CBSE Class 12

Here we are providing Class 12 Hindi Important Extra Questions and Answers Aroh Chapter 6 उषा. Important Questions for Class 12 Hindi are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

उषा Class 12 Important Extra Questions Hindi Aroh Chapter 6

प्रश्न 1.
सूर्योदय से उषा का कौन-सा जादू टूट रहा है? (C.B.S.E. 2011, Set-I)
उत्तर
उषा काल में सूर्योदय आकर्षक होता है। प्रात:काल नीले गगन में सूर्य की फैलती प्रथम सफ़ेद लाल किरणें हृदय को बरबस अपनी ओर आकृष्ट कर लेती हैं। उसका बरबस आकृष्ट करना ही जादू है। सूर्य उदित होते ही यह भव्य प्राकृतिक दृश्य सूर्य की तरुण . किरणों में आहत हो जाता है। उसका सम्मोहन और प्रभाव नष्ट हो जाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
भोर के नभ को ‘राख से लीपा हुया चौका’ क्यों कहा गया है?
उत्तर
भोर के नभ का रंग नीला होता है, पर साथ ही उसमें सफ़ेदी भी बिखरी होती है। राख से लीपे हुए चौका भी जब तक गीला होता है वह मटमैला-सा प्रतीत होता है मैं उसमें नीलिमा अथवा श्यामलता के साथ सफ़ेदी का मिश्रण होता है। यही कारण है कि कवि ने भोर के नभ को राख से लीपे चौके की संज्ञा दी है। राख के ताजे लीपे चौके में नमी भी होती है। भोर के नभ में भी यह गीलापन है।

प्रश्न 3.
‘उषा’ कविता में प्रातःकालीन आकाश की पवित्रता, निर्मलता और उज्ज्वलता के लिए कवि दवारा प्रयुक्त निम्नलिखित कथनों को यथाक्रम लिखिए
(क) काली सिल जरा-से लाल केसर से कि जैसे धुल गई हो
(ख) राख से लीपा हुआ चौका
(ग) नील जल में किसी की गौर, झिलमिल देह जैसे हिल रही हो।
उत्तर :
पवित्रता-राख से लीपा हुआ चौका।
निर्मलता-काली सिल जरा-से केसर से कि जैसे धुल गई हो।
उञ्चलता-नीले जल में किसी की गौर, झिलमिल देह जैसे कि हिल रही हो।

प्रश्न 4.
कविता में प्रयुक्त उपमा और उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार छाँटिए।
उत्तर
उपमा-

• बहुत नीला, शंख जैसे।
• बहुत काली सिल जरा-से लाल केसर से कि जैसे धल गई हो।

उत्प्रेक्षा-

• स्लेट पर या लाल खड़िया चॉक मल दी हो किसी ने।
• नीले जल में या किसी की गौर झिलमिल देह जैसे हिल रही हो।
• स्लेट पर या लाल खड़िया चाक मल दी हो किसी ने।

प्रश्न 5.
‘उषा’ कविता में प्रातःकालीन आकाश में पवित्रता, निर्मलता और उज्ज्वलता के लिए प्रयुक्त कथनों को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
पवित्रता-जिस स्थान पर मंगल कार्य करना हो, उसे राख से लीप कर पवित्र बना लिया जाता है। लीपे हुए चौके के समान ही प्रात:कालीन आकाश भी पवित्र है। निर्मलता-कालापन मलिन अथवा दोषपूर्ण माना जाता है। उसको निर्मल बनाने के लिए उसे जल आदि से धो लेते हैं। जिस प्रकार काली सिल पर लाल केसर रगड़ने से तथा बाद में उसे धोने से उस पर झलकनेवाली लालिमा उसकी निर्मलता की सूचक बन जाती है, उसी प्रकार प्रात:कालीन आकाश भी हलकी लालिमा से युक्त होने के कारण निर्मल दिखाई देता है। उचलता-जिस प्रकार नीले जल में गोरा शरीर उज्ज्वल चमक से युक्त तथा मोहक लगता है उसी प्रकार प्रात:कालीन आकाश भी उज्ज्वल प्रतीत होता है।

प्रश्न 6.
‘उषा’ कविता के आधार पर प्रातःकालीन सौंदर्य पर प्रकाश डालिए।
अथवा
सूर्योदय से पहले आकाश में क्या-क्या परिवर्तन होते हैं?
अथवा
उज़ा कविता के आधार पर भोर के नभ का चित्रण अपने टाब्दों में लिखिए। (C.B.S.E 2017 Set-III)
उत्तर
प्रात:काल का दृश्य बड़ा मोहक होता है। उस समय श्यामलता, श्वेतिमा तथा लालिमा का सुंदर मिश्रण दिखाई देता है। रात्रि की नीरवता समाप्त होने लगती है। प्रकृति में नया निखार आ जाता है। आकाश में स्वच्छता, निर्मलता तथा पवित्रता व्याप्त दिखाई देती है। सरोवरों तथा नदियों के स्वच्छ जल में पड़नेवाले प्रतिबिंब बड़े आकर्षक तथा मोहक दिखाई देते हैं। आकाश लीपे हुए चौके के समान पवित्र, हलकी लाल केसर से युक्त सिल के समान तथा जल में झलकनेवाली गोरी देह के समान दिखाई देता है।

प्रश्न 7.
‘उषा’ कविता के आधार पर अपनी कल्पना में संध्या के सौंदर्य का चित्रण कीजिए।
उत्तर
सूर्योदय से पूर्व के आकर्षक दृश्य की तरह संध्या के समय सूर्य के डूबने से पूर्व का दृश्य भी बड़ा मोहक होता है। पक्षी अपने पंख फैलाकर अपने-अपने नीड़ों की ओर उड़े जा रहे होते हैं। चरवाहे अपने पशुओं को लेकर घरों को लौट रहे होते हैं। उस समय आकाश में श्वेतिमा, लालिमा तथा श्यामलता का मिश्रण दिखाई देता है। संध्या का क्षण-प्रतिक्षण परिवर्तित होनेवाला यह आकर्षण दर्शक की दृष्टि को बाँध लेता है। कुछ ही क्षणों के बाद यह दृश्य समाप्त हो जाता है और चारों ओर हलका-हलका अँधेरा छाने लगता है।

प्रश्न 8.
इन पंक्तियों का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
प्रातः नभ था बहुत नीला, शंख जैसे
भोर का नभ, राख से लीपा हुआ चौका
(अभी गीला पड़ा है।)
बहुत काली सिल ज़रा से लाल केसर से
कि जैसे धुल गई हो
स्लेट पर या लाल खड़िया चाक
मल दी हो किसी ने
उत्तर
प्रस्तुत काव्यांश में कवि ने प्रातःकालीन सुंदरता को बड़े आकर्षक रूप में चित्रित किया है। कविता में कल्पना तत्व की प्रधानता है। कवि ने सूर्योदय से पूर्व वातावरण में व्याप्त नीलिमा को उभारने के लिए विभिन्न उपमाएँ दी हैं। उन्होंने प्रात:काल के क्षणिक सौंदर्य को अपनी तीव्र अनुभूति के माध्यम से सरल, सरस तथा चित्रात्मक भाषा में व्यक्त किया है। उपमा तथा उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकारों का प्रयोग किया है। प्रभातकालीन आकाश का सहज चित्रण किया गया है।

प्रश्न 9.
निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए
नील जल में या किसी की
गौर झिलमिल देह
जैसे हिल रही हो।
और ……….
जादू टूटता है इस उषा का अब
सूर्योदय हो रहा है।
उत्तर
इन पंक्तियों में कवि ने सूर्योदय से पूर्व के आकाश की शोभा के चित्रण में बड़ी सूक्ष्म दृष्टि तथा मौलिक कल्पना का परिचय दिया है। आकाश में उभरनेवाले क्षणिक रंग का बड़ा सजीव चित्रण है। नीले जल में झिलमिलाती गोरी देह का शब्द-चित्र पाठक पर जादू का-सा प्रभाव डालता है। उत्प्रेक्षा तथा अनुप्रास अलंकारों का प्रयोग है। सरस तथा मधुर शब्दावली का प्रयोग है। नीला जल नीले आकाश का तथा झिलमिल देह उगते सूर्य का प्रतीक है। नीले आकाश की उज्ज्वलता का भी भावपूर्ण चित्रण है।

प्रश्न 10.
सिल और स्लेट का उदाहरण देकर कवि ने आकाश के रंग के बारे में क्या कहा है?
उत्तर
कवि ने आकाश के रंग के बारे में सिल का उदाहरण देते हुए स्पष्ट किया है कि यह आकाश ऐसा लगता है जैसे किसी काली सिल पर केसर धुल-सी गई हो। स्लेट का उदाहरण देते हुए कहा गया है कि आकाश ऐसा लगता है जैसे किसी ने स्लेट पर लाल रंग की खड़िया मिट्टी मल दी हो। इस उदाहरण द्वारा कवि ने श्वेतिमा तथा कालिमा के समन्वय का वर्णन कर आकाश की शोभा का वर्णन किया है।

प्रश्न 11.
‘उषा’ नामक कविता के माध्यम से प्रयोगवादी काव्य का शिल्प किस प्रकार प्रकट हो पाया है? स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
शमशेर बहादुर सिंह की कविता में प्रयोगवादी काव्य का शिल्प अति सजीवता से प्रकट हो पाया है। इसमें नए बिंब, नए प्रतीक और नए उपमान कविता के साधन बने हैं। पुराने उपमानों को भी कवि ने नया रंग देने का प्रयत्न किया है। प्रकृति में होनेवाला परिवर्तन मानव जीवन का सजीव चित्र बनकर प्रकट हुआ है। कवि ने प्रात:कालीन आसमान को धरती के साथ जोड़ने में सफलता प्राप्त की है।

सूर्य : उगते ही अपनी जिन रंगीन-छटाओं को प्रस्तुत करता है उन्हें कवि ने गाँव के सजीव वातावरण से जोड़ दिया है। आसमान में जैसे-जैसे रंग बदलते दिखाई दिए हैं वैसे-वैसे गाँव के घर में भी प्रकट हुए हैं। वहाँ भी सिल है, राख से लीपा हुआ चौका है, स्लेट की कालिमा है और रंग-बिरंगे चॉक को थामनेवाले अदृश्य हाथ भी हैं। कविता में प्रयोगवादी काव्य का शिल्प अनूठे ढंग से अभिव्यक्त हो पाया है।

प्रश्न 12.
प्रातःकालीन आसमान को देखता हुआ कवि मन में कहाँ पहुँचा हुआ प्रतीत है? लिखिए।
अथवा
सिद्ध कीजिए कि ‘उषा’ कविता गाँव की सुबह का गतिशील चित्रण है। (C.B.S.E 2014 Set-I, II, III, Outside Delhi 2017 Set-I)
उत्तर
कवि प्रात:कालीन आसमान के रंगों को देखते हुए धरती के हलचल भरे जीवन से जुड़ा हुआ है। वह किसी गाँव की सुबह को अपनी मन की आँखों से देख रहा है जहाँ सूर्य उदित होने से पहले की सुबह का अँधेरा काली सिल के समान है और कुछ समय बाद वही राख से लीपे हुए चौके की तरह है। वही स्लेट के काले रंग-बिरंगे चॉक के समान है। कवि के मन में भविष्य का वह छिपा हुआ उजाला जो रात के अंधेरे को चीरकर उजाले की ओर आगे बढ़ने का अहसास-सा करता है।

प्रश्न 13.
कवि की बिंब-योजना की विशिष्टता क्या है ? लिखिए।
उत्तर
कवि की बिंब-योजना गतिशील है और उसमें प्रकृति की गति को शब्दों में बाँधने की अद्भुत क्षमता है। चाक्षुक बिंब-रचना में कवि को विशेष निपुणता प्राप्त है, इसी के माध्यम से उसने प्रभावपूर्ण रंग-योजना की सृष्टि की है।

प्रश्न 14.
‘स्लेट पर लाल खड़िया चॉक मलने की कल्पना अद्भुत है’ टिप्पणी कीजिए।
उत्तर
स्लेट के काले रंग पर नमी से युक्त लाल खड़िया चॉक मल देने से वह भोर के समय पूर्व दिशा के समान दिखाई देता है जिसमें सूर्य अभी प्रकट हो रहा होता है। कवि ने प्रकृति की सुंदरता और रंग-योजना को प्रस्तुत कर अद्भुत कल्पना की हैं।

प्रश्न 13.
कवि की बिंब-योजना की विशिष्टता क्या है? लिखिए।
उत्तर
कवि की बिंब-योजना गतिशील है और उसमें प्रकृति की गति को शब्दों में बाँधने की अद्भुत क्षमता है। चाक्षुक बिंब-रचना में कवि को विशेष निपुणता प्राप्त है, इसी के माध्यम से उसने प्रभावपूर्ण रंग-योजना की सृष्टि की है।

प्रश्न 14.
‘स्लेट पर लाल खड़िया चॉक मलने की कल्पना अद्भुत है’ टिप्पणी कीजिए।
उत्तर
स्लेट के काले रंग पर नमी से युक्त लाल खड़िया चॉक मल देने से वह भोर के समय पूर्व दिशा के समान दिखाई देता है जिसमें सूर्य अभी प्रकट हो रहा होता है। कवि ने प्रकृति की सुंदरता और रंग-योजना को प्रस्तुत कर अद्भुत कल्पना की है।

प्रश्न 15.
निम्नलिखित काव्यांष्ठा को पढ़कर पूछे गए प्रष्ठनों के उत्तर दीजिए : (Outside Delhi 2017 Set-II)
भोर का नभ राख से लीपा हुआ चौका (अभी गीला पड़ा है) बहुत काली सिल जरा से लाल केसर से कि जैसे धुल गई हो। स्लेट पर भी लाल खडिया चाक मल दी हो किसी ने
(क) काव्याष्ठा के भाव संदर्भ पर टिप्पणी कीजिए।
(ख) काव्यांष्ठा की अलंकार-योजना का सौंदर्य समझाइए।
(ग) काव्यांष्ठा की भाजा की दो विष्ठोजाएं लिखिए।
उत्तर
(क) काव्यांष्ठा में कवि ने प्रात:कालीन सौंदर्य का बड़ा आकर्जक चित्रण किया है। कवि ने सूर्योदय से पूर्व वातावरण में व्याप्त नीलिमा का चित्रित करने हेतु अनेक उपमाएं प्रदान की हैं।
(ख) काव्यांष्ठा में ‘राख से लीपा हुआ चौका’ में उत्प्रेक्षा तथा ‘बहुत काली सिल जरा से लाल केसर से कि जैसे धुल गई हो’ पंक्ति में उपमा की छटा है।
(ग) भाजा सरल एवं सहज है। चित्रात्मकता विद्यमान है।

सप्रसंग व्याख्या, अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

1. प्रातः नभ था बहुत नीला शंख जैसे
भोर का नभ
राख से लीपा हुआ चौका
(अभी गीला पड़ा है।)
बहुत काली सिल ज़रा से लाल केसर से
कि जैसे धुल गई हो
स्लेट पर या लाल खड़िया चाक
मल दी हो किसी ने। (C.B.S.E. Delhi 2008, C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2013, Set-I)

शब्दार्थ चौका-जमीन पर बैठकर खाना बनाने का स्थान। सिल-चपटा पत्थर, जिस पर मसाले, चटनी आदि पीसते हैं।

प्रसंग प्रस्तुत काव्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘आरोही-2’ में संकलित कविता ‘उषा’ से उद्धृत है। इसके कवि शमशेर बहादुर सिंह जी है। इन पंक्तियों में कवि ने उषा काल के नभ का शब्द-चित्र प्रस्तुत किया है।

व्याख्या नीले आकाश में सफेद रंग की झलक भी थी। इस प्रकार सूर्योदय से पूर्व के आकाश ने आकर्षक रूप धारण कर लिया था। आकाश की नीलिमा में बिखरी सफ़ेदी के कारण उसका सौंदर्य शंख के समान बन गया था। नीले आकाश में सफ़ेद रंग की हलकी चमक को देखकर कवि को लगा-जैसे किसी गृहिणी ने सुबह होते ही राख से चौका लीप रखा है, जो अभी गीला पड़ा है अथवा ऐसा लगता है जैसे लाल केसरवाली सिल को धो दिया गया है लेकिन उस पर केसर की आभा दिखाई दे रही हो अथवा ऐसा लगता है जैसे स्लेट पर लाल खड़िया चाक मल दिया गया हो। अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. प्रातःकालीन आकाश कैसा था?
2. कवि ने भोर के नभ की क्या-क्या विशेषताएं बताई हैं?
3. उपर्युक्त काव्यांश के कवि तथा कविता का नाम बताएँ।
4. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. प्रात:कालीन आकाश बहुत नीले शंख के समान था जिसमें सफेद रंग की आभा भी झलक रही थी।
2. कवि ने भोर के नभ की निम्नलिखित विशेषताएँ बताई हैं

• नभ राख से लीपे हुए गीले चौके के समान प्रतीत होता है।
• वह लाल केसर से धुली हुई काली सिल जैसा दिखाई देता है।

3. उपर्युक्त काव्यांश के कवि का नाम शमशेर बहादुर सिंह है तथा कविता का नाम ‘उषा’ है।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• यहाँ कवि ने उषा काल का बड़ा सूक्ष्म चित्र अंकित किया है। सूर्योदय से पूर्व का दृश्य भले ही क्षणिक होता है पर अपने आकर्षण से दर्शक की दृष्टि को बाँध लेता है।
• प्रयोगवादी कविता का शिल्प द्रष्टव्य है।
• अभिधात्मक प्रयोग किया गया है।
• अनुप्रास, उपमा, उत्प्रेक्षा, पदमैत्री, स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों की छटा अनुपम है।
• कोमलकांत पदावली की योजना है।
• तत्सम एवं तद्भव शब्दों का प्रयोग है। दृश्य बिंब है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

2. नीला जल में या किसी की
गौर, झिलमिल देह
जैसे हिल रही हो।
ओर…..
जादू टूटता है इस उषा का अब
सूर्योदय हो रहा है। (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012, Set-1)

शब्दार्थ : गौर-गोरा रंग। सूर्योदय-सूर्य का निकलना। देह-शरीर।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत काव्यांश शमशेर बहादुर सिंह द्वारा रचित ‘उषा’ नामक कविता से अवतरित है। सूर्योदय से पूर्व का समय उषा काल कहलाता है। उस समय आकाश विशिष्ट रूप में दिखाई देता है। प्रस्तुत कविता में उषाकालीन आकाश की शोभा का अनेक रूपों में चित्रण है।

व्याख्या : नीला आकाश मानो नीला जल है। सूर्य का आकाश में प्रकट होना ऐसा लगता है मानो कि सुंदरी नीले जल से बाहर आती हुई रह-रहकर अपने गोरे रंग की आभा बिखेर रही है। अब सूर्य प्रकट होने के कारण उषा का जादू के समान यह सौंदर्य समाप्त हो रहा है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. कवि के अनुसार भोर का नभ कैसा प्रतीत होता है?
2. उषा का जादू कब टूटता है?
3. कवि ने नील जल में झिलमिलाती देह की तुलना किससे की है?
4. उपर्युक्त अवतरण का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. कवि के अनुसार भोर का नभ देखकर ऐसा प्रतीत होता है जैसे नीले जल में किसी सुंदर नायिका का गौर वर्ण झिलमिला रहा हो।
2. उषा का जादू सूर्योदय होने पर टूटता है।
3. कवि ने नीले जल में झिलमिलाती देह की तुलना भोर के नभ से की है।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• उषाकालीन आकाश का मनमोहक शब्द-चित्र प्रस्तुत किया गया है।
• चाक्षुक बिंब-योजना है।
• अभिधा शब्द-शक्ति का प्रयोग किया गया है।
• माधुर्य गुण-संपन्न है।
• अनुप्रास, उपमा अलंकारों की अनुपम छटा है।
• तत्सम एवं तद्भव शब्दों का प्रयोग है।
• कोमलकांत पदावली की योजना है।

Here we are providing Class 12 Sociology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Globalisation and Social Change. Sociology Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 6 Important Extra Questions Globalisation and Social Change

Globalisation and Social Change Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by World Trade Organisation?
Answer:
World Trade Organisation is an international organization which was established by member states of the United Nation in 1955. This organization regulates international trade and services through different laws, rules and policies. Its headquarter is in Geneva.

Question 2.
What is meant by the Synthesis of Culture?
Answer:
This is the age of globalization in which the living style of the people across the globe is the same. Due to this product of their consumption are also the same. This is known as a synthesis of culture.

Question 3.
What is meant by a Globalised village?
Answer:
Transnational companies, these days, are establishing different companies in different countries to increase their trade and relations. It has changed the world into a global village. It has been given the name of the globalized village, as the world is now just like a village.

Question 4.
What are the views of people about Globalisation?
Answer:
There are two types of views of the people about globalization. Some are of the view that the world will be changed into*a better world through globalization. But some people are of the view that it provides profit to the rich people and the condition of the poor will deteriorate further.

Question 5.
What is the impact of globalization on the social sector?
Answer:
Globalization has greatly affected social relations and religious identity. It has greatly affected fashion, eating habits, nature of consumption, and the living styles of the people. Now everything in one part of the world is available in another part of the world.

Question 6.
What is meant by the culture of consumption?
Answer:
These days, the culture of consumption is increasing in the world due to globalization. Today’s modern society is the society of consumption and everyone consumes the same type of things. This culture of consuming society is known as the culture of consumption.

Question 7.
What is meant by the policy of Liberalisation? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Removal of unnecessary restrictions of a controlled economy is known as liberalization. Removal of unnecessary restrictions from industries and trade is liberalization so that the economy can become more competitive, progressive and open. It is an economic process in society.

Question 8.
What is meant by Economic Reforms?
Answer:
The steps or reforms taken for the liberalization of the economy is known as economic reforms. These reforms occurred in all the major sectors of the Indian economy.

Question 9.
What are Transnational Companies?
Or
State the features of transnational corporations. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Transnational companies are companies that produce goods or market services in more than one country. These may be relatively small firms with one or two factories or could be huge international ones whose operation criss-cross the globe.

Question 10.
Give two assumptions of Globalisation.
Answer:
(i) Opening up of the country’s economy for foreign trade because it permits free trade among different countries.
(ii) Custom duty is reduced to such an extent so that foreign-made foods are not costlier than local goods.

Question 11.
What is Corporate Culture? (C.B.S.E. 2010, 2011)
Answer:
Corporate culture is a branch of management theory that seeks to increase productivity and competitiveness through the creation of a unique organizational culture involving all members of a firm.

Question 12.
What is meant by the globalization of finance? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Globalization of finance has been made possible due to the information technology revolution. Globally integrated financial markets undertake billions of dollars worth of transactions within seconds in the electronic circuits.

Question 13.
What was the significance of the Silk Route? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Centuries ago, Silk Routes connected India to the great civilisations which existed in China, Persia, Egypt, and Rome. With the help of these routes, people from different parts came here, sometimes as traders, conquerors, migrants, etc. These routes helped in the trade between different countries.

Question 14.
Name any two INGO’s. (C.B.S.E. 2012, 2013)
Or
Give examples of INGO’s. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Some of the best known INGO’s are Greenpeace, The Red Cross, and Amnesty International Medecins Sans Frontiers, etc.

Question 15.
Mention any two adverse impacts of liberalization. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:

1. Small and local industry/manufacturers exposed to MNCs and could not compete.
2. Some sectors like automobiles and electronics did not benefit from the policy of liberalization as they cannot compete with foreign products.

Question 16.
Differentiate between Fordism and Post-Fordism. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
The meaning of Fordism is the mass production of goods at a centralized location and is popularized by Henry Ford. Whereas the meaning of post-Fordism is a system of flexible production at dispersed locations.

Question 17.
In what way advertisement in technology led to revolutionary changes in global communities. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
The scope of the answer to WHAT is asked in the question is VERY LARGE. The question requires a connection between “advertisement in technology” LEADING TO” revolutionary changes “IN” global communities”.

Question 18.
How were silk spinners and twisters of Bihar affected by globalization? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Affect of globalization on silk spinners and twisters of Bihar

1. Lost their jobs because of Chinese / Korean silk yarn that entered the market.
2. Preference of the Chinese / Korean silk yarn, as it is somewhat cheaper and has a shine.

Globalisation and Social Change Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by Liberalisation?
Or
Explain the economic policy of Liberalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
Removing of unnecessary restrictions of the controlled economy is known as liberalisation. Removing of unnecessary restrictions from trade and industries, so that the economy can become more competitive, progressive and open, is called liberalisation. It is a process in which different countries of the world are motivated to provide such facilities with which free trade could develop among them. One of its main objectives is to reach the objective of a better international economic relation. This policy increases the working capacity of the economy and private companies have the ability to give better results than public enterprises.

Question 2.
Explain the process of Globalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
Answer:
Globalisation is that process in which the economy of one country is attached with economies of other countries. The unrestricted exchange of goods, services, capital and labour of one country with another country is known as globalisation. There is an open and free exchange of trade between different countries. In this way, the unification of world economies is called globalisation. The world has become a village due to globalisation.

Question 3.
How electronic economy underpins economic globalisation?
Answer:
The electronic economy is one of the major factors which underpins economic globalisation. Banks, corporations, fund managers and individual investors just click the mouse to transfer funds internationally or anywhere in the world. Yet, this quick move of electronic money has certain risks as well. In India, this is generally discussed with reference to rising share markets and also quick dips because of foreign investors buying stocks, making a profit and then selling them off. This type of transaction can happen only because of the communication revolution.

Question 4.
What is the relation of globalisation with employment?
Answer:
One of the major issues of globalisation and labour is the relationship between employment and globalisation. Here we can see the impact of globalisation. Globalisation and IT revolution have opened up new career opportunities for the middle-class youth of urban areas. They are learning computer languages at computer institutes rather than routinely picking up B.Sc. / B.A. / B.Com degree from college and are taking up jobs at call centres or at BPO companies. They are also working as a salesperson in shopping malls and are working at different restaurants that have opened up. But many times, globalisation becomes one of the reasons for the loss of employment of people of lower classes.

Question 5.
What do you know about Trans-national companies?
Or
Write two features of Transnational Corporations. (C.B.S.E. 2011, 2012)
Or
Write about the features of transnational corporations. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Transnational companies are those companies which produce goods or market services in more than one country. TNC’s could be small firms with one or two factories outside their native countries or could be gigantic international ones which operate across the globe. Coca-Cola, General Motors, Pepsi, Colgate, Palmolive, Kodak, Mitsubishi and a number of others are some of the examples of multi-national companies. They are oriented global markets and take in global profits even if they have a clear national base. Some Indian corporations like Tata, Infosys, Reliance, etc. are also becoming transnational.

Question 6.
Why is the number of cellphones continually increasing in India?
Answer:
Cellphones in India were started in 1995. At that time, mobile service was quite costly and it was not possible for everyone to buy this service. But gradually, this service became cheap. Later on, new mobile service providers came into the market and as a result, the competition started between them. The Telecom department has made a regulatory authority called TRAI which has kept control over these companies. First of all, incoming calls became free and later on, outgoing calls became quite cheap. Now the customer is required to pay only 1 paisa per second on outgoing calls. The monthly rental has reduced a lot. Mobile companies are giving new interesting schemes so that the customers are satisfied. That is why now everyone has a mobile. Even rickshaw puller have mobiles. This is the reason because of which cellphones are continuously increasing in India.

Question 7.
Differentiate between Fordism and Post-Fordism. (C.B.S.E. 201S, 2015)
Answer:
Fordism-It is a system of production, made popular by the American industrialist in the early part of the 20th century. He popularized the assembly line method of mass production of cars. This age also led to the payment of better wages to workers and social welfare policies were being executed by both the state and industrialists.

Post-Fordism-It refers to the method of flexible production adopted by multinational companies who either off-shore their production units or outsource the whole process of production and distribution it to the third world countries because of availability of cheap labour. This period is also known as the growth of the financial sector and the growth of the culture.

Question 8.
Discuss the changes that have emerged in Indian industries after globalization and liberalization. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Globalization and liberalization have brought many changes in Indian industries such as:

1. Private companies especially foreign firms are encouraged to invest in sectors earlier reserved for government.
2. Now there is no need for licenses to open industries.
3. Government is selling out public sectors or government companies.
4. Now Indian companies are becoming multinational companies and are selling their products all over the world.

Question 9.
“Globalisation affects different people differently.” Explain.
Answer:
Globalisation affects different people differently:

1. Products from outside countries flooded the markets which affected the people.
2. Industries, farmers, small manufacturers, traders etc. face tough competition from foreign agencies/countries.
3. The gap between rich and poor increasing.
4. Impact on fishermen, weavers, traditional craftsmen etc.
5. Cheaper foreign products replace the indigenous product e.g. gum from Sudan replaces gum from Gujarat etc.
6. Entertainment explosion replaced traditional entertainers and techniques.

Globalisation and Social Change Important Extra Questions Essay Answer Type

Question 1.
What is Globalisation? Explain in brief.
Answer:
The process of Globalisation is a wide economic process which has spread in all the societies and countries. Different countries have free trade and economic relations in this process. Every country is inter-dependent on other countries to fulfil their basic needs. It is because of this mutual dependence, mutual relations developed between different countries and one idea come into being to increase relations of free trade in each other’s country. This idea of increasing economic relations and free trade is given the name of Globalisation. The concept of Globalisation is the concept of liberalisation in which different countries are opening their doors for other countries to have duty free trade relations among them.

This concept of Globalisation is not very old. It is 10-15 years old which has taken the whole world in its fold. That’s why the world is shrinking these days. We can get foreign-made goods while living in our small town or city. We can look at any part of the country. For example, many foreign cars like Mercedes, General Motors, Rolls Royce, Ferrari, Honda, Mitsubishi, Hyundai, Skoda, Toyota, etc. came to India, which were not available in the decade of 1980s.

It is happening because of Globalisation and liberalisation because of which market of our country has been opened up for foreign companies. In this way, a lot of foreign-made goods and Indian goods are present in our country. It is due to Globalisation that different countries are opening their doors for foreign companies and are encouraging free trade. These days, the world is shrinking and now it is just like a small village or town. Government is increasing Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) in every sector. This is called Globalisation.

Question 2.
What are the basic principles of Globalisation?
Answer:
1. World Trade: The first and necessary condition of Globalisation is world trade. It is the main base of business of the world. It unites the people of different sectors living in different countries and gives them business. For example, India has a surplus of tea. That’s why different countries of the world are importing tea from India. In the same way, almost all the countries of the world depend upon Arabian countries for crude oil. In this way, with the exchange of goods and because of trade, they are coming closer to each other. People of India depend upon Arabian people and they depend upon us. That’s why world trade and Globalisation has increased.

2. Economic Globalisation: Globalisation has established a new economy in the world. Now the economy of one country depends upon the economy of another country. That’s why the concept of world economy came into being. Different countries unite with each other because of the economy and the exchange of cultural traits starts to take place between them. Investment, exchange of division of labour, specialisation, production, consumption, etc. have an important role in this trade. Economic Globalisation has encouraged capitalism. Now people are thinking about the international economy and structure.

3. Globalisation of Market: Globalisation has increased the market to a great extent. Now Globalisation of the market is not being done only on the basis of production but also on the basis of consumption. Now companies are producing things while keeping in mind the market of other countries or the international market. Even some countries depend on others for consumption. In this way, production and consumption depend upon the foreign market. With this, the business with other country increases and foreign exchange enters the country. In this, the way the market depends upon foreign countries. We can find a number of foreign goods in our market. Even eatable things are available in a can In this way, the market is has expanded with globalisation.

4. Division of Labour: Globalisation has encouraged the division of labour. Now people are trying to be placed in foreign countries. For example, people are doing a number of computer courses so that they can earn money in foreign countries. We see many types of advertisements in newspapers that specialists in different countries are required. Division of labour is encouraged because specialists are in great demand in different countries. It is the feature of globalisation that it has encouraged the division of labour.

5. Migration of Labourers to Another country: Another feature of globalisation is the migration of workers from one country to another country in search of work. Generally, people, specialists in different sectors from South Asian countries are going to western countries for work because they think that they can earn more in western countries. Workers from different countries are working in different countries and are earning money. In this way, because of globalisation people from different countries are able to migrate to other countries.

6. World Economy: Another feature of globalisation is the encouragement of world economy. Now the economy of one country is not restricted only to that country because its economy is affected by the economies of other countries. With the increase in business, economies depend upon each other. In this way, because of interdependence, the world economy and world trade have increased.

Question 3.
What was the impact of Globalisation on the Indian Economy?
Answer:
1. Increase of Indian Share in world export: With the process of globalisation, the Indian share in world export has increased. Indian goods and services in India for the decade 1990-2000 has increased by 125%. In 1990, the Indian share in the world’s export of goods and services was 0.55% which increased up to 0.75% in 1999.

2. Foreign investment in India: Foreign direct investment is an important feature of globalisation because foreign investment increases the capacity of production of any economy. Foreign investment in India is continuously increasing. From 1995-96 up to 2000-01, it has increased by 53% and during this time, 500 crores annually have been invested in India.

3. Foreign Exchange Reserves: Foreign exchange is necessary for import. In June 1991, foreign exchange reserves in India was 1 Billion Dollars which was enough to fulfil the needs of the country for only two weeks. After this, India adopted new economic policies, Globalisation and liberalisation were encouraged because of which foreign exchange reserve increased very quickly. Now our foreign exchange reserve in near to 350 Billion Dollars.

4. Growth of Gross Domestic Product: Because of globalisation, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country has increased. In 1980, it was 5.63% which increased to 5.80% in 1990. At present, it is around 7%.

5. Increase in unemployment: Because of globalisation, unemployment in India has increased. During the decade of 1990-2000, the economic problem came in Mexico, South Korea, Thailand, Singapur, Indonesia, Malaysia and it come because of globalisation. That’s why millions of people lost their jobs and they had to live below the poverty line. At the start of 1990s, the rate of unemployment was 6% which increased up to 7% in 2000.

6. Impact on Agriculture: The share of agriculture and its related activities in the Gross Domestic Product of the country is 29%. But it is 2% in the U.S.A., 55% in Japan and France. If we look at the labour force then India’s 69% labour force is related to agricultural functions but the labour force in the agricultural sector in the U.S.A. and the U.K. is only 2.6%. In the near future, it is necessary for India to open its market for world companies in the agricultural sector which is in agreement with W.T.O. This time will be challenging for India.

7. Educational and technical development: Globalisation and Liberalisation have put a great effect on the education and technology sector which has seen a revolution. The world has shrunk due to the means of transport and communication. Internet and computer have brought a revolution in this sector.

Question 4.
What are the impacts of globalisation on our local culture?
Answer:
Local culture is that culture which is restricted only to one country, society or geographical area. Yet many cultural groups exist in one country and they live with each other peacefully like in India. It has been said that India is a museum of many races, meaning many cultures live here. Unity and diversity can be seen here. So the traditional culture of a country or society is its local culture. It can also be called as the sub-culture.

Globalisation affects all those traditional cultures of societies or countries which come in contact with modern culture due to commercial relations. Because modern or western culture is developed in developed countries, that’s why English is the language of this culture. Globalisation exerts its impact on local culture and these impacts are given below:

Adopting Some Aspects of External Culture:
It has been said that wherever globalised culture has reached, the culture of that country has adopted some features of western culture according to their needs. For example, the general usage of the English language has increased in our country. Our ways of living, eating habits has also changed due to western culture. Even rural areas came under the impact of globalisation.

But one thing should be kept in mind, that although people have adopted the Western culture they still have maintained their own culture, customs, traditional ways of living, etc. So we can say that a globalised culture and local culture both are maintained side by side. We can give four steps to this:
1.People of the local culture are associated with their people on a community basis and they have emotional relations with the people of their regional community. That’s why people of local culture hardly adopt each and everything of external culture.

2. The main feature of local culture is that it is flexible and permanent. Local people are generally deeply associated with their own values, beliefs, traditions, languages, etc. That’s why people of the local culture are unable to adopt the external culture.

3. Humans are the result of different sub-cultures. That’s why a person is unable to mix himself with the globalised culture because people believe that they might become a slave of globalised culture. That’s why complete uniformity with the globalised culture cannot be established.

4. Many people give respect to cultural diversity for themselves. They like new ideas, new ways of living, etc. because they want some change in life and change is the law of nature. That’s why people of the local culture are unable to leave their old culture.

Question 5.
How communication system has been affected by globalisation?
Answer:
Revolutionary changes come in global communication due to advances in technology and the world’s telecommunication infrastructure. In house and offices, we have multiple links to the outside world which include telephones, mobiles, fax machines, digital and cable T.V., internet and e-mail. In the world, there are a number of places which were unknown to us before the advent of communication systems. This is indicative of a digital divide. Despite this digital divide, these forms of technology do facilitate the compression of time documents to each other with the help of satellite technology.

These days, mobile phones are a part integral of the middle-class youth of urban areas as cellular telephony has grown enormously. There has been tremendous growth in the usage of mobile phones and a marked change in how its use is seen.

Question 6.
What type of change has emerged in the political scenario due to globalisation?
Answer:
U.S.S.R. disintegrated in 1990 which was one of the largest change in itself. This event hastened the process of globalisation. It gave a specific economic and political approach to economic policies which encourage globalisation. These changes are also known as neo-liberalisation economic measures. Some concrete steps were taken in

India under the policy of liberalisation. Broadly speaking, these policies reflect a political vision of free enterprise which believes that a free reign to market forces will be both fair and efficient. That’s why it criticises both state subsidies and state regulations. In this sense, the existing process of globalisation doesn’t have a political vision as much as economic vision. However, the possibilities of different globalisation do exist. We thus have the concept of inclusive globalisation which includes all sections of the society.

One of the other major political development which accompanies globalisation is the growth of international and regional mechanisms for political collaboration. The European Union (EU), The Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and South Asian Federation of Trade Association (SAFTA) are some of the examples which showed the increasing role of regional associations.

Another political dimension which came in front due to globalisation is the rise of International Governmental Organisations (IGO’s) and International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGO’s). An inter-governmental organisation is a body which is founded by participating member governments and is given the responsibility of regulating a specific domain of activity whose scope is transnational. W.T.O. is one of its examples which rules and governs the trade practices across the globe.

Here we are providing Class 12 Hindi Important Extra Questions and Answers Aroh Chapter 5 सहर्ष स्वीकारा है. Important Questions for Class 12 Hindi are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

सहर्ष स्वीकारा है Class 12 Important Extra Questions Hindi Aroh Chapter 5

प्रश्न 1. काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए
इसलिए कि जो कुछ भी मेरा है या मेरा जो होता-सा लगता है, होता-सा संभव है
सभी वह तुम्हारे ही कारण का घेरा है, कार्यों का वैभव है।
उत्तर

• प्रस्तुत काव्यांश ‘आरोह भाग-2’ में संकलित कवि गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध द्वारा रचित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता से अवतरित है।
• इस काव्यांश में कवि ने जीवन में अपना सब कुछ असीम सत्ता को समर्पित किया है।
• खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग है।
• रहस्यात्मक भावना दृष्टिगोचर होती है।
• मुक्तक छंद का प्रयोग है।
• इन पंक्तियों में प्रसाद गुण है।
• अनुप्रास, संदेह, उपमा, पदमैत्री, स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों की छटा दर्शनीय है।
• बिंब-योजना अत्यंत सार्थक एवं सटीक है।
• भावपूर्ण शैली का प्रयोग है।

प्रश्न 2.
‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता के माध्यम से कवि ने क्या प्रेरणा प्रदान की है?
उत्तर
‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध द्वारा रचित है। इसके माध्यम से कवि ने मानव को जीवन में सुख-दुःख, संघर्ष-अवसाद, उठा-पटक, हर्ष-विषाद, राग-विराग आदि भावों को सहर्ष से स्वीकार करने की प्रेरणा दी है।

प्रश्न 3.
‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता का मूलभाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध द्वारा रचित ‘भूरी-भूरी खाक धूल’ संग्रह में संकलित है। इसमें कवि ने जीवन के सभी सुख-दुःख, हर्ष-विषाद, संघर्ष-अवसाद, राग-विराग आदि के सम्यक-भाव से अंगीकार करने की प्रेरणा दी है। ‘मनुष्य को इन्हें खुशी-खुशी स्वीकार कर लेना चाहिए। इसके साथ-साथ यह कविता हमें उस विशिष्ट व्यक्ति या सत्ता की ओर भी संकेत करती है जिसने कवि को जीवन में प्रेरणा प्रदान की है। जिसकी प्रेरणा से उसने समस्त भावों को सहर्ष भाव से खशी-खुशी स्वीकार कर लिया है।

प्रश्न 4.
कवि के प्रिय को उनका क्या-क्या प्यारा लगता है?
उत्तर
कवि के प्रिय को उनके जीवन के समस्त भाव बहुत प्रिय लगते हैं। कवि की गर्वयुक्त गरीबी, गंभीर अनुभव, विचार-वैभव, दृढ़ता, आंतरिक सरिता, सभी भाव उनके प्रिय को प्यारे लगते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
कवि ने प्रिय के चेहरे की उपमा किससे की है? कैसे?
उत्तर
कवि ने प्रिय के चेहरे की उपमा आकाश में मुसकराते चंद्रमा से की है। जिस प्रकार मुसकराता चंद्रमा सारी रात अपनी शीतल चाँदनी धरा पर बिखेरता रहता है उसी प्रकार विशिष्ट प्रिय का चेहरा कवि के प्रति खिलता रहता है।

प्रश्न 6.
कवि किससे दंड की कामना करता है और क्यों?
उत्तर
कवि अपने विशिष्ट प्रिय से दंड की कामना करता है। वह इसलिए इस दंड की कामना करता है क्योंकि वह अपने प्रिय के विस्मृत करने की भूल कर बैठा है।

प्रश्न 7.
कवि को पाताली अंधेरे की गुफाओं में भी किसका सहारा प्रतीत होता है और क्यों?
उत्तर
कवि को पतली अँधेरे की गुफाओं में अपनी विशिष्ट सत्ता या प्रिय का सहारा ही प्रतीत होता है। क्योंकि उसके जीवन में जो कुछ भी उसका है या उसका होना संभव है वह सब उसके विशिष्ट प्रिय के कारण ही है। वह सब उसके प्रिय के कारण ही उसे प्राप्त है।

प्रश्न 8.
‘ममता के बाद की मँडराती कोमलता भीतर पिराती है’ भाव-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
यह अवतरण गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध द्वारा रचित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ नामक कविता से अवतरित है। कवि अपने विशिष्ट प्रिय को संबोधन कर कह रहा है कि अब उसके जीवन का वह पड़ाव आ पहुँचा है कि जो ममता रूपी कोमलता कभी उसके हृदय को स्पर्श करते ही आनंद विभोर कर देती थी, जिसमें डूबकर वह आनंदमग्न हो सब कुछ विस्मृत कर देता था। अब वह भी उससे सहन नहीं होती। वह उसके हृदय को आनंद की अपेक्षा पीड़ा पहुँचाती है। वह उसे बादलों के मँडराने के समान कठोर प्रतीत होती है।

प्रश्न 9.
‘बहलाती-सहलाती आत्मीयता बरदाश्त नहीं होती है’-काव्य-पंक्ति में निहित व्यंजना का भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
आत्मीयता वह भाव होता है जो हृदय को स्पर्श कर उसे आनंद एवं खुशी प्रदान करती है किंतु यहाँ कृषि के जीवन में वे प्रतिकूल परिस्थितियाँ पदार्पण कर गई हैं कि उसे आत्मीय जन भी अच्छे नहीं लगते और न ही उनकी बहलाने-सहलाने वाली आत्मीयता उन्हें भाती है। अब कवि को केवल अपने प्रिय को अंगीकार करना चाहता है। वह उसमें सम्मिलित होने की कामना करता है।

प्रश्न 10.
कवि पाताली अँधेरे की गुफाओं में लापता क्यों होना चाहता है?
उत्तर
कवि पाताल की अंधेरी गुफाओं और गड्ढों में अदृश्य हो जाना चाहता है क्योंकि वह धुएँ के बादलों में पूर्ण रूप से छिप जाना चाहता है जिससे उसके विशिष्ट प्रिय अतिरिक्त कोई अन्य उसे पहचान न सके।

सप्रसंग व्याख्या, अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

1. जिंदगी में जो कुछ है, जो भी है
सहर्ष स्वीकारा है।
इसलिए कि जो कुछ भी मेरा है
वह तुम्हें प्यारा है।
गरबीली गरीबी यह, ये गंभीर अनुभव सब
यह विचार-वैभव सब
दृढ़ता यह, भीतर की सरिता यह अभिनव सब
मौलिक है, मौलिक है
इसलिए कि पल-पल में
जो कुछ भी जाग्रत है अपलक है
संवेदन तुम्हारा है। (C.B.S.E. Model Q.Paper 2008, A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012, Set-I, C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2013; Set-II, 2014 Set-I, II, III)

शब्दार्थ : सहर्ष-खुशी-खुशी, हर्ष पूर्ण से। गरबीली-गर्वीली, गर्व से युक्त । भीतर की सरिता-आंतरिक नदी। जाग्रत-जागा हुआ, सचेत, सावधान । संवेदन-सुख-दुख की अनुभूति स्वीकारा-ग्रहण किया। विचार-वैभव-विचार रूपी ऐश्वर्य। मौलिक-मूल रूप में,वास्तविक, अनिवार्य। अपलक-अदृश्य, नदी।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत काव्यांश हिंदी की पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘आरोह भाग-2’ में संकलित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ नामक कविता से अवतरित किया गया है। इसके रचयिता ‘गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध’ जी हैं जो नई कविता के बेजोड़ एवं प्रमुख कवि माने जाते हैं। इस काव्यांश में कवि ने जीवन में सुख-दुख, संघर्ष-अवसाद, उठा-पटक आदि को सम्यक भाव से अंगीकार करने की प्रेरणा दी है। कवि असीम सत्ता को संबोधन करते हुए कहते हैं जिनसे उन्हें जीवन में प्रेरणा प्राप्त हुई है।

व्याख्या : कवि असीम सत्ता को संबोधन करते हुए कहते हैं कि हे प्रभु! मेरी जिंदगी में जो सुख-दुख, राग-विराग, आशा-निराशा, उठा-पटक आदि सम्मिलित हैं उनको मैंने सहर्ष भाव से खुशी-खुशी स्वीकार किया है। अर्थात मेरे जीवन में जो और जैसी भी परिस्थितियाँ आईं उनको मैंने प्रसन्नता से ग्रहण किया है। कवि उसी सत्ता को संबोधन कर कहते हैं कि इस जीवन में जो कुछ भी मेरे पास है वह सब तुम्हें प्यारा लगने वाला है अर्थात कवि कहते हैं कि मैंने अपने जीवन में वही संचित किया है जो आपको प्रिय लग सके।

मेरे जीवन में सब कुछ मूलभूत एवं अनिवार्य है। यह गर्व से युक्त गरीबी, ये जीवन के गंभीर अनुभव, विचार रूपी ऐश्वर्य, श्रेष्ठ विचार, दृढ़ता, नवीन आंतरिक सरिता सब कुछ मौलिक है। इसमें बनावटीपन या गढ़ा हुआ कुछ भी नहीं है। कवि कहते हैं कि हे प्रभु! इस जगत में प्रतिपल जो कुछ भी दिखाई देता है, जो कुछ भी प्रकाशित होता है। वह वास्तव में अदृश्य रूप में तुम्हारा ही संवेदन है। तुम्हारे ही सुख-दुख की अनुभूति है जो दृश्य रूप में प्रतिक्षण आँखों के समक्ष रहती है। हे प्रभु! यह गोचर जगत आप ही द्वारा निर्मित है जिसमें प्रतिपल आप अदृश्य रूप में विराजमान रहते हो।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. इस अवतरण के कवि तथा कविता का नाम लिखिए।
2. कवि ने अपने जीवन में क्या-क्या स्वीकार किया है?
3. कवि को गरीबी कैसी लगती है और क्यों?
4. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. इस अवतरण के कवि का नाम गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध हैं तथा कविता का नाम ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ है।
2. कवि ने अपने जीवन में गर्वयुक्त गरीबी, गंभीर अनुभव, विचार-वैभव, दृढ़ता आदि को प्रसन्नतापूर्वक स्वीकार किया है।
3. कवि को गरीबी गर्वीली लगती है क्योंकि उसे गरीबी भी उसके प्रेरणास्रोत प्रभु द्वारा प्राप्त हुई है।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

•  रहस्यवादी भावना का चित्रण हुआ है।
• खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग है।
• संस्कृत के तत्सम, तद्भव और विदेशी भाषा के शब्दों का प्रयोग है।
• शांत रस की प्रधानता है।
• अनुप्रास, पदमैत्री, रूपक, स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों की छटा दर्शनीय है।
• बिंब-योजना अत्यंत सरल है।

2. जाने क्या रिश्ता है, जाने क्या नाता है
जितना भी उँडेलता हूँ, भर-भर फिर आता है
दिल में क्या झरना है ?
मीठे पानी का सोता है
भीतर वह, ऊपर तुम
मुसकाता चाँद ज्यों धरती पर रात-भर
मुझ पर त्यों तुम्हारा ही खिलता वह चेहरा है!! (C.B.S.E. Delhi 2008, C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi, 2013, Set-I)

शब्दार्थ : उँडेलता हूँ-बिखेरता हूँ, खाली करता हूँ। मुसकाता-मुसकराता। सोता-जल की निरंतर बहनेवाली छोटी धारा, झरना, नदी की शाखा।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ ‘आरोह भाग-2 में संकलित कवि ‘मुक्तिबोध’ द्वारा रचित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ नामक कविता से अवतरित हैं। इनमें कवि ने रहस्यवादी चेतना का परिचय देते हुए मनुष्य और परमात्मा के अटूट संबंध का चित्रांकन किया है।

व्याख्या : कवि प्रभु को संबोधन करते हुए कहते हैं कि हे प्रभु! मैं नहीं जानता कि मेरा आपके साथ क्या रिश्ता-नाता है। मेरा आपसे क्या संबंध है ? इस बारे में मुझे कुछ भी नहीं पता। दिल में न जाने कौन-सा प्रेम रूपी झरना मौजूद है। मैं इस झरने को जितनी बार भी खाली करता हूँ यह बार-बार अपने-आप ही भर जाता है। कवि का अभिप्राय है कि आपके प्रति मेरे हृदय में प्रेम रूपी झरना प्रवाहित है। मैं बार-बार प्रयास करके इसे खाली करना चाहता हूँ परंतु यह फिर भर जाता है।

मैं आपके प्रति अपने हार्दिक प्रेम को कम करना चाहता हूँ लेकिन यह कम होने की अपेक्षा और बढ़ता ही जाता है। हे असीम सत्ता! मेरे भीतर तो मीठे पानी का स्रोत या झरना मौजूद है और बाहर तुम विराजमान हो। कवि का कथन है कि जिस प्रकार रात्रि में मुसकराता, खिलता हुआ चंद्रमा मौजूद रहता है उसी प्रकार हे प्रभु! मेरी आत्मा पर आपका ही चेहरा या स्वरूप खिलता रहता है। मेरी आत्मा में सदैव आपका स्वरूप छाया रहता है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. ‘जाने क्या रिश्ता है, जाने क्या नाता’ पंक्ति में कवि किससे, किस रिश्ते और नाते की बात करता है?
2. झरने का पानी कैसा है?
3. कवि ने प्रभु के खिलते चेहरे की तुलना किससे की है?
4. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. इस पंक्ति में कवि प्रभु से अपने अर्थात मानव के रिश्ते और नाते की बात करता है।
2. झरने का पानी एक मीठे पानी के स्रोत के समान है।
3. कवि ने प्रभु के खिलते चेहरे की तुलना रात्रि में धरती पर मुसकराते चंद्रमा से की है।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• कवि ने मनुष्य और असीम सत्ता के अटूट संबंध का चित्रण किया है।
• अनुप्रास, पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश, रूपक, उपमा, मानवीकरण, उदाहरण अलंकारों की छटा दर्शनीय है।
• मुक्तक छंद का प्रयोग है।
• शांत रस प्रधान है।
• संस्कृत के तत्सम और तद्भव शब्दों का प्रयोग हुआ है।
• मुक्तक छंद है।
• खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग है।

3. सचमुच मुझे दंड दो कि भूलूँ मैं भूलूँ मैं
तुम्हें भूल जाने की
दक्षिण ध्रुवी अंधकार-अमावस्या
शरीर पर, चेहरे पर, अंतर में पा लूँ मैं
झेलूँ मैं, उसी में नहा लूँ मैं
इसलिए कि तुमसे ही परिवेष्टित आच्छादित
रहने का रमणीय यह उजेला अब
सहा नहीं जाता है। (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2016)
नहीं सहा जाता है।
ममता के बादल की मंडराती कोमलताभीतर पिराती है
कमज़ोर और अक्षम अब हो गई है आत्मा यह
छटपटाती छाती को भवितव्यता डराती है
बहलाती सहलाती आत्मीयता बरदाशत नहीं होती है! (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2009, 2010 Set-III, 2011 Set-III, 2012 Set-1)

शब्दार्थ : अंतर-हृदय। आच्छादित-ढका हुआ। अक्षम-असमर्थ, क्षमता रहित, अशक्त। भवितव्यता-होनी, शक्ति अवश्यंभावी।

बरदाश्त-सहन, सहनशीलता। परिवेष्टित-घिरा हुआ। रमणीय-सुंदर। छटपटाना-पीड़ा के कारण हाथ-पैर मारना या आर्थिक दुखों से परेशान होना। आत्मीयता-अपनापन।

प्रसंग : यह पद्य मुक्तिबोध द्वारा रचित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ नामक कविता से अवतरित किया गया है। इसमें कवि ने मनुष्य को यह प्रेरणा दी है कि जीवन में हमें आनेवाले पलों को स्वीकारना चाहिए।

व्याख्या : कवि उस असीम सत्ता को संबोधन करते हुए कहता है कि हे प्रभु, आपको भूलकर जो मैंने अपराध किया है उसका मुझे अवश्य दंड मिलना चाहिए। अत: आप मुझे दंड दें। मैं दक्षिण ध्रुव पर विराजमान अँधेरे से परिपूर्ण अमावस्या को अपने हृदय में प्राप्त कर लूँ तथा उसे अपने शरीर और चेहरे पर झेलूँ और मैं उसी में डूबकर स्नान कर लेना चाहता हूँ क्योंकि आपसे घिरे तथा ढके हुए रहने का यह सुंदर प्रकाश अब मुझसे सहन नहीं होता। कवि का कहना है कि हे प्रभु! आपसे ढके हुए रहने का यह रमणीय प्रकाश मुझसे और ज्यादा सहन नहीं होता इसलिए मैं अब अँधेरी अमावस्या में डूब जाना चाहता हूँ।

अब तो स्थिति यह हो गई है कि जो ममता के बादल मेरे चारों ओर मँडराते रहते हैं, अब इन ममता के बादलों की मँडराती कोमलता मेरे हृदय को पीड़ा देने लगी है। जिन ममता रूपी बादलों को देखकर मैं पहले आनंदित हो जाया करता था अब वही ममता रूपी बादल मुझे पीड़ादायक प्रतीत होते हैं। अब मुझमें और अधिक कष्ट सहने की शक्ति नहीं रही। अब तो मेरी आत्मा कमजोर और शक्तिहीन हो गई है।

मेरी छाती निरंतर दुखों के कारण परेशान रहती है इसलिए वह होनी को देखकर भयभीत रहती है। होनी मेरी कमज़ोर और शक्तिहीन छाती तथा हृदय को डराती रहती है। कवि कहते हैं कि अब तो स्थिति इतनी नाजुक हो गई है कि मुझे देखकर लोग सांत्वना देते हैं, सहानुभूति प्रकट करते हैं तथा दुखों को सहलाने का प्रयास करते हैं लेकिन अब तो मन बहला देनेवाली तथा दुखों को सहला देनेवाली आत्मीयता भी सहन नहीं होती। अपनापन भी अच्छा नहीं लगता।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. कवि के भीतर कौन पीड़ा पहुँचाती है?
2. कवि की आत्मा कैसी हो गई?
3. अब कवि को क्या बरदाश्त नहीं होती?
4. कवि किससे दंड की प्रार्थना करते हैं और क्यों?
5. इस उपर्युक्त काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
6. कवि के व्यक्तिगत संदर्भ में किसे ‘अमावस्या’ कहा गया है?
7. ‘अमावस्या’ के लिए प्रयुक्त विशेषणों का भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
8. ‘रमणीय उजेला’ क्या है और कवि उसके स्थान पर अंधकार क्यों चाह रहा है?
9. ‘तुम से ही परिवेष्टित आच्छादित’ – यहाँ ‘तुम’ कौन है? आप ऐसा क्यों मानते हैं?
उत्तर
1. कवि के भीतर ममता के बादल की मँडराती हुई कोमलता पीड़ा पहुँचाती है।
2. कवि की आत्मा कमज़ोर और अक्षम हो गई है।
3. अब कवि को बहलाती, सहलाती आत्मीयता बरदाश्त नहीं होती।
4. कवि प्रभु से दंड की प्रार्थना करते हैं क्योंकि उन्होंने अपने जीवन में उन्हें भूलने की भूल की है।
5. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• आत्माभिव्यंजना का सजीव चित्रांकन हुआ है।
• खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग है।
• मुक्तक छंद का प्रयोग है।
• तत्सम, तद्भव एवं विदेशी शब्दावली का प्रयोग है।
• अनुप्रास, रूपक, पदमैत्री अलंकारों का प्रयोग हुआ है।
• बिंब-विधान अतीव सुंदर एवं सटीक है।

6. कवि के व्यक्तिगत संदर्भ में प्रतिकूल परिस्थितियों एवं पीड़ा को अमावस्या कहा गया है। कवि के जीवन में अपार दुख एवं समस्याओं ने उसे चारों तरफ से घेर लिया था।
7. दक्षिणध्रुवी से तात्पर्य जीवन के अंतिम पड़ाव से है। अंधकार से तात्पर्य दुखों, पीड़ाओं एवं समस्याओं से है।
8. रमणीय उजेला से तात्पर्य प्रिय की कृपा का प्रतिफल है जो सुख, आनंद से परिपूर्ण है।
9. यहाँ तुम कवि का प्रिय है। कवि ने कविता अपने प्रिय को संबोधित करके कही है।

4. सचमुच मुझे दंड दो कि हो जाऊँ
पाताली अंधेरे की गुहाओं में विवरों में
धुएँ के बादलों में
बिलकुल मैं लापता
लापता कि वहाँ भी तो तुम्हारा ही सहारा है!!
इसलिए कि जो कुछ भी मेरा है
या मेरा जो होता-सा लगता है, होता-सा संभव है
सभी वह तुम्हारे ही कारण के कार्यों का घेरा है, कार्यों का वैभव है
अब तक तो जिंदगी में जो कुछ था, जो कुछ है
सहर्ष स्वीकारा है
इसलिए कि जो कुछ भी मेरा है
वह तुम्हें प्यारा है।

शब्दार्थ : गुहाओं-गुफ़ाओं। लापता-खोया हुआ। स्वीकारा-स्वीकार किया, ग्रहण किया। विवरों में-छिद्रों में, बिलों में।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पद्यांश ‘आरोह भाग-2′ में संकलित कवि मुक्तिबोध’ द्वारा रचित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता से लिया गया है। इसमें कवि ने अपना सब कुछ उस विशिष्ट या असीम सत्ता के प्रति समर्पित किया है।

व्याख्या : कवि विशिष्ट सत्ता को संबोधन करते हुए कहते हैं-हे प्रभु ! आप मुझे वास्तव में दंड दें जिससे मैं पाताल लोक की अँधेरी गुफ़ाओं, बिलों और धुएँ के काले बादलों के बीच में बिलकुल गुम हो जाऊँ। मैं इन गुफाओं, बिलों और बादलों में इतना गुम हो जाऊँ कि कोई मुझे ढूँढ़ न सके। फिर वहाँ तो आपका ही सहारा है। वहाँ भी आप ही की सत्ता है। कवि कहते हैं कि जीवन में जो कुछ भी मेरे पास है या मेरा होनेवाला है, वह सब कुछ तुम्हारे ही कारणों का चक्र है और तुम्हारे ही कार्यों का ऐश्वर्य है।

मेरे संपूर्ण जीवन पर आपका ही अधिकार है। जो कुछ भी मेरे पास है वह सब कुछ आपकी ही देन है। आपके कार्यों का ही परिणाम है। कवि का कथन है कि अब तो मेरी जिंदगी में जो कुछ राग-विराग, सुख-दुख, आशा-निराशा, हर्ष-विषाद आदि था और जो कुछ है वह सभी कुछ मैंने खुशी-खुशी स्वीकार किया है अर्थात मेरे जीवन में जो कुछ है जो था उसको मैंने निर्विवाद रूप में इसलिए स्वीकारा है क्योंकि जो कुछ भी मेरा है।

मेरे जीवन में मेरे पास है वह सब तुम्हें प्यारा है। मेरे जीवन में जो हर्ष-विषाद, सुख-दुख, राग-विराग, आशा-निराशा आदि है वह सब तुम्हें प्रिय लगने वाला है। वह सब आपकी देन है जिसे मैंने खुश होकर अंगीकार किया है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तरी

प्रश्न
1. कवि किस दंड की कामना करता है?
2. कवि प्रभु के प्रति क्या समर्पित करता है?
3. इस काव्यांश के कवि तथा कविता का नाम लिखिए।
4. ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ पंक्ति में निहित भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
5. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उन्तर
1. कवि पाताली अंधेरे की गुफाओं, बिलों में तथा धुएँ के बादलों में बिलकुल लापता हो जाने के दंड की कामना करता है।
2. कवि का मानना है कि जीवन में उसने जो कुछ भी प्राप्त किया है, जो कुछ भी उसका होनेवाला है वह सब प्रभु को प्यारा है। वह अपना सबकुछ ईश्वर को समर्पित करता है।
3. इस काव्यांश के कवि का नाम गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध है तथा कविता का नाम ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ है।
4. इस पंक्ति का भाव यह है कि उस प्रभु ने जीवन में जो कुछ भी सुख-दुख प्रदान किए हैं, उन्हें कवि ने सहर्ष भाव से खुशी-खुशी स्वीकार किया है।
5. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• कवि ने जीवन में सुख-दुख, राग-विराग, आशा-निराशा आदि भावों को सहर्ष स्वीकार करने की प्रेरणा दी है।
• अनुप्रास, उपमा, पदमैत्री, स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों का स्वाभाविक प्रयोग है।
• तत्सम, तद्भव तथा विदेशी शब्दावली है।
• खड़ी बोली का सहज, सरस प्रयोग हुआ है।
• मुक्त छंद का प्रयोग है।
• बिंब-योजना अत्यंत सुंदर एवं सटीक है।

Here we are providing Class 12 Sociology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Change and Development in Industrial Society. Sociology Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 5 Important Extra Questions Change and Development in Industrial Society

Change and Development in Industrial Society Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by unorganised or informal sector?
Answer:
People in an unorganised or informal sector do not enjoy most of the benefits as given to the employs of the public sector such as permanent employment, fixed wages, recreational benefits, gravity, medical benefits, etc. Around 90% of the Indian population is engaged in the unorganised sector.

Question 2.
What is meant by small scale industry?
Answer:
Government has defined small scale industry according to the investment of capital made in it. These days, that industry is known as small scale industries in which capital of up to Rs. 1 crore is invested. This limit was Rs. 5 Lakh in 1950.

Question 3.
How small scale industries are encouraged by the Government?
Answer:

1. Small scale industries are given loans on less rate of interest and on easy instalments.
2. Things produced by these industries are kept in a tax-free zone.
3. Focal points in different cities are established to develop small scale industries.

Question 4.
What is meant by the condition of alienation in the industrial sector?
Or
According to Marx, what is alienation or alienated labour? (C.B.S.E. 2010, 2013)
Answer:
Industrialisation involves a detailed division of labour. People often do not see the end result of their work because they are producing only one small part of a product. The work is often repetitive and exhausting. Yet, even this is better than being unemployed. Marx called this situation alienation, when people do not enjoy work, and see it as something they have to do only in order to survive, and even that survival depends upon whether the technology has room for any human labour.

Question 5.
What was the impact of industrialisation on mutual relations?
Answer:
People left their families in villages and move towards cities to work in industries. After settling there and after they got a job, they called their families and settled in big towns and cities permanently. It leads to the disintegration of joint families and nuclear or small families came up.

Question 6.
On which assumption, the policy of protection is based?
Answer:
There is one assumption that local goods would not be able to compete with foreign goods. That is why protection should be given to local industries so that they could compete with foreign-made goods. Thus, they are protected and the policy of protection is based on this assumption.

Question 7.
What is meant by disinvestment?
Answer:
There are certain public sector undertakings in a mixed economy which are under the direct control of the government. When the government sells its equity of public enterprise to any private industry, then, it is known as disinvestment. For example, NALCO, IPCL, VSNL, etc.

Question 8.
What is meant by Labour Union?
Answer:
When all the labourers of any industry or factory come together and form a union or organisation to protect their interests then this union is known as a labour union. All the labourers working in the industry are its members.

Question 9.
What is meant by outsourcing service?
Answer:
When any multinational company gives some of its work to smaller companies of developing countries so that it could be done at cheaper rates then it is known as outsourcing service. Many multi-national companies are outsourcing their work to smaller Indian companies.

Question 10.
Differentiate between Strike and a Lockout. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
In response to harsh working conditions, sometimes workers use a method against mill owners which is known as strike so that their demands could be met. But lockout is a method used by management against the strike in which they shut the gate and prevents workers from coming in the factory.

Question 11.
Write a note on the home-based industry with suitable examples. (C.B.S.E. 2010, 2013)
Answer:
The home-based industry is an important part of the economy. This work is mainly done by women and children. Homeworkers are paid on a piece-rate basis, depending on the number of pieces they make. We can take the example of carpets, zari or brocade, bidis, Agarbatis etc.

Question 12.
How did the planters live? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:

1. The planters are in huge bungalows, set on sturdy wooden stills to save and guard the inmates against wild animals. They lived in luxury and comforts.
2. A number of bars his, malis and bearers were trained by the planters to serve them to perfection.

Question 13.
In an industrial set-up, how can a manager make the workers produce more? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (O.D.))
Answer:
There are two ways of making workers produce more:

1. To extend the working hours
2. To increase the amount that is produced within a given time period

Question 14.
How does industrialisation lead to de-industrialisation? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Industrialization led to de-industrialisation in India

1. Industrialisation leads to setting up of factories in Britain – the emergence of machine production.
2. De-industrialisation – unlike Britain, traditional manufacture and export declined in India and people turned to agriculture.

Change and Development in Industrial Society Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What are the impacts of industrialisation on society?
Answer:

1. Division of labour. Division of labour occurred due to industrialisation by which things were produced in stages. Every person does a different type of works.
2. Development of means of transport. Means of transport were developed due to this. These means were developed to bring raw material and to take a furnished product to the market.
3. Increase in production. Production reached factories from homes because of the use of machinery. Machines are producing finished products very quickly with which production increases.
4. The decline of the Caste system. People in industries work with each other which faded away from the caste system.

Question 2.
Explain the phase of industrialisation during the early years of India’s Independence.
Answer:
First modem industries of India were cotton, jute, coal mines and railway. After Independence, the government stressed on the progress of the economy. Defence, transport and communication, power, mining and other projects were under the control of the government while others were open to private sectors. The government in its mixed economic policy tries to determine through licensing policy that industries should develop in different regions. After Independence, places like Baroda, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Pune, Rajkot and Faridabad became important industrial centres. The government also tried to encourage small scale industries through special assistance and incentives. Many items like stationery, paper and wood products, glass and ceramics were reserved for the small scale sector. In 1991, 72% of people were employed in small scale and the traditional industry as compared to 28% in large scale industries.

Question 3.
What were the changes that came in Indian industries due to globalisation and liberalisation?
Or
Discuss the changes that have emerged in Indian industries after globalisation and liberalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (O.D.))
Answer:

1. Indian industries were made open for foreign investment and foreign companies started to undertake Indian industries.
2. Foreign-made goods were now easily available on Indian shops which were not available earlier.
3. The government started to disinvest public sector companies by selling them to private companies. Private owners started to scrutinise and retrenching government officials.
4. Most of the companies started to scrutinise their permanent workers and outsourced their work to smaller companies at cheaper rates.

Question 4.
What is Taylorism or Industrial Engineering?
Answer:
In this system, all work was broken down into the smallest repetitive elements and divided between workers. Workers had to complete work in the fixed time limit. A stopwatch was also used for this purpose. Production was further speeded up by the introduction of the assembly line. Each worker sat along a conveyor belt and assembled only one part of the final product. The speed of the work could be set by adjusting the speed of the conveyor belt. In the 1980s, attempts were made to shift from this system of direct control to indirect control, where workers were supposed to monitor and motivate themselves. But, generally, we find the old Taylorist processes survive.

Question 5.
What is the negative impact of industrialisation on labourers?
Or
Highlight the condition of migrant workers in industries by giving suitable examples. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
Answer:

1. Very few people are given work in more mechanised industries. Whatever the number of people works in it, have to work like machines which alienate them from their work.
2. Very less time for rest is given to workers during their working hours. That is why they become frustrated when they reach the age of 40 and take voluntary retirement.
3. Companies outsource their work to smaller companies. This brings forward the situation of alienation when the workers are involved in monotonous and exhausting jobs.
4. Late supply leads to late production. It creates problems among workers and management.

Question 6.
Explain the division of Indian industries.
Answer:
According to the Indian Industrial Policy 1956, Indian industries are divided into three following categories:

1. Primary Category: Industries related to defence, railway, post, production and control of nuclear power falls under this category. Central government regulate and control them.
2. Secondary Category: 12 industries like machines tools, pharmaceuticals, rubber, water transport, fertiliser, road transport, etc. were kept in this category. Government has more share in these.
3. Tertiary Category: All those industries were included in it which were kept for the private sector. Although, the private sector develops these industries the government can also establish them.

Question 7.
How labourers are exploited in mines?
Or
What are some of the problems faced by the mineworkers? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:

1. Rules are not followed in smaller mines and quarries. Labourers are kept under a contractual system and are not given proper wages.
2. Many contractors do not maintain proper registers of workers, thus, avoiding any responsibility for accidents and benefits.
3. Labours have to work under the earth in mines because of which labourers have to face many breathing problems.
4. The rate of mining accidents in India is higher but labourers are hardly compensated.

Question 8.
The more mechanised and industry gets, the fewer people are employed. Explain by giving a suitable example. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
The more mechanised and industry gets, the fewer people are employed, but these people too have to work at the pace of the machine. For example, in Maruti Udyog Ltd. two cars roll off the assembly line every minute. Workers get only 45 minutes rest in the entire day – two tea breaks of 7.5 minutes each and one lunch break of half an hour. Most of them are exhausted by the age of .40 and take voluntary retirement. While production has gone up, the number of permanent jobs in the factory has gone down. The firm has outsourced all services like cleaning and security, as well as the manufacture of parts. The parts suppliers are located around the factory and send the parts every two hours or just-in-time. Outsourcing and just in time keep cost low for the company, but the workers are very tense because if the suppliers fail to arrive, their production targets get delayed and when they do arrive they have to run to keep up. No wonder they get exhausted.

Question 9.
Explain the circulation of labourers. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:

1. Seasonal agricultural labourers are in great demand in prosperous agricultural regions.
2. Higher wages in prosperous agricultural regions attract labour from less developed regions.
3. Migrant labourers mainly are from drought-prone areas – “footloose labour” (cheapest and easily exploited).
4. The local labourers move out to big towns.
5. There is the feminisation of agricultural force.

Question 10.
Discuss the changes that the Trade Unions bring out in the lives of workers. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Trade union play an important role in the welfare of workers:

1. In some cases, trade unions have been striving to overcome problems such as regionalism and casteism.
2. Trade unions take up a number of issues pertaining to workers such as better wages, working conditions etc.
3. It can also help to break strikes/lockouts.
4. A forum to bring workers together.
5. Act as a pressure group to make Govt, note their demands. Helps in resolving medical and accident claims/issues.

Change and Development in Industrial Society Important Extra Questions Essay Answer Type

Question 1.
Read the given accounts of the 1982 strike, held at Bombay, answer the questions given below.

Jayprakash Bhilare, ex-millworker, General Secretary of the Maharashtra Girni Kamgar Union: Textile workers were getting only their basic wage and DA, and no other allowance. We were getting only five days of Casual Leave. Other workers in other industries had started getting allowances for travelling, health benefits etc. and 10-12 days Casual Leave. This agitated the textile workers… On 22 October 1981, the workers of Standard Mills marched to the house of Dr Datta Samant to ask him to lead them. At first, Samant declined, saying the industry was covered by the BIRA and he did not know enough of the textile industry. These workers were in no mood to take no for an answer. They kept a night-long vigil outside his home and in the morning Samant finally relented.

Lakshmi Bhatkar, a participant in the strike: I supported the strike. We would sit outside the gate every day and discuss what was to be done. We would go for the morchas that were organised from time to time the morchas were huge – we never looted or hurt anybody. I was asked to speak sometimes but I was not able to make speeches. My legs would shake too much! Besides I was afraid of my children- what would they say? They would think here we are starving at home and she has her face painted in the newspapers There was a morcha to Century Mills showroom once. We were arrested and taken to Borivali. I was thinking about my children. I could not eat. I thought to myself that we are not criminals, we were mill workers. Fighting for the wages of our blood.

Kisan Salunke, ex-millworker, Spring Mills: Century Mills was opened by the RMMS barely a month-and-half after the strike began. They could do this because they had the full backing of the state and the government. They brought outsiders into the mill and they kept them inside without letting them out at all Bhonsle (Chief Minister of Maharashtra then) offered a 30-rupee raise. Datta Samant called a meeting to discuss this. All the leading activists were there. We said, ‘No, we don’t want this. If there is no dignity, if there is no discussion with the strike leaders, we will not be able to go back to work without any harassment.”

Datta Walker, President of the Mill Chawls Tenant Association: The Congress brought all the goondas out of jail to break the strike like Babu Reshim, Rama Naik and Arun Gawli. They started to threaten the workers. We had no alternative but to beat up strikebreakers. It was a matter of life and death for us.

Bhai Bhonsle, General Secretary of the RMMS during 1982 strike: We started getting people to work in the mills after three months of the strike Our point was, if people want to go to work let them, in fact, they should be helped About the mafia gangs being involved, I was responsible for that These Datta Samant people would wait at convenient locations and lie in wait for those going to work. We set up counter groups in Parel and other places. Naturally, there were some clashes, some bloodshed

When Rama Naik died, Bhujbal who was Mayor then had come in his official car to pay his respects. These forces were used at one time or other by many people in politics.

Kisan Salunke, ex-millworker: Those were very difficult times. We had to sell all our vessels. We were ashamed to go to the market with our vessels so we would wrap them in gunny bags and take them to the shop to sell… There were days when I had nothing to eat, only water. We bought sawdust and burnt if for fuel. I have three sons. Sometimes when the children had no milk to drink, I could not bear to see them hungry. I would take my umbrella and go out of the house.

Sindu Mariane, ex-millworker: The RMMS and goondas came to me too, to force me back to work. But I refused to go There were rumours going around as to what happened to women who went to stay and work in the mills. There were incidents of rape.

After reading these accounts of the 1982 strike answer the questions given below.
1. Describe the 1982 textile strike from the different perspectives of those involved.
Answer:
Labourers of a Cloth Mill did strike in 1982 by taking up the issues of pay, bonus, holidays, etc. According to Jay Prakash Bhilare, the mill workers got their basic wages and DA but no other benefits related to health and travelling, Lakshmi Bhatkar was fighting for wages, Kisan Salunke was fighting for the dignity of mill workers, and for Datta Walker, it was a matter for life and death.

2. Why did the workers go on strike?
Answer:
Workers of Mill were on strike on the demand of pay, dearness allowance, other resources and perks.

3. How did Datta Samant take up the leadership of the strike?
Answer:
When labourers stressed a lot then Datta Samant took up the leadership of the
strike.

4. What was the role played by strike-breakers?
Answer:
Strike-breakers played a great role in it. They had the support of government and the state and they forcibly opened the mill.

5. How did the mafia get a foothold in these areas?
Answer:
The government freed many goondas of mafia from jail like Baba Rashim, Rama Nayak and Arun Gavi. All of these pressurised the others and made their foothold at these areas.

6. Who were women affected and what were their concerns during the strike?
Answer:
Women were disrespected, they were sent to jail for taking out a procession. The main objective of women was to earn bread respectfully by doing labour.

7. How did workers and their families survive the period of a strike?
Answer:
The period of the strike was very difficult. During this period, they sold utensils of houses, sold other things so that their families could survive.

Question 2.
Read the following extract taken from the book and answer the given questions:

Gandhi on Machinery, in Hind Swaraj 1924: “What I object to is the craze for machinery, not machinery as such. The craze is for what they call labour-saving machinery. Men go on ‘saving labour’ till thousands are without work and thrown on the open streets to die of starvation. I want to save time and labour, not for a fraction of mankind, but for all. I want the concentration of wealth, not in the hands of the few, but in the hands of all.”1934: “When as a nation we adopt the spinning-wheel, we not only solve the question of unemployment but we declare that we have no intention of exploiting any nation, and we also end the exploitation of the poor by the rich.”
(i) Give an example of how machinery creates a problem for workers.
Answer:
It is a fact that machinery creates a problem for workers. We can take the example of a cottage industry of earlier times in which a number of family members were required to make a piece of cloth. Even then it required a lot of time to make a small piece of cloth. But when machines were invented then machines started to make cloth with great speed, in less time and with less cost. In this way work of cottage industry went over to machines of a textile mill and thousands of workers had to change their occupations.

(ii) What alternative did Gandhi have in mind?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi was against the use of machines. He was of the view that labour oriented modern industries should be set up in India.

(iii) How does adopting the spinning wheel prevent exploitation?
Answer:
If we will adopt the spinning wheel then everyone can spin cotton. We can weave cloth for our personal requirements. We can also spin cloth for the market. If everyone will adopt the spinning wheel then the production of the mechanical industry will be of no use. Everyone will get work at home and no one will be able to exploit others.

Question 3. Give the main features of Liberalisation.
Or
Explain the economic policy of Liberalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
New economic policy was implemented in India in 1991. Liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation were the main features of this policy. Process of liberalisation was started at the end of the 20th century. In India, liberalisation is an ongoing process from three decades but its policies and speed keep on changing due to change of government. Main aspects and features of liberalisation are given below:

1. Making industries free from the licencing system so that more and more people could develop industries by investing their money.
2. Reducing unnecessary restrictions on industries so that no one should hesitate while establishing any industry and industries could be developed very quickly.
3. To encourage foreign direct investment so that more and more foreign capital and industries could come to India.
4. Not keeping restriction on the production of anything so that no company should keep its monopoly over any product and prices of commodities should remain within reach.
5. Giving permission to produce things according to the ability of industry and demand of the market.
6. Making industries free of clutches of bureaucracy because it creates many obstacles in their way. The industry would develop quickly without any obstacles.
7. To reduce government control over the economy so that people should come forward to establish an industry.
8. Reduction of customs duty so that export and import could be encouraged. Increase in import will check price rise and increase in export will develop the internal business of the country.
9. To lift unnecessary restriction from export-import of things and services so that business could be encouraged.
10. Changing public enterprises into private enterprises because there is a lot of governmental control on public enterprises and they have less profit-making ability. But when this enterprise will go in private hands then its profit-making ability will increase. Private sector always takes care of earning more profit.

Question 4.
What was the impact of Globalisation on Indian Economy?
Answer:
Economic reforms in India were started in 1991 and the process of globalisation and Indian economy was encouraged. Effects of globalisation on different sectors of the Indian economy are given below:
1. Increase of Indian share in world export. With the process of globalisation,
the Indian share in world export has been increased. Indian goods and services, in the decade of 1990-2000, has been increased by 125%. In 1990, Indian share in the world’s export of goods and services was 0.55% which was increased up to 0.75% by 1999.

2. Foreign investment in India. Foreign direct investment is an important feature of globalisation because foreign investment increases the capacity of production of any economy. Foreign investment in India is continuously increasing. From 1995-96 to 2000¬01, it has been increased by 53% and during this time 500 crores have been invested in India annually.

3. Foreign Exchange Reserves. Foreign exchange is necessary for import. In June 1991, foreign exchange reserves in India was 1 Billion Dollars which was enough only to fulfil the needs of only two weeks of the country. After this, India adopted new economic policies, globalisation and liberalisation were encouraged because of which foreign exchange reserve was increased very quickly. Now, the foreign exchange reserve in nearly 350 Billion Dollars.

4. Growth of Gross Domestic Product. Because of globalisation, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country has been increased. In 1980, it was 5.63% which was increased to 5.80% in 1990. Now, it is around 7%.

5. Increase in unemployment. Because of globalisation unemployment in India has been increased. During the decade of 1990-2000, the economic problem came in Mexico, South Korea, Thailand, Singapur, Indonesia, Malaysia and it was because of globalisation. That is why millions of people lost their jobs and they had to live below the poverty line. At the start of the 1990’s decade, the rate of unemployment was 6% which was increased up to 7% by 2000.

6. Impact on Agriculture. The share of agriculture and its related activities in the Gross Domestic Product of the country is 29%. But it is 2% in the U.S.A., 55% in Japan and France. If we look at the labour force then India’s 69% labour force is related to agricultural functions but the labour force in the agriculture sector in the U.S.A. and the U.K. is only 2.6%. In the near future, it is necessary for India to open its market for world companies in the agricultural sector which is in agreement with W.T.O. This time will be a challenging one for India.

7. Educational and technical development. Globalisation and liberalisation have put a great effect on the education and technology sector which has brought about a revolution. The world has been shrunk due to means of transport and communication. Internet and computer brought many changes.

8. Change in the form of classes. Globalisation has changed the form of different classes. In the 20th century only three main classes, i.e., higher class, middle class and lower class were there but now the number of classes has been increased.

9. Privatisation. One of the good effects of globalisation can be seen in the form of privatisation. Many Public Sector Undertakings (P.S.U.’s) like V.S.N.L., I.P.C.L., NALCO are now in the hands of private parties because of which they are earning more profits.

10. Development of industries. Foreign direct investment is very helpful in achieving a higher rate of economic development. It gives not the only advantage to industries but consumers are getting products of better quality and better technology. It gives motivation to Indian industries to compete with foreign companies in the international market.

Thus, the process of globalisation is very good in bringing social change and giving good quality products to consumers.

Question 5.
Throw light on the role of a labour union in India and discuss any longest strike of Indian industry.
Or
What were the demands of workers in the Bombay textile strike of 1992? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Many labour unions work in our country for the interests of labourers but many labour unions are facing problems of regionalism and casteism. Many a time, workers go for a strike due to improper working conditions. They do not go to work, in case of a lockout, owners shut the gate and prevent workers from coming. To call a strike is a difficult decision as managers may try to use substitute labour. Workers also find it hard to sustain themselves without wages.

Here, we can discuss one famous strike, the Bombay Textile strike of 1982.

Dr Datta Samant led this strike who was the leader of a trade union. It affected around a quartet of a million workers and their families. This strike lasted for around two years. The demand of the workers was the right to form their union and they wanted better wages. According to the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, a union had to be approved if it has gone up the idea of strikes. The Congress-led Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh (RMMS) was the only approved union and it helped in breaking the strike as it brought workers from outside. The Government hardly listened to the demands of workers. Gradually, after two years, people started going back to work as they were desperate. Around one lakh workers lost their jobs. They either went back to their villages or took up casual labour. Some of them moved to smaller towns like Malegaon, Bhiwandi and Icchalkaranji, to work in the power loom sector.

Here we are providing Class 12 Sociology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Change and Development in Rural Society. Sociology Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 4 Important Extra Questions Change and Development in Rural Society

Change and Development in Rural Society Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is the main occupation of rural people?
Answer:
The main occupation of rural people is agriculture. Production through the land is their main source of income. 70% of the Indian population directly or indirectly depends upon agriculture.

Question 2.
What is required to increase farm production?
Answer:
Farm production can be increased by many land reforms, use of new technology, new machines, new seeds, new chemical fertilizers, etc.

Question 3.
How rich farmers got more advantage from the Green revolution?
Answer:
New technology, seeds, and fertilizers were used during Green Revolution and it was possible for rich farmers to buy these costly things. That is why the rich farmers took maximum advantage of it.

Question 4.
Give two reasons for bringing land reforms.
Answer:

1. The first reason for bringing land reforms was to increase productivity in the agricultural sector.
2. The second reason was to stop the exploitation of poor farmers by eliminating intermediaries so that farmers could get land.

Question 5.
What is meant by the consolidation of land?
Answer:
If any farmer has agricultural land in different villages then the government allowed him the same size of land in one place, thus, organized his land. It is known as the consolidation of land.

Question 6.
What is Co-operative Farming?
Answer:
The meaning of co-operative farming is that when some farmers, with a smallholding of land, come closer to each other to do joint agriculture on a co-operative basis. They do not only share the income according to their share of the land but they also share the labor required for agriculture. A person remains the owner of his land.

Question 7.
Why North Indian states got more advantage from Green Revolution?
Answer:
North Indian states got more advantage from Green Revolution because these states have good fertile land and more means of irrigation.

Question 8.
What is economic development?
Answer:
When all the necessary means of living the good life are available, such as education health, per capita income, etc., then, we can say that economic development has taken place.

Question 9.
How production can be increased?
Answer:

1. Production can be increased by using seeds of high yield.
2. Production can also be increased by using-chemical fertilizers and new technology.

Question 10.
When was Zamindari System eliminated in India?
Answer:
Zamindari System was there in India before Independence. But this system was eliminated after 1950. Most of the Indian states made laws against this system and it came to an end.

Question 11.
What is Green Revolution?
Answer:
An increase in agricultural production, due to high yielding variety of seeds (HYV), fertilizers, new technology, and irrigation methods is termed as Green Revolution. It took place in the 1970s and later period in India.

Question 12.
How economic development of a country depends upon agriculture!?
Answer:
India’s economic development depends upon agriculture in the way that 70% of the Indian population depends upon agriculture and related occupations. These people directly or indirectly depend upon agriculture for their income. If we want to develop the country then the development of these people is necessary. So if these 70% people would progress then country will develop.

Question 13.
What was the situation in India, before the Green Revolution, in the field of grain production?
Answer:
Before Green Revolution, India was unable to produce the required grains and it imported grains to meet its needs.

Question 14.
Why caste is changed into class?
Answer:
There were many restrictions in the caste system regarding marriage, eating habits, social interaction, etc. The caste system has been weakened due to urbanization, industrialization, westernization, etc. and the caste system is being replaced by the class system.

Question 15.
What is an Elite Group?
Answer:
The meaning of elite is special, and it refers to the one who has some special or higher status in the society. In this way, an elite group is a group that has some special position or status in society.

Question 16.
Who are gentlemen farmers?
Answer:
Gentleman group of farmers who get retired from their government, non-governmental, military, or civil services. They invest their money in agricultural farms and develop them in an efficient way.

Question 17.
Who are middle caste farmers?
Answer:
This type of farmer belongs to the group of middle castes. They are neither very rich poor. That is why they are also known as middle-class farmers.

Question 18.
Who are Capitalist farmers?
Answer:
Capitalist farmers belong to that group of farmers who invest their capital in agricultural works, to earn more profit. They use loans, grants, markets, means of transport and communication, cheap labor, new technology, etc. to increase their agricultural production.

Question 19.
What is Liberalisation?
Answer:
Liberalization is removing certain restrictions in a controlled economy, so that economy could become more competitive, open, and progressive.

Question 20.
What is Globalisation?
Answer:
Globalization is that process in which the economy of one country is attached to the economies of other countries. It means the unrestricted exchange of things, services, capital, and labor of one country with other countries.

Question 21.
What are the two reasons for liberalization?
Answer:

1. To develop more means of employment.
2. To produce more and more competition among industries so that consumers should get more and more benefit.

Question 22.
What is Privatisation?
Answer:
Socialist and democratic countries have mixed type of economy. This type of economy has public enterprises that are under the direct control of the government. Sometimes government sells these public enterprises to private parties and this process is known as privatization.

Question 23.
What is meant by Zamindari System?
Answer:
This settlement of land was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal. According to this system, zamindars were considered as the owners of land and the government fixed their land revenue. Zamindars further gave their land on rent to small farmers and started collecting land revenue according to their wish. It led to the exploitation of small farmers by zamindars.

Question 24.
What is meant by Mahalwari System?
Answer:
This system was started by the British at the beginning of the 19th century. It started to consider the whole community of the village as the owner of the land and fixed its land revenue. One individual of the community used to collect the fixed land revenue from all the houses of the village and deposit it to the government. But the fixed land revenue was very high in this system.

Question 25.
What is meant by Ryotwari System?
Answer:
The meaning of ‘Ryot’ was a farmer. This system was started by Lord William Bentinck in which the government had a direct contract with farmers or Ryot. The revenue of every Ryot was fixed and they used to pay revenue directly to the government. Land revenue in this system was also very high.

Question 26.
What is a proprietory caste group? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
A proprietary caste group, in most regions of the country, is that group that owns most of the resources in a village and which can command labor to work for them.

Question 27.
In what ways are agriculture and culture linked? (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:

1. Cultural practices and patterns can be traced to our agrarian backgrounds such as Baisakhi, Ugadi, etc.
2. Celebration of new year festival in different regions of India – Pongal, Bihu, Onam, etc.

Change and Development in Rural Society Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What are the main objectives of liberalization?
Answer:

1. the Main objective of liberalization is to create more opportunities for employment.
2. To attract foreign investment to create employment opportunities.
3. Making Indian companies competitive in the Indian market.
4. To give more and more freedom to the private sector.
5. To increase the production capacity of the country.

Question 2.
Give some features of liberalization policy.
Answer:

1. Except for few things, the policy of taking licenses was eliminated so that all the industries could develop very easily.
2. Privatization of public enterprises was started so that the deficit making enterprises could turn into profit-making enterprises.
3. Very few industries were left for the public sector so that all the industries could
   be encouraged.
4. The limit of foreign direct investment has been increased. In some sectors it is up to 51%, in some, it is 74% and in many sectors, complete investment has been permitted.

Question 3.
Give some characteristics of Globalisation.
Answer:
United Nation development program has given four characteristics of globalization and these are:

1. New tools and things have come for people in globalization because large companies of the world are going in every country.
2. New markets have been opened for companies because, in globalization, companies can do free trade in any country.
3. New organizations are coming forward to do work for Red Cross, World Trade Organisation, etc.
4. New laws and rules are coming forward due to globalization like jobs on contract instead of permanent jobs.

Question 4.
In how many phases process of liberalization in India can be divided?
Answer:
The process of liberalization in India can be divided into 4 phases:

1. First Phase of 1975-1980
2. The second phase of 1980-1985
3. The third phase of 1985-1991
4. The fourth phase of 1991 onwards.

Question 5.
Give four principles of Globalisation.
Answer:

1. The opening up of the economy of the country for foreign investment.
2. To reduce custom duty up to a maximum extent.
3. Disinvestment of public enterprises.
4. To encourage investment in the private sector.

Question 6.
What was the Zamindari system?
Answer:
Zamindari System was there in our country before Independence. Around one-fourth of the total agricultural land was under Zamindari System before Independence. This system was started by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. According to this system, Zamindar was made the owner of the land but it was not necessary that he should till the land himself. He used to give the whole of his land to farmers. He used to collect tax from farmers and paid a fixed amount of tax to the government. This system was popular in Bengal, U.P., Rajasthan, M.P., Bihar, and Madras.

Question 7.
Give features of the Zamindari system.
Answer:

1. Zamindar was the owner of the land.
2. Zamindar used to give land to marginal and landless farmers to till.
3. Marginal farmers used to pay tax to zamindar.
4. Zamindar used to pay tax to the government.

Question 8.
What was the Ryotwari system?
Answer:
Around 36% of total agricultural land was under Ryotwari System at the time of Independence. William Bentinck started this system to remove shortcomings of the Zamindari System. According to this system, that person or family will pay tax to the government which holds and till the land. The meaning of ‘Ryot’ is farmer or tiller. After giving taxes to the government for a definite time period, he becomes the owner of the land. That Ryot or farmer was free to give his land to other farmers on rent.

Question 9.
What was the Mahalwari system?
Answer:
Mahalwari was another important system of the land. Under this system ownership of land was with the whole of the village. Land under the control of the village was known as Shamlat land. This land was further divided among different families who used to pay definite tax. Lambardar used to collect taxes from the village and used to get a 5% commission of the total. After this, the village used to pay fixed tax to the government. Farmers, in this system, also had no direct contact with the government.

Question 10.
What were the features of the abolition of Zamindari?
Answer:

1. Barron land and pastorals of the village came under the possession of the government.
2. The land was taken away from zamindars and compensation was given to them.
3. Some states gave this compensation in cash or installments.
4. Only that land remained with the zamindars from which they themselves used to earn their livelihood.

Question 11.
What was Green Revolution? What is its importance in India?
Answer:
Agricultural production increased by making Five Year plans in India and it led to great output in the field of production. This surplus growth in the field of agricultural production is known as Green Revolution. In this way word, Green Revolution is used for that quick change that came in the field of the production of eatable things. There is a great importance of the green revolution in India because this revolution has made India self-reliant in the field of the production of food items. Before 1965, India had to import its food items but after this Green Revolution came and India became self-reliant.

Question 12.
What were the land reforms that took place in India after Independence?
Answer:

1. Zamindari system was abolished.
2. The ceiling on landholding by any person was kept.
3. Consolidation of land was implemented.
4. Many tenancy reforms were introduced.
5. New records of land and co-operative farming were maintained.

Question 13.
What is meant by the Ceiling of land? How reforms were brought into it?
Answer:
The meaning of ceiling of land is that in which an individual should possess cultivable land according to a prescribed limit and not more than that. Before this limit, many individuals had thousands of acres of land, and the majority of people had no land. That is why, to provide cultivable land for all, this ceiling was fixed and it came to be known as ceding of land. Many laws were made regarding this. After 1973, this limit was fixed at 18 acres in Haryana and 27 acres in Punjab. If anyone possessed more land than the ceiling, then it was taken away from him and was distributed among landless farmers.

Question 14.
Why land reforms were introduced in India?
Answer:

1. Many farmers of India had hundreds of acres of land and some had none. So land reforms were introduced to provide land to landless farmers.
2. After independence, political leaders felt that there should not be economic inequality in the society and wanted to establish socio-economic equality, hence, land reforms must be introduced.
3. The biggest reason for the lower status of farmers was the existence of intermediaries between the government and small farmers. So, the government thought that abolition of intermediaries is necessary to improve the economic status of farmers and this was the main objective of land reforms.
4. At the time of Independence, India was forced to import grains to meet its needs. The government implemented land reforms to fulfill the local needs.

Question 15.
Highlight the advantages and disadvantages of contract farming. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Advantages of contract farming:

1. The company provides technical know-how and working capital.
2. Farmer is assured of a market that his product will be sold.
3. The company guarantees that it will purchase the product at a pre-determined fixed price.
4. Financial security is there for farmers and company identified the crop to be grown.

Disadvantages:

1. Farmers become dependent on companies for their livelihood – insecurity.
2. It makes indigenous knowledge of agriculture irrelevant.
3. It only caters to the production of elite items.
4. Crops require high doses of fertilizers and pesticides – not ecologically sustainable.

Question 16.
Explain contract farming and also highlight its advantages. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Contract farming – explanation and advantages.

1. The farmer enters into a contract with a company.
2. The company identifies the crop to be grown.
3. The seeds are provided by the company.
4. The know-how, and many times the working capital is also provided by the company.
5. The assurance to the farmer that his produce will be bought at a predetermined price is given by the company.
6. Commonly practiced for special products like grapes, figs, pomegranates, cotton, etc.

Change and Development in Rural Society Important Extra Questions Essay Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you know about Zamindari System? Give its meaning, features, and demerits.
Answer:
Zamindari System was there in our country, before Independence, in the field of agriculture. Around one-fourth of the total agricultural land was under the Zamindari system. This system was started by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. According to this System, Zamindar was made the owner of the land but it was not necessary that he should till the land himself. He used to give the whole of his land to the farmers to till. He used to collect tax from the farmers and used to pay a fixed tax of his land to the government.

The British government gave ownership of a large area of land to Zamindars so that they could get definite income from Zamindari in the form of taxes. It was very easy to keep in contact with fewer Zamindars. Generally, Zamindars gave their land to other land tillers practice agriculture and even those tillers give land again to other persons. In this way, the land was divided between tillers and sub-tillers. Everyone had to pay a definite amount of tax to Zamindar and Zamindar had to pay a fixed tax to the government. This system prevailed in Bengal, U.P., Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Madras State.

Features of Zamindari System: Features of the Zamindari System are given below:

1. the First feature of the Zamindari System was that ownership of land remained with Zamindar yet it was given to tillers or sub tillers on rent.
2. Zamindars were not used to till the land themselves but it was given further to small marginal farmers to do agriculture.
3. Marginal farmers used to give tax to the Zamindars.
4. Many times, tillers used to give land further to sub-tillers to do agriculture.
5. Zamindar used to collect tax from the tillers.
6. There was no direct relationship between the actual tiller and the government. That is why Zamindar used to play the role of mediocre between them.
7. There was a lot of difference between tax collected from the farmers and tax paid to the government as the Zamindar had to pay a fixed amount to the government. They used to collect a lot of tax from actual tillers of the land.
8. Farmers in this system were very much exploited by the Zamindars because they were forced to pay heavy taxes to the Zamindars.
9. There was a lack of any security for tillers from Zamindars or the Government in case of a situation like a flood, epidemic, drought, etc. It was so because Zamindars and the government were only concerned about tax.
10. Tillers hardly cared about increasing the productivity of land because they were aware of the fact that the land did not belong to them.
11. There were many drawbacks in the Zamindari system because the Zamindars started to use the money to live a life of luxury.

Demerits of Zamindari System

1. One of the major demerits of the Zamindari system was a division of land into small parts because it was divided into tillers and sub-tillers.
2. There was no security of land of the tiller because they were aware of the fact that this land did not belong to them and it belonged to someone else.
3. There were no rules in the collection of taxes. Zamindars used to collect tax according to their wish. Many a time the was half of the total produce.
4. Actual tillers of the land were very much exploited because most of the part of their produce was taken away by the Zamindars.
5. The tillers had no ownership right of land because it was given to them on rent and it could be taken away from them at any time.
6. The government had no direct contact with actual tillers because Zamindars used to pay the required amount of tax to the government.
7. Zamindars used to collect heavy taxes from farmers. Many a time it was two-thirds part of the total production of farmers.

Question 2.
What were the problems that originated with the advent of the Green Revolution? Explain them.
Or
What were the adverse effects of the Green Revolution? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
1. Limited States: The first problem which came with Green Revolution was that it came in some states and not in the entire country. Punjab and Haryana had very good means of irrigation and that is why it brought a revolutionary change in these states. But most of the other states remained unaffected by the Green Revolution. There was a lot of economic inequality due to this. For example, small states like Punjab became one of the richest states in the country. In this way agriculture developed only in those states which had developed agricultural means, Backward states remained backward.

2. Limited Crops: Another problem that came with Green Revolution was that it was limited only to very few crops. That is why the production of only rice, paddy, wheat, Jowar, etc. was increased. There was no increase in the production of commercial crops like cotton, tea, jute, etc. Their situation remained as it was. In this way, it was unable to bring revolution in other sectors.

3. More Profit to Rich Farmers: Another problem that arose with Green Revolution was that rich farmers got more profit from it. The condition of poor farmers remained miserable. For Green Revolution, high yielding variety of seeds, fertilizers, improved means of irrigation, etc. were needed. Money was required for all these things and money was with rich farmers. Farmers, who had landed more than 10-15 hectares, took maximum advantage of it. But the situation of farmers with small pieces of land worsened. In this way, it became a revolution of big farmers but became a curse for small farmers.

4. Increase in Economic Inequality: Green revolution increased economic inequality in society. Big farmers were able to spend a lot of money and they spent. But small farmers were unable to take advantage out of it and their situation remained as it was. This brought economic inequality in the society.

Question 3.
What were the land reforms that were introduced after Independence? (C.B.S.E. 2010, 2013)
Answer:
India was an underdeveloped country at the time of Independence. Industries were not developed. Technology and science lagged behind. The main source of income for people was agriculture. More than 80% of the total population was living in rural areas were involved in agriculture and related occupations. The situation of people, in villages, was pitiful. So, governmental and non-governmental steps were necessary to bring reforms in agriculture. The government made certain laws to bring reforms that were implemented. Some of the land reforms are given below:
1. Consolidation of Land: Land of lakhs of farmers was scattered in the country. Fields were at far off places. They were provided the same area of land in one place so that they could be able to till their land easily.

2. To encourage Cooperative Farming: Cooperative farming was encouraged in different Five Year planer. That is why lakhs of members are doing cooperative farming on land under cooperative societies.

3. Abolition of Intermediaries: The government made certain laws for the abolition of intermediaries between farmers and the state after Independence. The custom of intermediaries was very complex in West Bengal in the form of Zamindars and absentee Landlordism. Zamindari Abolition Act was first passed in this state. Zamindars were compensated when their land was taken away by the government.

4. Records of Land Ownership: The government started to keep records of land ownership. Himachal Pradesh has made farmer books, in 2000-2001, in which complete information of their land is given. Nowadays, computerized records are maintained.

5. Ceiling of Holdings: The government has kept a ceiling on landholdings. Two stages were made in different states regarding this ceiling. The first one was before 1972 and the second one was made after 1973. Punjab and Haryana have kept a ceiling of 27 hectares for irrigated land and 100 hectares for non-irrigated land in the stages before 1972. But this ceiling was reduced to 18 hectares and 27 hectares after 1973. In Himachal Pradesh, this ceiling was kept at 10 hectares and 15 hectares.

6. Reforms in Tenancy System: Before Independence, actual tenants had to pay around half of their products in the form of taxes. But the first Five Year plan has suggested that it should not exceed 20-25% of total production. That is why many states have passed many laws related to this. Tenants were given ownership and security of land.

Question 4.
What is Green Revolution? On what basis it was implemented.
Answer:
Green Revolution is a planned and scientific way to increase the production of agriculture. After analyzing Five Year plans, it became clear that if we want to become self-dependent in food production then we have to use new ways and technology related to production. So, technical changes were brought in agriculture, in 1966-67, keeping this aim in mind. New experiments were started to bring new seeds for more productivity especially wheat and rice. New means of irrigation, pesticides, and fertilizers were also used for this. The use of developed means in agriculture was given the name of the Green Revolution.

Here, the word ‘Green’ was used for the green fields of farmers, and the word ‘Revolution’ was used for wide change. Intense agriculture district programs were started in which only three districts were included, but later, 16 districts participated. Selected districts were provided developed means of farming, seeds, and means of irrigation. This program was also called a package program. The program was also started in other parts of the country by 1967-68, but it could not reach a higher level. During this program, farmers were given knowledge of new technology, and new means of production so that agricultural output could be increased.

Main bases of Green Revolution
1. Determination of price of produce: The government gave a guarantee of a good price of produce to farmers to give them security from the fluctuation of price and to save them from exploitation. A commission was made to regulate the price of different crops. This commission gave its recommendations from time to time for minimum support price of crops.

2. Development of Animal Husbandry: Enough importance, was given to the development of dairy farming, poultry, piggery, sheep rearing, developing a new breed of cows and buffaloes, etc. India is an agricultural country where there is a great relation between agriculture and animal husbandry. Agricultural productivity can be increased if our animal husbandry could be based on developed means So, to increase rural employment and dairy development, a technological mission was established in 1988 for dairy development. That is why milk production was 6.8 crore tonnes during 1966-1967 but it increased to 7.2 crore tonnes in 1997-98.

3. Establishment of Corporation: Government has formed an Agricultural Industrial Corporation for the development of agricultural tools, machines, and arrangement of godowns. In 1953, the government started the National Government Development Corporation for the sale, processing, and collection of produced things of agriculture. National Seed Corporation was also established for the sale of a high yielding variety of seeds. Different states also started their seed corporations.

4. Use of Insecticides: It was believed that one-fourth of total produce gets destroyed by rats and other animals. It was very necessary to save this much of production from animals. For this, the use of insecticides was necessary so that production could be saved. Farmers started to use medicines, insecticides, and pesticides.

5. Multicrop Programme. Only those crops are sowed in multi-crop programs which could be riped in less duration of time like vegetables, com, Jowar, etc. Short term cropping pattern was followed in Green Revolution. New methods for crops were used with which production was increased. Today, this program is going on 930 lakh hectares of land and positive results are seen.

Question 5.
Explain the social and economic consequences of the Green Revolution.
Or
What were the social consequences of the Green Revolution? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Or
Highlight the social consequences of the Green Revolution? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
1. Class Struggle: Class system of villages was changed due to Green Revolution. Many small and marginal farmers became rich. This has changed the traditional class system of villages. Now, lower classes and small farmers started attaining power which was only confined to higher castes in earlier times. Green Revolution was one of the reasons for the class struggle in villages.

2. Increase in the price of food grains: Farm production was increased due to the Green Revolution. But the cost of agricultural production was also increased due to costly fertilizers, seeds, and machines. That is why small and marginal farmers were unable to use these methods and big farmers drew maximum profit from these methods. Expensive agriculture technology increased the cost price of food grains.

3. Agriculture laborers became poor: Many scholars are of the view that unemployment has been increased due to the impacts of the Green Revolution. The actual wages of agricultural laborers were reduced. Some scholars are of the view that the Green Revolution has lowered the social status of laborers.

4. Political impact: Rich farmers became more powerful due to Green Revolution. Rich farmers created obstacles in various land reforms. That is why the government had to face many problems to implement laws regarding land reforms. Even farmers of the middle class raised their income by using new technology and they became more powerful politically.

5. Advance Technology was out of reach for small farmers: Social and economic status of poor farmers and landless agricultural laborers became weak due to Green Revolution. New technology, developed seeds, pesticides, means of irrigation, etc. are very expensive and that is the reason it remained out of reach of small and marginal farmers. It created a gap between marginal and rich farmers.

6. Increase in Economic Inequality. Green Revolution developed inequality in the income of different sectors. Its reason is that seeds of more yield were used in certain areas of the country. But most of the other parts of the country are using traditional methods of agriculture. That is why inequality in production developed. Thus, Green Revolution encouraged economic inequality in the country.

Question 6.
What was the type of classes that existed in the rural areas? Explain them.
Answer:
India’s economic progress was quick after Independence. Planned efforts are put for economic development and that is why new groups and classes emerged in rural areas. Some of these main classes are given below:

1. Landowner farmers: Steps were taken, after Independence, to change the existing systems related to land. The land was taken away from Zamindars by making laws and was distributed between lakhs of landless farmers. Every landless farmer was given the land of one hectare free of cost. That is is how the landless farmers became landowners. Before this, they used to do agriculture on the land of Zamindars.

Now, they started practicing agriculture on their own land. 50 lakh hectares of land was given to 50 lakh people till 1992. They began to take interest in agricultural works on their land. Production on their land was increased after Green Revolution with which their economic condition improved. They started to invest money in developed seeds, fertilizers, agricultural tools, and means of irrigation. Now, even small farmers could afford tractors of their own.

2. Gentleman Farmers: Gentleman farmers were also a class of landowner farmers. They did not have much of the land like zamindars. Those farmers were included in this group who either got land from their ancestors or have bought that land themselves. Many of those people are included in this group who were retired from their government jobs or military or non-military services. Gentlemen farmers sow traditional crops like wheat, rice, maize, fruits, vegetables, etc. They use developed seeds, fertilizers, mechanical tools, new means of irrigation, thrasher, etc. with which production increased.

3. Middle caste and Middle-class farmers: Powerful middle caste and middle-class farmers emerged in rural areas after Independence. They are known as middle caste because their position was lower than higher castes and higher than the lower castes in the caste hierarchy. This class is also known as the middle class because they are neither zamindar and nor landless farmers. Many landlords and big farmers of higher castes migrated towards urban areas to take advantage of industrialization and urbanization. They started to invest their money in industries. Under these circumstances, middle caste and middle-class farmers emerged in rural areas.

4. Capitalist Farmers: Capitalist farmer class is that class that invests their capital in agricultural works to take maximum advantage of it. This class was different from the zamindar class because Zamindars served as the link between the government and farmers. It had done nothing to increase production and productivity. But capitalist class used many means to increase its profit like taking loans to increase production, food technology, markets, means of transport and communication, and cheap labor. The capitalist farmer class is a very small portion of the total population of the country but this class plays an important role in the local consumption and production of food grains for export.

Question 7.
What are the changes or transformations that came in rural society after Independence? Explain them.
Answer:
Many changes took place in the rural areas, after Independence, especially in those areas where Green Revolution was implemented. These included:

1. Growth of intensive farming.
2. A shift from payment in kind or grain to payment in cash,
3. Changes in the traditional relation between farmers, land-owners, and agricultural workers.
4. Rise of free wage laborers.

Sociologists have described changes in the nature of the relationship between farmers and agricultural workers. These changes came in all those areas where commercialization of agriculture took place, i.e., where crops were grown to be sold in the market. Some scholars are of the view that this change in labor relations helped capitalist agriculture. Production in a capitalist system is based on the separation of means of production from laborers and the use of free wage labor. These days, farmers of developed areas are producing for the market. Rural areas are becoming integrated with the wider economy due to the commercialization of agriculture.

That is why the investment of capital in villages has increased and chances of trade and employment have also been increased. But one thing should be kept in mind that these changes in the rural economy were started during colonial rule. In the 19th century, the British produced cotton on large pieces of land in Maharashtra and integrated its farmers directly into the world market. It spread after Independence because the government provided many modern facilities to rural areas to increase agricultural production. The government provided roads, facilities of irrigation, and cooperative societies. Government efforts for rural development not only transformed the rural economy and agriculture but also changed the agrarian structure and rural society itself.

The green revolution came in the decades of 1960 and 1970 and rich farmers invested in the agricultural field and became richer. Farmers of dominant castes of Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and central Gujarat invested the profit of the agricultural field into another type of trades. With this, new entrepreneurial groups emerged who migrated from rural areas towards towns. It led to the rise of new regional elite groups that became economically and politically powerful. This change in class structure led to the opening of higher education institutions in rural areas and rural people started to educate their children. Most of them joined professional or white-collar occupations or started businesses which led to an expansion of urban classes.

Question 8.
What was the impact of Globalisation and liberalization on rural society?
Answer:
India has been following the policy of liberalization since the late 1980s and has had a great impact on agriculture and rural society.
1. The policy of globalization means participation in a world trade organization, whose objective is to establish a free international market. The Indian market was a* closed market but it was ready to compete with the international market after globalization. There are many things, like many types of fruits and other food items, which were not available in the local market due to restrictions on import. India was self-dependent in the field of foodgrains. Thus, rural society started competing with the international market due to globalization.

2. Agriculture has been incorporated in the wider international market due to globalization and it directly influenced the farmers and rural society. For example, farmers of Punjab and Karnataka made contracts with multinational companies (like Coke, Pepsi) to produce fixed crops (like Tomato, Potato). These companies then buy their produce for processing or export.

In this way, companies ask to produce a particular crop in contractual farming. They provide seeds and other things in the form of investment. They also provide information and often also working capital. In return, the company guarantees that it will purchase the product at a predetermined fixed price. Flowers, grapes, figs, pomegranates, cotton, and oilseeds are the main crops of contractual farming. Contract farming diverts many people from the production process to other areas. Moreover, more fertilizers and pesticides are used to produce these crops which is not good for the environment.

3. Another aspect of globalization of agriculture is the entry of multinational companies into this sector as sellers of seeds, pesticides, and fertilizers. Over the last decade, agricultural agents were replaced by seed, fertilizer, and pesticide companies. These agents provided knowledge to farmers about seeds and agriculture and these agents wanted to sell their goods. That is why farmers are forced to use expensive fertilizers and pesticides. The farmers were caught in the debt trap which led to ecological crises in rural areas.