CBSE Class 12

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Environment and Natural Resources. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 8 Important Extra Questions Environment and Natural Resources

Environment and Natural Resources Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Which specialized agencies of the U.N. have been actively promoting major issues of the indigenous people in different countries?
Answer:
Several agencies of the United Nations, like the United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF), UNESCO, the World Bank, and the World Health Organisation (WHO) have been actively promoting the concerns and issues of the indigenous people in different countries.

Question 2.
How can we protect the rights of the indigenous people with regard to the environment? (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
We can protect the rights of the indigenous people with regard to the environment by resisting globalization. Many of the movements against globalization have focussed on the right of indigenous people.

Question 3.
What is meant by the protection of ‘Global Commons’ in the world?
(Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
Global Commons include the earth’s atmosphere. Global Common should be utilized in a limited way. To protect Global Commons it is essential that awareness should be created in the public about Global Commons.

Question 4.
List any four areas or regions which come under ‘Global commons’. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:

1. Earth’s is the atmosphere
2. Antarctica
3. the ocean floor
4. Outer space.

Question 5.
Why do indigenous people need special protection to protect their rights? (C.B.S.E. 2011 Delhi)
Answer:

1. Indigenous people are illiterate and poor. They do not know how to protect their rights.
2. The land is the only source of their income. Thus, the loss of land also means the loss of an economic resource base.

Question 6.
Which World Summit Conference held in Rio in 1992? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
In June 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio- de-Janeiro.

Question 7.
What is U.N.E.P.? Mention its two main functions. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
United Nations Environment Programme is an international agency relating to the environment program. The main functions of U.N.E.P. are to protect the world from pollution by cutting emission of greenhouse gases and secondly, preventing unrestricted exploitation of resources.

Question 8.
Suggest any two steps to be taken by the government to check pollution and save the environment. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:

1. The use of diesel vehicles should be stopped in the country.
2. Orders should be given to close down all the industrial units installed in the residential areas.

Question 9.
Identify the most important outcome of the Rio Summit. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
After a lot of discussion at the Rio Summit, many conventions were produced dealing with climate change, biodiversity, forestry, etc. It also recommended a list of development practices under the title ‘Agenda 21’. In the Rio Summit, there was a consensus on combining economic growth with ecological responsibility. This approach is known as sustainable development.

The United Nations Framework Convention on climate change 1992 provided that all the nations should co-operate to protect the environment.

Environment and Natural Resources Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Why is it said that the history of Nffhlj Petroleum is also the history of war and struggle? (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
Petroleum is a very useful and valuable element in this Modern-World. One can not think of any life and working without this essential element. Due to its essentiality and importance history of Petroleum is the history of war and struggle.

Question 2.
Who are considered as ‘indigenous people’ in India? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
In India, scheduled tribes are considered Indigenous people.

Question 3.
Write the U.N. definition of Indigenous populations. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
According to U.N. “Indigenous people are comprising the descendants of people who inhabited the present territory of a country at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world and overcame them.”

Question 4.
What aroused a sense of common concern among the indigenous communities of the world during the 1970s? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Capitalists and M.N.C are draining their natural resources by illegal means and sometimes people are also compelled for immigrating from their native places.

Question 5.
Why are India and China exempted from Kyoto Protocol? (C.B.S.E. 2008 Outside Delhi)
Answer:
India and China were exempted from the requirement of the Kyoto Protocol because their contribution to the emission of greenhouse gases during the industrialization period was insignificant.

Question 6.
Highlight the major objective of UNFCCC. (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
Protection of climate system on the basis of equality and in accordance with their common but differentiated.

Question 7.
Why should the ‘environmental concern’ be a part of Contemporary Global Politics? (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
The environmental concern must be a part of Contemporary Global Politics because traditional patterns of economic growth are not sustainable in the long term. A balance has to be created between economic growth and ecological conservation.

Question 8.
The Earth Summit was held at:
(a) London
(b) New York
(c) New Delhi
(d) Rio-de-Janeiro.
Answer:
(d) Rio-de-Janeiro.

Question 9.
World Environment Day is celebrated each year on:
(a) 5 March
(b) 5 June
(c) 5 January
(d) 7 June.
Answer:
(b) 5 June.

Question 10.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was held in:
(a) 2004
(b) 1997
(c) 2001
(d) 1992.
Answer:
(d) 1992.

Question 11. India signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in:
(a) August 2002
(b) July 2006
(c) August 2000
(d) August 2005.
Answer:
(a) August 2002.

Question 12.
The World Council of Indigenous Peoples was formed in:
(a) 1950
(b) 1975
(c) 1990
(d) 2007.
Answer:
(b) 1975.

Question 13.
Earth Summit was attended by:
(a) 170 states
(b) 59 states
(c) 191 states
(d) 184 states.
Answer:
(a) 170 states.

Environment and Natural Resources Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by ‘Global Commons’? Give any two examples of Global commons. Why is it very essential to save them? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Meaning of Global Commons: For this, see Textbook Question No. 5.
Essentiality to save Global Commons:

1. There is a constant reduction in the total amount of ozone in the Earth’s stratosphere posing a risk to ecosystems and human health.
2. Coastal pollution is increasing globally. The coastal waters are becoming polluted due to land-based activities.

Question 2.
What is the significance of the Kyoto Protocol? Is India a signatory to this protocol? (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement setting targets for industrialized countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions. The protocol was agreed to in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan-based on principles set by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. India, China, and other developing countries were exempted from the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol because, in developing countries, per capita emissions are very low. However, India signed Kyoto Protocol in August 2002.

Question 3.
Explain India’s position on the environmental issues facing the contemporary world. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Or
Explain India’s stand on environmental issues. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2011, 2016)
Answer:
India signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in August 2002. At the G-8 meeting in June 2005, India pointed out that the per capita emission rates of the developing countries are a tiny fraction of those in the developed world. India is of the view that the major responsibility of curbing emission depends upon the developed countries, which have accumulated emission for a long period of time. India’s international negotiating position depends on the principles of historical responsibility, as enshrined in UNFCCC. The Indian government is already participating in global efforts through a number of programs. The Electricity Act of 2003 encourages the use of renewable energy.

Question 4.
Explain ‘Agenda 21’ and ‘sustainable development’ as discussed at the Rio Summit. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:

1. Agenda 21: The Rio Summit held in 1992 produced conventions regarding climate change, forestry, biodiversity and recommended a list of development called ‘Agenda 21’.
2. Sustainable Development: Sustainable development means economic growth with ecological responsibility.

Question 5.
Explain any four steps taken by the Government of India to curb the emission of greenhouse gases.
Answer:

1. India signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in August 2002.
2. The Energy Conservation Act, passed in 2001, outlines initiatives to improve energy efficiency.
3. The Electricity Act of 2003 encourages the use of renewable energy.
4. Importing natural gas and encouraging the adoption of clean coal technologies show that India has been making real efforts.

Question 6.
What is the meaning of ‘Global Commons’? Explain any two reasons for the dwindling of global commons. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Meaning of Global Commons: Global Commons are those areas, objects, or resources of the world that are not part of the exclusive jurisdiction of any one state. Examples of Global Commons are earth’s atmosphere, the ocean floor, air space, outer space, Antarctica. Global Commons is also called world heritage because they are passed on by the present generation to the next generation and so on. The global environment is also a Global Common and world heritage.

Cooperation over the Global Common is very difficult due to a lack of consensus on common environmental agendas. Generally, countries use Global Commons ruthlessly and never think of their obligations to protect it also. For example, Commercial ships, warships, passenger ships, boats, etc. freely use seawater and sealine communications.

Seawater is polluted by these ships because these are driven by diesel power. Moreover, developed countries dumped their waste in the sea. People living on the banks of rivers also throw their waste in rivers. Developed and nuclear countries pollute the environment by their nuclear experiments.

Reasons for the dwindling of Global Commons:

1. Generally, the countries use the global commons ruthlessly and never think of their obligation to protect it. For example, commercial ships, warships, passenger ships, boats, etc., freely use seawater and sealine communications. The seawater is polluted by these ships because these are driven by diesel power. Moreover, the developed countries dump their toxic wastes into the sea. The people living on the banks of rivers also throw their wastes in the rivers.
2. The developed and nuclear countries pollute the environment by dumping nuclear waste into the water.

Question 7.
Who are indigenous people? Describe any four problems of the indigenous people. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
The United Nations defines an indigenous population as comprising the descendants of people who inhabited the present territory of a country at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic-origin arrived there from other parts of the world and overcame them. Indigenous people today live more in conformity with their particular social, economic, and cultural customs and traditions than the institutions of the country of which they now are its part.

Problems of Indigenous Peoples: Following are the problems of Indigenous peoples.

1. Capitalists and multinational companies are draining their natural resources by illegal means.
2. Destroying and disturbing of human rights of indigenous people.
3. Creating insecurity and fear of unemployment livelihood of indigenous people.
4. Indigenous people are also compelled to immigrate from their native places.

Question 8.
“The Indian Government is j already participating in global efforts I will through a number of programs related to environmental issues.” Give any four examples to support the statement. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:

1. India signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in August 2002.
2. The Energy Conservation Act, passed in 2001, outlines initiatives to improve energy efficiency.
3. The Electricity Act of 2003 encourages the use of renewable energy.
4. Importing natural gas and encouraging the adoption of clean coal technologies show that India has been making real efforts.

Question 9.
What is resource geopolitics? How does the global economy rely on it? (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
Resource geopolitics revolves around who gets what, where, and how. The global economic system mainly depends upon resource geopolitics. The resources are also the key motives and means of the global European power expansion, so get or acquire that resources of the various countries, the developed countries used navigation and various other techniques.

The main aim of the cold war was to acquire the natural resources present in various countries so, all countries have an idea that through resources only they and their other supporting countries can develop. Therefore these countries strive had to display their military forces around these reserves and try to establish their favorite government in these countries of resources.

Environment and Natural Resources Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Analyze India’s stand on any three environmental issues. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Or
Analyze India’s stand on the environmental issue discussed at the international level. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
1. India is of the view that the major responsibility of curbing emission rates lies with the developed countries, which have accumulated emissions over a long period of time.

2. India’s international negotiating position relies heavily on principles of historical responsibility. This acknowledges that developed countries are responsible for the most historical and current greenhouse gas emissions.

3. India is wary of the recent discussions within UNFCCC about introducing binding commitments on rapidly industrializing countries, such as Brazil, China, and India, to reduce their green house gas emissions. India feels this contravenes the very spirit of UNFCCC.

Question 2.
Explain the meaning of ’Global Commons’. How are environmental concerns becoming important in global politics? (C.B.S.E. 20IS) (Imp.)
Answer:
Meaning of Global Commons: Global commons are those areas, objects, or resources of the world that are not part of the exclusive jurisdiction of any one state or individual. Examples of Global Commons are park or river, earth’s atmosphere, the ocean floor, air space, outer space, Antarctica. Global Commons and global environment are also called world heritage because they are passed on by the present generation to the next generation and so on.

Environmental concerns are becoming important in Global Politics:

The issues related to global environmental protection have become the priority concern of states since 1990 due to the following reasons:

1. The fertility of the agricultural land is significantly being reduced, due to overgrazing the grasslands have been depleted and the overharvesting has reduced the supply of fish. Due to excessive pollution, the water bodies have been adversely affected.
2. According to Human Development Report, 2006 of the United Nations Development Programme about 1.2 billion people in developing countries have no access to safe drinking water and about 2.6 billion people have no sanitation facilities.
3. Natural forests are being cut down as large-scale and have people being displaced thus leading to the loss of biodiversity.
4. There is a constant reduction in the total amount of ozone in the Earth’s stratosphere posing a risk to ecosystems and human health.
5. Coastal pollution is increasing globally. The coastal waters are becoming polluted due to land-based activities.

Question 3.
Define the ‘Indigenous People’ and highlight any two threats to their survival. (CB.S.& 2015)
Or
Examine the multi-pronged Issues related to the rights of the indigenous communities. (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
Indigenous people are the descendants of the native dwellers who have been living in a particular territory before the people of different cultures or ethnic origins arrived from other parts to capture that particular territory. The United Nations defines an indigenous population as comprising the descendants of people who inhabited the present territory of a country at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world and overcame them. Indigenous people are illiterate and poor. They do not know how to protect their rights. The land is only the source of their income. Thus, the loss of land also means the loss of an economic resource base.

Following are the two threats to the survival of indigenous people:

1. Poverty is an important threat to indigenous people.
2. They entirely depend on the resources and its continuous shortage of natural resources of indigenous people is another threat to their life.

Question 4.
Read the following passage and answer the following questions. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)

There is a growing significance of environmental as well as resource issues in world politics. If the various governments take steps to check environmental degradation, these issues will have political consequences. Most of them are such that no single government can address them fully. At the Rio summit, the first world countries were pursuing a different environmental agenda than the third world countries. The Indian government is already participating in global efforts through a number of programs. India’s International negotiating position relies heavily on the principles of UNFCCC.

(i) How the first World countries pursued a
different environmental agenda from the third world countries?
Answer:
The first world countries were mainly concerned with ozone depletion and Global warming. They wanted everyone (country) to be equally responsible for ecological conservation. While Third world countries felt that much of the environmental degradation is the product of first world countries.

(ii) The issue of global warming has deeply affected the world. Substantiate the statement with three examples.
Answer:
(A) Rise in global temperature
(B) catastrophic consequences for life on earth
(C) responsible for natural disasters.

Question 5.
Analyse any three threats to the global environment these days. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
Following are the reasons for environmental pollution.
1. Increase in Population. Rapid Population growth is the major factor responsible for environmental pollution Rapid growing population requires residential areas which lead to deforestation. A fast-growing population leads to overexploitation of natural resources. Their consumption of resources is more than production. Mineral resources such as petroleum coal and iron etc. also experience faster exhaustion. It has been rightly observed that much of environmental destruction in the form of deforestation and desertification can be traced to humankind’s struggle to feed a rapidly growing population.

2. Deforestation and Soil Erosion. Forest plays an important role to make human life prosperous. Forest creates balance in nature. It plays important role in the economic development of the country. Trees provide fuelwood, construction material, a healthy atmosphere, and fresh air to breathe in. But to meet with increasing demands of the population, to provide more residential areas, trees are filled. The shortage of fuelwood is leading to deforestation. The cutting off more and more trees lead to air pollution. Because trees are the only source to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen i.e. a necessity of life. Thus due to deforestation the carbon dioxide content of the air is increasing. Deforestation also affects rainfall patterns.

Moreover, deforestation leads to soil erosion. Deforestation affects wildlife. Cutting of forest causes loss of natural house of wild being. Thus deforestation adversely affects the ecosystem and causes environmental degradation.

3. Industrialisation. Rapid Industrialisation has caused environmental pollution. The indiscriminate and mushrooming growth of industries in and around the residential areas has complicated the scenario. The smoke from the Chimneys, the untreated effluents discharged in river and canals, and the mixing of chemical

Environment and Natural Resources Important Extra HOTS

Question 1.
Define Indigenous population. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
The United Nations defines an indigenous population as comprising the descendants of people who inhabited the present territory of a country at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world and overcame them.

Question 2.
What is Kyoto Protocol?
Answer:
Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement setting targets for industrialized countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions. The protocol was agreed to in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan-based on principles set by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Question 3.
Explain briefly the principles set out in UNFCCC.
Answer:
In 1992, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change set out the principle that the parties should act to protect the climate system on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.

Question 4.
What are ‘Global Commons’? List any two examples. (C.B.S.E. 2008)
gases in the atmosphere are the three main sources of industrial pollution.
Answer:
Ordinarily, common property is that which is not owned by any individual but is owned by the whole community. Similarly, there are certain areas or regions which are not owned by any individual or nation. These areas or regions are not a part of the territorial jurisdiction of any state. These areas are known as ‘Global Commons’. Global Commons can be used by any state and are governed by the international community. Global Commons include the earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, the ocean floor, and outer space.

Question 5.
What is a marine and coastal degradat¬ion?
Answer:
Coastal pollution is increasing globally as disposal of wastes into oceans is responsible for marine and coastal degradation. An increase in population, industrialization, and tourism is increasing coastal degradation.

Question 6.
What do you understand by greenhouse gases?
Answer:
Certain gases like Carbon dioxide, Methane, Hydro-fluoro carbons, etc., are greenhouse gases. These gases are responsible for global warming. Global warming is the rise in atmospheric temperature.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 3 Money and Banking are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 3 Money and Banking

Question 1.
What is meant by money? (C.B.S.E2010) (CBSE Outside Delhi2011,201 f (Comp.))
Answer:
Money can be defined as a generally acceptable medium that can be exchanged for goods and services, and can be used as a measure and store of value.

Question 2.
What is barter? (C.B.S.E 2013 (Comp.))
Answer:
Barter is a system of exchange in which goods and services are directly traded for other goods and services without the mediation of money.

Question 3.
Define bank money.
Answer:
Bank money mainly means cheques and bank drafts.

Question 4.
Give two demerits of money.
Answer:
Demerits of money are:
(i) Increase in corruption
(ii) Inequality of income

Question 5.
Write secondary function of money.
Answer:
Secondary functions of money include:
(i) Store of value
(ii) Standard of deferred payments

Question 6.
What will be the effect of a rise in bank rate on money supply?
Answer:
A rise in bank rate will reduce the money supply.

Question 7.
Define money supply? (C.B.S.E 2018, C.B.S.E 2011)
Answer:
Money supply is the total stock of money of different types of money (currency in circulation and deposits) in an economy at any specific point of time.

Question 8.
What are the various money stock measures?
Answer:
M₁ ,M₂, M₃ and M₄ are the various money stock measures.

Question 9.
What are the constituents of money supply in narrow sense?
Or
State the components of money supply. (C.B.S.E 2010,2011 Comp), (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The constituents of money supply in narrow sense are coins, currency notes and demand deposits.

Question 10.
What is a commercial bank?
Answer:
Commercial bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and advances loans to other people in order to earn profits.

Question 11.
What are the functions of commercial banks?
Answer:
The main functions of commercial banks are accepting deposits and advancing loans.

Question 12.
What are demand deposits? (C.B.S.E 2012,2013,2014)
Answer:
Demand deposits are those deposits in the banks, which can be withdrawn by drawing cheques on demand.

Question 13.
What are time deposits? (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2012,2014)
Answer:
Time deposits are those deposits of the public in banks which are deposited for a fixed period.

Question 14.
What is bank rate? (C.B.S.E 2009,2011 Comp.)
Answer:
Bank rate is that minimum rate at which the central bank discounts the first class bills and provides credit to the commercial banks.

Question 15.
Define ‘money multiplier’. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Money multiplier measures the amount of money that the banks are able to create in form of deposits with every initial deposit.

Question 16.
What is central bank?
Answer:
Central bank is the apex institution, which controls and regulates the quantity of money for the economic welfare of the public.

Question 17.
What is the main function of central bank?
Answer:
The main function of central bank is to design and control the monetary policy of its country.

Question 18.
What is meant by Statutory Liquidity Ratio? (C.B.S.E 2010,11)
Answer:
Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) is the ratio of total demand and time deposits of commercial bank which it has to keep in the form of specified liquid assets.

Question 19.
What is meant by Cash Reserve Ratio? (C.B.S.E 2010, 11)
Answer:
Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is the ratio of bank deposits that the commercial banks must keep with the central bank as reserves.

Question 20.
What are the quantitative instruments of credit control?
Answer:
The quantitative instruments of credit control include:
(i) Bank Rate
(ii) Open Market Operations
(iii) Cash Reserve Ratio

Question 21.
What are the qualitative instruments of credit control?
Answer:
The qualitative instruments of credit control include:
(i) Marginal Requirements
(ii) Rationing of Credit
(iii) Moral Suasion
(iv) Direct Action

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 2 National Income Accounting are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 2 National Income Accounting

Question 1.
What is depreciation? (C.B.S.E. 2011), (2013 Comp.)
Answer:
Depreciation is the loss in the value of fixed capital due to normal wear and tear, foreseen obsolescence and normal rate of accidental damage. It is also known as consumption of fixed capital.

Question 2.
Define intermediate goods. (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2011 Comp) (2013 Comp.))
Answer:
Intermediate goods are those goods, which are not meant for final consumption. These are raw materials used in the production of other goods, and services.

Question 3.
Define net exports.
Answer:
Net exports refer to the difference between the value of exports (X) and the value of imports (M) of a country during an accounting year.

Question 4.
What is saving?
Answer:
Saving is defined as that part of National Income, which is not spent on final consumption expenditure.

Question 5.
Give two examples of indirect taxes.
Answer:
Examples of indirect tax:
(i) Custom Duty
(ii) Excise Duty
(iii) Sales Tax

Question 6.
Define corporation tax.
Answer:
Corporation tax is a tax on the income of the corporations.

Question 7.
Define indirect tax.
Answer:
Indirect tax is a tax collected by an intermediary (seller) from the person who bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax (buyer). Its burden can be shifted by the tax payer on someone else.

Question 8.
How rate of saving is calculated?
Answer:
Rate of saving is calculated as:
\(\frac{\text { Net Domestic Saving }}{\text { Net Domestic Product }} \times 100\)

Question 9.
How rate of capital formation is estimated?
Answer:
Rate of capital formation is calculated as:
\(\frac{\text { Net Domestic Capital Formation }}{\text { Net Domestic Product }} \times 100\)

Question 10.
Give two examples of intermediate goods. (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Following are the two examples of intermediate goods:
(i) Cloth: Cloth is used as an intermediate good for manufacturing garments.
(ii) Steel: Steel is used as an intermediate good for manufacturing, say, bicycle.

Question 11.
Define a stock.
Answer:
Stock is an economic variable that is measured at a specific point of time. It is a static concept.

Question 12.
Define flow concept.
Answer:
Flow is an economic variable that is measured over a specific period of time. It is a dynamic concept.

Question 13.
Define a closed economy.
Answer:
A closed economy is the one, which does not undertake economic transactions with the rest of the world.

Question 14.
Define an open economy.
Answer:
An open economy is the one, which undertakes economic transactions with the rest of the world.

Question 15.
Is National Income a stock or flow variable?
Answer:
National Income is a flow variable because it is measured over a period of time.

Question 16.
What do you mean by money flow?
Answer:
Money flow refers to the flow of money value across different sectors in an economy.

Question 17.
State which of the following is a stock and which is a flow?
(i) Wealth
(ii) Cement Production
Answer:
(i) Wealth is a stock concept because it is measured at a point of time.
(ii) Cement production is a flow concept because it is measured over a period of time.

Question 18.
State whether the following is a stock or flow:
(i) Population of a country
(ii) Number of births
Answer:
(i) Population of a country is a stock concept because it is measured at a point of time.
(ii) Number of births is a flow concept because it is measured over a period of time.

Question 19.
Define flow variable. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2012), (C.B.S.E 2011)
Answer:
Flow variables are the variables which are measured over a specific period of time.

Question 20.
What are stock variables? (C.B.S.E 2012), (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Stock variables are those variables which are measured at a specific point of time.

Question 21.
What do you mean by circular flow?
Answer:
Circular flow is a pictorial illustration showing the flow of receipts of and payments for goods and . services, and factor of production across different sectors in an economy.

Question 22.
Give any two examples of flow concept. (C.B.S.E 2019)
Answer:
(i) National Income
(ii) Population growth
(iii) Investment .

Question 23.
What are leakages in circular flow?
Answer:
Leakages in the economy refer to the withdrawal of income from the process circular flow in the form of savings, taxes and imports from the foreign sector. For example: Savings.

Question 24.
What are injections into circular flow?
Answer:
Injections in the economy refer to the contribution of income into the process circular flow in the form of investment, government spending and exports to the foreign sector. For example: Investment.

Question 25.
Who supplies factor services in the circular flow?
Answer:
Household sector supplies factor services in the circular flow.

Question 26.
What is National Income?
Answer:
National Income is the aggregate of income earned by all the factors owned by the normal residents of a country during a period of one year.

Question 27.
What is National Income Accounting?
Answer:
National Income Accounting is an organised arrangement of figures relating to the economic activities in the aggregate economy during a specific period of time.

Question 28.
Define GNP at Market Prices.
Answer:
GNP at Market Price is the value of all final goods and services produced during a period of one year. It includes net factor income from abroad and depreciation.

Question 29.
Define NNP at Market Prices.
Answer:
NNP at Market Price is the value of all final goods and services produced during a period of one year. It includes net factor income from abroad but excludes depreciation. It can be calculated as:
NNP_MP = GNP_MP – Depreciation

Question 30.
Define GNP at Factor Cost.
Answer:
GNP at Factor Cost is the sum total of incomes earned by all the factors in an economy during a period of one year. It includes net factor income from abroad and depreciation.

Question 31.
Define NNP at Factor Cost.
Answer:
NNP at Factor Cost is the sum total of incomes earned by all the factors in an economy during a period of one year. It includes net factor income from abroad, but excludes depreciation. It can be calculated as:
NNP_PC = GNP_PC – Depreciation

Question 32.
What are transfer payments? (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2011 Comp.)
Answer:
Transfer payments are the payments, which are received by an individual without rendering any service to the producing unit. The government gives fees and scholarships, old age pension and other benefits as transfer payments.

Question 33.
What is meant by Gross Domestic Product. (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2011 Comp.)
Answer:
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is value of final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country during one year.

Question 34.
What is Nominal Gross Domestic Product? (C.B.S.E. 2011)
Answer:
Nominal Gross Domestic Product is money value of all the final goods and services measured at current prices produced by the normal residents of a country during one year.

Question 35.
What is the alternative name of the product method for measuring National Income?
Answer:
Value added method is the alternative name of the product method for measuring National Income.

Question 36.
Name the methods of measuring National Income.
Answer:
The methods of measuring National Income are:
(i) Product Method
(ii) Income Method
(iii) Expenditure Method

Question 37.
Indicate one problem associated with the measurement of National Income.
Answer:
Problem of double counting is associated with the measurement of National Income.

Question 38.
What is the alternative name for the final expenditure method of measuring National Income?
Answer:
Consumption and investment method is the alternative name of the final expenditure method of measuring National Income.

Question 39.
Define:
(i) Nominal GNP
(ii) Real GNP
Answer:
(i) Nominal GNP is the value of income or output at current year prices.
(ii) Real GNP is the value of current income at base year prices.

Question 40.
What is GDP deflator?
Answer:
GDP deflator measures the change in the base year’s GDP on the basis of the change in the once I level. It is calculated as:
\(\text { GDP Deflator }=\frac{\text { Nominal GNP }}{\text { RealGNP }} \times 100\)

Question 41.
State the formula that converts nominal GDP in real GDP.
Answer:
\(\text { Real GDP }=\frac{\text { Nominal GDP }}{\text { Pricelndex }} \times 100\)

Question 42.
Define Consumer Price Index.
Answer:
Consumer Price Index (CPI) is the index of prices of a given basket of goods, which are bought by the representative consumer.

Question 43.
State any two limitations of using GDP as an index of welfare of a country.
Answer:
The limitations of using GDP as an index of welfare of a country are:
(i) Unequal distribution of GDP
(ii) Exclusion of non-monetary exchange

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for Economics Class 12 Chapter 1 Introduction to Macroeconomics are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for Class 12 Economics Chapter 1 Introduction to Macroeconomics

Question 1.
What is microeconomics?
Answer:
Microeconomics is the branch of economics that studies the behaviour of individual decision making units such as households and firms.. Equilibrium prices and quantities of goods and services are determined through the interaction of individuals in the market.

Question 2.
Define macroeconomics.
Answer:
Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that studies the behaviour of factors affecting the economy as a whole. It focuses on the behaviour of national level aggregates such as national income, total output, employment level, price level, etc. Macroeconomics is also called aggregative economics.

Question 3.
List the events of macroeconomic study.
Answer:
The events of macroeconomic study include:
(i) Rate of inflation
(ii) Level of unemployment
(iii) Decline in agricultural and industrial output
(iv) Fluctuations in business activities
(v) Accumulation of foreign exchange reserves
(vi) Capital market changes

Question 4.
Give one example of microeconomic variable.
Answer:
Demand for a particular good is a microeconomic variable.

Question 5.
What is the name of Keynesian book published in 1936?
Answer:
The name of the Keynesian book published in 1936 is The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money’.

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 Important Extra Questions Security in the Contemporary World

Security in the Contemporary World Important Extra Very Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is Security?
Answer:
Peace and Security are very important for all types of development of mankind. ‘Security’ means in simple words freedom from threats. But every type of threat is not a threat to security. Only those things that threaten the core values are a threat to security.

Question 2.
Explain the traditional concept of security. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
In the Traditional Concept of Security, the greatest danger to a country is from military threats. Military threat is always from other country and military action endangers the core values of sovereignty and independence of the country. Military actions also endanger the lives of the people.

Question 3.
Suggest anyone effective step which would limit war or violence between countries {C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Confidence-building measures are one of the effective steps which would limit war or violence between countries. Confidence building is a process in which countries share ideas and information with their rivals. It is a process designed to ensure that rivals do not go to war due to misunderstanding.

Question 4.
Highlight any two threats to a country’s security as per the traditional notion of security. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
The two threats to a country’s security as per the traditional notion of security are as follows :

1. External aggression.
2. Internal conflicts or Civil War.

Question 5.
What is meant by Human Security? (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2010)
Answer:
The basic concept’ of Human Security implies freedom from threats. Security relates only to extremely dangerous threats-threats that could so endanger the core values that these values would be damaged beyond repair if we did not do something to deal with the situation.

Question 6.
Mention any two components of India’s security. (C.B.S.E. 2011, Delhi)
Answer:

1. India has built up its military strength and capabilities.
2. India has strengthened international institutions, international norms, international laws.

Question 7.
State any one measure to deal with terrorism as a new source of threat to security. (C.B.S.E. 2011, Delhi)
Answer:
To deal with terrorism as a new source of threat to security there should be bilateral, regional, continental, or global cooperation among nations.

Question 8.
What is meant by non-traditional notions of security? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2011, Outside Delhi)
Answer:
Non-traditional security goes beyond military attack or threat. It includes a wide range of threats and dangers affecting the conditions of existence. The non-traditional conception of security not only concerns the state but the individual and the whole humanity as a whole. Non-traditional view of security is also known as ‘Human Security’ or ‘Global Security’.

Security in the Contemporary World Important Extra Very Questions Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What is meant by Security? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Security means freedom from threats.

Question 2.
Define security. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
According to Palmer and Perkins, “Security clearly implies measures for dealing with a threat to peace.”

Question 3.
Mention any two Human Rights in the political field. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
(i) Right to freedom of speech, (ii) Right to Assembly are two Human Rights in the political field.

Question 4.
Define Cooperative Security. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Cooperation among states, NGOs, Non-state sectors, and international organizations on security issues is called Cooperative Security.

Question 5.
What is meant by ‘Human Security’? (C.B.S.E. 2011 Outside Delhi Set-I)
Answer:
Human security means in simple words freedom from threats. Only those things that threaten the core values is a threat to security.

Question 6.
Why human security is more important in the contemporary world than territorial security? (C.B.S.E. 2011, Delhi)
Answer:
Human security is more important in the present world than territorial security because the state exists for the protection and welfare of the people.

Question 7.
State the main objectives of the ‘Human Rights Watch’. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2011, Delhi)
Answer:
The main objective of the Human rights watch is to draw the global media’s attention to human rights abuses.

Question 8.
How is the balance of power a component of traditional security? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside Delhi)
Answer:
Balance of power as the maintenance of such just equilibrium between the members of the family of nations as should prevent any of them from becoming sufficiently strong to impose its will upon the rest.

Question 9.
Mention any two components of India’s security. (C.B.S.E. 2011 Delhi Set-II)
Answer:

1. India has built up its military strength and its capabilities.
2. India has strengthened international institutions, norms, laws, etc.

Question 10.
Explain the importance of ‘Arms control’ or a measure of traditional security? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
We can maintain international peace and security very reliable through arms control.

Question 11.
Which of the following is a source of insecurity?
(a) Human Rights
(b) Balance of Power
(c) Global Poverty
(d) Alliance Building.
Answer:
(c) Global Poverty.

Question 12.
Which of the following is a component of traditional security?
(a) Alliance building
(b) Preventing war
(c) Balance of power
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(c) Balance of power.

Question 13.
How many States acceded to Chemical Weapons Conventions?
(a) 102
(b) 155
(c) 192
(d) 181.
Answer:
(d) 181.

Question 14.
In which security, force is both the principal threat to security and the principal means of achieving security?
(a) Non-traditional
(b) Traditional
(c) Not a threat
(d) Balance of power.
Answer:
(b) Traditional.

Security in the Contemporary World Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
How do per capita income and population growth affect the economic disparity in the world? Suggest two ways to reduce economic disparity between the poor and the rich at the global level. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Global poverty is another threat to human security. Poverty is increasing in poor and fast-developing population countries whereas richer countries with stable populations are becoming richer. Global poverty is affecting the security of poor countries. Many armed conflicts have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, which is the poorest region of the world.
Suggestion to reduce economic disparity-

1. Equal development of all states should be encouraged.
2. Employment should be available to every man and woman in the world.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of cooperation in the field of ‘Traditional Security’. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Cooperation is very much required as well as essential in the field of ‘Traditional Security.’ It is now an almost accepted fact that war must be avoided. There should be no useless killings or hurting others except self-defense. Traditional Views of security lead to disarmament, arms control confidence-building. Arms control or disarmament means all states give-up certain kinds of weapons.

For example in 1972 BWC- Biological Weapon Convention and in 1992 CWC- Chemical Weapon Convention banned the possession as well as the production of these weapons. More than 155 states accepted the proposal of CWC and BWC. At the same time through Traditional Security, countries share ideas and information with their rivals and create confidence-building not to go to war to threaten another opponent. In traditional security, force is both for maintaining peace and achieving security.

Question 3.
What is meant by alliance-building as a component of traditional Security Policy? What are its advantages? (CB.S.E. 2O1)
Answer:
Alliance building is a very important component of traditional Security Policy. The most commonly applied technique for the maintenance of the balance of power is the system of the alliance. This system is as old as the known history of States. According to Morgenthau, “Alliances are necessary for the function of the balance of power operating within a multiple state system”.

Question 4.
What is meant by alliance-building as a component of traditional security policy? State its advantages. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
The alliance means when two or more than two countries tie themselves in a bond of component for security and economic growth. Following are the advantages of an alliance-

1. Small and under-developing nations get security by alliance or alliances.
2. Due to the alliance, unfriendly countries hesitate before attacking the opponent.
3. Any nation can face bravely one’s enemy due to alliance.
4. Lesser loss of men and material due to alliances.

Question 5.
Describe terrorism as a new source of threat to security. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Terrorism refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately. International terrorism involves the territory of more than one state. At present, international terrorism is a major menace being faced by the world. It has been posing a very serious threat to the security of several states. In fact, International terrorism is a great threat to world peace and security.

The classic cases of terrorism involve hijacking planes or planting bombs in trains, cafes, markets, festival places, religious places. On 11 September 2001 terrorists attacked World Trade Centre in America. On November 26, 2008 terrorists attacked Mumbai. The U.S.A. has now joined hands with countries like India to monitor the activities of international terrorist groups. The Non-Aligned Movement, the European Union, and the United Nations are taking various steps to check the growth of international terrorism.

Question 6.
State the various components of India’s security strategy. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Or
Explain in brief any four components of India’s security strategy. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:

1. India has built up its military strength and capabilities.
2. India has strengthened international institutions, international norms, international laws, etc.
3. India adopted a firm policy to deal with militant groups, separatism, etc., of Mizoram, Nagaland, etc.
4. Construction on Socioeconomic development is another component of India’s security system.

Question 7.
Identify and explain any four new sources of threat to security. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
Describe any four new sources of threats to Non-traditional security (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
New sources of threat are Terrorism, Human Rights, Global poverty, and Migrants.

1. Terrorism. Terrorism is a serious threat to human security. Terrorism is unlawful activities used to achieve desired objectives.
2. Lack of Human Rights. In the majority of the countries of the world, human rights are not available to their citizens. The violation of human rights is perceived as a threat to human security.
3. Global poverty is another big threat to human security.
4. Migrants. Those who voluntarily leave their home-countries are called migrants. The migrants are also creating problems for human security.

Question 8.
Examine four important components of the traditional notion of security. (C.B.S.E Sample Paper 2018)
Answer:

1. Balance of power is a component of traditional security. The best way of maintaining a balance of power is to build up one’s military powers.
2. Alliance building is another traditional component of security. For example, the NATO established by the U.S.A. and the Warsaw Pact created by the U.S.S.R. This system is as old as the known history of States. According to Morgenthau, “Alliances are necessary for the function of the balance of power operating within a multiple state system.”
3. Security Policy is concerned with preventing war which is called deterrence.
4. If finally, the War has started, the national fights against the enemy and defend them.

Security in the Contemporary World Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by Security? Evaluate the role of any four new sources of threat to security. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Or
Describe any three new sources of threat to security giving examples for each. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Or
Describe any three challenging global issues that can only be dealt with when everyone works together. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Security of a country is a vital issue for the well-being of the country and its people. Security in simple words means freedom from threats. But every type of threat is not a threat to security. Only those things that threaten the core values are a threat to security.

New Sources of Threat. New sources of threat are Terrorism, Human Right, Global Poverty, Migrants, Health epidemics.
1. Terrorism: Terrorism is a serious threat to human security. Terrorism is unlawful activities to achieve the desired objectives. Terrorism refers to violence which targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately. Bomb blasts, Hijacking, Human bombs, killing, etc., are all acts of terrorism.

2. Human Rights: Human Rights are those rights which are essential for the all-round development of a human. Human rights are commonly understood as those rights that every human being is entitled to enjoy freely irrespective of his religion, race, caste, sex, nationality or any one of these. In majority of the countries of the world, human rights are not available. Violation of Human Rights is also a threat to human security.

3. Global Poverty: Global poverty is another threat to human security. Poverty is increasing in poor and fast-developing population countries whereas richer countries with stable population are becoming richer. Global poverty is affecting the security of poor countries. Many armed coflicts have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, which is the poorest region of the world.

4. Migrants: Those who voluntarily leave their home-countries are called migrants. Migrants are also creating problems for human security.

Question 2.
Describe various aspects of human security as well as global security. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
At present there are different threats, poverty, starvation, illiteracy, global warming, incurable diseases, international terrorism etc., are considered a great threat to the security of world as well as human beings. Different nations are fighting against these threats. Thus security not just for the states but also for individuals and communities is called ‘Human Security’ or ‘Global Security’.

No country alone can resolve global problems to grant human security. International co-operation, though difficult to achieve, is vital and required.

Note: For various aspects of human security as well as global security.

Security of a country is a vital issue for the well-being of the country and its people. Security in simple words means freedom from threats. But every type of threat is not a threat to security. Only those things that threaten the core values are threat to security.

New Sources of Threat. New sources of threat are Terrorism, Human Right, Global Poverty, Migrants, Health epidemics.
1. Terrorism: Terrorism is a serious threat to human security. Terrorism is unlawful activities to achieve the desired objectives. Terrorism refers to violence which targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately. Bomb blasts, Hijacking, Human bombs, killing, etc., are all acts of terrorism.

2. Human Rights: Human Rights are those rights which are essential for all-round development of a human. Human rights are commonly understood as those rights that every human being is entitled to enjoy freely irrespective of his religion, race, caste, sex, nationality or any one of these. In the majority of the countries of the world, human rights are not available. Violation of Human Rights is also a threat to human security.

3. Global Poverty: Global poverty is another threat to human security. Poverty is increasing in poor and fast-developing population countries whereas richer countries with stable population are becoming more rich. Global poverty is affecting the security of poor countries. Many armed conflicts have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, which is the poorest region of the world.

4. Migrants: Those who voluntarily leave their home-countries are called migrants. Migrants are also creating problems for human security.

Question 3.
Describe health epidemics as the new source of threat under the non-traditional sources of threat to security. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
There are two types of security-traditional and non-traditional. Traditional concept of security are mainly concerned with threat of use of military forces. Non-traditional security includes a wide range of threats affecting the conditions of existence. Non-traditional view of security is also known as ‘Human security’ or ‘Global security’ which includes individual and the whole of humanity.

Health-epidemics as the new source of threat under the non-traditional sources of threat to security, Health epidemics such as HIV-AIDS, bird flu, severe respiratory syndrome (SARS) has rapidly spread due to migration business tourism, and military operations. Diseases such as ebola-virus, hantavirus hepatitis C have emerged and difficult to treat. Epidemics among animals like mad-cow disease, bird flu etc have major economic effects. At the same time, rapid environmental degradation is causing a serious threat to security. Air pollution, Water pollution, Land pollution and sound pollution all are creating various health problems and danger for human security.

Question 4.
What is Global Poverty? Suggest any two ways to reduce the disparity between the poor and the rich at the global level. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
What is Global Poverty:

For this see Global Poverty. Global poverty is another threat to human security. Poverty is increasing in poor and fast-developing population countries whereas richer countries with stable population are becoming richer. Global poverty is affecting the security of poor countries. Many armed conflicts have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, which is the poorest region of the world.

Steps to reduce disparity between the poor and the rich at the global level:

1. To reduce disparity between the rich and the poor at a global level equal development of all states should be encouraged poverty is increasing in poor and fast developing population countries whereas richer countries with stable populations are becoming more rich. Global poverty is affecting the security of poor countries. Many armed conflicts have occured in sub-Saharan Africa, which is the poorest region of the world.
2. Employment should be available to every man and woman in the world.

Question 5.
What is meant by cooperative security? How can this be made more effective? (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Or
Explain the need for cooperative security as a necessity in dealing with possible contemporary threats to the nations and suggest the methods to achieve it. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Cooperation among states, NGOs, Non-states sectors and international organisation on security issues is called cooperative security. As dealing with these non-traditional threats to security, co-operation is needed or required that is why it is called co-operative security military forces can solve only the problems of terrorism or protect us from foreign invasions only. But there are many other issues which threaten the security-poverty problems, migration and refugee movements control of epidemics any natural calamity like floods or earthquakes, etc, can only be solved by co-operative security only. Methods to make co-operative security effective.

1. All nations should co-operate each other without any bias or ill feelings.
2. Nations should exchange or warn each other about the problems.
3. Nations should seek co-operation from U.N. The World Health Organisation the World Bank, the IMF etc.
4. All nations should help each other in matters of research, which deal with human security from natural calamities.
5. Non-governmental organizations like Red Cross, private foundations, charities, churches, religious organisations, trade unions, social organisations and great personalities, etc, can be helpful in giving co-operation in the respective problem. Thus co-operation may also involve both national and international organisations.
6. To make the co-operations more effective nations shoi Id devise strategies against the eventualities.
7. Co-operation can be bilateral, regional and continental on global.
8. Co-operative security may involve the use of force- military action as a lost resort.

Question 6.
Describe any three inter-national challenging issues that can only be dealt with when all the countries • work together. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
Following are the three international challenging issues that can only be dealt with when all the countries work together:
1. Terrorism: Terrorism is a serious threat to human security. Terrorism is unlawful activities to achieve the desired objectives. Terrorism refers to violence which targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately. Bomb blasts, Hijacking, Human bombs, killing, etc., are all acts of terrorism.

2. Human Rights: Human Rights are those rights that are essential for the round development of a man. Human rights are commonly understood as those rights that every human being is entitled to enjoy freely irrespective of his religion, race, caste, sex, nationality or any one of these. In the majority of the countries of the world, human rights are not available. Violation of Human Rights is also a threat to human security.

3. Global Poverty: Global poverty is another threat to human security. Poverty is increasing in poor and fast-developing population countries whereas richer countries with stable population are becoming richer. Global poverty is affecting the security of the poor countries. Many armed coflicts have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, which is the poorest region of the world.

Question 7.
What is meant by the traditional notion of external security? Describe any two components of this type of security. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
Mainly, there are two types of security-traditional and non-traditional. Traditional security is mainly concerned with the national security. Traditional security relates only to extremely dangerous threats-threats that could so endanger the core values of the whole country. Traditional concepts of security are mainly concerned with the use or threat of use of military force.

Two components of the traditional notion of external security :

1. Balance of power is a component of traditional security. The best way of maintaining a balance of power is to build up one’s military powers.
2. Alliance building is another traditional component of security. For example the NATO established by the TJ.S.A. and the Warsaw Pact created by the U.S.S.R. This system is as old as the known history of States. According to Morgenthau, “Alliances are necessary for the function of the balance of power operating within a multiple state system.”

Question 8.
Describe the security challenges | faced by the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa after the Second World War.I (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:

1. Newly independent countries of Asia and Africa faced the prospect of military attack from the neighbouring states.
2. Secondly, these newly independent countries were worried about internal conflict. These countries faced threat from within also.
3. They quarrelled over borders and territories.
4. They were worried about the control of people and populations.
5. They worried about threats from separatist movement.
6. They were feared from superpowers like USA and USSR.

Question 9.
What is meant by the non-traditional notion of security? Differentiate between the narrow and the broad concept of human security. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
Meaning of Non-traditional notion of security traditional security-goes beyond military attack or threat. It includes a wider range of threats and dangers affecting the conditions of human existence. In traditional security, the referent is the state, whereas, in the non-traditional concept, the referent is global. In the non-traditional concept of security, not only the state but individual and the whole of humanity is affected. This view of security is also known as ‘Human Security’ or ‘Global Security’.

Difference between the narrow and the broad concept of human security. Supporter of Narrow Concept of Human Security focus on violent threats to individuals, while supporter of broad concept of Human Security agree that the threat agenda should include hunger, disease and natural disasters because there kill for more people than war, genocide and terrorism combined. The broadest formulation stresses what has been called ‘Freedom from want’ and freedom from fear.

Question 10.
Read the following passage and answer the following questions: (CBSE Sample Q.P. 2017)

There has been an attempt in India to develop its economy in a way that the vast mass of citizens are lifted out of poverty and misery and huge economic inequalities are not allowed to exist. The attempt has not quilte successed; we are still a very poor and unequal country. Yet democratic politics allows spaces for articulating the voice of the poor and the deprived citizens. There is a pressure on the democratically elected government to combine economic grown with human development. Thus democracy is not just a political ideal; a decomratic government is also a way to provide greater security.
(a) Mention the major scurity threats to India.
Answer:
Poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, Terrorism, in violation of Human Rights are unequal economic development are major security threats of India.

(b) Highlight the broad components of the security strategy of democratic India.
Answer:
(b) Following are the broad components of the security strategy of democratic India.

• India has built up its milirary strength and capabilities.
• India has strengthened international institutions, international norms, internatonsl laws, etc.
• India adopted a firm policy to deal with militant groups, separatism, etc., of Mizoram, Nagaland, etc.
• Construction of Socio-economic development is another component of India’s security system.

Question 11.
What is meant by the traditional notion of internal and external security? (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
1. Internal Security: Security depends upon internal peace and order. A society or a nation cannot be secure if there is violence or threats of violence inside its borders. Civil-Wars, separatism, rebels against governments, regionalism and alienation are the threats for internal security.

2. External Security: External security traditionally means national security of the nation. In it military attack is involved and danger is from outside by the opponent and enemy country. Invading country endangers the sovereignty, independence and territory security of the opponent. Military action not only involves the military of an opponent but also given negative impact on the general public also.

Question 12.
Analyse any three broad components of the security strategy of India. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
Main features of India’s Security Strategy are as follow :
1. Strengthening of Military Power and Capabilities. At the time of independence India faced threats to its security from neighbouring states as well as from within due to communal violence. India has to build up its military strength and its capabilities. India adopted the policy of making nuclear tests to safeguard its security. Indian conducted nuclear tests in 1974 and in 1998 successfully.

2. Strengthening International Organisations, International norms and laws. India has strengthened International Institutions, Organisation, International norms, International law etc. to protect its security interests. India has full faith in the United Nations and India has always supported the activities of the United Nations.

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, finally supported the cause of Asian solidarity, decolonisation, disarmament etc. To make more effective Indian leaders has suggested many reforms in the structure and functioning of U.N. India argued for an equitable New International Economic Order: Instead of Joining any Block India Preferred to follow the policy of non-alignment. India joined 160 countries that have signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Indian troops have been sent to other countries on U.N. peace keeping mission.

3. Policy of Meeting the Internal Threats. India adopted firm policy to deal with militant groups, separatists etc. of Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab,
Jammu and Kashmir, Separatists have tried to break away from India. They threatened unity and integrity of the country. The Indian government adopted democratic method to deal with separatists but firmly told them that there can be now compromised with the nation’s unity and security.

Question 13.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow: (C.B.S.E. 2019)
All proponents of human security agree that its primary goal is the protection of individuals. However, there are differences in precisely what threats individuals should be protected from the Proponents of the ‘narrow’ concept of human security focus on violent threats to individuals.
(i) Which type of security is the main concern of ‘human security’?
Answer:
Protecting citizens from terrorist and violent dangers that cause bloodshed is the main concern of ‘human security’.

(ii) What would you like to include under the ‘broad’ concept of human security? Explain.
Answer:
‘Broad Concept’ of human security includes hunger, disease, and natural disasters as they kill more people than war.

(iii) Identify any four threats from which individuals should be protected.
Answer:
Individuals should be protected from
(a) terrorism
(b) war
(c) poverty
(d) epidemic diseases.

Security in the Contemporary World Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
What is terrorism?
Answer:
In simple words, terrorism means to create terror and panic in society by committing acts of violence. Terrorism refers to the political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately.

Question 2.
Explain the term ‘Alliance’.
Answer:
An alliance is a coalition of states to defend jointly against attack or war. Military alliances were made after the Second World War in the era of the Cold War. NATO was formed by the U.S.A. and its allies.

Question 3.
What do you mean by the term ‘Disarmament’?
Answer:
In simple language, the term disarmament is used for the reduction or elimination of armaments. In actual practice, it has come to mean everything Jammu and Kashmir, Separatists have tried to break away from India. They threatened unity and integrity of the country. The Indian government adopted a democratic method to deal with separatists but firmly told them that there can be no compromise with the nation’s unity and security.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Human Rights?
Answer:
Human Rights is a concept of civilized society in which all the human beings enjoy the right to lead a free and dignified life. Human Rights are those rights which are essential for all-round development of a human. Human rights are commonly understood as those rights that every human being is entitled to enjoy freely irrespective of his religion, race, caste, sex, nationality, or any one of them.

Question 5.
What do you understand by term ‘Arms Control’?
Answer:
Arms control regulates the acquisition or development of weapons. The Anti-Ballistic Missile
they differ from each other. Disarmament means a plan or a system for the limitation, reduction or abolition of armed forces including their arms and equipments. On the other hand, arms control means a co-operative or multilateral approach to armament policy.