Jinnah sticked on the demand that Muslim members of the Executive Council must be elected by the Muslim League.
(ii) He also wanted to have a system of veto in the council on communal basis.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 13 Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement: Civil Disobedience and Beyond are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 13 Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement: Civil Disobedience and Beyond

Question 1.
When and from where Mahatma Gandhi came back to India?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi came back to India from South Africa in 1915 A.D.

Question 2.
When was Swadeshi movement started in India and who started it?
Answer:
During 1905-1907 by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal.

Question 3.
Who was the political mentor of Mahatma Gandhi?
Answer:
Gopal Krishna Gokhale.

Question 4.
Where was Mahatma Gandhi’s first public apperance when he came back from South Africa?
Answer:
At the opening of the Banaras Hindu University in Feb. 1916.

Question 5.
Which three movements Gandhi started before joining active politics ?
Answer:
Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad.

Question 6.
Which Satyagraha Gandhi announced after the passing of Rowlatt Act?
Answer:
Rawlatt Satyagraha.

Question 7.
When was Non-Cooperation started?
Answer:
In January 1921.

Question 8.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi withdraw Non-Cooperation movement?
Answer:
Due to violence occurred at Chauri Chaura in U.P.

Question 9.
When and why was Mahatma Gandhi arrested after the withdrawal of NonCooperation movement?
Answer:
In March 1922 on the charges of Sedition.

Question 10.
Which symbols Mahatma Gandhi used during the freedom struggle?
Answer:
Dhoti and Charkha.

Question 11.
When and where was the revolution of Poorna Swaraj adopted?
Answer:
At Lahore session of Congress in 1929 A.D.

Question 12.
When was Dandi March started?
Answer:
On 12th March 1930.

Question 13.
When was Quit India movement launched?
Answer:
In August 1942 A.D.

Question 14.
Distinguish between the policies of moderates and Assertive Nationalists.
Answer:
The moderates were peace-loving who preferred a gradual and persuasive approach towards the British. On the other hand, the assertive nationalists advocated strong opposition to the British Rule in India and wanted to oust the foreign rule by all means.

Question 15.
On what two things did the Satyagraha emphasise ?
Answer:
(i) Belief in the power of truth.
(ii) Search for truth and non-violent protest.

Question 16.
At which three places Gandhiji initiated his Satyagraha after his return from South Africa ? When were these movements launched ?
Answer:
(i) In Champaran region of Bihar (1916)
(ii) In Kheda District of Gujarat (1917)
(iii) In Ahmedabad of Gujarat (1918).

Question 17.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi want to adopt the policy of Non-Cooperation against the British in India ?
Answer:
Gandhiji believed that the British rule in India depended on the cooperation of the local people. He felt that the foreign rule still existed due to the cooperation of a few natives. Mahatma Gandhi launched the policy of Non-Cooperation so that he may end the foreign rule and introduce self-rule.

Question 18.
When and where was the Policy of Non-Cooperation approved ?
Answer:
The Indian National Congress approved the programme of Non-Cooperation in 1920 at its Nagpur Session.

Question 19.
Name any two moderate leaders. How were they associated with Gandhiji ?
Answer:
Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Mohammad Ali Jinnah were two prominent moderate leaders. Gopal Krishna Gokhale was the acknowledged political mentor of Gandhiji and Mohammad Ali Jinnah and was a lawyer, like Gandhiji, in Gujarat.

Question 20.
Which events marked out Gandhiji as a nationalist and a true national leader ?
Answer:
(i) His initiatives at Champaran, Ahmedabad and Kheda marked him out as a nationalist who had great sympathy for poor.
(ii) Rowlatt Satyagraha made him a true national leader.

Question 21.
Write the importance of NonCooperation movement from two aspects.
Answer:
(i) This movement was a training for self-rule.
(ii) For the first time, since 1857, the foundation of British rule was shaken.

Question 22.
When and where was ‘Poorna Swaraj’ formally proclaimed ?
Answer:
The demand for Poorna Swaraj was formally proclaimed by Indian National Congress at its Lahore Session in December, 1929. This session was presided over by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.

Question 23.
What important decision was taken about ‘Poorna Swaraj’ in the Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress held in December, 1929?
Answer:
In the session of the Indian National Congress held in December, 1929 at Lahore, it was decided to celebrate 26 January, 1930 as the Independence Day. On that day, all the people were to take an oath for complete independence of the country.

Question 24.
With which motive had Gandhiji started his Sabarmati Ashram ?
Answer:
Gandhiji established his Sabarmati Ashram in 1916. He wanted to teach his pupils the path of truth and non-violence. He also taught them to behave in a truthful and non-violent manner and practised his ideology of truth and non-violence in this Ashram.

Question 25.
Why and when did the Simon Commission come to India ?
Answer:
The Simon Commission visited India in 1928 to enquire about the conditions prevailed in India.

Question 26.
Why was the Simon Commission opposed ?
Answer:
The Simon Commission was opposed as it had all members from the white community and had no member from India which was quite insulting to the Indians. So, all the people of India opposed the Simon Commission.

Question 27.
What steps were taken by the government to control Civil Disobedience Movement ?
Answer:
(i) The government put all the important leaders behind the bars. They included Sardar Patel, Dr. Rajinder Prasad and Subhash Chander Bose.
(ii) The Indian National Congress was declared as an illegal organisation.

Question 28.
What do you mean by Movement for Praja Mandals ?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi wanted to broaden the basis of nationalism in India. So Indian National Congress started a series of Praja Mandals. It promoted the nationalist movement in the princely states and led nationalism to the farthest corners of the country.

Question 29.
When did the communal politics start ?
Answer:
The communal politics started in 1906 C.E. when the Muslim League was established. The British adopted the policy of Divide and Rule to increase the hatred between the Hindus and the Muslims.

Question 30.
Name any four leaders who associated themselves with Gandhiji between 1917 and 1922.
Answer:
(i) Sarojini Naidu
(ii) Vallabh Bhai Patel
(iii) Jawaharlal Nehru
(iv) Subhash Chandra Bose

Question 31.
What was the attitude of the Indian National Congress towards the Second World War ?
Answer:
The Indian National Congress was critical of both Hitler and the Nazis. So it decided to help the British Government during the Second World War on the condition that India would be granted freedom after the end of this war. When the British government refused this demand, all the Congress ministers resigned.

Question 32.
What did Gandhiji seek to obtain for the security of the peasants of Champaran in 1917 ? (C.B.S.E. 2011 (D))
Answer:
Gandhiji went on a fast to provide security to peasants of Champaran in 1917. As a result peasants got freedom to grow crops of their choice.

Question 33.
Why was Salt March notable ? Mention two reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2011 (O.D.))
Answer:
Salt March was notable because of the given below reasons:
(i) It was this event that first brought Mahatma Gandhi to world attention. March was widely covered by the European and American press.
(ii) It was the first nationalist activity in which women participated in large numbers.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 12 Colonial Cities: Urbanisation, Planning and Architecture are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 12 Colonial Cities: Urbanisation, Planning and Architecture

Question 1.
Name three Presidency cities established by the British.
Answer:
Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.

Question 2.
Who gave Bombay to the British East India Company in 1661 A.D.?
Answer:
Bombay was given to the company in 1661 A.D. by the English King.

Question 3.
Name the important centres of imperial administration and central during the Mughal Empire.
Answer:
Agra, Delhi and Lahore.

Question 4.
Which south Indian cities were femous for their temples?
Answer:
Madurai and Kanchipuram.

Question 5.
What is Qasbah?
Answer:
Qasbah is a small town in the countryside, often the seat of a local notable.

Question 6.
What is meant by Ganj?
Answer:
Ganj refers to a small fixed market.

Question 7.
When and where did the different Europeans establish their base in India?
Answer:
Portugues in Panaji in 1510, the Dutch in Masulipatnam in 1605, the British in Madras in 1639 and the French in Pondicherry in 1673.

Question 8.
Why did the importance of Surat, Masulipatnam and Dhaka decline during the British period?
Answer:
Due to shifting of trade to other places such as Madras, Bombay and Calcutta. .

Question 9.
How did the British try to raise money for administering towns?
Answer:
Through the systematic annual collection of municipal taxes.

Question 10.
How much was the urban population in India in 1900 and 1940?
Answer:
10 per cent in 1900 and 13 per cent in 1940.

Question 11.
When was railway introduced in India?
Answer:
In 1853 A.D.

Question 12.
Name three cities developed as railway towns. ,
Answer:
Jamalpur, Waltair and Bareilly.

Question 13.
When did the decennial (conducted every ten years) census become a regular feature in India ? Also, tell its importance.
Or
When was the first All India Census attempted ? Mention two of its early aims. (C.B.S.E. 2009 (D))
Answer:
The first All-India census was attempted in the year 1872. However, the decennial census became a regular feature since 1881. This collection of data is an invaluable source to study urbanisation in India.

Question 14.
What factors helped in the establishment of industries in Bombay and Calcutta in the middle of the 19th century ?
Answer:
(i) These cities were linked to the whole country by the expanding network of railways.
(ii) There was an availability of cheap labour. Therefore, it was convenient to set up new factories in these towns.

Question 15.
What were the two important industrial cities of India in the nineteenth century ? What was manufactured there ?
Answer:
In the nineteenth century, there were two main industrial cities, that is, Kanpur and Jamshedpur. Kanpur was famous for leather, woollen and cotton textiles. But Jamshedpur was known for the production of steel.

Question 16.
What were the objectives of early hill- stations ?
Or
How were the hill-stations a distinctive feature of colonial urban development ? Give two reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (D))
Answer:
(i) The initial hill-stations served the needs of the British army.
(ii) They served as places to stay troops, guard frontiers and launch campaigns against enemy rulers.

Question 17.
How important were the hill- stations for colonial economy ?
Or
Why were hill stations important for colonial economy ? Give any two reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D))
Or
Why did the hill stations become an ideal destination for the British and Europians? Give any one’reason. (C.B.S.E. 2014 (O.D.))
Answer:
Hill stations were very important for colonial economy on account of the following reasons:
(i) They had tea and coffee plantations in their vicinity.
(ii) There was an influx of immigrant labour from the plains as these hill-stations provided many opportunities for jobs.

Question 18.
What was the Lottery Committee of Calcutta (1817) ?
Or
Give any two functions of the Lottery Committee in the context of colonial Calcutta (Kolkata). (C.B.S.E. 2008 (O.D.))
Or
Name the region where the lottery committee initiated town planning ‘. during the 18th century. Mention any ‘one feature of it. (C.B.S.E. 2015 (O.D.))
Answer:
The Lottery Committee was set up at Calcutta in 1817 after the departure of Lord Wellesley. It carried on the work of town planning with the help of the government. It was named as the Lottery Committee because it raised funds through public lotteries. However, it used these funds for the improvement of the town.

Question 19.
What did the city of Bombay gain by the opening of Suez Canal in 1869 ?
Answer:
(i) The opening of the Suez Canal strengthened the links of Bombay with the entire world economy.
(ii) It developed Bombay as the most important city of India. In fact, Bombay was declared as the Urbs Prima in India-a Latin phrase, which meant that Bombay was a great city of India.

Question 20.
What is the importance of architecture for students of history ?
Answer:
Architecture helps in giving shape to our ideas with the help of stone, brick, wood or plaster. Social relations and identities are reflected in many ways through the bunglow of the government officers, the palatial house of the rich merchant to the humble hut of the labourer.

Question 21.
Name two buildings each made in Neo-Gothic and Indo-Saracenic styles during colonial period.
Answer:
(i) Neo-Gothic Style : The Secretariat, University of Bombay and High Court.
(ii) Indo-Saracenic Style : Gateway of India, Taj Mahal Hotel.

Question 22.
Name two buildings of Neo-Gothic style and name those Indians who donated money for these buildings.
Answer:
(i) University Hall: Sir Cowas Jee Jehangir Readymoney.
(ii) Rajabai Tower : Premchand Roychand.

Question 23.
Mention any two characteristic features of the “middle classes” in the new colonial cities under the British. (C.B.S.E. 2008 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) The middle class had an access to new education centres like schools, colleges and libraries.
(ii) As they were educated, they could express their views in newspapers, journals and social gatherings. It helped in the creation of new public environment.

Question 24.
Who were the Dubashes in colonial cities ? Explain one function they performed. (C.B.S.E. 2008 (O.D.))
Answer:
In the colonial cities, the Dubashes were those people who spoke in both the local language and English language. They used to act as agents or traders. They acted as mediators between the British and Indian society. They constructed their houses in traditional way near the markets of the Black Town.

Question 25.
Mention two changes that were seen in the network of trade in the urban centres from the mid 18th century. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) Traders migrated from the old Mughal centres to new centres in search of work and patronage.
(ii) Importance of commercial centres like Dhaka, Surat, etc., declined when trade shifted to other places, like Bombay.

Question 26.
Mention two features of the Fort St. George of White Town, where most of the Europeans lived. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) The white towns were those parts of the colonial towns where the white people lived. The cantonment areas were also developed at safe places.
(ii) They had wide roads, barracks, churches and parade grounds. Besides, they had big bungalows as well as gardens.

Question 27.
Mention two fears of Conservatives in introducing social changes in the new cities built by the British. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) Conservatives feared that the British could destroy their social customs.
(ii) They also feared that the British could convert them to Christians.

Question 28.
Who were Dubashes ? What did they do in Madras (now Chennai) ? (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
Dubashes were those Indians who knew the local language and English language. They also worked as agents and traders and played the role of mediocres between Indian society and the British.

Question 29.
How was the separation between town and country fluid ? State any two reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) Peasants travelled long distances to visit pilgrimage and they went through towns.
(ii) They generally collected in towns at the time of a famine.

Question 30.
Mention two new transport facilities introduced in the new colonial cities and also one important effect of it. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) In 1853, railways was introduced, which completely changed the outlook of cities. It connected colonial city with the rest of India.
(ii) New facilities lead to the development of ship industry.

Question 31.
Mentioh two characteristics of Neo-Gotbic style of architecture for publie buildings (C.B.S.E 2010,2o14 (OD))
Answer:
(i) The building constructed in this style had high pitched roofs, pointed arches and extensive decoration.
(ii) This style was adopted in the construction of churches in northern Europe during the medieval period

Question 32.
How did the introduction of .’railway in 1853 bring a change in the ‘ fortunes: of towns ? Mention any two changes. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (D))
Or
Analyse how did the introduction of the railways by the British prone advantageous for the Indians in the late nineteenth century. (C.B.S.E. 2015 (D))
Answer:
(i) The centre of economic activities started to move away from traditional centres because these towns were near to old routes and rivers.
(ii) Each railway station became a centre of collection of raw material and distribution of imported items.

Question 33.
Mention two characteristics of neoclassical style of architecture for public buildings in India during the British period. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (D))
Answer:
(i) First characteristic of it was the construction of geometrical structures fronted with lofty pillars.
(ii) It was delved from a style that was originally typical of buildings in ancient Rome. It was considered particularly appropriate for the British Empire in India.

Question 34.
Mention the significance of census operation undertaken by the British in India. (C.B.S.E. 2011 (D))
Answer:
Census data helped the British to undertake development works in new cities. This census data was also a valuable source to study the development of urbanisation in India.

Question 35.
Why did paupers from rural areas flock to the cities ? Mention any two reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2011 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) Paupers from rural areas flocked to the cities in the hope of employment.
(ii) Some saw cities as places of opportunity, others were attracted by the allure of a different way of life.

Question 36.
Why were Kanpur and Jamshedpur known . as prosper “Industrial Cities” ? (Give any two reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2012 (O.D.))
Answer:
Kanpur and Jamshedpur were known as prosper industrial cities, because:
(i) Kanpur was specialised in the production of leather, woollen and cotton textiles.-
(ii) Jamshedpur was specialised in steel production.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 11 Rebels and the Raj: The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 11 Rebels and the Raj: The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations

Question 1.
Who was the last Mughal emperor?
Answer:
Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Question 2.
Who started Doctrine of Lapse?
Answer:
Lord Dalhouse.

Question 3.
Which state was captured by the British on the issue of misgovernance?
Answer:
Awadh.

Question 4.
Who was Nawab of Awadh when it was captured in 1850 A.D.?
Answer:
Nawab Wajid Ali Shah.

Question 5.
Who led the revolt of 1857 in Kanpur?
Answer:
Nana Saheb, the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II.

Question 6.
Who led the revolt of 1857 in Awadh?
Answer:
Begum Hazrat Mahal and her son Birjis Qadr.

Question 7.
Name the famous state captured under Doctrine of Lapse?
Answer:
Jhansi.

Question 8.
What was the immediate cause of the revolt of 1857?
Answer:
The issue of greased cartridges.

Question 9.
Who said that ‘Awadh is just like a cherry that will drop into our mouth one day’?
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie.

Question 10.
When and who started Subsidiary Alliance?
Answer:
Subsidiary Alliance was started by Lord Wellesley in 1798 A.D.

Question 11.
Where was Nawab Wajid Ali Shah exiled?
Answer:
He was exiled to Calcutta.

Question 12.
Name the major centres of the revolt of 1857.
Answer:
Merrut, Delhi, Lucknow, Kanpur, Jhansi etc.

Question 13.
Who painted ‘In Memoriam’?
Answer:
Joseph Noel Paton.

Question 14.
Who said, “Khoob Lari mardani woh to Jhansi Wali Rani thi”?
Answer:
Subhadra Kumari Chauhan.

Question 15.
What was the role of cartridges covered with fat of animals in the mutiny of 1857 ?
Or
What was the immediate cause for the mutiny of 1857? ,
Answer:
In 1857, the soldiers were given new cartridges coated with the fat of cows and pigs. The soldiers had to peel them out with their teeth before using them. It corrupted their caste and religious norms. Therefore, the Hindu and the Muslim soldiers refused to use these cartridges. They revolted against the British to preserve their faith.

Question 16.
Give an example of a revolt by a famous tribe before the mutiny of 1857.
Answer:
Many peasant revolts were witnessed in different parts of the country before the rebellion of 1857. For example, Fraizies revolted against the oppression of farmers by the Zamindars of the Britishers. They were from a Muslim community.

Question 17.
Where was the fight for freedom fought in India ? How did the Britishers crush it ?
Answer:
The struggle for the freedom of India was fought in Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Punjab. The British crushed it with the help of their ewn power and the cooperation of a few kings of the Indian states.

Question 18.
How the revolt of 1857 acquired legitimacy ?
Answer:
Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah accepted to become the leader of revolt. Now revolt could be carried on in the name of Mughal emperor. In this way, Revolt of 1857 acquired legitimacy.

Question 19.
How events moved swiftly after 13th May in the mutiny of 1857 ?
Answer:
(i) Delhi was captured by rebels.
(ii) Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah gave his support to the mutiny.

Question 20.
“Rebel Sepoys (1857) began their actions with any signal.” Give any two signals in this regard.
Answer:
(i) At many places it was the firing of the evening gun.
(ii) At few other places this signal was the sounding of the bugle.

Question 21.
“Rumours and prophecies played a part in moving people to action before the Revolt of 1857.” Write any of the two rumours or prophecies in this regard.
Answer:
(i) There spread a rumour that the British had mixed bonedust of cows and pigs into the flour which was sold in the market.
(ii) A prophecy was made that on the centenary of the Battle of Plassey, on 23th June 1857, the British rule would come to an end.

Question 22.
Why did the British become increasingly interested in acquiring the territory of Awadh ?
Answer:
(i) The Britishers felt that the soil of Awadh was very good for cultivation of indigo and cotton.
(ii) They also thought that this state could be developed into a principal market of North India.

Question 23.
When and who annexed Awadh into the British empire ?
Answer:
Awadh was conquered and annexed into the British empire by Lord Dalhousie in 1856.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 10 Colonialism and the Countryside: Exploring Official Archives are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 10 Colonialism and the Countryside: Exploring Official Archives

Question 1.
When and who started permanent settlement of land?
Answer:
It was started by Lojrji Cornwallis in 1793 A.D.

Question 2.
How much of the Zamindaries changed lands after the introduction of permanent settlement of land?
Answer:
Around 75% of the total Zamindaries.

Question 3.
Why did Zamindars default on payments?
Answer:
Because of high revenue demand and accumulation of unpaid balance.

Question 4.
What was sunset law?
Answer:
If payment was not paid before the sunset of the fixed date, land will be confiscated.

Question 5.
Who were the most powerful in North Bengal?
Answer:
The Jotedars were the most powerful in North Bengal.

Question 6.
When was the fifth report submitted to the British Parliament? .
Answer:
In 1813 A.D.

Question 7.
Where did Francis Buchanan travel?
Answer:
Buchanan travelled through the Rajmahal hills.

Question 8.
What work did Paharias do?
Answer:
They were hunters, shifting cultivaters, food gatherors, charcoal producers, silkworm rearers etc.

Question 9.
Why did the British encouraged clearing of forests?
Answer:
Because they wanted to bring more land under cultivation to get more taxes.

Question 10.
What was Damin-i-Koh?
Answer:
This was a land demarcated for Santhals in 1832.

Question 11.
Who were called Dikus?
Answer:
Moneylenders were called Dikus.

Question 12.
Who was David Ricardo?
Answer:
He was an Economist who gave certain ideas to the British government about land rent.

Question 13.
When was Cotton Supply Association founded?
Answer:
In 1857 A.D.

Question 14.
What was the objefetive of Cotton Supply Association?
Answer:
To encourage cotton production in every part of the world.

Question 15.
Why were the estates of the Zamindars auctioned in the colonial Bengal ?
Or
Why were many Zamindars .auctioned after the permanent sattlement in Bengal ? Give two reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
(i) Sometimes the big Zamindars were unable to pay the revenue. The amount of unpaid revenue went on accumulating year after year.
(ii) So the government often auctioned the estates of those Zamindars who failed to pay the due revenue.

Question 16.
When was the Fifth Report submitted to the British Parliament ? What was its objective ?
Answer:
The Fifth Report was submitted to the British Parliament in 1813. It was about the administration and activities of the East India Company in India and proved helpful in regulating and controlling their rule.

Question 17.
What was Sunset Law of revenue ?
Answer:
According to Permanent Settlement of Land, it was necessary for the Zamindars to pay the revenue punctually. But according to Sunset Law, if any Zamindar was unable to pay the revenue by sunset of the specified date, then the Zamindari was bound to be auctioned by the government to recover the dues.

Question 18.
Why the Jotedars were more powerful in villages than that of the Zamindars ? Give two reasons.
Answer:
(i) The Zamindars lived in urban areas and Jotedars were located in villages with poor villagers. They had direct control over large section of villagers.
(ii) Jotedars were often amongst the purchasers in case of auction of the Zamindaris.

Question 19.
Why ryots (peasants) remained loyal to the former zamindar instead of the new Zamindars ? Give two reasons.
Answer:
(i) The ryots considered themselves bound to the former Zamindar through a sense of loyalty and saw the former Zamindar as a figure of authority.
(ii) The sale of Zamindari disturbed their pride and their sense of identity.

Question 20.
Which two factors helped the Zamindars to consolidate their power in the beginning of 19th century ?
Answer:
(i) In the beginning of the 19th century, the depression in prices remained no more and prices of agriculture produce became high.
(ii) Government made rules of revenue payments flexible which helped the Zamindars to consolidate their power.

Question 21.
When Cotton Supply Association and the Manchester Cotton Company were founded in Britain? What was their objective ?
Answer:
Cotton Supply Association in Britain, was founded in 1857 and Manchester Cotton Company was formed in 1859. Their objective was to encourage production of cotton in every part of the world so that their Company could grow.

Question 22.
Tell any two drawbacks of the RyotWari system of revenue introduced in the Bombay Deccan in 1920.
Answer:
(i) At many places, the amount of revenue was very high. Therefore, many peasants deserted their villages and migrated to new regions.
(ii) Many areas had poor soil and fluctuating rainfall. When the rains failed, the peasants had bad crop due to which they found it impossible to pay the revenue.

Question 23.
India was seen as a country that could supply cotton to Lancashire if the American supply dried up. Why was it so ?
Answer:
The land of India was suitable for the cultivation of cotton.

Question 24.
Examine the impact of limitation law passed by the British in 1859 ? (CBSE 2018)
Answer:
This law was meant to chack the accumulation of interest one time and three years validity of the bonds sighed between money lenders and reyots. Consequently the money lenders manipulated and forced the people to sign the deeds after 3 years.