CBSE Class 12

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 6 are part of CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science. Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 6.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 6

Students who are going to appear for CBSE Class 12 Examinations are advised to practice the CBSE sample papers given here which is designed as per the latest Syllabus and marking scheme as prescribed by the CBSE is given here. Paper 6 of Solved CBSE Sample Paper for Class 12 Political Science is given below with free PDF download solutions.

Time Allowed: 3 hours
Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions :

1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Questions nos. 1 to 5 are of 1 mark each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 20 words
3. Questions nos. 6 to 10 are of 2 marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 40 words
4. Questions nos. 11 to 16 are of 4 marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 100 words
5. Questions nos. 17 to 21 are of 5 marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 150 words
6. Questions no. 21 is map based question
7. Questions nos. 22 to 27 are of 6 marks each. The answer to these questions should not i exceed 150 words

Question 1.
When did NATO come into existence? How many states joined it?

Question 2.
What does CIS stand for?

Question 3.
What is SLOCs?

Question 4.
What is WSF?

Question 5.
Define factions.

Question 6.
Why did India adopt planning?

Question 7.
In which context India started participating in the world affairs as an independent nation state?

Question 8.
What challenges were faced by India between 1964 to 1966 during Prime ministership of Lai Bahadur Shastri?

Question 9.
What factors led to crisis of democratic order in Indian politics?

Question 10.
What was criticism against Narmada Bachao Aandolan?

Question 11.
What was the role of Congress in the politics of Jammu and Kashmir?

Question 12.
Examine growing consensus over the crucial issues.

Question 13.
What are the objectives of military alliances? Give an example of a functioning military alliance with its specific objectives.

Question 14.
Why have issues related to global environmental protection become the priority concern of states since the 1990s?

Question 15.
Mention positive impact of globalisation.

Question 16.
Bring out two major differences between the challenge of nation building for eastern and western regions of the country at the time of Independence.

Question 17.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions:
The global economy relied on oil for much of the 20th century as a portable and indispensable fuel. The immense wealth associated with oil generates political struggles to control it, and the history of petroleum is also the history of war and struggle. Nowhere is this more obviously the case than in West Asia and Central Asia. West Asia, specifically the Gulf region, accounts for about 30 per cent of global oil production. But it has about 64 per cent of the planet’s known reserves, and is therefore the only region able to satisfy any substantial rise in oil demand. Saudi Arabia has a quarter of the world’s total reserves and is the single largest producer. Iraq’s known reserves are second’only to Saudi Arabia’s. And, since substantial portions of Iraqi territory are yet to be fully explored, there is a fair chance that actual reserves might be far larger. The United States, Europe, Japan, and increasingly India and China, which consume this petroleum, are located at a considerable distance from the region.
(i) Which region has much potential for oil production?
(ii) Which area is supposed to have far larger reserves than actually it has?
(iii) Why is the history of petroleum called the history of war and struggle?

Question 18.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions:
At the most simple level, globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity, that is, the ability of government to do what they do. All over the world, the old ‘welfare state’ is now giving way to a more minimalist state that performs certain core functions such as the maintenance of law and order and the security of its citizens. However, it ‘ withdraws from many of its earlier welfare functions directed at economic and social well-being. In place of the welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities. The entry and the increased role of multinational companies all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of governments to take decisions on their own. At the same time, globalisation does not always reduce state capacity. The primacy of the state continues to be the unchallenged basis of political community. The old jealousies and rivalries between countries have not ceased to matter in world politics. The state continues to discharge its essential functions (law and order, national security) and consciously withdraws from certain domains from which it wishes to. States continue to be important. Indeed, in some respects state capacity has received a boost as a consequence of globalisation, with enhanced technologies available at the disposal of the state to collect information about its citizens. With this information, the state is better able to rule, not less able. Thus, states become more powerful than they were earlier as an outcome of the new technology.
(i) How does globalisation effect on state capacity?
(ii) How have multinational companies effected the states?
(iii) How does the old welfare state react to globalisation?

Question 19.
Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

(i) Identify the person in the centre of the cartoon and mention the challenge surrounding him.
(ii) What does the picture actually refer?
(iii) How did India avoid all these conflicts?

Question 20.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions:
This coalition-like character of the Congress gave it an unusual strength. Firstly, a coalition accommodates all those who join it. Therefore, it has to avoid any extreme position and strike a balance on almost all issues. Compromise and inclusiveness are the hallmarks of a coalition. This strategy put the opposition in a difficulty. Anything that the opposition wanted to say, would also find a place in the programme and ideology of the Congress. Secondly, in a party that has the nature of a coalition, there is a greater tolerance of internal differences and ambitions of various groups and leaders are accommodated. The Congress did both these things during the freedom struggle and continued doing this even after Independence. That is why, even if a group was not happy with the position of the party or with its share of power, it would remain inside the party and fight the other groups rather than leaving the party and becoming an ‘opposition’.
(i) What do you mean by a faction?
(ii) How did coalition-like character affect the nature of the Congress Party?
(iii) How did the Congress avoided to increase number of‘opposition’?

Question 21.
On a political outline map of India, locate and label the following and symbolise them as indicated:

(i) Two states where the Congress was not in power at some point during 1952-67.
(ii) Two states where the Congress remained in power through this period.

Question 22.
Suggest any six steps since 2005 to make the United Nations more relevant in the changing context.
OR
Explain the areas of operation of non-traditional notion of security.

Question 23.
Describe the security challenges faced by the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa after the Second World War
OR
Compromise and accommodation are the two essential policies required by states to save Planet Earth. Substantiate the statement in the light of the ongoing negotiations between the North and South on environmental issues.

Question 24.
How did the reorganisation of states take place in India after its independence? Explain. What do you know about the Communist Party of India?

Question 25.
State the main arguments in the debate that ensued between industrialisation and agricultural development at the time of the Second Five Year Plan. 6
OR
India’s foreign policy was built around the principle’s of peace and cooperation. But India fought three wars in a space of ten years between 1962 and 1971. Would you say that this was a failure of the foreign policy? Or would you say that this was a result of international situation? Give reasons to support your answer.

Question 26.
What were the factors which led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the early 1970s?
OR
Discuss the effects of emergency on the following aspects of Indian polity:
(i) Effects on civil liberties for citizens.
(ii) Impact on relationship between the executive and judiciary.

Question 27.
What was Narmada Bachao Aandolan? What were its main issues? What democratic strategies did it use to put forward its demands?
OR
Regional demands from different parts of India exemplify the principle of unity with diversity. Do you agree? Give reasons.

Answers

Answer 1.
NATO came into existence in April 1949 and twelve states joined it.

Answer 2.
Commonwealth of Independent States.

Answer 3.
SLOCs stands for Sea Lanes of Communications. It is the naval power of hegemon that underwrites the law of the sea and ensures freedom of navigation in international water.

Answer 4.
WSF stands for World Social Forum, which is a global platform to bring together a wide coalition of human rights activists, environmentalists and women activists.

Answer 5.
Fraction are the groups formed inside the party i.e. coalitions made in Congress created various factions which were based on either ideological considerations or personal ambitions.

Answer 6.
Because :

• To bring a socio-economic changes.
• It was to provide a controlled and faster growth rate.
• To resolve contradictions between societies.

Answer 7.

• British government left the legacy of many international disputes.
• Priority to the poverty alleviation.
• Pressures created by the partition.

Answer 8.

• Economic crisis due to Indo-China War 1962 and Indo-Pak War 1965.
• Failed Monsoons, drought, serious food crisis presented a grave challenge.

Answer 9.

• Emergence of Indira Gandhi with a lot of popularity.
• Party competitions had been created.
• Relation between the government and judiciary had become tense.

Answer 10.
Criticism against Narmada Bachao Aandolan : 

• The obstruction of the process of development
• Denial of the access to power to many people
• Hurdle to economic development

Answer 11.
Congress dominated the politics of Jammu and Kashmir between 1953 to 1974 in the following manner:

1. National Conference remained iconic power with the active support of Congress for sometime but later merged with the Congress.
2. The Congress gained direct control over the government in state.
3. The Congress Party also made attempts to have an agreement-between Sheikh Abdullah and Government of India.
4. In 1974, Indira Gandhi signed an agreement with Sheikh Abdullah. As per this agreement, Sheikh Abdullah became the Chief Minister of State.

Answer 12.
In the midst of severe competition and conflicts, a consensus appears to have emerged among most parties consisting of following four elements:

1. Most political parties were in support of new economic policies to lead the country to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world.
2. All political parties supported reservation of seats for backward classes in education and employment and even to ensure the OBCs to get adequate share of power.
3. Role of state level parties was accepted in the governance of country.
4. Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements.

Hence, most of the NDA did not agree with the Hindutva ideology of BJP. Still they come together to form a government and remained in power for full term.

Answer 13.
Objectives :

• Alliance building is important component of traditional security to threats to deal between states and nations to deter or defend against military attacks.
• Alliances are formalised in written treaties and identification of who constitutes the threats.
• Alliances are formed to increase their effective power relative to another alliance.
• Alliances are based on national interests and can change when national interest change.

Example – The US backed the Islamic militants in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union in 1980s, but later attacked them when Al-Qaeda, a group of Islamic militants, led by Osama Bin Laden launched terrorist strikes against America on 11th September 2001.

Answer 14.
Issues related to global environmental protection became the priority concern of states since the 1990s because at global level, the environmental issues drew attentions of various states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio-de-Janerio, Brazil in June 1992 through Agenda 21:

1. Rio-Summit 1992 dealt with climatic change, bio-diversity and forestry.
2. Agenda 21 combined economic growth with ecological responsibilities.
3. Kyoto Protocol set targets for greenhouse emissions. The above mentioned conferences and summits raised the environmental issues at the global level to take steps by various states to check environmental degradation in a co-operative manner.

Answer 15.

• Increase in the volume of trade in goods and services.
• It attracts private foreign capital ‘investment’.
• It creates new job opportunities.
• It raises standard of living.
• It increases production efficiency and healthy competition. ‘
• It attracts Foreign Direct Investment also.

Answer 16.
The two major differences between Eastern (Bengal) and Western (Punjab) regions can be summed up as follows:

1. These regions were the Muslim majority provinces to be joined. Hence, it was decided that new country Pakistan will comprise two territories i.e. West and East Pakistan.
2. Secondly, there was a problem of minorities on both sides of border (East and West). Lakhs of Hindus and Sikhs in areas of Pakistan and Muslims on the Indian side of Punjab and Bengal found themselves trapped with no option except to leave their homes.

Answer 17.

• West Asia especially the Gulf region enjoys much more potential for oil production.
• Iraqi territory is supposed to be fully explored.
• The global economy relied on oil for much of 20th century as a portable and indispensable fuel. The common wealth associated with oil generates political struggles to control it.

Answer 18.

1. It reduces state’s capacity and ability of government to do what they do.
2. The entry and increased role of MNCs all over the world leads to reduction in the capacity of government to take decision on their own.
3. The old welfare state is now giving way to a more minimalist state that performs certain core functions i.e. maintenance of law and order and security of its own citizens.

Answer 19.

1. The person is the first Prime Minister of India Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, who faced the first and foremost challenge of integration of Princely States and formation of linguistic states.
2. The picture refers the problem of reorganisation of states on linguistic basis with the fear of disintegration in the country.
3. India identified and respected regional demands of the people and enhanced democracy by providing some autonomy to the states also.

Answer 20.

1. Factions are the groups formed inside the party based on either ideological considerations or on personal ambitions and rivalries.
2. Coalition-like character of the Congress accommodated all social diversities and maintained a balance on almost all issues. Even a proper space for the programmes and ideology of opposite parties was also given. In such a way the Congress showed greater tolerance towards internal differences.
3. Along with its coalition-like character, Congress did not let the groups to leave the party to become an opposition.

Answer 21.

1. • Jammu and Kashmir
   • Kerala
2. • Uttar Pradesh
   • Maharashtra

Answer 22.
In September 2005, the UN celebrated its 60th anniversary and leaders decided to make it more relevant in the changing context by following steps:

1. Creation of Peace Building Commission.
2. Acceptance of the responsibility of the international community in case of failures of national governments to protect their own citizens from atrocities.
3. Establishment of a Human Rights Council (Operational Since 19 June 2006).
4. Agreements to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
5. Condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.
6. Creation of a Democracy Fund.
7. An agreement to wind up the Trusteeship Council.

OR

Non-traditional concept of security includes human and global security covering a wide range of threats affecting human existence:

1. It does not cover only the states but also the individuals and communities also.
2. It emphasises on security on nature of threat and right approach to deal with the threat.

Its sources can be identified as follows:

1. Terrorism refers to political violence to target civilians deliberately and discriminately to use it as a weapon against national government.
2. Human Rights refer to basic conditions which an individual is supposed to enjoy as a human being as political rights, freedom of speech and expression, economic rights, social and civil rights to lead an honourable and dignified life.
3. Global poverty refers to low economic growth, low national income and low standard of living of developing or least developed countries.
4. Health epidemics is a very serious threat to country’s security because severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (ARS), HIV-AIDS, bird flue diseases spread across countries through migration, business, tourism and military operations.

Answer 23.

1. After the Second World War, there were many newly countries emerged in Asia and Africa as a result of the collapse of colonialism and the most nations faced threats not only from outside their borders but also from within.
2. For the newly independent countries external and internal threats posed serious challenges to their security.
3. Some of these states are worried about threats from separatist movement within the country.
4. Terrorism is a problem faced by maximum newly free countries from outside borders i.e. 1ST
5. Newly independent countries are highly populated and low per capita income countries so that facing the problem of global poverty.
6. Newly independent countries are also facing the problem of social injustice discrimination based on caste, creed, religion which affects the human rights.

OR

Compromise and accommodation are the two essential policies to save Planet Earth by the states but the states from North and South have different notions towards environmental issues:

1. The Northern States (Developed) are concerned with ozone depletion and global warming whereas Southern states (Developing) want to address the relationship between economic development and environmental management.
2. The developed countries of the North want to discuss the environmental issues which stand equally responsible for ecological conservation.
3. The developing countries of the south feel that much of the ecological degradation in the world is created by developed countries through their industrial projects.
4. And if developed countries cause more environmental degradation they are supposed to take more responsibility on wards.
5. The developing counties are under process of industrialization and they should be exempted from restrictions imposed on developed countries through various conventions like protocol etc.
6. The special needs of developing countries must be taken into considerations in the process of development, application and interpretation of rules of International Environmental Law.

All the above mentioned provisions were accepted in Earth Summit, 1992 while adopting common but differentiated responsibilities.

Answer 24.

1. In the initial years, it was felt that linguistic states may foster seperatism and create pressures on newly founded nation, but India considered democracy and federalism by making a favour to linguistic states only.
2. The States Reorganisation Commission was set up in 1953 by the Central Government to rearrange the boundaries of states.
3. Its main recommendations were to organise states on language basis as well as the boundaries of states could reflect the linguistic aspects also.
4. The States Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956 which created 14 states and 6 union territories.
5. Linguistic states enhanced democratic practices.
6. Linguistic states reduced separatist attitude by accepting the regional and linguistic claims of all regions.

OR

The Communist Party of India was founded in 1920. In the early 1920s, Communist groups emerged in different parts of India taking inspiration from the Bolshevik revolution in Russia and advocating socialism as the solution to problems affecting the country. From 1935, they worked mainly from within the fold of the Indian National Congress. A parting of ways took place in December 1941, when the Communists decided to support the British in their war against Nazi Germany. At the time of Independence, other non-Congress parties like the CPI had a dedicated cadre. Soon after Independence, the Communist Party thought the transfer of power in 1947 was a not true independence and encouraged violent uprisings in Telangana, but they failed to generate popular support for their position and were crushed by the armed forces.

In 1951, the Communist Party abandoned the path of violent revolution and decided to participate in the approaching general elections. In the first general elections, CPI won 16 seats and emerged as the largest opposition party. The party’s support was more concentrated in Bihar, West bengal, Andhra Pradesh West Bengal, Bihar and Kerala, The party leaders included A.K. Gopalan, S.A. Dange, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, P.C. Joshi, Ajay Ghosh and P. Sundarraya.

Answer 25.
At the time of the Second Five Year Plan, some controversial issues rose in reference to relevancy of agriculture over industry.

• The Second Five Year Plan emphasised on industry in place of agriculture or rural India.
• J.C. Kumarappa, a Gandhian economist proposed an alternative blueprint to emphasise on rural industrialisation.
• Bharatiya Lok Dal leader, Chaudhary Charan Singh also commented that the planning leading to creation of prosperity in urban and industrial sections at the cost of rural welfare.

Others debated that without an increase in industrial sector poverty could not be alleviated:

• India planning did not have an agrarian strategy to boost the production of food grains.
• It also proposed programmes of community development and spent large sums on irrigation project and failure was not that of policy but of its non-implementation because of the politics of land owning classes.
• Besides, they also argued that even if the government had spent more money on agriculture, it would not have solved the massive problem of rural poverty.

OR

No, this was not the failure of foreign policy but this was a result of international situation:
(i) The Chinese Invasion, 1962 :

• Serious conflict arose when China annexed Tibet in 1950 and removed a historical buffer between two nation, and India did not oppose this openly.
• India grew uneasy, when China began to suppress Tibetan Culture.
• Another border dispute arose when China claimed Aksai Chin area and NEFA (much of the state in Arunachal Pradesh) within the Indian territory.
• Despite long-term correspondence and discussions, these issues have not been resolved even by top leaders of country.
• Hence, India had to indulge in the conflict.

(ii) War with Pakistan :

• A serious armed conflict between two countries began in 1965 with the initiative of Pakistan over Kashmir partition.
• In 1966, the hostilities came to an end with the UN intervention and Tashkent Agreement signed between Indian Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan’s General Ayub Khan.
• The 1965 War added to India’s already difficult economic situation.

(iii) Bangladesh War of 1971 :

• In 1970, Pakistan faced its biggest crisis in the way for a split verdict i.e. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s Party emerged as winner in West Pakistan while Awami league led by Sheikh Mujibur Rehman swept through East Pakistan.
• The Bengali population of East Pakistan had voted to protest against discriminatory attitude of West Pakistan, which was not acceptable to West Pakistan rulers.
• In 1971, Pakistani army arrested Sheikh Mujib and unleashed a region of terror on Eas(t Pakistan. This started people’s struggle to liberate Bangladesh from Pakistan.
• India had to bear 80 lakh refugees who fled from East Pakistan to take shelter. Hence, India had to extend moral and material support to the freedom struggle in Bangladesh.
• A full scale war between India and Pakistan in December 1971 broke out, when Pakistan attacked on Punjab and Rajasthan to be.retaliated an attack from India.
• Within ten (Jays the Indian army surrounded Dhaka and Pakistan had to surrender with Bangladesh as a free country, India declared a unilateral ceasefire and Shimla Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan in 1972.
• Most people in India saw this moment as a glory of India and a clear sign of India’s growing military powers.

Answer 26.
Because :

1. Socialist credentials became main projects during this period.
2. Indira Gandhi campaigned to implement land reform legislations and land ceiling legislations.
3. She ended her dependence on other political parties by strengthening her party’s position and recommended the dissolution of the Lok Sabha in December’ 1970.
4. The crisis in East Pakistan and Indo-Pak war to establish Bangladesh as an independent one, also enhanced the popularity of Indira Gandhi.
5. Indira Gandhi’s government was not accepted only as a protector of the poor and underprivileged but as a strong government also.
6. Congress became popular among different social sections and restored dominance again

OR

(a) Effects on Civil Liberties for Citizens :

1. The government made large scale arrests under preventive detention.
2. Arrested political persons could not challenge arrest even under Habeas Corpus petition.
3. Despite of filing many petitions government claimed it not to be necessary to be informed on grounds to arrested persons.
4. In April 1976, finally it was proved that the government could take away citizen’s right to life and liberty by overruling of High Courts under Supreme Court and accept government’s plea.

(b) Impact on Relationship between the Executive and Judiciary :

1. The Parliament brought in many new changes in the Constitution which made an amendment declaring that elections of the Prime Minister, the President and the Vice-President could not be challenged in the court.
2. The 42nd amendment was also passed to bring a series of changes in the Constitution like duration of legislatures, elections can be postponed by one year during an emergency.

Answer 27.

1. Narmada Bachao Aandolan (NBA) linked its opposition to Sardar Sarovar Project with larger issues concerning the nature of ongoing developmental projects, efficacy of model of development that the country followed and what constituted public interest in a democracy.
2. It demanded that there should be a cost benefit analysis of the major developmental projects due to construction of dam submerged around 245 villages to require two half a lakh population to be relocated.
3. The movement demanded proper rehabilitation of all those to be affected from the construction of these projects.
4. This movement also questioned the nature of decision making process to be in forming of mega scale development projects.
5. Movement also insisted that local communities must have a say in such decision making alongwith an effective control over natural resources.
6. Hence, NBA achieved a comprehensive National Rehabilitation Policy formed by government in 2003.

Democratic strategies used by it :

• Mobilisation of support at inter-national level
• Appeals to judiciary
• Public rallies
• Forms of Satyagraha

OR

Yes, we agree with the statement because India adopted a democratic approach on these regional aspirations in place of considering them as anti-national:

1. India’s democratic politics allows people and groups to address the people on the basis of their regional identity, aspiration, and specific regional problems.
2. India’s democratic politics focus on regional issues and problems to receive adequate attention and accommodation in the policy making process, i.e. regional aspirations of Assam, Punjab and North-East, Kashmir, etc.
3. Its examples are in eighties, military erupted in Punjab, problems persisted in the North-East, students agitated in Assam and Kashmir valley was on the boil.
4. The Government of India settled down some negotiations with these regional aspirations to reduce tensions in many regions.
5. Mizoram is an example of political settlement to resolve the problem of separation effectively.
   It can be concluded that regional aspirations do not encourage separation but these respect diversity to retain unity in the nation.

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CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Paper 6 are part of CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education. Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Paper 6.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Paper 6

Students who are going to appear for CBSE Class 12 Examinations are advised to practice the CBSE sample papers given here which is designed as per the latest Syllabus and marking scheme as prescribed by the CBSE is given here. Paper 6 of Solved CBSE Sample Paper for Class 12 Physical Education is given below with free PDF download solutions.

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

• All questions are compulsory.
• Answers to questions carrying 1 mark should approximately 10-20 words.
• Answers to questions carrying 3 marks should approximately 30-50 words.
• Answers to questions carrying 5 marks should approximately 75-100 words.

Questions.

Question 1.
What do you mean by seeding? 1

Question 2.
List the macro nutritive elements. 1

Question 3.
How can yoga help in curing Asthma? 1

Question 4.
Write two benefits of Trikonasana. 1

Question 5.
Describe diabetes. 1

Question 6.
Define motor development. 1

Question 7.
In which year female athletes tried became apparent? 1

Question 8.
List the test battery item of AAHPER youth fitness test. 1

Question 9.
Define first aid. 1

Question 10.
Define personality. 1

Question 11.
Define circuit training. 3

Question 12.
Describe any one food supplement for children and its effect on the body. 1

Question 13.
Define back pain and write its causes. 3

Question 14.
Write any three advantages of physical activities for children with special need. 3

Question 15.
Describe in detail ADHD. 3

Question 16.
What are the various effects of exercise on cardiovascular system? 3

Question 17.
How structure of joint effect flexibility? 3

Question 18.
Briefly discuss the impact of environment on Athletes performance. 3

Question 19.
There was a 400m racing championship in which an athlete was running at the last place. Suddenly, the runner just ahed of her started to collapse. Instead of continuning the race and
Finishing Second last, the athlete helped the injured runner and took her to the finishing line just ahead of her. 3
(i) Why do you think the athlete helped the injured player?
(ii) What position according to you should have been awarded to the athlete?

Question 20.
Explain tournament. Mention the significance of intramural for students. 5

Question 21.
Suggest at what age children should be exposed to weight training and justify your answer. 5

Question 22.
Mention sociological aspects of women participation in sports. 5

Question 23.
Describe the procedure of the karus-weber test. 5

Question 24.
Explain the various types of fracture and their management is detail. 5

Question 25.
Participation in sports results is all-round development of personality. Justify 5

Question 26.
Explain the impact of high altitude training. 5

Answers.

Answer 1.
Teams play directly in quarter finals-based on last year’s performance.

Answer 2.
Carbohydrates-fats-proteins-water.

Answer 3.
Various yogic poses improve blood circulation, energize the nervous system and reduce stress which are highly beneficial and recommended for the asthmatic patient.

Answer 4.
Improves strength of thighs and calves, develops stretch ability of spine

Answer 5.
Increases sugar in blood or high blood glucose, related to lifestyle.

Answer 6.
Progress from gross motor skills to fine motor skills in 4 stages (infant hood, early, middle and later childhood)

Answer 7.
1952 Olympics in Helsinki

Answer 8.
pull ups for boys, sit ups, shuttle run, 50 yard dash

Answer 9.
Immediate care given to the victim of an accident, injury, sudden illness or any medical emergency

Answer 10.
Personality is the sum of characteristics (habits, traits, attitudes and ideas) of an individual which make him unique.

Answer 11.
Formal type of training, athletes go through series of exercises arranged in circuit

Answer 12.
Capsules like Supradyn, Becosules, Diataal Capsules, etc.
Advantages – additional nutrients, immunity development, improved physical fitness (amino acids taken by athletes)
Disadvantages – drug interactions, excess vitamin A can cause liver damage, decreases bone strength, headache.

Answer 13.
Pain in back due to the stretch of muscles. Related to lifestyle, causes – poor posture, incorrect lifting style, sedentary lifestyle.

Answer 14.
Better balance and motor skills, reduces stress, anxiety and depression, improved behavior and self confidence.

Answer 15.
ADHD is the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. In this, there is the differences in the parts of brain which controls attention and activity. Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity are its symptoms. The cause of ADHD are heredity and brain injury.

Answer 16.
Effects of Exercise of Cardiovascular System

• The benefits of regular exercise include more than just having a well-toned body. Besides serving as a mood intensifier, physical activity has both long term and short term effects on the cardiovascular system. Good blood circulation throughout your body may provide long standing positive effects to your health.
• Before the person starts exercising, the body go through an anticipative response. During this response the body will release adrenaline consistently before the person sweat. Increases stroke volume: Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart during each contraction. Stroke volume is measured in milliliters per beat. With the onset of exercise, the stroke volume increases anywhere from 60 to 110 milliliters depending on the intensity.
• Lowers blood pressure: A healthy heart rate of an adult at rest is about 60-80 beats per minute. With regular exercise, a lower resting heart rate can be developed. Resting heart rate decreases because the heart develops to hold more amount of blood with exercise.
• Lowers blood pressure: Blood pressure repose with two measurements. The systolic number refers to the amount of pressure that helps to drive blood throughout the system. Blood circulation or flow improves with regular exercise and lowers the blood pressure readings.
• Improves blood flow: An additional short term effect of the circulatory system during exercise is how the blood is delivered throughout the body. When a person is at rest only 15 percent of the blood flowing through the body is drifted towards the skeletal muscles.
• Fewer varicose veins: Regular exercise not only boost leg strength, but also improves vien strength. Stronger veins will lower the risk of getting varicose veins.
• Other long term effects of regular exercise Increases the number of red-blood cells and
  capillaries. Diminishes stress-related hormones from circulating in the blood. Enhances the blood vessel lining which in turn helps to lower the risk of plaque buildup that may lead to coronary disease.
• Probably the first part of your body to benefit from regular exercise is your heart. To get the blood circulated to different parts of your body requires a healthy heart that is able enough to function efficiently. Regular exercise makes your heart stronger so that it won’t have to work as hard as the heart of the one who doesn’t exercise.

Answer 17.
Body largely depends upon the structure of joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments. Flexibility is crucial for performing routine work. It can even prevent injury, especially lower back pain. When joints are flexible, body can perform movements with greater amplitude and range without external help commonly called as active flexibility. But when external help is taken by the body for performing movements, it is called as passive flexibility. Therefore if joints are flexible then easy movements structuring and muscle contractions are possible as required in sports like gymnastics, yoga, swimming and athletics.

Answer 18.
The following factors play a crucial role in improving the performance of an athlete:

1. Spectators – Audience plays a major role as their appraisals prove to be a great source of motivation for the better performance.
2. Weather – It has to be good. If it is sunny or rainy then it can prove to be a hindrance in the good performance by the athlete.
3. Facilities – Athletes should be provided with adequate facilities of refreshments, their equipments, etc.

Answer 19.
(i) He helped the fellow player out of sympathy, care and concern for the mankind. He showed humane spirit.
(ii) He should be given first position because he stepped forward for the betterment of human kind.

Answer 20.
Tournament is that series of sports in which a team finally wins and rest of the teams lose the matches. It is organized at zonal, district, state and national level. It develops sports skills, acts as a source of recreation, helps in selection of players and also develops social qualities.
Types of tournament:

• Knock-out – In this type of tournament, a team which once defeated automatically gets eliminated from the tournament.
• League or Round Robin Tournament – According to this tournament, each team play with every other team once if it is a single league tournament
• Combination – These are conducted when the matches are to be played on group basis or zonal basis.
• Consolation – One additional chance is given to the defeated teams.

Significance of intramurals:

• Significant for physical, mental, emotional and social development of students.
• Lays stress on moral and ethnic values.
• Necessary for the development of health of children.
• Calms down the fighting instinct.

Answer 21.
Weight Training is the exercise phase of the activity where weight in the form of bar-bells and dumb-bells is used to condition and alter the sizes of various segments of the body.
Myth About Weight Training

• Children should not do any sort of weight training.
• Lifting heavy weights can be stressful for young muscles.

Whereas weight training is essential for people of all ages and children are no exceptions. Children of 7-8 years may start lighter strength training activities. Strength training offers benefits to anyone who partakes.
Advantages:

• Increases muscle strength
• Increases bone density
• Improves quality of life
• Effective weight control

Answer 22.
Sociological aspects of women Participation in sports

• Safety and transportation issues – Travelling becomes difficult for women as their parents don’t easily allow whereas boys don’t have any restrictions.
• Social stigma – Gender discrimination, women are discouraged to take part in sports.
• Lack of facilities – Women have less number of opportunities for participation in sports than the men.
• Lack of role models – Hardly any women role model is there to motivate other women to play.
• Less media coverage for women sports – Less coverage of women tournament so less interest of public in their game.
• Scarcity of women coaches and administrative staff – and few women coaches.
• Cultural sensitivity – Social norms restrict exposure of female body, which occurs in their wearing of the sport attires.
• Fewer spectators – Less interested spectators as compared in the sports by men.

Answer 23.
It was introduced by Kraus and Hirschland. It consists of six tests:
(i) Test -1
Purpose – To measure the strength of the abdominal and Psoas muscles Procedure – the subject lies in supine position i.e., flat on his back and hands behind his neck, examiner holds his feet to keep him on ground and he is asked to perform one sit-up.Scoring – if he performs he passes and gets 10 marks else he fails and receives 0 marks.
(ii) Test – 2
Purpose – To measure the strength of the abdominal muscles
Procedure – The subject lies in supine position but his knees are bent and ankles remain in touch with his buttocks. The examiner holds the feet of the subject. After command the subject has to roll up to sitting position.
Scoring – If he performs one sit-up in this condition, he passes else he fails. The distance from spine to sitting position is marked from 0-10.
(iii) Test – 3
Purpose – To measure the strength of the Psoas and lower back.
Procedure – The subject is advised to lie on supine on the table and hands to be kept behind the neck. Then he is advised to lift the legs to 10 inches above the table.
Scoring – If he can raise his feet 10 inches from the ground for 10 seconds then he gets 10 marks. The scores are awarded keeping in mind the time for which the subject uplifts his legs.
(iv) Test – 4
Purpose – To measure the strength of the upper back
Procedure – The subject lies in prone position (i.e. on his stomach with a pillow under his lower abdomen and his hands behind his neck) on the table, examiner has to press the back and trunk of subject. The subject is advised to lift the legs to 10 inches above the table.
Scoring – If subject can raise his legs in such a condition for 10 seconds then he gets 10 else he is marked as per the time he maintains the desired upliftment.
(v) Test – 5
Purpose – To measure the strength of the lower back.
Procedure -The subject lies in prone position on the table, examiner has to press the legs and hips of the subject. The subject is advised to lift the upper body to 10 inches above the table.
Scoring – the subject is marked 10 if he uplifts his body in such a condition for 10 seconds else he is marked for the time he maintains the desired upliftment.
(vi) Test – 6
Purpose – To Measure The Strength Of The Back And Hamstring Procedure – It is also known as floor-touch test, measures flexibility of the trunk, subject is asked to lean down slowly to touch the floor with finger tips for 3 seconds, bouncing or jerking is not allowed, examiner holds his knees to prevent any bend.
Scoring – Full 10 marks are given for complete touch, if subject is unable to touch by two inches he is awarded 8 marks.

Answer 24.
Fractures – Fracture is broken or cracked bone caused accidently by a wrenching force.

1. Stress Fracture – They are small cracks even they are difficult to see in x-rays. They caused by the repetitive use of bone and joints.
2. Green Stick Fracture – It is generally occurs in children. The bone does not break completely.
3. Comminuted Fracture – The bone is broken into small pieces at the site of the fracture.
4. Transverse Fracture – It is caused due to breaking of bone at right angle with the axis of the bone.
5. Oblique Fracture – The bone breaks obliquely to the axis.
6. Impacted Farcture – The broken ends of the bone are jammed together by the force of the injury.
7. Open And Closed Fracture – The broken bone does not pierce the skin but internal injury to surrounding tissues may be caused.

Management of Fractures:

1. First Aid for Closed Fracture – The injured part can be immobilized with the help of splint or sling as per the site.
2. First Aid for open Fracture – In open fracture, the open wound must be covered by sterile gauze or dressing. The compression and elevation is given to control the bleeding. The splint is given to immobilize the injured part.

Answer 25.
Role of Sports in Personality Development:

1. Physical Development – Games lead to proficiency in the neuro-muscular coordination, well organized games are stimulant to physical growth. They shape the body and maintain the optimum health from childhood to adulthood and gain speed, strength, flexibility etc.
2. Mental Development – Individuals learn to make judgments, utilize reflective and creative thinking to obtain knowledge about rules and regulations through sports and it also sharpens an individual’s mind.
3. Social Development – Players belonging to different places come closer to one another, human relations are developed, social qualities like fair play sportsmanship, courtesy are developed, games are just like fields where seeds of high character are sown and a harvest of better man is reaped.
4. Emotional Development – games develop emotions like hope, jealousy, distress, anger etc. and enable the individual to have proper control over these emotions.
5. It also helps in building confidence and higher self-esteem.
6. Playing any kind of sport develops leadership qualities in an individual.

Answer 26.
Impacts of high altitude training are:

• At high altitudes the reduced air pressure, oxygen diffuses into red blood cells more slowly.
• To compensate the decreased oxygen, one of the body’s hormone erythropoietin (EPO), triggers the production of more red blood cells to aid in oxygen delivery to the muscles.
• Training at high altitudes results in the production of RBC’s.
• Then athletes head to a competition at lower elevations to take advantage of their changed physiology.
• Natural blood doping – Idea of taking advantage of the body’s physiological changes at high altitude.

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CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Paper 5 are part of CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education . Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Paper 5

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Paper 5.

Students who are going to appear for CBSE Class 12 Examinations are advised to practice the CBSE sample papers given here which is designed as per the latest Syllabus and marking scheme as prescribed by the CBSE is given here. Paper 5 of Solved CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Paper 5 is given below with free PDF download solutions.

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

• All questions are compulsory.
• Answers to questions carrying 1 mark should approximately 10-20 words.
• Answers to questions carrying 3 marks should approximately 30-50 words.
• Answers to questions carrying 5 marks should approximately 75-100 words.

Questions:

Question 1.
Define Axis and Plane? 1

Question 2.
What is Bye and Tournament? 1

Question 3.
Define anxiety and stress. 1

Question 4.
What is the meaning of correct posture. 1

Question 5.
Explain the factors affecting projectiles trajectory. 1

Question 6.
What is the aim of sports medicine? 1

Question 7.
Write any four reasons of low participation of women in sports and games. 1

Question 8.
Define Aerodynamics? 1

Question 9.
Draw a chart of motor development during childhood. 1

Question 10.
What is friction and work? 1

Question 11.
What is flexibility? 1

Question 12.
Explain corrective measures of postural deformity? 3

Question 13.
Write the precaution and remedies of these deformities. 3
 Spinal curvature   • Flat foot     • Round

Question 14.
Describe type of disabilities and Disorder among children? 3

Question 15.
Define strength. Write all its types with examples. 3

Question 16.
Define strength. Write all its types with examples. 3

Question 17.
What is food supplement? Describe the precaution for taking food supplement. 3

Question 18.
List Different types of fractures? 3

Question 19.
Rajiv was a good athlete. He use to take part in most of the running as well as throwing events. However his performance was not appropriate in throwing events. One day he went to discuss this problem to Distt. Athletic coach because he wanted to improve his performance. The coach watched his throwing technique. He told him that there are various faults but major fault was improper muscle involvement and angle of projection. He suggested him to release the throwing implement such as shot and hammer etc. at the appropriate angles and focused on specific muscles involved in throwing. In this way he helped him in enhancing his performance. Based on the above passage answer the following questions: 1+I+1=3
(i) Problems identified by coach.
(ii) What were the focus muscle of Rajiv considered by the coach regarding his technique?
(iii) Describe the values shown by the District Athletic Coach

Question 20.
• Draw a fixture of 21 teams on knock out basis. 1+1+1+2 = 5
• Draw a fixture of 6 teams on cyclic method.
• Draw a fixture of 7 teams on staircase method
• How many types of tournament are there? Name them. Write their 2 advantages and disadvantages

Question 21.
Write short note on: 5
Menarch, Menstrual Dysfunction, Menopause.
Discuss any four psychological traits of women athlete.
It shows normal pattern of ovulation that will soon be established some activities delay it like gymnastics.

Question 22.
Describe Yoga as a preventive measure for obesity? 5

Question 23.
Explain personality dimensions and types in detail. 5

Question 24.
Describe any four psychological benefits of exercise. Explain types of motivation and 5 techniques of motivation. 5

Question 25.
Explain the Harvard Step Test. 5

Question 26.
How you can manage all types of sports injuries. Write in details. 5

Answers.

Answer 1.
Plane – It is the surface on which the movement occurs or takes place.
Axis – It is the line around which the movement takes place.

Answer 2.
Bye – Bye is used in making fixtures of a tournament. The team which is placed in ‘bye’ does not play in the first round but plays with the winner of the first round. It is also called dummy team.
Tournament – It is that series of sports in which a team finally wins and rest of the teams lose the matches

Answer 3.
Anxiety – It is a psychological phenomenon in which our body’s primitive and automatic response that prepares it to fight from perceived harm or attack.
Stress – it is normally a physical response to events that make you feel threatened or upset your balance in some way.

Answer 4.
The arrangement of the body and its limbs is known as posture.
Correct posture is a position in which the skeleton is held in erect position that is mechanically most favourable for transmission of body weight.

Answer 5.
The factors affecting projectiles trajectory are:
(i) Angle of projection – when the angle of projection is 45 degrees, the maximum horizontal distance is achieved.
(ii) Initial velocity – greater the initial velocity applied, greater the distance achieved.
(iii) Gravity – it accelerates objects downwards but is unable to affect horizontal motion of projectile.
(iv) Air resistance – the speed is slowed down by air resistance.

Answer 6.
The aim of sports medicine is to provide information .and knowledge about sports injuries, their causes, prevention and their rehabilitation

Answer 7.
(i) No parental encouragement
(ii)) Less motivation and inspiration
(iii) Less availability of women coach
(iv) No independent games facilities for women

Answer 8.
Aerodynamics is the science of Study of motion of air, particularly its interaction with a solid object such as an airplane wing.

Answer 9.

Answer 10.
Friction – it is the electromagnetic attraction between charged particles in two touching surfaces.
The forces acting along the two surface in contact which opposes the motion of one body over the other is called force of friction.
Work – it is the product of displacement of the body and force which causes that displacement in the direction of the displacement.
W = F x d, SI unit of work is Joule.

Answer 11.
It is the range of motion in a joint or group of joints or ability to move joints effectively. Maximum range of movement of joints.

Answer 12.
Correct measures of postural deformity:

• Most often, people with a mild curve will only need to be observed through screening by a medical practitioner.
• Exercise for muscle strength, flexibility and movement alignment are very effective.
• If the curve grows worse, a back brace may be worn until bone growth stops. Special exercises may be included. The brace dose not limit most activities
• In extreme cases, spinal surgery is performed to correct the curvature.
  If not treated what might happen?
• Medical problems can occur later in life such as
• Physical deformity • Heart and lung disorders • Pain and arthritic symptoms
  Process of screening:
• A simple 30-second observation of the back: first standing, then bending forward
• Screeners look for an unevenness of shoulders, hips, or one side of the back
• Shirts are removed for better viewing. Boys and girls are screened separately. Girls wear a two-piece bathing suit or a halter-top and shorts.
• Screening is usually done in the privacy of the school nurse’s office yearly.
• The school does not provide treatment, but can direct those who should have further attention to appropriate medical help.

Answer 13.
Spinal Curvature – Precautions:

• We should follow the appropriate posture of sitting, standing, walking and running.
• We should not carry heavy weights.
• Balanced diet should be taken.

Remedies:

• For scoliosis, bending exercises should be performed in appropriate side.
• Don’t carry heavy weights in one hand.
• For lordosis we should perform halasana and sit-ups
• For kyphosis, we should perform dhanurasana and chakrasana etc.

Flat foot – Precautions:

• Don’t not force the babies to walk at an early stage,
• Obesity should be avoided.
• Don’t walk bare feet.
• High heeled shoes should be avoid.

Remedies:

• Do rope skipping
• Jumping on toes
• Special shoes should be worn
• Perform tadasana or walk on toes

Round shoulders – Precautions:

• Bent position should be avoided in any work.
• Don’t wear tight fitting clothes Remedies:
• Hold the horizontal bar by both hands
• Do dhanurasana and chakrasana

Answer 14.
Types of Disabilities:

• A physical disability is a limitation on a person’s physical functioning and mobility. Other
  physical include impairments which limit other facets of daily living
• Cognitive disabilities
• In order for students to be diagnosed with a cognitive disability, they must have impairments in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. Additionally, the symptoms must be present before a child becomes 18 years old.
• Intellectual functioning refers to a person’s ability to plan, comprehend, and reason. A child’s intellectual functioning can be assessed by an intelligence test. The most common intelligence test that you’ve probably heard of is the IQ test. Generally, a child with scores of 70-75 or lower is classified as having a cognitive disability.
• Adaptive behavior refers to an individual’s ability to apply social and practical skills in everyday life. Examples of adaptive behavior can include personal care, social problem,solving skills, dressing and eating skills, using money, and following rules.

Types of Disorders:

• Disorder is the disturbance which affects the normal functions that is performed by an individual.
• ADHD – Attention deficit hyper disorder
• ASD – Autism spectrum disorder
• SPD – Sensory processing disorder
• ODD
• Down syndrome(Syndrome)
• Cerebral palsy
• Learning disorder

Answer 15.
It is the capacity of the whole body or of any parts to exert force.
Strength, Dynamic strength – maximum strength, explosive strength, strength endurance Static strength

Answer 16.

• Increase in the size of heart
• Increase in cardiac output
• Increase in blood flow
• Quicker recovery rate
• Decrease in blood pressure
• Increase in stroke volume
• Avoid second wind
• Increase in the size of lungs and chest
• Increase in the number of WBC
• Increase in the number of RBC
• Delay in fatigue
• Fast recovery period

Answer 17.
It can add missing nutrient to a diet. It is the source of nutrients taken as a dietary top up. These are vitamins, minerals, herbs and other products.
Precautions:

• All food supplements can cause adverse effects if they are consumed in excessive amounts. So take in right amount.
• Any food supplements should be consumed under strict guidance of dietician
• If any nutrients are lacking, you must consult the doctor.
• Before taking food supplement, make sure they are pure and of good quality.
• You should have proper time-table of consuming,the supplement otherwise it could be harmful

Answer 18.
Types of Fracture:
(i) Close Fracture –

• Transverse Fracture: Broken at right angle to long axis of bone
• Oblique: Oblique direction to long axis, confined to one plane .A fracture in which the line of break runs obliquely to the axis of the bone.
• Spiral Fracture: Occur when one end of an extremity is fixed (e.g., a foot is planted on the floor) but the rest of the extremity remains in motion.
• Comminute Fracture: A fracture in which the bone has broken or fragmented into several pieces. It happens mostly due to crush.
• Impact Fracture: An impacted fracture is one whose ends are driven into each other.
• Green Sticks: fracture in a young, soft bone in which the bone bends and partially

(ii) Open Fracture:

• Compound Fracture: An open fracture, also called a compound fracture, is an injury that occurs when there is a break in the skin around a broken bone. In order for an injury to be classified as a compound fracture, the outside air (and dirt and bacteria) must be able to get to the fracture site without a barrier of skin or soft-tissue.

Answer 19.

1. Angle of projection – Improper muscle involvement
2. Preparatory Phase: Posterior deltoids and latissimus, Triceps Brachii.
   Throwing Phase: Anterior Deltoid
3. Analytical Skills and Scientific concept

Answer 20.

• Fixture of 21 teams on knock out basis:
  No. of teams = 21
  No. of byes = 32-21 = 11
  No. of teams in upper half
  (N + l)/2 = (21 + l)/2 =11
  No. of teams in lower half
  (N – l)/2 = (21 – l)/2 = 10
  No. of byes in upper half
  (NB – l)/2 = (11-1)/2 = 5
  No. of byes in lower half
  (NB + l)/2 = (11 + l)/2 = 6
  No. of matches = N-1=21-1=20
  No. of rounds = 5
  
• Draw a fixture of 6 teams on cyclic method:
  No. of teams = 6
  No. of matches = N (N – 1 )/2 = 6 (6- l)/2 = 15
  No. of rounds = N – 1 = 6-1=5
  In even number we fix (1)

  1st round	2nd R	3rd R	4th R	5th R
  6        ->     1 5       ->     2 4        -»     3	5               1 4                5 3                6	4                1 3                5 2                6	3                1 2                4 6                5	2               1 6                3 5                4

   

• Draw fixture of 7 teams on staircase method:
  No. of teams = 7
  No. of matches = N(N – l)/2 = 7(7 – l)/2 = 21
  No. of rounds = 6

  Round 1
  1-2	2 R
  1-3	2-3	3 R
  1-4	2-4	3-4	4 R
  1-5	2-5	3-5	4-5	5 R
  1-6	2-6	3-6	4-6	5-6	6 R
  1-7	2-7	3-7	4-7	5-7	6-7

   

• Four types of tournaments:
  (i) League or round robin tournament
  (ii) Knock out tournament
  (iii) Combination tournament
  (iv) Challenge tournament
  
  
• Advantages – League:
  • Equal opportunities to each team
  • Greater chances of the better team to win.
• Knock out:
  (i) Less time
  (ii) Less money
• Combination:
  • According to number of teams you can apply this method
  • If less teams, you can use league. If more teams, you can apply knock out cum league
  Challenge:
  • It is good for individual or 2 team players • One player can challenge another player
• Disadvantages – League:
  • More time consuming
  • Not economical
• Knock out:
  • Weak teams may reach the finals.
  • Chances of good teams eliminating in the first round
• Combination:
  • Before starting tournament you cannot announce which type of combination tournament you apply
• Challenge:
  • It is not used in all games
  • It is difficult to apply in all sports.

Answer 21.

• Menarch – It is the first menstrual cycle or first menstrual bleeding in female. The average age of the first cycle from 11 to 14 years.
  Menstrual dysfunction – A menstrual disorder is an irregular condition of a women’s menstrual cycle. It mostly occurs every 22 to 35 days. Its flow lasts 3 to 7 days.
• Eumenorrhea – normal bleeding menstrual function.
• Oligomenorrhea – abnormally infrequent menstrual periods. Woman goes more than 35 days without menstruating.
• A menorrhoea absentee of menstruation
• Menopause – It is the time when menstrual periods stop. It generally comes between 45 to 55 years. The main effect is that women cannot become pregnant

Four psychological traits of women athlete:

1. She uses more of emotion focussed coping strategies and balances gender role.
2. The female athlete shows a higher amount of role conflict than male.
3. Women become psychologically tough by participating in games and sports.
4. Confidence level improve by taking part in sports.

Answer 22.
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat gets accumulated to the extent that it has a negative effect on the body. Through yoga it can be prevented by performing various asanas:

• Vajrasana – Soles are kept on hips and thighs on legs. Toe and knees should not touch the floor. Spine straight, eyes close. Right palm on right knee, left palm on left knee. Inhale and exhale slowly. In beginning, do it for 5 min, gradually increase till 15 min.
• Hastasansa – Standing with feets together and arms by side like mountain pose. Weight evenly. Keep the legs straight. Slowly raise arms upward, straight. Palms -straight head facing one another. Look upwards.
• Trikonasana – Stand with feet one leg length apart, knees straight. Turn right foot outside , left foot less than 45 degree to inside, both heels must be in line with the hips. Spread out arms to sides parallel to the floor keeping palm facing down, extend the trunk as far as comfortable towards the right. Drop right arm so that right hand reaches the front of the right foot. Extend left arm vertically, twist spine and trunk softly clockwise by using extended arms as lever . Turn the head at left thumb resulting in slightly intensifying the spinal twist. Held for 5-10 breaths then change side.
• Ardha Matsyendra – Kneel down with legs together. Resting on heels. Sit at the right of your feet. Lift left leg over the right and place the foot against the outside of right knee. Bring right heel close to hips, spine must remain erect. Stretch arms to sides at shoulder level, then twist them to left side. Bring right arm down to outside of left knee and hold left foot in right hand by placing left hand on floor behind. Exhaling, twist to the left s far as possible. Look over left shoulder.

Answer 23.
Dimensions of personality:

• Physical dimension – It is related to good physique and good health. It is the collection or an integrated image of various dimensions. Correct posture also improves physical personality. Those having good physical personality are liked by everyone in the society.
• Mental dimension – It is related to mind, intellectual strength and individual’s ability, if a person does not have good mental ability then he cannot contribute to the society and family. Such dimension involves good thinking, gdod reasoning and judgemental ability.
• Social dimension – A person cannot live alone. He gets from the society, good behavioural patterns, customs, traditions, manners and moral values etc. He learns team work, becomes a good follower and a good leader. It teaches person to walk on the right path of life
• Emotional dimension – If a person has proper control over various emotions such as fear, anger, ditress, happiness, sorrow, joy etc., in any situation then he can become a good citizen. Through sports one should be emotionally stable. It also helps to improve personality.

Types of personality: Four types A, B, C and D –

• Type A personality – the individuals are self-critical, very competitive, hardworking, sense of urgency, works on time, impatient very early, aggressive and work by whole heart
• Type B – individuals are not competitive in nature, easy going, do not become angry, not over achievers and over ambitious, and are quite satisfied in their lives.
• Type C – individuals have pleasing personality, never express their emotions, passive hopeless, they feel alone and deny their own needs.
• Type D – such personality individuals suffer from high degree of distress, don’t share their emotions, have a fear of rejection, they lead a poor quality of life.

Answer 24.
Psychological benefits of exercise:

• Help athletes cope with performance fear
• Help athletes mentally prepare for competition
• Help athletes return after injury
• Help athletes improve practice efficiency

Sports psychologist can help athletes overcome fears, such as, fears of failure. It also helps the athletes mentally prepare for competition and practice. It also helps to improve the quality or efficiency of their practice, its helps to enhance self-esteem and body image.
Types of motivation:

• Intrinsic motivation – It is internal motivation. It occurs when person are compelled to do something out of pleasure. It comes by oneself.
• Extrinsic motivation – It is external motivation. It occurs when external factors compel the person to do something. E.g., rewards, praise, cash prize, etc.

Techniques of motivation:

• Praise, appreciation, criticism • Role of media and positive attitude
• Records of success and achievements • Healthy sports environment
• Presence of opposite sex and motivational music

A combination of techniques can have positive effect. It is very difficult for the teacher or coach to apply technique on an individual. A good technique selection is also very important for motivation.

Answer 25.
Harvard step Fest was developed by Brouha and his associates in 1943. Purpose of this test is to measure cardiovascular fitness.
Procedure – The athlete is instructed to step up and down on the platform at a rate of 30 steps per minute for 5 minutes or until exhaustion occurs. The exhaustion is defined as when the athlete cannot maintain the stepping rate for 15 seconds and this can be administered by metronome. After the completion of stepping, the athlete is advised to step down. After this heart rate is measured between 1 to 1.5 minutes after finishing. The heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute. The heart rate can be measured by the method given ahead.
(i) Manual Method – the heart rate can be measured from any spot on the body at which any artery is closed to the surface so that a pulse can be felt. The most common place for measuring the heart rate is wrist and neck.
(ii) Monitor Method – a heart rate monitor or electro cardiogram can be used to measure more accurate heart rate. A heart rate monitor consists of a transmitter and receiver. The heart muscles transmit an electoral signal when they contract. The transmitter then sends an electromagnetic signal containing heart rate data to the wrist receiver which displays the heart rate.
(a) Short Form – In this, only heart rate is counted from 1-1.5 minutes after finishing.
(b) Long Form – In this, the heart rate is counted three times. Firstly from 1 to 1.5 minutes then between 2 to 2.5 minutes, and between 3 to 3.5 minutes.

Scoring:

• Fitness Index For Short Form = (100 x test duration in seconds) divided by (5.5 x pulse count between 1 and 1.5 minutes).
• Fitness Index For Long Form = (100 x test duration in seconds) divided by (2 x sum of heart beats in the recovery periods).
  Example of scoring fitness index:
  The test was conducted for an individual and following readings were recorded:-
  Total duration of stepping 300 seconds
  1-1.5 minutes = 95
  2- 2.5 minutes = 85
  3- 3.5 minutes = 75

1. Short form fitness score
   FI Score = (100×300)/(5.5×95) = 57.4
2. Long form fitness score
   FI Score = (100×300)/2(95 + 85 + 75) = 58.8
   Then by using following table the cardiovascular fitness is determined:

   Gender	Excellent	Above average	Average	Below average	Poor
   Male	Greater than 90	80-90	65-79	55-64	Less than 55
   Female	Greater than 86	76-86	61-75	50-60	Less than 50

Answer 26.
Sports injuries occur under various circumstances. The frequency and severity depends on particular game.

(i) Management of Abraision, Contusion and Laceration/Incision:
These injuries can be prevented by using protective equipment. The treatment should begin with washing the wound immediately with soap and water. A cotton gauze rinsed with antiseptic lotion can be used to remove any piece of loose debris from the wound. After drying it apply antibiotic ointment. Bandage the area if the wound is still bleeding.
(ii) Management of Strain and Sprain:
It can be prevented by warming up and conditioning. Taping, knee caps, crape bandage can be helpful in preventing strain and sprain. The injured part should be elevated in the most comfortable position. The affected part should not be disturbed. An ice pack should be applied to affect joint or muscle to minimize the swelling. The ice must be applied for 20 minutes 6-10 times in first 24 hours. Next day heat and massage is given to absorb the clot.
(iii) Management of Dislocation:

• Reduction – During this process, the doctor may try some gentle movements around the affected joint to help the bones back into position. In case of severe pain local anesthetic procedures are adopted.
• Immobilization – After getting the bones at normal position, the bones should be immobilized with a splint or sling for several weeks. The time for which splint or sling is to be used depends upon extent of damage to nerves, blood vessels and supporting tissues.
• Surgery – If reduction is not able to settle the joint then surgical technique can be used to move dislocated bones back into their correct positions. Even in case of ruptured nearby blood vessels, nerves or ligaments surgery is required.
• Rehabilitation – Rehabilitation process is started after the splint or sling is removed. For the dislocated joint the rehabilitation exercises should be designed in such a way the gradual load is given. The aim of rehabilitation is to restore normal range of motion and strength around the joint.

(iv) Management Of Fractures:

• First Aid for Closed Fracture – The injured part can be immobilized with the help of splint or sling as per the site.
• First Aid for Open Fracture – In open fracture, the open wound must be covered by sterile gauze or dressing. The compression and elevation is given to control the bleeding. The splint is given to immobilize the injured part.

We hope the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Paper 5 help you. If you have any query regarding CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Physical Education Paper 5, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Economics Paper 1 are part of CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Economics. Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Economics Paper 1.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Economics Paper 1

Students who are going to appear for CBSE Class 12 Examinations are advised to practice the CBSE sample papers given here which is designed as per the latest Syllabus and marking scheme as prescribed by the CBSE is given here. Paper 1 of Solved CBSE Sample Paper for Class 12 Economics is given below with free PDF download solutions.

Time : 3 hrs
M.M.: 80

General Instructions

• All questions in both the sections A and B are compulsory. However, there is internal choice in questions of 3,4 and 6 marks.
• Question Nos. 1-4 and 13-16 are very short answer type questions, carrying 1 mark each.
  They are required to be answered in one sentence each.
• Question Nos. 5-6 and 17-18 are short answer I type questions, carrying 3 marks each.
  Answers to them should not normally exceed 60 words each.
• Question Nos. 7-9 and 19-21 are short answer II type questions, carrying 4 marks each.
  Answers to them should not normally exceed 70 words each.
• Question Nos. 10-12 and 22-24 are long answer type questions, carrying 6 marks each.
  Answers to them should not normally exceed 100 words each.
• Answers should be brief and to the point and the above word limit be adhered to as far as possible.

Section – A

Question 1.
If 20% increase in price of commodity causes 10% increase in quantity supplied, then elasticity of supply is
(a) elastic
(b) inelastic
(c) perfectly elastic
(d) perfectly inelastic

Question 2.
You are living in a country whose economy is underdeveloped. In this context, why there is a need of efficient utilisation of resources?

Question 3.
The Average Fixed Cost at 4 units of output is ₹ 20. Average variable cost at 5 units of output is 140. Average Cost of producing 5 units is
(a) ₹ 20
(b) ₹ 40
(c) ₹ 56
(d) ₹ 60

Question 4.
Why does variable cost curve originate from the point of origin?

Question 5.
Ice-cream is available at ₹ 10. Akansha who likes ice-cream, has already consumed 4 ice-creams. Her Marginal Utility (MU) of one rupee is 8. Should she consume more ice-cream or should she stop the consumption?

Question 6.
Explain the concept of economics as a positive science and economics as a normative science.
Or
Explain the central problem of ‘choice of technique’?

Question 7.
Show that the average fixed cost curve is a rectangular hyperbola.
Or
Why is the total revenue curve of a competitive firm a straight line passing through origin?

Question 8.
A consumer buys 300 units of good Y at ₹ 15 . The Price Elasticity of Demand for the good is 2. At what price, will he be willing to buy 450 units of good Y?

Question 9.
What factors lead to the emergence of oligopoly market?

Question 10.
From the table given below, determine the level of output at which the producer is in equilibrium. Use the Marginal Revenue (MR) and Marginal Cost (MC) approach. Give reasons for your answer.

Question 11.
Suppose, free entry and exit are allowed in a freely competitive market and there are identical firms in the market. Following are the demand and supply functions of such a market.
Market demand function (q_d) = 800 – P
The supply function of a single firm (q_s) = 10 + P for P ≥ 20
= 0 for P ≤ 20
Find out the equilibrium price, quantity and number of firms.
Or
Suppose a freely competitive market has identical firms and free entry and exit are also allowed. Market demand function and the supply function of a single firm are given below.
Market demand function (q_d) = 590 – P
Market supply function (q_s) = 8 + 5P for P ≥ 10 and = 0 for P ≤ 10
(i) What is the significance of P = 10 ?
(ii) At what price will the market be in equilibrium? State the reason.
(iii) Calculate the equilibrium quantity.
(iv) How many firms are required in the market?

Question 12.
Explain the Law of Demand with the help of diagram. State any two of its exceptions. Do you think that law of demand is effective in explaining the demand for gold in our country? Give reason in support of your answer.

Section – B

Question 13.
What is ‘statutory liquidity ratio’?

Question 14.
What is the nature of direct tax?

Question 15.
Explain briefly the meaning of time deposits.

Question 16.
Which of the following is a source of capital receipt?
(a) Foreign donations
(b) Dividends
(c) Disinvestment
(d) Indirect taxes

Question 17.
What do you understand by inflationary gap? Explain with the help of diagram.
Or
Explain the situation of deficient demand in an economy with the help of diagram.

Question 18.
In an economy, total savings are ₹2,000 crore and the ratio of Average Propensity to Save and Average Propensity to Consume is 2 : 7. Calculate the level of income in an economy.

Question 19.
From the following data, calculate net value added at factor cost.

Question 20.
Explain how do ‘open market operations’ by the Central Bank affect money creation by commercial banks.

Question 21.
Public expenditure is necessary for the development of the country. In the light of the statement, explain any two significance of public expenditure.
Or
Explain any four implications of a large fiscal deficit.

Question 22.
Explain the problem of double counting in the estimation of National Income with the help of an illustration. How can it be avoided?
Or
How will you treat the following while estimating domestic product of India?
(i) Rent received by a resident Indian from his property in Singapore.
(ii) Salaries to Indians working in Japanese Embassy in India.
(iii) Profits earned by a branch of an American Bank in India.
(iv) Salaries paid to Koreans working in Indian Embassy in Korea.

Question 23.
In an economy, aggregate demand is less than aggregate supply. Is the economy in equilibrium? If not, explain the changes that will bring the economy in equilibrium.

Question 24.
Giving reasons explain whether the given statements are true or false.
(i) Current account of balance of payments account records only export and import of goods and services.
(ii) Foreign investments are recorded in the capital account of balance of payments.
(iii) Improvement in exchange rate of the country’s currency always beneficial for Balance of Payment (BoP).
(iv) Rise in foreign exchange rate cause a rise in its supply.

Answers

Section – A

Answer 1.
(b) inelastic

Answer 2.
Developmental needs are more in a underdeveloped economy and these have to be fulfilled with the help of limited resources. Thus, there is a need of efficient and effective utilisation of resources.

Answer 3.
(c) ₹ 56
Hint: AFC at 4 units =₹ 20,
∴ TFC = 20 x 4 = ₹ 80
AVC at 5 units = ₹ 40
∴ TVC at 5 units = 40 x 5 = ₹ 200
TC at 5 units = TFC + TVC = 80 + 200 = ₹ 280
ATC = \(\frac { 280 }{ 5 } \) =₹ 56

Answer 4.
Variable cost curve originates from the point of origin because when output is zero, variable cost is also zero.

Answer 5.
A consumer attains equilibrium, when = \(\frac { M{ U }_{ X } }{ M{ U }_{ M } } ={ P }_{ X }\)
Where, MU_X = Marginal Utility of Commodity X
MU_M = Marginal Utility of Money
P_X = Price of Commodity X
Substituting the given values, we get \(\frac { M{ U }_{ X } }{ 8 } =10\) 10 implying that, in a state of equilibrium, Akansha’s MU_X must be equal to 80 utils. If having consumed 4th ice-cream, Akansha’s MU_X = 80 utils, then she must stop consuming more. However, if MU_X > 80, then she should consume more ice-creams till MU_X reduces to 80 utils and in terms of its money worth is equal to price of ice cream.

Answer 6.
Economics as a Positive Science A positive science is that science in which analysis is confined to cause and effect relationship. It simply states, ’what is’ and not ‘what ought to be1′ It does not pass any value judgement regarding what is right or wrong. Positive economics is concerned with the facts about the economy, as they exist.
e.g. positive economics deals with questions like ’what are the causes of unemployment’, ‘why prices are increasing’ and so on.

Economics as a Normative Science Economics as a normative science is concerned with ’what ought to be’. It examines real economic events from moral and ethical angles and judges whether certain economic events are desirable or not. It passes value judgement and prescribes methods to correct undesirable happenings.
e.g. normative economics deals with opinions like ‘old-age pension should be stopped’, ’MGNREGA will bring an end to unemployment’ and so on.
Or
‘Choice of technique’ is the problem of ’How to produce’?
‘How to produce’? is the problem which refers to the problem relating the choice of technique. Broadly, there are two techniques of production:

1. Labour-intensive technique and
2. capital intensive technique.

Labour-intensive technique uses more of labour than capital (machines) and is cost effective, whereas capital-intensive technique uses more of capital (machines) than labour and promotes efficiency.
So, a business firm needs to choose among these two techniques such that it obtains a cost-effective as well as efficient relationship.

Answer 7.
Average Fixed Cost (AFC) can be obtained by dividing Total Fixed Cost (TFC) by the quantity of output (Q),
i. e.

\(AFC=\frac { TFC }{ Q } \)

Since, total fixed costs remain the same as output rises, Average Fixed Cost diminishes but never becomes zero.

As output rises, the Average Fixed Cost (AFC) goes on declining. The AFC curve is, therefore a downward sloping curve. AFC curve never touches either of the axis. Thus, the AFC curve takes the shape of rectangular hyperbola which shows that the area under the curve (i.e. total fixed cost) always remains the same.
Or
A competitive firm sells its output at a uniform price. The price or Average Revenue (AR) is constant and Marginal Revenue (MR) is also constant as it is equal to AR. The Total Revenue (TR) is the sum total of MR corresponding to different levels of output.

Since MR is constant, TR increases at a constant rate. Thus, TR is an upward sloping straight line. It passes through origin because when output is zero, TR is also zero.

Answer 8.
Suppose at price X, consumer is willing to buy 450 units of goods Y
Here, E_d = 2;P = 15; P₁ = ₹ X, ∆P = ₹ (X-15)
Q = 300 units, Q₁ = 450 units .
∆Q = (450 – 300) units = 150 units
Where, E_d = Price Elasticity of Demand
P = Actual Price, P₁ = New Price
Q = Actual Quantity, Q₁ = New Quantity
∆P = Change in Price,
∆Q = Change in Quantity

The consumer will purchase 450 units of good Y at the price of ₹ 11.25 per unit.

Answer 9.
Following factors lead to the emergence of oligopoly market:

1. Government Licensing The government may grant licenses only to a few firms for the production of a commodity, e.g. coal mining rights are given to some companies only.
2. Patent Rights Some firms acquire patent rights on account of their innovative product/ technology that restrict the entry of new firms.
   e g. A computerised method of running cash management account, being patented by a company.
3. Scale of Investment Scale of investment for certain products is so high that it becomes difficult for many companies to afford it which leads to concentration of market in the hands of few companies, e.g. Software and Automobile Industries.
4. Cartels Sometimes big companies collaborate or form cartels to gain the control over market.
   e.g. OPEC set-up in 1960 by the world’s five major oil producing countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela.

Answer 10.
Producer’s equilibrium is that point at which a producer is getting maximum profit and he has no tendency to change his output. When Marginal Revenue (MR) is equal to Marginal Cost (MC) and marginal cost is rising beyond the point of equilibrium, at that point, the producer earns maximum profits.

Accordingly, producer’s equilibrium is struck at 5th unit of output because at output level of 2 and 5 units, both MR and MC are equal, which is equal to 5 in both the cases. But the producer is in equilibrium at 5th unit only where profit is maximum, i.e. 2. Also, beyond this level, Marginal Cost tends to rise.
Formulae Used
Total Revenue (TR) = Price (P) x Quantity (Q)
Marginal Revenue (MR) = TR_N – TR_N-1
Marginal Cost (MC) = TC_N – TC_N-1

Answer 11.
From the supply function, we have learnt that the minimum Average Cost (AC) is ₹ 20 and no firm would be ready to sell at price below minimum of AC. Hence, in the situation of free entry and exit, equilibrium price will always be equal to minimum AC. Hence, in this situation, equilibrium price will be P0 = ₹ 20 (equal to minimum AC)

At this price, market supply will be equal to market demand.
From the demand function, we can get the equilibrium quantity by substituting in the function the value of price q₀ = 800 – 20 = 780 units

At equilibrium price (P₀ = ₹ 20), each firm supplies = 10 + 20 = 30 units
Hence, equilibrium number of firms will be,\([{ N }_{ 0 }=\frac { { q }_{ 0 } }{ { q }_{ 0p } } =\frac { 780 }{ 30 } =26firm\)

Thus, given the market demand function and supply function of a firm when free entry and exit are allowed,
Equilibrium price = ? 20, Equilibrium quantity = 780 units, Total number of firms = 26
Or

1. P = 10 suggests that in the situation of free entry and exit, equilibrium price can neither be greater nor less than ₹ 10. If the market price becomes greater than ₹ 10, Excess supply emerges and price tends to fall till it becomes equal to ₹ 10. On the other hand, if market price becomes smaller than ₹ 10, excess demand emerges and price tends to rise till it reaches ? 10.
2. From the supply function, \({ q }_{ t }^{ s }\)= 0 for P < 10, we have learnt that the minimum Average Cost (AC) is ₹ 10. In the situation of free entry and exit, equilibrium price is always equal to minimum AC. Hence, in this case, market will be in equilibrium at the price of ₹ 10.
3. From the demand function, we can get the equilibrium quantity by substituting the value of price.
   q₀ = 590 – P = 590 -10 = 580 units
4. At equilibrium price (P0) = 10, each firm supplies q_0f = 8+ 5 x 10 = 58 units
   Hence, the number of firms required =\(\frac { 580 }{ 58 } =10firms\)

Answer 12.
The Law of Demand states that other things remaining constant, the quantity demanded of a commodity expands with fall in its price and contracts with a rise in its price. So, there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded of a commodity. This is explained with the help of an imaginary schedule and cunve which is based on that imaginary schedule.

Exceptions to the Law The law will not hold good under following circumstances:

1. Conspicuous Consumption The Law of Demand will not apply in case of costly items such as diamonds. These commodities will be demanded, even if the prices have gone very high.
2. Ignorance If the consumer is not aware of the competitive price of the commodity, he may purchase
   more of the commodity even at higher price. Such ignorance of the buyers makes the Law of Demand ineffective.

No, I don’t think that law of demand explains the demand for gold in our country. In spite of continuously rising prices, demand for gold remains constant. It is because consumers believe that prices of gold will rise further in future and because of this their demand has not fallen in the present. In this case too, law of demand have failed due to high future expectation of price by the consumer.

Section – B

Answer 13.
Fraction of total deposit that each commercial bank must keep with themselves in liquid assets (cash, gold and unencumbered securities) is referred to as statutory liquidity ratio.

Answer 14.
Direct tax is that tax whose incidence and impact falls on the same person i.e. burden of such taxes cannot be shifted to others e.g. gift tax, corporation tax, income tax, etc.

Answer 15.
Time deposits are fixed or recurring deposits which have a fixed period of maturity. The term of deposit may vary. Cheques cannot be issued against them and they are not payable on demand but these deposits yield interest for the depositor.

Answer 16.
(c) Disinvestment is a source of capital receipt.

Answer 17.
The extent to which current aggregate demand becomes higher than the aggregate demand required for full employment, is termed as inflationary gap.

In the figure given below, full employment equilibrium is struck at point E. If the level of demand increases to AD,, it is in excess of what is required to maintain full employment. This causes inflation.
Inflationary Gap = EF (The difference between AD and AD₁).

Or
The extent to which aggregate demand falls short of aggregate supply to maintain full employment equilibrium is known as deficient demand. As shown in the diagram, deficient demand occurs when Aggregate Demand (AD) is less than what is required to maintain full employment in the economy. Full employment level of demand is indicated by AD₁. If demand level happens to be AD₂ the gap between AD₁ and AD₂, equal to ab, represents deficient demand.

Answer 18.
Let Average Propensity to Save (APS) = 2x
Average Propensity to Consume (APC) = 7x
Now, APS + APC = 1
2x + 7x = 1
9x = 1
\(x=\frac { 1 }{ 9 } \)

Answer 19.
Net Value Added at Factor Cost (NVAFC) = Sales + Change in Stock – Purchase of Raw Materials – Consumption of Fixed Capital + Subsidies =
500 + (-20) – 250 – 40 + 30
= 530 – 310 = ₹ 220 lakhs

Answer 20.
Under open market operations, RBI purchases or sells government securities to general public for the purpose of increasing or decreasing the stock of money in an economy. The purchase or sale of securities controls the money in the hands of public as they deposit or withdraw the money from commercial banks. Thus, money creation by commercial banks get affected.

Suppose, the Central Bank purchase securities of ₹ 1,000 from a bond holder by issuing a cheque. The seller of the bond produces this cheque of ₹ 1,000 to his commercial bank, fhe commercial bank credits the account of the seller by ₹ 1,000 and the deposits of the bank goes up by ₹ 1,000, which is a liability for the bank. On the other hand, the assets of the commercial bank also goes up as the cheque in its possession is a claim on the Central Bank.

Thus, purchase of security increases the money creation of commercial banks and similarly sale of securities decreases the credit creation of commercial banks. Thus, the Central Bank controls the process of money creation by commercial banks through open market operations.

Answer 21.
The two significance of public expenditure are as follows:

1. Increases Economic Growth Public expenditure accelerates the process of economic growth. This is of unique importance particularly, in the context of developing countries like India. Public expenditure helps in establishing new industries. It ensures development of public overhead cost like the construction of roads, dams, bridges, etc.
2. Increases Economic Welfare Public expenditure increases economic welfare. This happens particularly when public expenditure is directed towards poverty eradication, as well as, health and education for the poorer sections of the society. Such expenditures reduce economic divide between ‘have’ and ‘have-nots’ and thereby promotes social welfare.

Or
Following are the implications of large fiscal deficit:

1. National Debt Fiscal deficit leads to national debt as government resorts to borrowings to combat the deficit. National debt is a burden on future generations. Therefore, future generations inherit a economy which is under high pressure of mounting borrowings.
2. Low GDP Growth In case of large fiscal deficit, a significant percentage of national income is used up to pay the’past debts and very less is spent on infrastructural expansion, therefore, GDP growth of the economy remains low.
3. Crowding-out Effect High fiscal deficit increases borrowings by the government from the money market which reduces availability of funds for private entrepreneurs. Shortage of funds leads to high rate of interest which lowers the level of investment in the economy. Thus, economy slips into state of economic slowdown. This is known as crowding-out effect.
4. Erosion of Government Credibility High fiscal deficit erodes credibility of the government in domestic as well as international market, ‘credit rating’ of the government is lowered and global investors start withdrawing their investment from domestic economy.

Answer 22.
The counting of the value of commodity more than once is called double counting. This leads to over estimation of the value of goods and services produced. Thus, the importance of avoiding double counting lies in correct estimation of the value of domestic product, e.g. a farmer produces one tonne of wheat and sells it for ₹ 400 in the market to a flour mill.

The flour mill sells it for ₹ 600 to the baker. The baker sells the bread to the shopkeeper for ₹ 800. The shopkeeper sells the entire bread to the final consumers for ₹ 900. Thus,
Value of Output = ₹ (400 + 600 + 800 + 900) = ₹ 2,700

In fact, the value of the wheat is counted four times, the value of services of the miller thrice and the value of services by the baker twice.
In other words, the value of wheat and value of services of the miller and of the baker have been counted more than once. The counting of the value of commodity more than once is called double counting. To avoid the problem of double counting, following two methods are used:

1. Final Output Method According to this method, the value of intermediate goods is not considered. Only the value of final goods and services is considered. In the above example, the value of final goods, i.e. bread is ? 900.
2. Value Added Method Another method to avoid the problem of double counting is to estimate the total value added at each stage of production. In the above example, the value added at each stage of production is ₹ (400 + 200 + 200 +100)= ₹ 900.

Or

1. It will not be included in domestic product of India as this income is earned outside the domestic (economic) territory of India.
2. It will not be a part of domestic product of India as embassy of Japan in India is not a part of domestic territory of India. Hence, this income is not earned within the domestic territory of India.
3. It will be included in domestic product of India as the branch of American bank is located within the domestic territory of India. So, it is income earned within the domestic territory of India.
4. It will be part of domestic product of India because this income is earned within the domestic territory of India. Indian Embassy in Korea is treated as located within the domestic territory of India.

Answer 23.
If Aggregate Demand (AD) is less than Aggregate Supply (AS), then economy is not in equilibrium because an economy is in equilibrium when AS = AD.
When AD < AS, flow of goods and services in the economy tends to exceed their demand. As a result, some of the goods would remain unsold.
To clear unwanted stocks, the producers would plan a cut in production. Consequently, AS would reduce to become equal to AD. This is how AS adapts itself to AD.

In the above figure, equilibrium is struck at point E
where, AD = AS. At point Ev Aggregate Supply exceeds Aggregate Demand (AS > AD).
It will cause following changes in the economy:

1. Stocks of the producers would be in excess of the desired limit.
2. Desired level of output for the subsequent year will face a cut and profits will start shrinking.
3. Levels of income and employment will tend to shrink to the point where, S = l, corresponding to point E in the diagram.
   Thus, the economy will come back to the state of equilibrium.

Answer 24.

1. False, as current account of balance of payments account also records unilateral transfers.
2. True, as all kinds of foreign investments (foreign direct investments and portfolio investments) are included in the capital account of balance of payments.
3. False, as improvement in the exchange rate of a country’s currency implies that less rupees are to be paid for a dollar than before. It points to the relative strength of the Indian rupee in the international market. However, for a developing country like India, it is not always desired. It would mean that US, now can buy less Indian goods for a dollar than before, which might cut US demand for the Indian goods i.e., it leads to fall in exports from India.
4. True, a rise in foreign exchange rate causes a rise in its supply because, there is a direct relation or positive relation between foreign exchange rate and supply of foreign exchange. As with the rise in exchange rate, foreign currency can buy more units of domestic good with the same amount, therefore it leads to increase in supply of foreign exchange.

We hope the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Economics Paper 1 help you. If you have any query regarding CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Economics Paper 1, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 5 are part of CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science. Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 5.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 5

Students who are going to appear for CBSE Class 12 Examinations are advised to practice the CBSE sample papers given here which is designed as per the latest Syllabus and marking scheme as prescribed by the CBSE is given here. Paper 5 of Solved CBSE Sample Paper for Class 12 Political Science is given below with free PDF download solutions.

Time Allowed: 3 hours
Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions :

1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Questions nos. 1 to 5 are of 1 mark each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 20 words
3. Questions nos. 6 to 10 are of 2 marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 40 words
4. Questions nos. 11 to 16 are of 4 marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 100 words
5. Questions nos. 17 to 21 are of 5 marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 150 words
6. Questions no. 21 is map based question
7. Questions nos. 22 to 27 are of 6 marks each. The answer to these questions should not i exceed 150 words

Question 1.
What was first Gulf War?

Question 2.
What is the common currency of EU?

Question 3.
What does SPA stand for?

Question 4.
What was main objective of ‘Dalit Panthers’?

Question 5.
Mention three issue that dominate the politics of North-East?

Question 6.
What factors led to crisis of democratic order in Indian politics?

Question 7.
Give the significance of the following dates:
(i) 7 Feb. 1992
(ii) 1 Nov. 1993

Question 8.
Why did Nehru regard conduct of foreign relations as an essential indicator of independence? State any two reasons with examples to support your reading.

Question 9.
How can we see re-emergence of Indira Gandhi to power in 1971?

Question 10.
Describe any two outcomes of ‘Naxalite movement’.

Question 11.
Why did India oppose the international treaties on Nuclear non-proliferation?

Question 12.
Mention circumstances to be characterised for imposition of Emergency.

Question 13.
In what manner Gorbachev’s reform policy was protested? Who took the command during these events?

Question 14.
Mention three ways in which US dominance since the Cold War is different from its position as a superpower during the Cold War.

Question 15.
“Reforming the UN means restructuring of the Security Council.” Do you agree with this statement? Give arguments for or against this position.

Question 16.
What are the differences in the threats that people in the Third World face and those living in the First World face?

Question 17.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions:
The Indian government is already participating in global efforts through a number of programmes. For example, India’s National Auto-fuel Policy mandates cleaner fuels for vehicles. The Energy Conservation Act, passed in 2001, outlines initiatives to improve energy efficiency. Similarly, the Electricity Act of 2003 encourages the use of renewable energy. Recent trends in importing natural gas and encouraging the adoption of clean coal technologies show that India has been making real efforts. The government is also keen to launch a National Mission on Biodiesel, using about 11 million hectares of land to produce biodiesel by 2011-2012. And India has one of the largest renewable energy programmes in the world.
(i) How India has participated in global efforts to protect environment?
(ii) What are Energy Conservation Act and Electricity Act?
(iii) Mention the efforts made by Indian government for biodiesel.

Question 18.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions:
The interim government took a firm stance against the possible division of India into smaller principalities of different sizes. The Muslim League opposed the Indian National Congress and took the view that the States should be free to adopt any course they liked. Sardar Patel, India’s Deputy Prime Minister and the Home Minister during the crucial period, immediately after Independence, played a historic role in negotiating with the rulers of Princely States in bringing most of them into the Indian Union.
(i) Which government has been referred to as the interim government?
(ii) Why did the Muslim League oppose the Indian National Congress?
(iii) What makes the role of Sardar Patel a historic one? Explain.

Question 19.
Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

(i) What does the cartoon represent?
(ii) What does the equations speak about?
(iii) “I’m always good at calculations”. What does this represent?

Question 20.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions:
Once an emergency is proclaimed, the federal distribution of powers remains practically suspended and all the powers are concentrated in the hands of the union government. Secondly, the government also gets the power to curtail or restrict all or any of the Fundamental Rights during the emergency. From the wording of the provisions of the Constitution, it is clear that an Emergency is seen as an extra-ordinary condition in which normal democratic politics cannot function. Therefore, special powers are granted to the government.
(i) When was Emergency imposed?
(ii) Who recommended Emergency to be imposed and to whom?
(iii) Mention the implications of Emergency.

Question 21.
Study the map and answer the following questions.

(i) Name any two states which were under British rule directly before partition of the country.
(ii) Name any two Princely States of India before and after the partition.
(iii) Name any one state which was basically divided because of partition.

Question 22.
Define the various treaties to control arms. 6
OR
“During the Cold War era, India and the USSR enjoyed a special relationship which made critics to say that India was part of Soviet camp”. Examine the statement.

Question 23.
What are different natures of hegemony? Explain. 6
OR
Identify the contentious issues between China and India. How could these be resolved for greater cooperation? Give your suggestions.

Question 24.
What are some of the commonalities and differences between Bangladesh and Pakistan in their democratic experiences?
OR
Why do some countries put a question mark on India’s inclusion as the permanent member in Security Council?

Question 25.
If Bharatiya Jana Sangh or the Communist Party of India had formed the government after the first election, in which respects would the policies of the government have been different? Specify three differences each for both the parties.
OR
Why is Emergency considered to be one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics? Analyse any three reasons.

Question 26.
What is globalisation? How has technology contributed in promoting globalisation? 6
OR
Discuss the consequences of the India’s partition in 1947.

Question 27.
Write a note on tjie Socialist Party.
OR
Describe any four major developments in the Indian politics since 1989.

Answers

Answer 1.
A massive coalition force of 660,000 troops from 34 countries fought against Iraq and defeated it in what came to be known as the First Gulf War.

Answer 2.
Euro

Answer 3.
SPA stands for Seven Party Alliance to protest against monarchy in Nepal.

Answer 4.
Dalit Panthers aimed at the destroy of caste system and to build on organisation of all oppressed sections like landless poor peasants and urban industrial workers alongwith Dalits.

Answer 5.
Three issues :

• demands for autonomy,
• movements for succession,
• opposition to outsiders.

Answer 6.

• Emergence of Indira Gandhi with a lot of popularity.
• Party competitions had been created.
• Relation between the government and judiciary had become tense.

Answer 7.

• 7 Feb. 1992 – Treaty of Maastricht was signed to establish the European Union
• 1 Nov. 1993 – European Union was established.

Answer 8.

1. India decided to conduct its foreign relations with respect to sovereignty of other nations and maintain peace and security through mutual cooperation to be reflected in the Directive Principles of State Policy on Article 51 of the Constitution.
2. India always advocated the policy of Non-alignment, made efforts to reduce cold war tensions and contributed human resources to UN peace keeping operations.
3. Hence, India took independent stand and got assistance from members of both the blocs.

Answer 9.
Congress (R) under Indira Gandhi had an issue, an agenda and a positive slogan which was lacked by its opponents. The ‘Grand Alliance’ had only one common programme ‘Indira Hatao’:

1. In contrast to this, Indira Gandhi put forward a positive slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’.
2. By this, she generated a support base among poor, minorities, landless labourers, dalit, women and unemployed youth.
3. Except it, she focused on the growth of public sector, imposition of ceiling on rural land holdings and urban property, removal of disparity etc.
4. Thus, the slogan of Garibi Hatao and programmes became the part of Indira Gandhi’s political strategy of building an independent nationwide political support base during the electoral contest of 1971.

Answer 10.
Because of discriminatory nature :

1. India felt that these treaties prove the monopoly of five nuclear weapon-powers only and applicable to only the non-nuclear powers.
2. India opposed the indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995 and refused to sign even CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty).

Answer 11.

• The first objective was to follow NAM, not to join either the military blocs formed by USA or Soviet Union.
• To promote rapid economic development and maintain cordial relations with other nations.
• To prefect the territorial integrity.
• To preserve sovereignty of India and also respecting others sovereignty.

Answer 12.

• Emergence of Indira Gandhi.
• Power Politics became personalised and governmental authority was converted into personalization.
• Bitter party competition.
• Tense relations between the government and judiciary.

Answer 13.

1. The East European countries which were the part of the Soviet Bloc, started to protest against their own government and Soviet control.
2. Boris Yeltsin took the command during these events as he got popular support of people in the elections and began to shake off centralised control.
3. Power began to shift from centre to the republics which declared themselves independent.
4. In December 1991, under the leadership of Boris Yeltsin Russia, Ukraine and Baltics declared themselves as sovereign states.

Answer 14.

1. During Cold War, the US found it difficult to win over the Soviet Union as hard power due to retaliating capacity of the Soviet Union and to protest world from large scale destruction. But in the areas of structural and soft power, the US dominated.
2. During Cold War years, the Soviet Union provided an alternate model of socialist economy to maximise welfare of states. Still the world economy throughout the Cold War years adapted capitalist economy under the US.
3. In the area of soft power, the US became triumphant. As the example of blue jeans shows that the US could engineer a generational gap even in Soviet Society on culture basis.

Answer 15.
Yes, we agree with the statement because Security Council plays a crucial role in functioning of the UN. In today’s scenario power equations have been changed with the disintegration of USSR and many new countries are entering into the UN:

1. The UN charter has given a privileged position to permanent members to bring stability all over the world. This position remains the same and no one is allowed to enter.
2. Except permanent members enjoy veto power to be placed in a valuable position.
3. Permanent members category is from industrialised developed country which should be balanced by enhancing representation from developing countries to become either permanent or non-permanent members. ‘
4. Hence, Security Council should reform and improve its working to make the UN more effective t.e., inclusion of member states should be judged on the basis of contribution to peace keeping initiatives.

Answer 16.
The threats are different in the Third World and First World peoples because their regions are changed, hence they face different security challenges in the following manner:

• The newly independent countries faced the military conflicts even with their neighboring states.
• These countries faced threats not only from outside their borders, mostly from neighbors, but also from within.
• Internally, new states worried about threats from separatist movements which wanted to form independent countries.
• Sometimes, the external and internal threats merged.
• For the new states, external wars with neighbors and internal wars posed a serious challenge to their security.

Answer 17.

1. It has launched a number of programmes i.e. Auto Fuel Policy, Energy Conservation Act 2001, Electricity Act 2003 to protect environment.
2. The Energy Conservation Act was passed in 2001 to outline initiatives to improve energy efficiency and Electricity Act passed in 2003 to encourage the use of renewable energy by the Indian government as a conservation programme.
3. The Indian government is keen to launch a National Mission on Biodiesel using about 11 million hectares of land to produce biodiesel by 2011-12.

Answer 18.

1. The Indian National Congress has been referred to as the interim government.
2. The Muslim League opposed the Indian National Congress because it was of the view that the states should be free to adopt any course they liked.
3. Sardar Patel was India’s Deputy Prime Minister and the Home Minister during the crucial period immediately following independence. He negotiated with the rulers of Princely States firmly but diplomatically and brought most of them into the Indian Union.

Answer 19.

• Dual role of Pakistan’s ruler Pervez Musharraf as the President and as Army General.
• These equations speak about dominance of one the Person militarily more rather than only the President.
• It shows the nation that Musharraf wants to command the country militarily and administratively both to strengthen his power because the President’s survival is not easy without military support.

Answer 20.

1. 25 June 1975.
2. The Prime Minister Indira Gandhi recommended to impose Emergency to the President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad.
3. • The federal distribution of powers remains practically suspended.
   • All the powers are concentrated in the hands of Union government.
   • The government also gets power to restrict all or any of Fundamental Rights during Emergency.

Answer 21.

1. • Punjab
   • Sindh
2. • Hyderabad
   • Gujarat
3. Bengal

Answer 22.

1. Limited Test Ban Treaty: Banned nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water signed by the US, UK and USSR in Moscow on 5 August 1963 came into force on 10 October, 1963.
2. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: It allows only the nuclear weapon states to have nuclear weapons and stops others from acquiring them. A nuclear weapon state is one which had manufactured and exploded nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January, 1967. So there are five nuclear weapon states: US, USSR, Britain, France and China.
3. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I and II (Salt I and II): The first round began in November 1969. The Soviet Union leader Leonid Brezhnev and the US President Richard Nixon signed the following in Moscow on 26 May 1972—
   • Anti Ballistic Missile System Treaty,
   • Interim Agreement on limitation of strategic offensive arms.
     It came into force on 3 October, 1972.
     The second round started in November 1972. The US President Jimmy Carter and the Soviet leader Brezhnev signed Treaty on limiting strategic offensive arms in Vienna on 18 June, 1979.
4. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I and II (START I and II): Treaty I signed by the USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev and the US President George Bush (Senior) on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms in Moscow on 31 July 1991. Treaty II was signed for the same purpose in Moscow on 3 January, 1993 between Russian President Boris Yeltsin and the US President George Bush (Senior).

OR

During the Cold War era, India and the USSR enjoyed a special relationship which made critics to say that India was part of the Soviet camp. It was a multi-dimensional relationship:

1. Economic :
   • The Soviet Union assisted India’s public sector companies at a time when such assistance was difficult to get.
   • It gave aid and technical assistance for steel plants like Bhilai, Bokaro, Vishakhapatnam and machinery plants like Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
   • The Soviet Union accepted Indian currency for trade when India was short of foreign exchange.
2. Political :
   • The Soviet Union supported India’s positions on the Kashmir issue in the UN.
   • The Soviet Union also supported India during its major conflicts during the war with Pakistan in 1971. .
   • India too supported Soviet foreign policy in some crucial but indirect ways.
3. Military :
   • India received military hardware from Soviet Union.
   • India got technological know-how regarding maintenance of military arsenal.
   • India and Soviet Union got mutual agreements to produce military equipments.
4. Cultural :
   • Hindi films and Indian culture were popular in the Soviet Union.
   • A large number of Indian writers and artists visited the USSR.
   • Indian heroes from Raj Kapoor to Amitabh Bachchan are household names in Russia.

Answer 23.
Hegemony is an international system to dominate world by only one superpower. The natures of hegemony can be found out as follows:

1. Hegemony as Hard Power :
   • It is based on the military capability between the states.
   • The US military dominance is based on their higher expenditures on military as well as the technological know-how.
   • The US bears military dominance in both the terms i.e. absolute and relative. In absolute terms the US military capabilities can reach any point on the planet and no other power can be a match to them.
2. Hegemony as Structural Power :
   • It is based on economic factors of the world dominated by the hegemonic power.
   • Hegemony must sustain global structure to establish certain norms for order and the US has set up Bretton Woods System.
   • he US hegemony has provided the global public goods to be consumed by one person without reducing the amount available for someone else as SLOCs and the Internet, MBA degree.
3. Hegemony as Soft Power :
   • To dominate world even in reference of cultural dimensions i.e. class ascendancy in social, political and ideological spheres.
   • The US hegemony has the capacity to create ‘manufacturing consent’ by the class to be dominated by the hegemon.
   • The ‘blue jeans’ from the US is capable to engineer even a generational divide.

OR

The relations with China experience friendly gestures from India as India signed popular ‘Panchsheel’ to develop Indo-China relations in 1954 and advocated China’s membership to the United Nations. Still, after 1957, various contentious issues arose in Indo-China relations:

• In 1962, military conflict over a border dispute of MacMohan Line resulted on unwarranted claim by China which now lie in Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin region of Ladakh. ,
• Differences arose from Chinese take over of Tibet in 1950 which was protested by India against China.
• After Panchsheel, attack by China on India in 1962, to occupy larger territories of India, created humiliation.
• China’s assistance to Pakistan’s nuclear programme also created differences.
• China’s military relations with Bangladesh and Myanmar were viewed as hostile to Indian interests.

All the above mentioned differences/disputes could be resolved for greater cooperation-

• Both the countries should make some more efforts to revive harmonious attitude between themselves.
• Both the countries should move hand-in-hand to fight against terrorism, nuclear race and economic disparities.
• Both the countries should develop understanding and respect.
• Hence, both of them have signed agreements on cultural exchange and cooperation in science and technology.

Answer 24.
Bangladesh has been the part of Pakistan itself. Both of these countries bear some similarities and differences as follows:
Commonalities :

1. Both Bangladesh and Pakistan were under a military rule.
2. At both the places, the struggle for democracy took place in their own way.
3. Pakistan’s administration began under the command of General Ayub Khan and gave up due to dissatisfaction among people giving way to Yahya’s military rule and continued with the army rule though elections were held by military rulers to give a democratic shape to their own rule.
4. In the same way, Bangladesh drafted its own constitution to begin with democracy. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman formed Presidential setup by abolishing all the parties except Awami Legue. But after his assassination the new military ruler Zia-ur-Rahman formed his own party and won elections in 1979. Later on he was also assassinated and another military leader Lt. Gen. H.M. Ershad took over.

Differences :

1. In Pakistan, military, clergy and land-owning aristocrats dominated socially to overthrow elected government whereas in Bangladesh the leaders and their party members dominated for the same.
2. Pro-military groups have become more powerful due to conflict with India in Pakistan whereas in Bangladesh, pro-military groups are powerful due to friendship and encouragement of India.

OR

Due to following reasons :

• Troubled relationship with Pakistan.
• India’s nuclear weapon capabilities
• If India is included, some emerging powers (Brazil, Germany, Japan, South Africa) will also be accommodated.
• France and the US advocate that Africa and South America must be represented for they do not have any representation in the present structure.

Answer 25.

1. Bharatiya Jana Sangh
   The policies of Bharatiya Jana Sangh were based on the principles as follows:
   • It replaced secular concept by the ideology of one country, one culture and one nation.
   • No cultural and educational rights as this party opposed the granting of concessions to religious and cultural minorities.
   • It focused on the reunity of India and Pakistan under the concept of Akhand Bharat.
2. Communist Party of India
   Communist Party of India would have been different on the principles as follows:
   • It worked for proportional representation in the government.
   • This party followed communist ideology in various policies.
   • It emphasised on a control over electronic mass media by an autonomous body or corporation.

OR

1. There are different views about the need to declare emergency. The Indian Constitution simply described ‘internal disturbances’ as the reason for declaring Emergency. The government argued that in a democracy, the opposition parties must allow the elected ruling party to govern according to its policies. It felt that frequent recourse to agitations, protests and collective action are not good for democracy. This leads to instability and distracts the administration from its routine task of ensuring development. Some other parties like the CPI that continued to back the Congress during Emergency, also believed that these was an international conspiracy against unity of India.
2. On the other hand, the critics of the Emergency argued that ever since the freedom movement, Indian politics had a history of popular struggles. Jai Prakash Narayan and many other opposition leader felt that in a democracy people had the right to publicly protest against the government. The Gujarat and Bihar agitations peaceful. Those who were arrested were never tried for any anti-national activity. The threat was not to the unity and integrity of the country, but to the ruling party and to the Prime Minister herself. The critics say that Indira Gandhi misused the constitutional provision meant for saving the country to save her personal power.
3. The government used powers given by the constitution and suspended the democratic functioning. It said that it wanted to use the Emergency to bring law and order, restore government led by Indira Gandhi announced a twenty-point programme and declared its determination to implement this programme. In the initial months, the urban middle classes were generally happy over the fact that agitations came to an end. The poor and rural people also expected effective implementation of the welfare programmes. Thus, different sections of society had different expectations from the Emergency.
4. Critics of Emergency indicated that most of these promises by the government remained unfulfilled, that these were simply meant to divert attention from the excesses that were taking place.
   Therefore, the Emergency of 1975 brought out both the weaknesses and the strengths of India’s democracy. It brought out some ambiguities regarding the Emergency provision in the Constitution that have been rectified since. Also the Emergency made everyone aware of the value of civil liberties.

Answer 26.
Globalisation as a concept fundamentally deals with flows. These flows could be of various kinds—ideas moving from one part of the world to another, capital shunted between two or more places, commodities being traded across borders, and people moving in search of better livelihoods to different parts of the world. The crucial element is the ‘worldwide interconnectedness’ that is created and sustained as a consequence of these constant flows. While globalisation is not caused by any single factor, technology remains a critical element. There is no doubt that the invention of telephone, microchip, etc. in more recent years has revolutionised communication between different parts of the world. When printing initially came into being it laid the basis for the creation of nationalism.

The ability of ideas, capital, commodities and people to move more easily from one part of the world to another has been made possible largely by technological advances. Advancement in technology has made it possible for the people to keep themselves fully informed about all events and happenings in the world.

Events taking place in one part of the world have impact over other parts of the world due to advanced technology.

OR

Consequences of the partition of India :

1. The year 1947 was the year of one of the largest, most abrupt, unplanned and tragic transfer of population that Indian history was known. In the name of religion, people of a community killed and maimed people of the other community. Cities like Lahore, Calcutta (Kolkata) and Amritsar were titled as communal zones.
2. Muslims would avoid going into areas where mainly Hindus and Sikhs lived. Similarly, the Hindus and Sikhs stayed away from Muslim areas.
3. People went through immense sufferings because they were forced to abandon their homes and move across borders. Minorities on both sides of the border fled their homes and often secured temporary shelter in ‘refugee camps’. They often found helpless local police and administration helpless in what was till recently their own country. They travelled to the other side of the new border by all sorts of means, often by foot. Even during this journey they were often attacked, killed or raped. Thousands of women were abducted on both sides of the border. They were made to convert to the religion of the abductor and were forced into marriage. In many cases, women were killed by their own family members to preserve the ‘family honour’. Many children were separated from their parents.
4. Those who did manage to cross the border found that they had no home. For lakhs of these ‘refugees’ the country’s freedom meant life in refugee camps, for a long time.
5. While recounting the trauma of partition, they have often used the phrase that the survivors themselves used to describe partition—as a division of hearts.
6. The partition was not merely a division of properties, liabilities and assets, or a political division of the country and the administrative apparatus. The employees of the government and the railways were also divided. Partition forced about 80 lakh people to migrate across the new border. About 5 to 10 lakhs people were killed in partition-related violence. However, beyond the administrative concerns and financial strains, the partition posed another deeper issue, the leaders of the Indian national struggle did not accept the two-nation theory. And yet, partition on religious had taken place.

Answer 27.
The Socialist Party traces its roots back to the mass movement stage of the Indian National Congress in the pre-independence era. The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was established within the Congress in 1934 by a group of young leaders who wanted a more radical and egalitarian Congress. In 1948, the Congress amended its constitution to prevent its members from having a dual party membership. This forced the Socialists to form a separate Socialists leaders Party in 1948. The leaders of the Socialist Party believed in the ideology of democratic socialism which distinguished them both from the Congress as well as from the Communists. They criticised the Congress Party for favouring capitalists and landlords and for ignoring the workers and the peasants. But the Socialist party faced a dilemma when in 1955 the Congress declared its goal to be the socialist pattern of society. Thus, it became difficult for the socialists to present themselves as an effective alternative to the Congress. Some of them, led by Rammanohar Lohia, criticised the Congress Party.

The Socialist Party went through many splits and reunions leading to the formation of many socialist parties. These included the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party, Jayaprakash Narayan, Achyut Patwardhan, Asoka Mehta, Acharya Narendra Dev, Rammanohar Lohia and S.M. Joshi were among the leaders of the socialist parties. Many parties in contemporary India, like the Samajwadi Party, the Rashtriya Janata Dal, Janata Dal (United) and the Janata Dal (Secular) trace their origins to the Socialist Party.

OR

In the midst of severe competition and many conflicts, a consensus appears to have emerged among most parties. This consensus consists of four elements :

1. Agreement on new economic policies: While many groups are opposed to the new economic policies, most political parties are in support of the new economic policies. Most parties believe that these policies would lead the country to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world.
2. Acceptance of political and social claims of the backward castes: Political parties have recognised the social and political claims of the backward castes need to be accepted. As a result, all political parties now support reservation of seats for the ‘backward classes’ in education and employment. Political parties are also willing to ensure that the OBCs get adequate share of power.
3. Acceptance of the role of state level parties in governance of the country: The distinction between state level and national level parties is fast becoming less important. State level parties are showing power at the national level and have played a central role in the country’s politics of last twenty years or so.
4. Emphasis on pragmatic considerations rather than ideological positions and political alliances without ideological agreement: Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements. Thus, most parties of the NDA did not agree with the ‘Hindutva’ ideology of the BJP. Yet, they came together to form a government and remained in power for a full term.

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