CBSE Class 11

Here we are providing Class 11 History Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 10 Displacing Indigenous Peoples. Class 11 History Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 History Chapter 10 Important Extra Questions Displacing Indigenous Peoples

Displacing Indigenous Peoples Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Who had displaced the native peoples in North America and Australia?
Answer:
Those were Europeans i.e. people from France, Portugal, England, Germany, Holland, etc. migrated there.

Question 2.
What were the reasons behind the large-scale migration of people from England, France, Germany, Sweden, Poland, and Italy?
Answer:
Migrants from France and England were younger sons not inherited property there and people from other countries migrated to North America because their small landholdings were merged forcibly or bought in less payment by the manors to their estates in the wave of the Industrial revolution. People from Poland like Prairie grasslands purposeful as that of the Steppes in their homes.

Question 3.
Can we get historical data about the native people of North America and Australia at present?
Answer:
Yes, there are presently established galleries of native art and museums which show the aborigine’s way of living.

Question 4.
When did France, Holland, and England begin to extend their trading activities and colony establishment in America, Africa, and Asia?
Answer:
It was the period after the seventeenth century.

Question 5.
What is called European Imperialism?
Answer:
To occupy and maintain under indirect control on the kinds outside one’s own country was imperialism. Actually, it was an instrument of sovereignty interfering with the Administrative machinery of the host country thereby getting and training them on slavery at physical, mental, and emotional levels Eg. “Sirji” in modem tone symbolizes the British period in India.

Question 6.
Mention the uses of the term “settler”?
Answer:
Dutch were the sellers in South Africa, the British in Ireland, New Zealand, and Australia, and the Europeans in America.

Question 7.
What was the official language in North America?
Answer:
It was English but both French and English in Canada.

Question 8.
What is meant by the term “Native” at present and it was still the early twentieth century?
Answer:
Till the early twentieth century, it was meant by the people of colonies established by Europeans. Presently, it is understood as a person born in the place he/she is living life long.

Question 9.
What were the basic occupations of native people in North America?
Answer:
It was hunting, fishing, and agriculture.

Question 10.
Will you say native people in America sloth and snort?
Answer:
Actually, as the historians state, they were complacent people. They had made a good cohesion or liaison with the natives and were happy with their existing simple means. However, we justify the above comment if we consider the dictum-“Satisfaction’s the end of life”. Once satisfied is never rectified.

Question 11.
What do you mean by aborigine?
Answer:
It is a Latin word meaning-from the beginning. It was used for the native people of Australia.

Question 12.
What is the term used for native peoples of North and South Americas and the Caribbean?
Answer:
It is American-Indian, Amerind, or Amerindian.

Question 13.
What was an important feature of the natives of North America?
Answer:
Friendship and relations were formed on a formal basis and things were never sold but given as gift.

Question 14.
Who were First Nations Peoples?
Answer:
It is a technical name given to natives of North America in the Canadian constitution. They were so scheduled in the constitution of that country.

Question 15.
Who were native Americans?
Answer:
It is a commonly used word now for indigenous people of Americans but earlier, it was confined only to the names of North America.

Question 16.
Who were Red Indians?
Answer:
The people living on the island of Guanhani in the Bahamas or Bajamar as the name was given by Colofnbus to it in Spanish because of being it an island surrounded by shallow seas. Red Indians i.e. brown complexion people.

Question 17.
Why were the native people in North America not interested in writing records of their time?
Answer:
They relied on the basic doctrine that every skill, expertise, and general behavioral pattern transfers from one generation to another hence, why should they think of writing them.

Question 18.
Which skills were the natives of North America known to?
Answer:
Craftmanship, textiles weaving, measuring land, understand climate, and know in-depth, the characteristics, composition, and effect of different landscapes.

Question 19.
When did the Hopis propagate that hard time had come?
Answer:
In a stone tablet, it was written that Hopis (i.e. a tribe in California) took Spaniards as brothers but appearing with turtle movement. They extended their hands hoping for the handshake but those brothers (Spaniards) had arrested them. This treacherous event, they called hard-time.

Question 20.
What were the things attracted the European traders in North America?
Answer:
The civilized behavior of native people and potentials for development of trade in furs and fish.

Question 21.
According to the Europeans, who were the civilized people?
Answer:
Europeans were materialistic and consumerism bend of mind, hence/literacy, organized religion and urbanization were the three parameters of civilized individual and people.

Question 22.
Which will you say civilized: an individual or tribe extending hard to strangers treating as brothers to give a handshake or the strangers who shackle that hand in iron?
Answer:
Definitely, the former who extends hand hoping for the handshake i.e native people of North America.

Question 23.
What cardinal difference in nature of a European and the native people have been marked by Washington Irving, a writer?
Answer:
Non-whites (native people) keep aloof from the Europeans whose language they could not understand or another who is proved, a betrayer. However, Europeans kept them aloof in all matters.

Question 24.
What would an Indian (natives) say on Britishers when he was in his society?
Answer:
He would laugh and joke at European and says that he had supposed European (white) impressed with profound respect for his grandeur and dignity.

Question 25.
Why did the natives feel Europeans were giving sometimes, more things in exchange while less at other times?
Answer:
They were simple and complacent people. They had nothing to. bear with market functions, upheavals, and effects of demand and supply on the market for the things.

Question 26.
Why did Jefferson, the third President of the USA take native people as uncivilized?
Answer:
He wanted to see a country populated by Europeans with small farms but the native people were satisfied with the subsistence agriculture and mere gave thought to area expansion in agriculture and gave thought to area-expansion in agriculture.

Question 27.
Which were the countries in the USA in 1783?
Answer:
These were-

1. Wisconsin,
2. Michigan,
3. New York,
4. Illinois,
5. Ohio,
6. Indiana,
7. North Carolina,
8. South Carolina,
9. Virginia,
10. Kentucky,
11. Mississippi,
12. Alabama,
13. Maine,
14. Georgia and
15. New Jersey including Delaware and Mary land.

Question 28.
How did the landscapes of America receive changes?
Answer:
A number of people migrated to America from the countries like Germany, Sweden, and Italy as also that of Poland, and people from Britain and France also occupied land in North America in an unauthorized and unfair way. It had changed the landscape into a number of colonies by those immigrants.

Question 29.
What was the problem with the Canadian Government unsolved for a long time?
Answer:
Autonomous political status was demanded by the French settlers in Canada and raised their dissatisfaction through movements and processions. In 1867, Canada was made a confederation of autonomous states and only then the problem could be solved.

Question 30.
What heinous crime had the Europeans committed upon the native people of North America?
Answer:
They snatched lands from native people by hooks and by crooks and displaced them to lands deserted and unknown till then called “Reservations”.

Question 31.
What does the reply from a native leader Chief Seattle to a letter of USA President in 1854 exhibit?
Answer:
He shows great respect for the land as a mother for which the formation of parties like buyer and seller only would derogate the honor.

Question 32.
What was the mandatory condition in that replication?
Answer:
Europeans can be given a piece of land as a gift but they and their forthcoming generations will deal with the land as serene as divine.

Question 33.
Why did the anthropologist in 1840 argue that as primitive people are not found in North America, the same way; native here would be forgotten shortly?
Answer:
It was because the anthropologists found no records, reminiscence Literary-works in course of the surveys they made. These people were not interested at all in keeping contemporary events in records.

Question 34.
Why did a visitor Frenchman state that Primitive man will disappear with the primitive animal?
Answer:
The primitive animal was bison abundantly found in the dense forests of North America. The nationals of Britain immigrated there and turned the Prairie grasslands into agricultural farms. They killed bison and exported its meat to countries in Europe. This species was finally got extinct and therefore, doubt about the extinction of primitive men in the hands of Europeans was raised.

Question 35.
Why did Andrew Carnegie, an immigrant from Scotland state that the old natives creep on a snail’s pace, the repeal thunders on the speed of an express?
Answer:
Perhaps so stated because the people in North America were the simplest people, contented with the primitive manners of survival, treated the earth as a mother goddess, and maintained them in peaceful co-existence with nature. They did not want the expansion of their lands.

Question 36.
What type of revolution vis-a-vis the Industrial Revolution of England took place in North America?
Answer:
It came in the form of infrastructural development i.e. construction of Railways, railway equipment, manufacture of agricultural tools so that field of farming could be expanded for exploitation on a commercial basis.

Question 37.
When had the USA’s continental expansion completed?
Answer:
It was in 1892 with a division of the complete area between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

Question 38.
Why did Karl Marx say American frontiers as the last positive capitalist utopia?
Answer:
He took it as a balanced form of living manner between human beings and that of the environment. It was vulnerable to capitalism, so excess modesty and sincerity of the native people; hence, he had stated it Positr capitalist taking capitalism as an ailment or malaise and the polite and humble behavior of native people as positive to that malaise.

Question 39.
What was the USA? Whether it was favoring Monarchy?
Answer:
The United States of America was a confederacy of states. No, 1 it was against the monarchy.

Question 40.
What was the discrimination made in the constitution of America?
Answer:
Only white men were given the right to vote for a representative, to Congress, and for President and right to. property but non-whites or the people who migrated from South And Southeast Asia were denied those rights.

Question 41.
What has been pointed out by Daniel Paul, a Canadian native in 2000?
Answer:
Daniel Paul has referred to Thomas Paire who had; remembered that it was the American war of Independence and the French Revolution which inspired Indians to run long freedom of s struggle and similar was the starting point of the American natives. Actually, he wants to say that do well even for those who pelt on one’s interests i.e. truth and non-violence in India, and gift land and goods to shrewd Europeans.

Question 42.
Who had highlighted the pains suffered by native Americans deported to virgin lands i.e. Reservations?
Answer:
It was a survey made and get published by Lewis Meriam, a social scientist in 1928. It was “The Problem of Indian Administration”.

Question 43.
Which law had ensured American natives in reservations the right to buy land and take loans?
Answer:
It was the Indians Reorganisation Act, 1934.

Question 44.
Why was prepared the Declaration of Indian Rights?
Answer:
It was a document drafted by American natives who had stated that they can accept citizenship of the USA on condition that their reservations would not be taken away and their traditions would not anyway be interfered with.

Question 45.
Did the Government sanction the declaration of natives in Canada?
Answer:
No, the government of Canada refused to accept their demands and it resulted in sharp demonstrations and debates by native people. The Constitution Act, 1982 had finally accepted the existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the natives.

Question 46.
Who were aborigines?
Answer:
Those were a number of different societies that began to arrive in Australia over 40,000 years ago.

Question 47.
Why are past centuries called the Dream time?
Answer:
It is because there is not a clear contrast between past and present when we study Australia on available historical and archaeological facts.

Question 48.
How is known a large group of Australian natives in the North of it?
Answer:
It is called the Torres Strait Islanders. These do not fall within the periphery of the term aborigine because they accept their different race and migrated from elsewhere.

Question 49.
What had the natives (Daruks) done when Britishers inflicted pains upon them?
Answer:
They left their house and Herth, the land and chattels behind, and ran to dense forests.

Question 50.
When did states in Australia unite and what was the name given to its capital?
Answer:
It was in 1911. The capital name was Woolwheatgold called finally, Canberra i.e. meeting place.

Question 51.
What was established in Australia?
Answer:
Vast sheep farms and mining stations.

Question 52.
Who had composed a lecture on The Great Australian Silence?
Answer:
He was WEH Stanner who condemned historians for not making any records of aborigines.

Question 53.
From which decade, the historical inquiries and record-keeping have been started in Australia on aborigines?
Answer:
Since 1970. It comprised distinct cultures of communities, legends, and tales, textile and painting skills, painting expertise of the aborigines.

Question 54.
How can you state that research work on cultures of aborigines started at a critical time?
Answer:
It was because if the native culture had remained any more ignored, by this time; much of such cultures would have been forgotten.

Question 55.
What is multiculturalism?
Answer:
It is an official policy in Australia being conducted for ensuring equal respect to native cultures and cultures of immigrants from Europe and Asia.

Question 56.
Who had written poems on the loss created by keeping the white people and the natives apart?
Answer:
It was Judith Wright who condemned the Europeans for the expulsion of native people of Australia to the reservations i.e. deserted and virgin places.

Question 57.
Which two facts have been revealed from the movements launched by some groups of people in Australia?
Answer:

1. The natives had strong historic bonds with the land,
2. Injustice had been done to children in an attempt to keep white and non-white people away from each other.

Displacing Indigenous Peoples Important Extra Questions  Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Why would have the chief counted the river-water as the blood of his ancestors?
Answer:
Adaptation with the environment when tends to harness inner conscience, the vicissitudes of nature and man are missed up. They are merged within one, the same way as at the moment of concluded research, a scientist bursts into ecstasy. He forgets even the outer senses. Such someway happens much or less is the long cohesion with the land or a particular landscape. Ancestors are in their memory even at the home appliances, the buildings, cow-sheds, each field in which they worked, etc. As reminiscence increases heart-beats owing to much blood required for regression or reopen the store-kit; hence, the larger flow of blood immediately, locks the ten apertures of the body, eg. eye, nose, ear, etc. in order to prepare the ground for inner musings.

It exemplarily exhibits how much, the people in past America had burning love’ and affection for the earth. The same land of North America through its inhabitants is now playing the game on its other side. Eg. Europeans looted Americans by their emotional exploitation in transactions of goods and lands and now it is America, a shrewd oppressor in the world playing with business ties including loaning strategy.

Question 2.
What are the important points, you consider in the history of North America and Australia?
Answer:
These points are as under-

1. Europeans were equally dominated on both continents.
2. Europeans cheated the native people of North America and Australia and grabbed their lands and drove them to reservations.
3. Native peoples in both lands were simple, god fearing, lovers of nature, self-restrained and sociable.

Question 3.
Discuss the changes in landscapes of North America during the nineteenth century?
Answer:
The whole land of America was turned into estates and meadows. Being a variety of landforms here found people of European countries i.e. Germany, Sweden, Italy, etc., all suitable to their needs.

The people migrating to America were younger sons of the landlords there, who had no right to ancestral property, some others were those small farmers whose lands were merged with the big landlords under enclosure or consolidation of land and the citizens of Poland found grassland of Prairie similar to their characteristics of ‘ the Steppes grasslands. They cleared the forest land and started growing rice and cotton as commercial crops meant for export to Europe and fenced their farms with barbed wires.

Question 4.
What efforts did the natives of the northern states of the USA make to abolish slavery? Discuss.
Answer:
There were no plantations in the Northern States of America hence, evils of slavery were at their climax. The native people there. condemned slavery as an inhuman practice. It caused strong protest between the states favoring and condemning slavery during 1861-65. Finally, slavery was abolished but discrimination between whites and non-whites could be ended, by the extreme efforts of the African- Americans in the twentieth century.

Question 5.
What was the case of the Cherokee tribe in North America?
Answer:
This tribe was living in Georgia, a state in the USA. This tribe had made special efforts to learn English as also the American way of life but even so, the people of this tribe were not allowed the rights of citizens. In 1832, the landmark Judgment US chief justice, John Marshall sanctioned sovereignty of this tribe in its territory but US President, Andrew Jackson ordered the US Army to evict Cherokees from their land and drive them to the great American Desert. The people so driven out from their lands were succumbed, to several troubles.

Question 6.
What were the pleas of the European people justifying their usurp of natives’ land there?
Answer:
These usurpers raised the pleas that the tribes were lazy and did not exploit the maximum potentials of the land. They argued taking over land from the people not exploited it properly, is not an offense but a right step towards development. According to them, the native people had not used their craft skills to produce goods for the market, they did not take interest in learning English or dressing properly. Thus, the grassland of the Prairies was cleared for farmland and wild bison killed off. A Frenchman once visited there had truly stated-Primitive man will disappear with the primitive animal.”

Question 7.
Discuss the different images that Europeans and native Americans had of each other and the different ways in which they saw the natives.
Answer:
(A) Europeans’ perspective to native Americans

1. They took native Americans an uncivilized and barbarous as also not amenable,
2. According to them, the native people were unorganized and foolish.
3. Europeans took them lazy, anti-development, and unwilling to won the nature hence, they took certain steps for reclamation and expansion in agriculture.
4. Europeans wanted to exterminate and displace them.

(B) Native Americans perspective to the Europeans

1. Native people surprised Europeans as they had cleared the forests, get the fields dugs and turn into large states with buildings and other structures constructed thereupon.
2. They wanted to share their land with Europeans but they were insisting on selling the same.
3. They thought that Europeans were committing wrong in dividing the land into smaller pieces under ownership.
4. They took Europeans as friends. They introduced them to invisible tracks of forests and provided them things in the gift.

Different views on nature-

1. Native people took nature as their mother, made certain rules maintaining the balance in the environment but Europeans relentlessly cut the trees, destroyed the natural beauty of the landscape, constructed a number of structures and super-structures, developed farms and plantations.
2. The natives grew crops not for sale and profit but only to survive while everything was commodity worth value hence, selling and profiteering was Europeans’exclusive aim.
3. Native people were extreme lovers of nature while Europeans took it only resource inert and lifeless. According to them, every resource is to be exploited for earning more and more profit from the products obtained by the application of labor and skill.

Question 8.
Comment on these two sets of population data-

Answer:
The above population’s data reveal the that-Sharp decline of 6.9 million (7.5-0.6) population of natives took place in a period of two decades i.e. from 1800 to 1820. However, when we observe the data pertaining to population change in whites, there had been a whopping increase from 3.3 million to 9.0 million during the period in question. It was an increase of 5.7 million in the whites population within a Spain of two decades.

Cause-

1. The natives were first cheated in transactions of fur and meat, then forced or induced to sign treaties as of selling their lands. They were driven to alien and virgin lands inaccessible to man. These places they called reservations.
2. They were enslaved and badly treated while working.

So far as Blacks or non-whites population trend is concerned, we see it increased from 0.8 million of 1800 to 1.9 million i.e. an increase of 1.1 million in two decades under question. The population of mixed Europeans was decreased from 5.3 million in 1800 to 0.1 million in 1820.

Question 9.
Comment on the following statement by the American historian, Howard Spodek: “For the indigenous (people) the effects of the American Revolutions were exactly opposite to those of the settlers-expansion became contraction, democracy became tyranny, prosperity became poverty, and liberty became confinement.”
Answer:
1. Expansion became contraction-It denotes and points out the event of Europeans’ (Germany, Sweden, Italy, and Poland nationals) arrival in North America and the estates they developed there but the movement of natives to reservations i.e. uninhabitable and inaccessible places, virgin lands.

Thus, they could get contractions through the hands of the people not of their motherland by the reason of their extra-faith on humanism and nature in its unmanipulated colors. Initially, all of them were troubled (convicts, a merger of land under enclosure policy of Government and expelled persons) hence, so trained were their minds in wrench and twist, whim-whams, betraying, defrauding, etc. devices.

2. Democracy became tyranny-In the state of democracy, it cannot be stated that natives were enjoying all political and other fundamental rights under democracy. They suffered ab-initio the cruel order of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the USA, and likewise other inhuman treatment. Even after the state became democratic, the discrimination between native tribes and Europeans seated coiled for aggravating the situation more bitter. Teaching institutions, religious places, public meetings alike places always neglected the native people. In view of no change in the condition of natives under democracy to some extent, can be said a tyranny under the arcade of democracy.

3. Prosperity became poverty-As the essence of this theme “Displacing Indigenous people” exhibits, prior to the arrival of Europeans, there was poverty shrouded land however, not so in the perspective of natives themselves because of their self-contented nature. They were simple people with limited needs for survival. The dense forests, the rivers, and the seas were their friends-like which they could not imagine were inert and natural resources made for relentless exploitations as the Europeans did. The so-called prosperity in a material sense came as poverty because for their no-fault, they were deported to lonely and virgin inhabitation places which the Europeans named as reservations.

4. Liberty became Confinement-It was confinement like to natives because a number of announcements were made, several laws passed all for detriment to their causes. For instance, the government announcement of 1969 exhibited refusal or denial of aborigine rights. Thus, liberty also became confinement to the native people.

Question 10.
In 1911, it was announced that New Delhi and Canberra would be built as the capital cities of British India and of the Commonwealth of Australia. Compare and contrast the political situations of the native people in these countries at that time.
Answer:
Political Situations in India in the year of 1911-Morley Minto reforms or Indian Councils Act, 1861 received a protest from the moderate and radicals both in India. It was against democracy for India. Thus, the post-Morley-Minto Reform period (1909), witnessed several developments that resulted in a remarkable Hindu Muslim unity and friendship between the Moderates and the Radicals.

Muslim League had earlier appreciated these reforms but the British attitude towards Turkey in the Balkan war of 1912-1913 aroused discontentment among the Indian Muslims. Hence, Lucknow Pact, 1916 was signed between Congress and Muslim Leagues. As the Britishers had abled to create a cleft between Congress and Muslim League, they were all right in thinking that they would make Delhi the capital of British India. They had shifted their capital from Calcutta (Kolkata at present) to Delhi on 15th December 1911, with King George-V laid the foundation stone of New Delhi.

Political situations in Australia in the year 1911

1. 90 percent of the total population of native people succumbed to exposure to germs while working in the forests.
2. Daruk people of Sydney thought that cutting trees is a dangerous business hence, they ran from their lands towards the dense forest in order to save themselves from committing that sinful deed.
3. They had to fight strong protest against Europeans.
4. When the native people left the work undone, the Britishers allowed Chinese migrants to come and provide cheap labor.
5. There were vast sheep farms and mining stations established in the year of 1911.

Question 11.
Discuss the thoughts of Judith Wright, an Australian writer on the basis of the poem given in this theme.
Answer:
Lady Judith was a champion of the rights of the Australians and aborigines. She exhibits regret on writing a history of Australia so late i.e. from the decade of 1970. Owing to this, the modern people could not know earlier the distinct cultures, unique ways of understanding nature and climate, the skills in textile, painting, and learning as also the stories and legends of the native people in Australia.

Question 12.
How were Indians suffered under British rule? Discuss.
Answer:
They texted arbitrarily in commodities including products manufactured in Indigenous factories/industries. They never treated Indians as equal to them and discriminated in schooling, traveling and denied them political, social, cultural, and religious rights.

Question 13.
What was the treatment of Europeans with natives in America and Australia?
Answer:
They cheated them in the trade of fur and meat as also cereals. They forged the documents of sale and paid the cost of land less than as negotiated. They were driven to the great American deserts and reservations. They took them as sloth and dull. These people were displaced from their own lands and enslaved.

Question 14.
What difference do you see in the Industrial Revolution of England and its impulses in America? Discuss.
Answer:
As the land and its utilization or exploitation, determine the material development i.e. prosperity and riches, the big Famers took the advantage of Enclosure or Consolidation policy made by so-called Parliaments where their own representatives were the members. They either bought land for negligible cost or practiced atrocities on small farmers so as they leave their claim on the land and flee to lands elsewhere. Thus, large estates and manorial estates were formed by the wealthy people and installed there, industries and manufacturing units.

Unlike England, the revolution entered with the USA and Canada as a result of displacement of native people to the reservation, expansion of farming land, clearance of forests, emphasis on the manufacture of railway equipment and Agriculture tools. The former for construction of railway lines covering the entire area extended by the eviction of native people and clearance of forests relentlessly and the latter for growing crops of rice and cotton to export in Europe and earn wealth.

Question 15.
Write a brief note on assimilation and percussion of two opposite natives of society/communities.
Answer:
Actually, religion in a scientific way is an instinctive and intuitive power of discretion inserted into the individual in order to prepare a blue-print of the course of life taking in bits with understanding the causes and their effects. Realization is religion. It takes birth in the womb of circumstances and always decided amid questions of existence and that of determination.

When two opposite natures are eventually assimilated under circumstances as we see in the case of immigrants in the USA and Australia they collide with each other. They were mostly people evicted, displaced, denied inheritance rights and among them were convicts deported from England so that they begin a new life in the direct shelter of nature. However, once malaised mind, owing to pains being too physical existence, it was usual, if they exploited the land from natives for production of cereals and animal herding, as we see large sheep farms in Australia.

Their necessity was touched with material possession however, the native people were the true habitant to nature and their long-standing had made rhythmic relations with the chimes of native bells in the form of gargling rivers, the circulation of wind including natural resources. As hunger of existence looks never, the fair or unfair mean, they inflicted pain on man-power and natural resources.

Conclusion-It can be started in brief that collision and encounter is the only percussion of such assimilation of two just opposite to each other communities at the same place.

Displacing Indigenous Peoples Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
This theme in its entirety introduces us to the native people with their instincts, respect to life, the network of circumstances, their determination vis-a-vis troubled mind people (All Europeans) passionate to obtain land and become lord, the resultant collision and percussions apparent in the form of America, a superpower at present”-Are you agree to this statement. Discuss with reference to the melodrama of the location (land) and its results
Answer:
I agree to the above statement on the following grounds-
1. Introduction with the native people-We observe in both continents i.e. North America and Australia, the native people were simple people and animists. They were so absorbed in nature that selling land in their view was an offense to the motherland. For an in¬stance, we can refer to the reply given to the offer of the treaty from the President of the USA in 1854 which was actually an agreement to sell off the land to the Government of America.

The native chief writes that land covers the freshness of the air, coolness of the water, shade of trees, etc. and it can neither be sold nor bought by any person. He tells the sap pouring from trees holds a quality of real man (Natives). However, he accepts the offer subject to congenial reservation given and treat the land so sold as sacred as they understand the water’s murmur as the voices of their fore-fathers. They would have published books and educate their children to honor this LAPD.

Wordsworth writes about the nature of these people as un¬touched by the corruptions of civilization. He describes their condition in a poem as-“They were living amid wilds where fancy hath small liberty to grace.”

Karl Marx, the great German philosopher describes the reservations provided by the Europeans to native people as the last positive capitalist utopia the limitless nature and space to which the limitless thirst for prompt adapts itself.

2. Introduction with Europeans-We come to know that Europeans had entered North America for trade in furs and fish. It was their trade that brought them nearer to the native people whom they cheated in exchange for things with them and obtained land and goods mostly in the gift. Then they displaced them to reservations. Lee Brown says the stone tablets exhibit how Hopi (a native tribe) was arrested by the Spaniards.

About 300 years after the Americas, the Euro¬peans started coming to Australia with the discovery made by Captain Cook. They had to fight wars with the aborigines there. However, they won and made them slaves. Here were the people mostly convicts deported from England. They shortly evicted the native people.

Hence, we see the collision of cultures and the resultant loss to native people. The natives took them greedy and deceitful and the Europeans criticized them as sloth, dull and uncivilized. The third President of the USA, Thomas Jefferson had stated-“This unfortunate race which we have been taking so many pains to civilize have justified extermination.”

The network of Circumstances :
(a) Native people-

1. They were nature lovers, self-restraint, untouched by corruption, and complacent people. Rousseau of France said-“Such people were to be admired as they were untouched by corruption.”
2. That was satisfied with their means and did not want the destruction of the beauty by cutting trees, cleaning the forest, build structures and super-structures thereupon.
3. They were bestowed by nature with rivers like Mississippi, Ohio, etc., mountains like Appalachian, the great lakes, natural reservoirs but till then know to them as living with animation as the mankind/human beings.

(b) The Europeans-
1. These all were beaten-sold or in other words, victims of corruption in Europe. Some were younger sons to land-owners denied of inheritance, a few other convicts, sufferers of sectism in Christianity (i.e. Protestant and Catholics), victims of the Enclosure Policy and some were traders. They were known to the fact the selfish ends here others from their material possessions i.e. land, business, occupation and even of their lives.

2. It is stated that avarice and selfishness i.e. a malaise to the mental body that acts upon others like that of contagious nature. It spreads even through breathing and touch. The Europeans acted as the pathogens or carrier of the disease and communicated its bacteria to native people causing their displacement, oppression, suppression, extortion, in the hands of those pathogens. They were extorted and displaced from their own countries i.e. England, France, Spain, Holland, Germany, and on their part, they came to NorthAmerica and Australia in order to practice corruption and enjoy material possession.

3. They would not write their history because of their faith in the flow of usual learning from one generation to another. There were more than 300 languages yet no records until the early part of the twentieth century they maintained or preserved anyway.

4. Countries like Canada and the USA came into existence at the end of the eighteenth century as confederacies in North America and states in Australia united in 1911 with Canberra, as its capital. These governments also did not extend any favor to the native people. Slavery was banned but its actual abolition could possible only when the UNO was formed in 1945.

The phenomenon of Land-At this juncture, when we are going to set at rest the topic, it is noticeable that the land of the Americas (i.e. North and South-both continents) where Europeans stepped with the malaise of inflicting pains, atrocities on the native people, has now appeared as super-power of the world. Actually, it is triple-experiments of malicious which once communicated thereby Europeans as a pathogen.

It is so because seeds were sown in the land of Europe where scrape of inheritance was confined, enclosure policy made displacement, people kept in confinement and atrocities practiced on them to the extent that they compelled to leave behind their home and hearth, the and other properties and seek another place for living.

Did they bit them? native people and bacteria of that malaise inserted into their head and’’ heart. It developed there in a little more than self half and thus, fully, trained Americas with her citizens has become expert in adopting Sortne a century ultra-modem technique of trade and commerce and thus* has acquired the status of super-power in the world. If we could see’/ her treatment with Vietnam, Japan, Iraq, and Iran, etc. Countries including India and Pakistan it would easy to conclude her face that of the most expert Europeans of 30,000 years ago who looted her existence end the people there. Actually, it is turning of wheel systematically brought- by the phenomenon of land.

Conclusion-History is made by land and people. The land as a mute observer but the more sensitive as per William Wordsworth survives man and tries him by placing in a variety of circumstances, situations, his manner of adaptation, behavior, urge, emotions, passions, etc. and then the results, good or bad as perceived by mankind through History, take place in an interlude of decades, centuries and even that of an era.

Here we are providing Class 11 History Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 9 The Industrial Revolution. Class 11 History Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 History Chapter 9 Important Extra Questions The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
It is the transformation of industry and the economy in a country. Eg. Britain brought the first Industrial Revolution out from its thinkers, scientists (eccentric and unqualified) down in manifestation.

Question 2.
Mention the names of some new machinery and technologies.
Answer:
Flying shuttle loom, spinning Jenny, water Frame, mule in the cotton textile sector, the locomotive engine in the railway sector and steam engine, Puffing Devil in the mining sector.

Question 3.
Do you think, the businessmen and inventors were ‘ wealthy and educated who had sown the seed of industrialization?
Answer:
As per the further individual detail given in this theme, these people were not wealthy and educated but each of them was an exclusive or unique product of perseverance, interest, curiosity, and right time harmony of austere, intuition, and grace of Almighty described as luck, destiny, fate, a lot, etc. It was twin gems of determination intertwined with forbearance duly studded on a ring of zeal to do something new and unique.

Question 4.
Who had first used the term Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
The scholars in Europe who addressed so or given names to a new trend as the Industrial Revolution were, Georges Michelet and Freidrich Engels of Germany.

Question 5.
When did the term Industrial Revolution come into use in Britain?
Answer:
It was during the reign of George III and the user was a professor at Oxford University, a philosopher and economist in stature, Arnold Toynbee. He used it while describing changes that occurred in British industrial development in lectures to the college students.

Question 6.
What was the foremost factor which had made Britain the founding father of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
We know that since the seventeenth century, England, Wales, and Scotland were integrated under the regime of Monarchy or Kingship. It was, therefore, politically stable i.e. a precedent notion to capital formation and invest/reinvest operations mandatory for R and D.

Question 7.
Write in brief the background factors resulting in the first Industrial Revolution in England.
Answer:

1. Common law,
2. Single currency,
3. Larger indigenous market,
4.  Exemptions from custom Duty/octroi, tariff, etc. This all was possible in the well-organized or centralized nation under a King or ruler.

Question 8.
What was the agricultural revolution in England?
Answer:
It was related to the promotion of agrarian economy or countryside development.

Question 9.
What were the percussions of the agricultural revolution?
Answer:
Bigger landlords had bought up small farms near their own properties, grabbed the rural common lands, (Eq. meadows, pastures), and thus, made large estates for them. It resulted in rising of workers’ class (i.e. factory workers) in society.

Question 10.
How did payment of wages and salaries in money help the process of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
It gave people, a wider chance for ways to spend their earnings, and thus, consumerism and commercialism sneaked in and market expansion took place.

Question 11.
What does a phenomenal increase in city population indicate?
Answer:
It indicates, whatever showed in official records; gross neglect to countryside and agriculture in government policies. To survive anyhow in the cities, the rural people migrate there and thus, over-population in cities brings ailments at physical, mental, and emotional levels.

Question 12.
How did London become a triangular trade network?
Answer:
Mediterranean ports of Italy and France had lost their significance as the center of global trade and it was shifted to the Atlantic ports of Holland and Britain. London became a powerful source of loans for international trade. It became the center of a triangular trade network formed in England, Africa, and the West Indies.

Question 13.
What did the rivers contribute to London’s proliferation as a center of trade?
Answer:
This helped the movement of goods between markets. Coastline (indented) and sheltered bays also assisted in the process.

Question 14.
Mention the navigable length of rivers and their proximity to the factories established at different places.
Answer:
It was measured in 1724 as 1, 160 miles. Factories and markets in Britain were within the range of 15 miles from rivers.

Question 15.
What were Coasters?
Answer:
These were coastal ships or the ships rowed within the limits of the sea-shore.

Question 16.
What was the use of the coaster?
Answer:
Every river in Britain drained in the sea hence, coasters were used in loading cargo brought by river vessels.

Question 17.
What were factors associated with Industrial Revolution in Britain?
Answer:

1. Availability of an army of poor/landless people for work in factories,
2. The strong and nationalized banking system and
3. A good transport network.

Question 18.
Why is there seen a gap of a few years or decades or even a century between development and its widespread application?
Answer:
As the development (physical, mental and emotional) during adolescence and teen-age is manifested in a man at his youth or prime and it takes time of at least 15 years, the same way, the developments gradually step forward from planning, gestation, trial, generalization and accomplishment i.e. all scientific and usual processes. For instance, another country would follow any change when its direct advantages are observed, enquired, discussed, and generalized properly up to a certain period of time. Hence, this gap is left.

Question 19.
What natural resources had contributed to the process of mechanization of the Industrial revolution?
Answer:
It was ample reserves of coal, iron ore, lead, copper, and tin i.e. the cardinal components of the Industry in Britain.

Question 20.
What was initially used for the process of smelting?
Answer:
It was charcoal (from burnt timber).

Question 21.
What were the inventions made by Darbys of Shropshire in the smelting process in the quality of iron?
Answer:
This were-invention of the blast furnace, conversion of pig iron into wrought iron, and rolling mill.

Question 22.
Which area was called the iron bridge?
Answer:
It was Coalbrookdale at the bank of the River Severn.

Question 23.
How many coalfields were in coastal areas of Britain?
Answer:
There were five coal fields.

Question 24.
Mention the areas where coal and iron were manufactured in Britain?
Answer:
These areas were-Lancashire, Yorkshire, Birmingham, Swansea, Bristol, London, Wales, Leeds, Manchester Sheffield, Liverpool, and Cornwall.

Question 25.
What were the two features of the cotton industry in Britain?
Answer:

1. Import of raw cotton from colonies like India and export of finished cloth to them.
2. To retain control over the sources of raw material and the markets.

Question 26.
What was the Miner’s Friend and who had invented it?
Answer:
It was a model steam engine invented by Thomas Savery. In shallow depths, these engines worked slowly and much pressure sometimes caused a burst of the boiler.

Question 27.
What were the defects in the engine made by Thomas Newcomen in 1712?
Answer:
Its condensing cylinder caused the loss of energy to a great extent.

Question 28.
What was the main purpose of digging canals?
Answer:
These were dug for transportation of coal to cities.

Question 29.
What was the capacity of the Butcher constructed by George Stephenson?
Answer:
It could pull weight of 30 tons up a hill at a speed of 4 miles per hour.

Question 30.
Who were the inventors of machines?
Answer:
The brilliant, intuitive thinkers and people doing regular experiments were the inventors. These essences of the invention do not require special education and training because of conscience with perseverance be blended in course of inventing something.

Question 31.
Mention the contribution of print media as the evocative role in the discovery-invention of new machines and objects?
Answer:
There were published dozen of scientific journals and papers of scientific societies in Britain during 1760-1800.

Question 32.
Tell something specific about inventors of machines in Britain.
Answer:
John Kay and James Hargreaves were skilled in weaving and carpentry, Richard Arkwright was a barber and wig maker, Samuel Crompton was unskilled in technology and Edmund Cartwright studied literature, medicine, and agriculture but known little of mechanics.

Question 33.
Do you think a zeal for the invention can gather all means in due time?
Answer:
Yes, because the wealth in the form of goods, income, services, knowledge, and productive efficiency combinedly grow with the pace of growth and a trance on the invention of the things of utility for mankind.

Question 34.
What were the percussions of the growth of cities in England from two in 1750 to twenty-nine in 1850?
Answer:
It exerted pressure on adequate housing, sanitation, or clean water for the population so increased. Thus, cities became dirty and unhygienic places.

Question 35.
What is the averment of Edward Carpenter on city life?
Answer:
He states that the city became gloomy and restless as if the people there are thrust into the gates of hell. There is a cluster of chimneys, emission of noxious smoke out from them. He further says that capitalist owners are prosperous while the factory workers are in piteous and critical condition.

Question 36.
What were the ill-effects of industries?
Answer:

1. The life expectancy of the workforce was reduced.
2. People died at a younger age.
3. Children failed to survive beyond the age of five.
4. Air and water pollution brought epidemics like Cholera and Typhoid.
5. There was a lack of health services in factory areas.

Question 37.
Why were women and children compelled to work in factories?
Answer:
Owing to the use of machines, there were unemployment conditions increasing. The supply of labor was higher than the demand. v Owing to this, wages were not enough to sustain family expenses. Hence, women and children had to supplement the men’s meager wages. Again, the owners of factories preferred to employ women and children because they tolerated poor working conditions and accepted lower wages than men.

Question 38.
What machine was designed to be used by child workers?
Answer:
It was a cotton spinning journey by James Hargreaves.

Question 39.
Why were coal mines considered dangerous places?
Answer:

1. The workers had to crawl through narrow passages with heavy loads of coal on their backs.
2. Children were used to reaching deep coal faces.
3. They had to dig mines by sitting on their knees.
4. It was a gaseous chamber where an explosion was day to day feature.
5. The coal dust and the presence of carbon-monoxide killed many workers in stifling/suffocation.

Question 40.
Do you think the increase in financial independence of women by virtue of their working in factories endowed them with happier life?
Answer:
No, because owing to an emotional breakdown, tensions, and fatigue due to humiliating terms of work, they would either lost their children at birth or in early childhood and compelled to live in squalid urban slums.

Question 41.
What were the repressive actions by the British Government to demands of political rights made by the factory workers?
Answer:
The British Government passed two combination Acts in 1795 and Corn Laws supported by landowners, manufacturers and professionals i.e. members of Parliament. They did not like giving workers political rights and making working conditions congenial in factories.

Question 42.
What did the workers do in protest to the British Government?
Answer:
They went on strike and destroyed the power looms, resisted the introduction of machines in the wool knitting industry, and smashed the new threshing machines.

Question 43.
What was Luddism and what were its demands?
Answer:
It was a movement led by General Ned Ludel, a prominent leader of factory workers. Its demands were-

1. To get minimum wages fixed by the government,
2. Prevent child and women labor,
3. Give work to the people retrenched due to installation of machines,
4. Give the right to form trade unions.

Question 44.
What had happened to a peaceful demonstration of as many as nineteen crore workers at St. Peter’s Fields in Manchester?
Answer:
They were brutally massacred and the Parliament passed six Acts the same year which denied the workers their demands of the political right, right to hold public meetings, and freedom of the press.

Question 45.
How did the reforms take place through laws?
Answer:
Initially, laws were passed in 1819 banning the employment of children below nine in factories and fixing 12 hours a day for children between the age of nine and sixteen. However, these were not implemented. Under the Act of 1833, children below nine can be employed only in silk factories, fixed hours of working for children above nine and created the posts of inspectors to ensure implementation. Finally, the Ten Hours Bill was passed and it limited the hours of work for women and children and secured to (ten) hours a day for male workers.

Question 46.
What did the Mines and Collieries Act, 1842 and Fielder’s Factory Act, 1847 do for people working in mines of Britain?
Answer:
The Act of 1842 banned children under ten and women from working underground in the mine. The Act of 1847 fixed 10. hours a day for children under eighteen and women. Inspectors were appointed to ensure its implementation but they were bribed by factory managers and this Act too could not see proper implementation.

Question 47.
Do you think it is good to say Britain’s process of industrialization, a revolution?
Answer:
The term revolution denotes any sudden or drastic change in any of the pattern of work or in society but we see that it took more than forty years (i.e. 1780-1820) to spread in selected cities like London, Manchester and Birmingham rather than throughout Britain. Hence, we do not agree with that logic.

Question 48.
What are the conditions that denote industrialization?
Answer:

1. The condition at when the investment gives way to rapid capital formation.
2. When new machines are installed.
3. When infrastructure is built.
4. When these facilities are used efficiently and
5. When productivity is raised.

Question 49.
What were the hindrances faced by Britain during 1760-1815 in her way to industrialization?
Answer:
It was due to the bifurcation of the mind simultaneously in two directions. The first was to industrialize and the. other to defend Britain in wars against Europe, North America, and India. It is noticeable that Britain had to trapped in wars for up to 36 years continuously.

Question 50.
What period had A.E. Musson, a historian had recommended worth saying Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
It was the period between 1850-1914 as it transformed the whole economy of Britain and the society much more widely and deeply than the earlier changes had done.

The Industrial Revolution Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Discuss the developments in Britain and in other parts of the world in the eighteenth century that encouraged British industrialization.
Answer:
Developments in Britain

1. Area and population in towns were increasing rapidly.
2. London was the largest town in Britain. It had become the center of global trade. It became the nucleus of international trade with Africa and the West Indies.
3. The companies trading in America and Asia opened their offices in London.
4. Banking facilities developed.
5. New machines for the cotton textile industry, silk industry, iron industry, and coal industry were invented.
6. The raw material was imported from the countries outside England and finished cloth was exported.
7. Railway lines were laid and the steam engine was invented.
8. More than 4,000 miles of canal were built during the eighteenth century.
9. The big farmers made large estates by fencing around the meadows and pasture land as also bought the lands of smaller farmers nearby their property. They installed -factory on their estates and became rich.
10. Landless laborers left their villages and settled in urban slums in order to work in factories there.
11. The exploitation of men, women, and children in factories started.

Developments in other parts of the world

1. Slaves were bought from Africa to get the work done in factories by them. British colonialism started in Africa.
2. The raw material was imported from Asia, Africa, and America VViexeby closure of local industries there. It dwindled the economy of the countries on these continents.
3. Goods manufactured in England on a large scale and by using machines were cheaper; more attractive and well finished than the goods produced manually in other parts of the world. It ensured the bumper sale of foreign goods and thus, money moved to England.

Question 2.
Iron bridge George is today a major heritage site. Can you suggest why?
Answer:
It is near Coalbrookdale and made up of cast iron. It’s being the first bridge built or fabricated by third Darby in 1779, it was considered today a major heritage site.

Question 3.
Discuss the effects of early industrialization on British towns and villages and compare these with similar situations in India.
Answer:
Effects of early industrialization on British’s towns and villages vis-a-vis India:

Towns-

1. The population doubled between 1750 and 1800 in 11 towns of Britain.
2. Population growth unexpectedly had burdened the public conveniences, health services, habitation, supply of water, light, food grains, and shelter. Urban slums or conglomerates were increased resulting in the spread of epidemics like Cholera, Typhoid, Tuberculosis, etc.
3. People from villages run the mad race to migrate into towns in search of a job there.
4. The increasing number of factories, industries, installation of heavy machines caused air and water pollution.
5. The number of cities in England with a population of over 50,000 grew from two in 1750 to 29 in 1850.
6. The life span of workers in cities was lower than that of any other social group in cities.

Villages-

1. The big landlords bought the lands from small farmers and made their large estates. This process was called an enclosure.
2. The peasants became landless and compelled to shelter in towns as factory workers there.
3. A number of villages were acquired by rich nobles and businessmen, all the members of Parliament, and installed their factories.
4. Cottage industries in villages suffered a set-back due to the installation of new machines. Their labor was too slow to compete with machines.

Comparative Situation in India-

Towns-

1. The number of million-plus cities in India has increased from 21 in 1991 to 35 in 2001. It shows the rapid growth of the population in towns.
2. Slum agglomeration is an ex-facie in India’s towns. These are colonies unauthorized and deprived of electricity, sanitation, and drinking water.
3. Town people have developed unauthorized structures there causing road accidents, fire eruptions, and a number of other inconveniences.
4. Disputes, duels, and under tensions increased day today.
5. Thanks to the decision of the Supreme Court on the removal, of industries away from the residential areas. However, its implementation is still lingering.
6. Anti-social elements are at rising in towns owing to the over-burdened population inhabited in them. Kidnapping, assault, eve-teasing, rape, etc. crimes added to the common affairs.

Villages-
1. Neglected, manipulating policies and public funds for several development projects is misappropriated. It is done by collusion of bureaucrats and representatives at the level of local self-government. One and all types of corruption are first experimented there and only then manifest at the upper hierarchy. Ignorance, credulity, prejudices, stereo-type vices in spite of formal degrees acquired by youth, saddled in misdirected minds of country people or rural folks.

2. Lured by eye-catching exposed luxuries and comforts as also to earn their bread, the rural folks have started migrating to metros, towns, cities in bulk in the last three decades. Villages are gradually on the verge of extinction and a few still sustained are losing their identity as villages. Urbanization like England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is gathering momentum here. For instance, the census of 2001 exhibits Delhi and Chandigarh as the most populated cities.

3. Villages are not developing equally because of discrimination and avarice in mind and resilience and absenteeism at hand (i.e. work) had maddened the bureaucrats, like British feudatories during Indian’s being “nigger” in their eyes. A few villages are enjoying the status of a town while some others are sobbing under rags of a century ago. viz. remote areas in mills, tribal areas.

4. Rural people in India have now destined to line in cities working with one or another firm or factory. They are being exploited the same way as in England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Question 4.
Argue the case for and against government regulation of condition of work in industries.
Answer:
Conditions of workers in Industries
1. As Edward Carpenter describes the conditions of habitation for workers in his poem-“And I saw the huge-refuse heaps writhing with children picking them over” and further Charles Dickens writes in his novel “Hard Times”. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye and vast piles of building full of windows where there were a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the piston of the steam-engine works monotonously up and down, like the head’ of an elephant in a store of melancholy madness”-the scenes of factories and the condition of workers and their children writhing with picking refusal of the factory are prime- fade.

2. Long unbroken hours of work, no variety or change amid that more than three fourth chunk of the day and night, strict vigil, and sharp punishment even for pretty and even ridiculous gimmicks in minds of workers.

3. Women under the same working conditions were also occupied in silk, lace-making, and knitting industries.

4. Children too were employed for operations on machines like Spinning Jenny. They were used to stand between the apertures of a tightly packed machine and operate it therefrom in coal mines, they were used to reach deep coal faces or cross the narrow approach path. Children employed were in the age group of 10-14 years. They were used as trappers to shut and open the doors of coal wagons. As a result of so pains inflicted upon workers, they came out with demands-

1. Minimum wages to be fixed by the government.
2. Give employment to the workers snatched of work by machine installation.
3. Child and woman labor to be checked.
4. Give the right to form trade unions in order to legally present these demands.

Response from Government-

1. Passed two Combination Acts which had snatched their freedom of speech. To incite anyway either by speech or in writing to the people against the King shall be tantamounted as an illegal or illicit act punishable under laws of the land.
2. The legal minimum wage was the demand of workers but it met to deaf ears in Parliament hence, refused.
3. Aggrieved of non-hearing from the government, the workers went on strike but dispersed by police. They became aggressive and their sleuth had destroyed machines at Lancashire, Yorkshire, Derby shire and Leeds, etc. The Government crushed mercilessly this rioter turned factory workers. Some were hanged and others were deported to Australia as convicts.
4. A huge gathering of workers around 18,19,80,000 workers was succumbed to massacre (popularly known as Peterloo Massacre) ordered by the government and the Parliament passed six Acts and thus, added more strict laws to Combination Acts of 1795.

Percussions-

1. The Act of 1833 fixed the work for children in the age group under I year confined to silk factories.
2. Fixed the hours of work for the children falling in the age group of 9-14 years.
3. Factory inspectors were appointed to ensure the implementation of the Act.
4. Ten Flours Bill was passed in 1847 limiting the hours of work for women and children and securing a 10 hour day for male workers.
5. Industrialization was associated with a growing investment of the country’s wealth in capital formation, or building infrastructure and installing new machinery and raising the levels of efficient use of these facilities, and raising productivity.

Question 6.
Explain why British growth may have been faster after 1815 than before?
Answer:
1. Britain tried to do two things simultaneously from 1760 to 1815 i.e.

• to industrialize and
• to fight wars in Europe, North, America, and India. It diverted her attention therefore, slack and slow progress was seen during this period. The capital borrowed was spent on wars.

2. Factory workers and farm laborers were recruited in Army and thus, factories suffered set-back and food grain production plummeted.

3. Money inflation took place and prices of eatables rose beyond access to poor sections of society.

4. Per capita savings were slashed rapidly and the use of consumer goods reduced to a minimum. It resulted in a decline in demand and the closure of the factories.

5. Trading routes were closed because of Napoleon’s policies.

Question 7.
How can you state that pro-use of the term Industrial before the next term “revolution” is very limited?
Answer:
We can state so because the transformation was extended beyond the economic or industrial sphere and because of the major change in society as a whole. This transformation gave two classes in town and the countryside. This were-the bourgeoisie (Middle Class) and Proletariate (i.e. laborers in mills and factories)

Question 8.
Do you think the growth in cotton or iron industries or in foreign trade remained revolutionary during 1780-1820?
Answer:
No, it was not revolutionary during the period in question. The virtual growth as witnessed was based on raw-materials brought from South Asian countries and the sale of finished products in their markets by twist and wrench made in-laws. Imports and Exports from Britain increased from 1780 because of the resumption of trade with North America which was earlier blocked due to the war of American independence.

Question 9.
What reforms through laws were made since 1819?
Answer:

1. Laws of 1819 prohibited the employment of children under the age of nine in factories and working hours reduced to 12 hours a day for the children between the group of 9-16 years.
2. Act of 1833 permitted children under nine only in silk factories, limited working hours for children above sixteen years, and provided a number of factory inspectors to ensure proper implementation of the Act.
3. Ten Hours’ Bill was passed in 1847. As per this Bill, working hours of Women and children were reduced further and secured a 10 hour day for male workers.
4. The Mines and Collieries Act of 1842 banned children under ten and women from working underground.
5. Fielder’s Factory Act, 1847 prohibited the employment of children under eighteen in the mills and fixed 10 hours a day for women workers.

Question 10.
What has been written by D.H. Lawrence, an essayist and novelist in Britain about the change in villages nearby the mines?
Answer:
He states that a village namely East Wood was a small place of the cottage and a dilapidated row of buildings for miners’ dwellings. Those all were colliers during the early nineteenth century but with the installation of new machinery for coal digging, the dwelling places were pulled downs and little shops and new buildings were built for minors’ dwelling on the downslope. These were surrounded by roads.

Question 11.
What kind of description of factories made by Charles Dickens in his novel Hard Times?
Answer:
He tells that the face of the industrial town is unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. There are machinery and tall chimneys out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves forever and ever, and never got uncoiled. There were a black canal and river carrying ill-smelling dye with them. Buildings rattle and tremble all over the day and the piston of the steam engine worked up and down like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy madness.

The Industrial Revolution Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Write an essay on the Industrial Revolution which started from Britain along with the background of genesis, the developments, and percussions.
Answer:
Background-Industrial Revolution started in Britain because

1. England, Wales, and Scotland were unified under a monarchy hence, a stable government.
2. Common laws, single currency, common taxation on entire land facilitated the capital formation and investment in the manufacturing sector.
3. Money was used as a medium of exchange and a large section of the people received their income in the form of wages and salaries, not in goods.
4. Demand for consumer goods increased because national savings got a boost.
5. Under the agricultural revolution, bigger landlords had bought up small farms and enclosed the common land of the village (i.e. pastures). Thus, large estates were made and opened their factories.
6. Towns were grown in area and population. These were- New castles, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield including London.
7. There were rivers used for navigation because all of them drained into the sea. There were 1,160 miles of navigable water.
8. There was a banking facility in each town. There were 600 banks in provinces and 100 banks in London.

Developments-Developments under the industrial revolution can be described as under-
(a) Coal and Iron-England had an immense treasure of minerals like coal, iron ore, lead, copper, and tin. Iron was extracted through the smelting process in the ore. Charcoal was used initially buLeoke came into use when the blast furnace was invented by Abraham Darby. This coke was extracted from coal by removing the sulfur and other impurities. Wrought-iron was developed from pig-iron.

(b) Cotton spinning and Weaving-Invented spinning and weaving machines were-the flying shuttle loom by John Kay, the spinning Jenny by James Hargreaves, the water frame by Richard Arkwright, the Mule by Samuel Crompton, and power loom by Edmund Cartwright. These machines fanned up production on a large scale. Raw cotton was imported from South Asian countries including India and finished product from Britain was exported to the markets of those countries by making twists in tariff and custom rules.

Stream Power-It was used first in moving industries with the increase in demand for coal and metals, efforts to use steam power in deeper mines were made. Thomas Savery built Mariner Friend (a model steam engine) to drain mines. Another engine was built by Newcomen in 1712. James Watt invented the Steam engine in 1769. After 1800, steam engine technology was further developed with the use of lighter, stronger metals, the manufacture of more accurate machine tools, and the spread of better scientific knowledge.

Canals and Railways-Carrying coal from the mill sites to cities was the purpose behind canal construction. Eg. Worsley Canal by James Brindley carrying coal to Manchester. Canal mania sustained from 1788 to 1796 and 6000 miles lengthy canals were built.

Rocket, the stream locomotive by Stephenson started running on rail-road in 1814. Richard Trevithick invented the Puffing Devil i.e. locomotive engine in 1810 and The Butcher was made by George Stephenson. Under railway mania between 1833-37,1400 miles of line and between 1844-47 another 1,500 miles of line was^sanctioned and built.

The Workers-Problems of workers was increased during this period. Machines spread unemployment, pollution, ailments and it resulted in a sharp reduction in the workers’ population. Wages declined and all family members including children and women had to work in factories in order to arrange bread at two breaks. Epidermic due to insanitation and unhygienic living conditions of workers spread. These took a toll ‘on several millions of people. Child labor and women employment in factories, uncertain working hours, less wage, etc. became major issues for protest.

Parliament was constituted by nobles, landlords, wealthy merchants, and traders. Hence, a number of laws were passed from time to time in order to sustain the exploitation of workers. Only in 1847 some laws, after several movements, food riots, and demonstrations; were passed prohibiting child labor and fixed hours of working for men and women. Thus, we can state that the industrial revolution had increased the pains of workers, small industries, handicrafts, and other small-scale vocations.

Conclusion: It was not a revolution because-

1. Industrialization took a period of forty years in its developments i.e. 1780-1820.
2. Spurt in cotton and textile trade and iron industry was due to the import of raw material from Britain’s colonies in South Asia including India and exports to their indigenous markets.
3. A survey made in 1850 revealed that handicraft industries were running parallel to the factories.
4. Capital formation remained barred due to England’s continuous wars in Europe, North America, and India for 36 years from 1760 ahead.
5. French Revolution and Napoleonic wars disrupted the progress of the industrial revolution.

Here we are providing Class 11 History Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Confrontation of Cultures. Class 11 History Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 History Chapter 8 Important Extra Questions Confrontation of Cultures

Confrontation of Cultures Traditions Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Is the title of this theme as “Confrontation of Cultures” is quite correct?
Answer:
Yes, because in its contents, we see the confrontation of European Culture with that of the American and African Culture. Here, European Culture has enslaved the American and African Cultures.

Question 2.
What specific period in the History of the world does exhibits confrontation of culture?
Answer:
It is that of the period between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Question 3.
How many types of culture was found in America?
Answer:
Two types of culture i.e. The Aztecs and the Mayas.

Question 4.
When did the Inca City of Machu Picchu get excavation?
Answer:
In 1911 C E.

Question 5.
What is the present position of human habitation in America?
Answer:
Presently, North America and South America i.e. two continents are inhabited by people of different nations. A large
number of people from Asia arid South Sea islands are presently living there.

Question 6.
What are the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles?
Answer:
These are smaller islands several hundred in number, in the Caribbean sea at the north and east of San Salvador.

Question 7.
Who were Arawaks and Caribs?
Answer:
Arawaks and Caribs were the tribes of people in America. The former was settled in islands of the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles while the latter was in islands to the Lesser Antilles. Again, the former was generous while the latter was brute and barbarous.

Question 8.
What was the main occupation of Arawaks?
Answer:
It was agriculture with subsidiary occupations like hunting, fishing etc. They used to grow com, sweet potatoes, tuber and cassava.

Question 9.
Describe the social traits of Arawaks?
Answer:

1. To produce food collectively and feed everyone in the community.
2. Clan elders were the leaders.
3. Polygamy was prevalent and this tribe was superstitious.
4. Shamans or Priests were given extra-honor.

Question 10.
How can you say that Arawaks,’ the native of Central America were the simplest people?
Answer:
The Europeans used to exchange glass beads for gold from them. It means, they were unknown to the value of gold.

Question 11.
What did the Spanish do with Arawaks?
Answer:
They took the benefit of their simplicity and innocence. Initially, they created them with flattery and when they could know the reality, they were killed brutally by the Spanish, and epidemics of smallpox ruined them completely.

Question 12.
Which people were lived on the east coast of South America?
Answer:
They were called the Tupinamba of Brazil. They were food gatherers from the dense forests in Brazil.

Question 13.
Which were the civilizations developed in Central America?
Answer:
These were urbanized civilizations of the Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas.

Question 14.
Tell some social traits of the Aztecs?
Answer:

1. It was a hierarchical society,
2. There were Priests, nobility, and common people including peasants,
3. King was chosen from nobles and regarded as the representative of the Sun on the earth,
4. They preferred reclamation of land and constructed artificial islands.

Question 15.
What are the special features of the capital city of Tenochtitlan in Aztec civilization? ‘
Answer:
The places and pyramids of this capital city were risen out of the Mexico lake. There were several temples dedicated to the gods of war and the Sun.

Question 16.
What has been written about cities and villages built on the water under Aztecs civilization?
Answer:
Bernard Diaz del Castillo has written in his True History of The Conquest of Mexico that he was astounded when he saw such marvellous cities and palaces built on the water. These buildings were rising from the water, all made up of stone appeared him like an enchanted vision from the tale of Amadis.

Question 17.
What was the mainstay of the economy in Aztec civilization?
Answer:
It was an agriculture-based economy. The farmers used to grow com, beans, squash, pumpkins, manioc root, potatoes and other crops. European serfs were given lands for cultivation by the nobility in lieu of a certain per cent of the yield. Children as slaves were sold for a limited period and they could buy back their freedom on expiry of the tenure of slavery. They were interested in the promotion of education for all citizens there.

Question 18.
Which period pertains to the growth and existence of the Mayan culture?
Answer:
It was developed in Mexico Gulf in central America during the period between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries.

Question 19.
What was the mainstay of the Mayan Culture?
Answer:
It was agriculture. They used to grow corn. Their culture and many religious ceremonies were centred on the planting, growing and harvesting of corn.

Question 20.
What were other fields of achievements in Mayan Culture?
Answer:
These were-Architecture, Astronomy, Mathematics and pictographical writing.

Question 21.
What was South American civilization?
Answer:
It as that of Incas in Peru. Its capital city was established at Cuzco. It developed during the twelfth Century. Quechua was the court language, hence, another name given to this culture was Quechuas.

Question 22.
What was the specific thing seen in the administration of Incas civilization?
Answer:
Tribes were independently ruled by a Council of their elders but all were owed to allegiance to the rulers. It was actually, an administration based on the confederacy.

Question 23.
What do you observe a new in Incas civilization?
Answer:

1. The largest expanded civilization with an empire of Incas stretched 3,000 miles from Ecuador to Chile.
2. The total population here was estimated around people more than a million.
3. Specialized in forts and buildings construction. The mason had built walls of these forts without mortar.

Question 24.
What was the main occupation of Incas people?
Answer:
It was agriculture. The terraced hillsides and developed systems of drainage and irrigation. Other associated occupations were-weaving, masonry and pottery. The accounting system of the Quipu indicating mathematical units was adopted.

Question 25.
How can you state that the culture of the Aztecs and Incas were common?
Answer:
Following are the grounds for that estimation-

1. Hierarchical society in both cultures.
2. Confederacy system of ruling. Both were Imperial.
3. King was the supreme authority.
4. Agriculture was the main occupation.
5. People of both cultures were expert builders, architects.
6. People in both civilizations were warriors and war-lords.

Question 26.
When was the magnetic compass invented?
Answer:
In 1380, but used for voyages by Europeans in the fifteenth century. . .

Question 27.
What had helped the most in sea adventures?
Answer:
It was a strong will of European youths and travel literature as also books on cosmography and geography availab’0 to them.

Question 28.
Which books were the essence of literature on travel in Europe during the fifteenth Century?
Answer:
Ptolemy’s Geography, Imago Mundi etc.

Question 29.
Who were people from the Iberian peninsula?
Answer:
As Portugal and Spain, two cities fall under the said peninsula, these were Portuguese and Spanish or Spaniard.

Question 30.
Do you think Portuguese and Spaniards as the first explorer of America?
Answer:
No, it was not so because voyages of discovery were made by a number of people from Arab, China and India as well and much earlier than them. However, they did not settle in a land visited by them. ,

Question 31.
Why were Spanish and Portuguese rulers exceptionally interested in sea adventures?
Answer:

1. Silver and gold mines in European countries were in depletion of the stock. There was even currency failure and crisis of payment for the salaries of bureaucrats and army personnel.
2. Papal Bull was bagged by these two countries of Europe.
3. Change in the environment had caused short crop season hence, agricultural production took nose dive thereby food problem had arisen.
4. Both these countries actually have abundant sea-ports because of their vicinity to the North Atlantic ocean.
5. The bubonic plague had taken a toll on numerous people. It had created a shortage of man-power to a greater extent.

Question 32.
Who first had established a trading station at “Cape Bajador’ in Africa.
Answer:
These were Portuguese who first established their trading station in Cape Bajador (Presently, Cape Vordeis). It was an island harbour. Frequent voyages after Prince Henry’s attack on Ceuta in 1415 were made to West Africa.

Question 33.
What were the political reasons responsible for the encouragement of Europeans to sea voyages?
Answer:

1. Political cum propagation of Christianity all over the world in order to establish there a colony was one of the major reasons. Under the facade of religion, they wanted the exploitation of several virgin regions of the world.
2. The Crusades ended in the promotion of trade with Asian Countries but through a long sea route.
3. They wanted to establish their colonies there.

Question 34.
What is meant by Nao in Spanish?
Answer:
Nao is an Arabic term accepted by Spanish but it is meant by a heavy ship. This derivation of terms reveals that Arabs were rulers of Spain till 1492.

Question 35.
Mention the features of the fleet used by Columbus?
Answer:

1. Santa Maria (a small ship),
2. two lightships i.e. Pinta r and Nina,
3. 40 capable sailors beside them.

Question 36.
Why did Columbus rename the island of Guanahani?
Answer:
It was based on his observation of land surrounded by shallow seas i.e. Baja mar in Spanish and Bahamas at present,

Question 37.
What name Columbus had given to an island of Guanahani?
Answer:
San-Salvador. Here he planted a Spanish flag, prayed to Almighty, and declared himself viceroy voluntarily on 12 October 1492.

Question 38.
Where is located then Kiskeya or present-day Hispaniola?
Answer:
It is the land presently, divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic, both independent.

Question 39.
How many regions during the regular voyage, Columbus had discovered?
Answer:

1. the Bahamas,
2. San Salvador,
3. The Island of Cuba,
4. The land between Haiti and the Dominican Republic,
5. Greater Antilles,
6. South America’s mainland.

Question 40.
When the first explorer of this New World was Columbus, why is it called America?
Answer:
Here, discrimination of the basis of position has been made. Columbus was merely a navigator, patronized by the ruler of Spain while a geographer who measured its area viz. Amerigo Vespucci was being a man of status, these two continents were so named. Thus, we see ‘ one continent as North and the other as South America.

Question 41.
Do you think Columbus would have visited at Columbia?
Answer:
No, Columbus never proceeded forward from the Bahamas but his exploration was to keep alive or commemorate and America was after the name of a geographer, this country was, therefore, given name after Columbus.

Question 42.
Do you think Spaniard’s behavior with the local people of America was good?
Answer:
No, they resorted to violent means to enslave American people. Americans were exploited in digging mines and other rigorous works. They killed a number of Americans merely to create terror in their minds. Initially, they befriended them and befooled them in getting gold for glass beads in exchange. However, soon they became barbarous and mercilessly killed them.

Question 43.
What did the locals in South America consider the befall of epidemic i.e. smallpox?
Answer:
They imagined smallpox was caused by. invisible bullets with which the Spaniards attacked them.

Question 44.
How did Spaniards destroy Aztec Civilization and subjugated the ruler of Tlaxcalan Montezuma?
Answer:
Spaniards realized the bravery and war-craft of Aztecs when they were given stiff resistance by the soldiers i.e. Tlaxcalans. Anyhow Cortes and his soldiers massacred them but, at the same time, compelled to review the strategy, they befriended the King, looted him in the guise of gifts, sneaked into the political system and mentality of the populace, and thus, compelled the King to commit suicide.

Question 45.
What was a fearful slumber which had gripped the populace when Cortes with his army was conspiring for their subjugation but accepted as a guest by King Montezuma?
Answer:
It is a populace that smells first everything that will take place in a short while. The dual role of Cortes i.e. as a friend and an enemy began to cause several difficulties in the atmosphere, which they were used to since along. However, the populace was in a position to get that issue discussed by the King hence, the fear, they unable of emitting; patted them to slumber in their cocoons.

Question 46.
How much time took the conspiracy and war waged by Coates were ended?
Answer:
It took two years from 25 June 1520 onwards i.e. after six months when Cortes befriended the King of Aztecs. It was 8 November 1519. When the war was ended in which the king of Aztecs was defeated.

Question 47.
Who was Fizarro and how had he occupied the throne. of Inca empire?
Answer:
Pizarro was a soldier, uneducated, and from a poor family. He took a keen interest in the discovery of new lands. Once, he got the support of the King of Spain and set a trap for the King of the Inca empire. He first asked for ransom, a room-full gold but killed him subsequently.

Question 48.
Where did the Spanish locate silver mines in erstwhile Inca empires?
Answer:
It was Potosi, a place in upper Peru (Presently Bolivia).

Question 49.
What favor the Pope did extend to Portugal?
Answer:
He issued an order/notification declaring Brazil under the sovereignty of Portugal just after, it was discovered by chance under the discovery conducted by Pedro Alvares Cabral, a Portuguese.

Question 50.
How can you say that it was satisfaction among the Aztecs which had resulted in their slaughter in the foreign hands?
Answer:
We have read the conversation between a Priest from Portugal and a local citizen in Brazil. He thinks that the land so far nourishing them will also nourish their children hence, there is no need to take adventures like voyages and exploration of new lands. Complacence to some degree is always appreciated but kneeling as a slave under foreigners still so sloth and in complacence was only responsible for their slaughter in the hands of foreigners.

Question 51.
What fate do you see for Brazilian people so complacent with their means?
Answer:
We see them working in tree cutting, growing sugarcane, and working as slaves in sugar mills.

Question 52.
How do you think, the slave trade would have commenced?
Answer:
The atrocity inflicted on Brazilians caused them to flee away from their native land to elsewhere in dense forests to evade slavery. Plantation owners and nobles till then formed had felt shortage of man-power and it stimulated them to import slaves from Africa.

Question 53.
Why did Portuguese sailors in Brazil hate Jesuit cams there for the propagation of the Catholic Church?
Answer:
We see one of the Jesuit saying “There is no greater curse on a home or family than to be unjustly supported by the sweat of others” and- “Any man who deprives others of their freedom and being able to restore that freedom, does not do so, is condemned.” As the Portuguese were the people exactly oppressor and extortionists, they afraid, if it could inspire the Brazilian to launch a freedom struggle.

Question 54.
Who are animists?
Answer:
These people accept inanimate or inert objects as living and having a sensitive soul.

Question 55.
What is Reclamation?
Answer:
Reclamation is a process of making wasteland/fallow suitable for habitation or cultivation.

Question 56.
What is Cosmography?
Answer:
It is the science of mapping the universe. It is distinct from Geography and Astronomy in spite of similar things of study.

Question 57.
What was Reconquista?
Answer:
It was European (Christians) reconquest of Portugal and Spain once occupied by Arabs.

Question 58.
What was the Viceroy considered during the fifteenth century?
Answer:
A representative to the King in a colony settled in another country. Eg. Columbus had declared himself deputy to the King of Spain.

Question 59.
How was the Mexican City so splendid?
Answer:
This whole city was built on the water by virtue of specific architecture.

Question 60.
Mention the regions from where slaves were captured in Africa?
Answer:
These were-

1. Senegambia,
2. Sierra Leone,
3. Elmira,
4. Angola,
5. Madagaskar and
6. Mozambique.

Question 61.
Write the main features of the township in South America.
Answer:
These were-

1. Pastureland,
2. Orchards,
3. Fields,
4. Priest Quarters,
5. Guard House,
6. Workshops,
7. Indians’ quarters,
8. Main square,
9. Compound wall fence,
10. Church,
11. Fountain,
12. Soldiers quarters and
13. Storerooms in every town. It was a common town planning.

Question 62.
Mention consequences of the discovery of the Americas.
Answer:

1. Europeans obtained gold and silver in ample quantum.
2. Joint Stock Companies and firms were opened in the Americas.
3. Potatoes and chilies from America were exported to other countries by Europeans.
4. Millions of people were enslaved and engaged in mining of gold and silver as also growing Sugarcane and working in sugar mills.

Question 63.
What is the Capitalist system of production?
Answer:
In this system, production and distribution are owned by individuals, and free-market competition allowed.

Question 64.
What was the response of Europeans to the law of 1609 passed by Phillip II of Spain?
Answer:
They forced the King to withdraw this law within two years and thus, enslavement again allowed.

Question 65.
How many slaves were imported from Africa when enslavement was banned in Brazil?
Answer:
They were over thirty-six lakh.

Question 66.
Do you think African society was also involved in catching young men and women to be sold as slaves to Europeans?
Answer:
Yes, the mighty and powerful people in Africa began to catch and assign their brothers and sisters with the European traders, in exchange for maize, manioc, and cassava.

Question 67.
When did European soldiers declare them as an independent ruler of their occupied colonies?
Answer:
It was in the early nineteenth century. It was done the same. way as thirteen North American colonies rebelled again Britain and formed the U.S.A.

Confrontation of Cultures Traditions Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Do you think omens, hallucination, etc. of events is nothing? else but a manifestation of fear penetrating the heart of concerned man?
Answer:
Yes, the emotion of fear goes deep in the sub-conscious mind. There its impulses distort the digestive, circulatory, metabolism, and ever defecating systems of the body. It results in ailing and sparks in the nervous ‘ system causing hallucination. The same had happened to the Aztec

King, Montezuma. Stimuli to fear were-

1. The aggressive tendency of Cortes and his soldiers,
2. Well- trained horses,
3. An organized and firm battalion of artillery.

Question 2.
Discuss the difference between the Arawaks and the Spanish. Which of these differences would you consider most significant and why?
Answer:
Arawaks were the simplest and complacent people while the Spanish were shrewd and fraudulent. They greeted warmly when explorers from Spain reached sea-shore. The Spanish and Portuguese cheated them of gold, fruits, vegetables, and fish in exchange for glass beads, iron knives, Drager, swords, etc. They befriended Arawaks and Brazilians get physical work done by them for their advantage, obtained a room-full gold in ransom and then, planned to slaughter them at the altar of their passion for gold, silver, timber, wood, and finally, seizure of the political machinery from them to establish their own colonies.

Arawaks and Brazilians were agriculturists and living a simple life while the Spanish and Portuguese were pathogen like struck to them and occupied their political, social, economic systems for their benefits until they ruined them.

The m.ost significant difference between natives of South America and those of Spanish and Portuguese was that of Humanity and debility. Devils were the Europeans who plunged deep in their complacent manners of living and terrorized them with artillery, tricks and cheat.

Question 3.
Examine a detailed physical map of South America. To what extent do you think geography influenced the developments of the Inca empire?
Answer:
Location-Inca empire was extended from Ecuador to Chile. It was surrounded by the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Caribbean Sea in the north, the Bellingshausen Sea, the Weddell Sea in the South and North as also South Atlantic Sea at the east.

Potentiality-

1. Maritime trade and Commerce in such locations could rise under the Inca empire.
2. The soil here was fertile enough to grow sugarcane, com, potatoes, etc. They opted for reclamation of land and terrace cultivation measures.
3. Abundant trees/forests and continuous supply of water through Amazon, the largest river in the world.
4. Owing to the closer to the ocean, a specific town planning could be seen in Mexico. Here, the buildings, palaces, etc. were built on the water.
5. They used to row on the chest of the ocean using Dugout Canoes.
6. They were animists i.e. ones who can see a sensitive soul in insensitive or inert objects.

A conclusion-The major influence of Geography on Inca civilization, we observe its proximity to the sea. Abundant water¬bodies would have inspired Inca people to promote maritime trade. Its effect on the soil can also not ruled out. Sea-water maintains a moderate temperature, hence, we see Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas civilizations brimming with simple and innocent people cheated and brutally killed by the Europeans.

Question 4.
What according to you were the reasons for people from different European countries wanting to take the risk of going on a voyage of discovery?
Answer:
Reasons for Europeans keen interest in going on voyages

1. European economy met acute recession during 14th and 15th Centuries owing to depletion of gold and silver stock in mines, epidemic, and decline of feudalism, etc.
2. Christianity tried to bring more people to unknown lands in its fold in order to give birth to colonialism. The Crusades brought Europeans to Asia and its several countries hence, there was a great demand for silk, spices, musk, muslin, etc. in Europe.
3. The success of Reconquista (Reconquest of Iberian peninsula) encouraged the youth to execute capitulations (Contracts) from one nobility Eg. Pizarro lured the King of Spain.
4. Fifth and the last stimulus was that the Pope had given sanction to Spain and Portugal to prepare an environment in which youth would be trained to go on sea voyages to new lands till then undiscovered.

Question 5.
Analyze the effects of contact with the Europeans on the native people of South America. Describe their reactions to the sailors and the Jesuits.
Answer:
Effects of European Contacts in native people of South America

1. Those people were cheated, killed, and enslaved.
2. Their simplicity and detachment for gold resulted in their misery/puzzle.
3. They were befooled by Europeans as they promulgated false decrees and laws.
4. They had to leave their house and hearths in order to evade slavery so imposed on them. Their settled life ended again in hunting and food gathering.
5. The cereals (i.e. potato, cassava, tobacco, cane-sugar, cacao) and cash crops like rubber were exported to Europe.
6. The population of native people had reduced from 70 million to 3.5 million during the period, South America was explored and colonies set-up there.

Their reactions to the settlers and the Jesuits were surprising as they considered them foolish enough to abandon their native country, community, and families and wandering in alien lands.

Question 6.
Write a note on Caribbean Communities.
Answer:
There were two tribes namely, Arawakkian Lucayos and Caribs. Arawakan was God-fearing and compromising people while Caribs were cruel and fierce. The former tribe was living in the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles while the latter in the Lesser Antilles. These all were small islands between the Caribbean and Atlantic oceans. These were communities that lived on hunting, fishing, and agriculture.

They used to produce food collectively and feed everyone in the community. Arawaks were animist.

Question 7.
Write a brief note on Brazilian Communities.
Answer:
It was a tribe of Tupinamba living on the east coast of South America. Iron was unknown to this tribe hence, they could not tend to farm. There were fruits, vegetables, and fish in ample quantum hence, they did not depend on agriculture to survive. They were simple people who agreed to cut the trees and carry the logs to the ships in exchange for iron knives and saws. They provided Europeans with loads of monkeys, honey, hens, wax, cotton thread, etc. free of cost. They were complacent people with their motherland and the vicissitudes whatsoever existed there.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on the Aztecs.
Answer:
Aztecs were a tribe that migrated from North America to its central valley which they named Mexico after the name of their God Mexitli. It was a society in three order i.e. Priest, nobility, and common people. Special respect was given to warriors, priests, and nobles. They took measures of reclamation in order to create artificial islands.

Buildings were made on the lake. Com, beans, squash, pumpkins, manioc root, and potatoes were the main crops grown there. European serfs were engaged in the cultivation of the lands owned by the nobility. School education was preferred but there was the majority of poor who used to sell their children for a limited period of their working as slaves under nobles.

Question 9.
Give a brief account of the Mayan Society.
Answer:
This culture too was developed in Mexico between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries. Cultivation of cereal crops was the main „ occupation of these people. Society was divided into inking, priests, chiefs, and common people. These people devised a pictographic form of writing. Religious ceremonies were associated with planting, growing; and harvesting corn.

Question 10.
Give a brief account of the Incas of Peru.
Answer:
It was the largest of the civilizations in South America. Its 5 capital was in Cuzco. It was extended up to 3,000 miles from Ecuador to Chile. Quechua was the court language here. It was like a confederacy in which each tribe ruled independently by the Council of Elders. All: tribes were finally, under the control of the Incas people. They were excellent architects, however, unknown to the wheel and its usages. System of: drainage, irrigation, and terraced farming were preferred for the production of com and potatoes. They excelled in weaving and pottery arts. Standard mathematical units were considered the knots at equal distance on cords or the quipu.

Question 11.
Describe what Pablo Neruda states about the condition of artisans, masons, potters in Machu Picchu a hilltop town under the Incas Society.
Answer:
He states that the architect, masonry, and other crafts were appreciated by the visitors of this town but hardly somebody would understand the pain and pricks endured by the artisans. The masons were forcibly engaged. Potters by virtue of their hard work made descent potteries. In case, any ornament not found with exquisite craft, the jewelers were punished with their fingers crushed mercilessly

Farmers who could not pay tithe (tax) in time due to crop failure, were killed.

Question 12.
Describe similarities between Aztecs and Incas Cultures.
Answer:

1. There was no private ownership of resources in both civilizations.
2. Both had developed a confederacy System of the ruling.
3. The King was considered supreme in both cultures.
4. Both cultures excelled in architect, pottery, weaving, etc. arts.
5. Both-had agriculture as the main occupation of people.

Question 13.
Discuss the cruelty inflicted by the Spanish on the people of two cultures i.e. Aztecs and Incas.
Answer:
Hernan Cortes befriended the tribe Totonacs i.e. rival to Aztecs and thus, came to know all loopholes and weaknesses of the Aztec empire under the King, Montezuma. He sought for Dona Marina, a woman from the Tobasco tribe who was an expert in three local languages and thus, interpreted everything that wished to know by Cortes. He understood that Montezuma is a god-fearing and simple king hence, intrigued through the friendly way. He entered as a guest to the King and corrupted shortly, the bureaucracy and misdirected the populace.

When he got control of the nerves of the System, the King was detained under house arrest. Cortes began installing Christian icons in the Aztec temples. The King could do nothing but to compromise the installation of both images side by side in each temple. Thus, the King’s depression ended in his suicide. In the meantime, smallpox spread and took a toll on numerous people. Finally, Cortes with his 180 soldiers and 30 horses could defeat Aztecs and became Captain-General of New Spain in Mexico.

So far as Incas affairs were concerned, it can be stated that Francisco Pizarro who had heard about the prosperous civilization of Incas, lured the King of Spain with-an assurance that he shall conquer the Incas empire subject to soldiers and other required means including weapons are provided with him. Trickily, he captured and arrested the King, Atahualpa. He then took ransom for his release but killed him brutally when a room-full gold; he had obtained from a hint.

Question 14.
Give a brief account of the atrocities inflicted by the Portuguese on Brazilian people.
Answer:

1. They cheated Brazilians in exchange for iron knives and saws for loads of hens, monkeys, parrots, honey, wax, and cotton thread.
2. They began the trade of Brazilian wood for the manufacture of red dye and drove away from the French traders. Thus, they destroyed the vegetal cover of the earth there.
3. As per the rules framed for fourteen captaincies in Brazil by the King of Portugal, the Portuguese settlers were given land ownership right along with the right to make local people into slaves.
4. They began to grow sugarcane in large plantations when the forest was cleared and established sugar mills there. They took local, slaves yoking with exhausting and dreary work. In case, the natives refused, Portuguese mill-owners resorted to kidnapping them to get work done as slaves.

Conclusion-The cruelty practiced by the Portuguese had compelled the native people to retreat into the forest and thus, gradually; European towns were established on the land of the native people there.

Question 15.
What were the factors demanding more slaves in South America?
Answer:
Those factors were as under-

1. Forest for timber wood trading was cleared and the Portuguese had started growing sugar cane in large fields there. Sugar mills were also established.
2. Gold mines were discovered in Brazil during 1700 CE. Mining staff was, therefore, required.
3. There was imposed ban on slavery in the 1780 s. Thus, it had become impossible for Portuguese mill owners and landlords to get the natives to be enslaved.
4. It came into their knowledge that the slave trade in Africa was conducted even by native people there, in exchange for cereals like maize, manioc, and cassava.

Confrontation of Cultures Traditions Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
To what extent, confrontation of cultures is a suitable title to this theme? Why is observed Cultural diversity and how some people turn it into discrimination? Elaborately discuss in the context of the cultures colliding and confronting each other in this theme.
Answer:
The term culture is understood as certain customs, beliefs, and ways of living adapted to the people in any region, nation, or country. Culture is formed basically like the final product of location, climate, altitude, distance from the ocean, etc. Geological condition and availability of resources, natural and artificial (Currency, promissory notes, etc.), communication and transportation system, type of soil (Fertile, fallow, desert, etc.), occupational structure (primary, secondary, tertiary), commerce and trade, industries, technology, etc.; economy-related components as also the political set-up and diplomatic relations of each country. Apart from them, Psychological factors like passions, urge, motive, etc. also are the components of the culture. Culture embraces education also.

On the basis of the above components, we see several cultures colliding with each other in this theme. These are European culture, Incas, Aztecs, Mayan in broadway while Spanish, Portuguese, British, French, Tupinamba, Tabasco, etc. in minute form. Hence, the title of this theme appears all right.

We come across certain facts in course of going over the tendencies of every culture described in this theme. These are-
1. The cultures of similar geographical locations cause assimilation, harmony, coordination, and confrontation. Here we see oppressive cultures of Spain, Portugal, British, Dutch, etc. as also the cultures which born with atrocities or exploitation i.e. Aztecs, Incas, etc. countries settled in sea-coasts.

2. Cultures of different and distinct instincts often collide. Eg. Europeans were passionate about gold and silver as also the subjugation of another country in colonies while South American cultures were confident, loathsome, satisfied with their means and mother-land. They were befooled by European cultures in exchange for glass beads for gold. Those people had no lust for gold and silver. Similarly, the Portuguese exchanged iron knives, combs, and saws for loads of hens, monkeys, parrots, honey, wax, and cotton.

3. Education is also used as an instrument for the exploitation of those who are uneducated-We see in this theme, cultures in South America and Central America not so educated as European Cultures. This was because, people in South America were not the least interested in the adoption of new technologies, scientific thoughts and were excessively modest. As a native of Brazil tells a French priest that Portuguese and French are madmen who work so hard to accumulate riches.

He further says that they rest without further care in their community. They were dreaming in their own made world and caring for nothing beyond that. It was their ignorance. The Europeans betrayed and mercilessly massacred the people in South America with a passion to gather more and more stock of silver and gold, set up new sugar mills, grow sugar cane crops and get timber from Brazil, and export these items to their countries.

Why does the diversity of culture turn into discrimination?

Each country has its diverse nature of culture than the other due to factors summed lip as geographical, historical, economic, and psychological factors as we have discussed at the beginning of this replication. Diversity proves a boon to unity if people could abide by social norms, common etiquette of mankind, global view (universal fraternity), benediction, and general welfare of mankind all over the world. Peaceful co-existence and respect for every culture are also twins merits that foster unity and integration. However, we observe in this theme, the following factors responsible for the confrontation of cultures

1. Excessive avarice and passion for money-Europeans had greed for money because, in their own countries, stock of gold and silver in mines exhausted, agricultural production receded due to sudden change in climate, the bubonic plague had taken a toll of several lakh people, etc. Thus, their eyes were fixed on the collection of wealth irrespective of means fair or unfair.

2. Genesis of Passion for Wealth-Passion actually is a very strong feeling of love, hatred, anger, or enthusiasm. Motor nerves become the most sensitive and the mind without giving time to the head, starts issuing instructions to sensory and executive organs, and the act is done immediately. Passions also get their birth at home in course of the conversation between parents.

Parents do sacrifice a lot for the welfare of their children but not by turning their mentality to exhilaration hence, they expose financial crunch, shaded and pseudo-half-cooked topics, strategy, device, intrigues, conspiracy, ego, etc. at home. It vibrates the atmosphere of a home with the root cause and children are made a prey to them. Their minds stick to the concerned passion Eg. for money. The crystal or atom it forms will-“We need more money ”

3. Inputs to mind from the organization/institution/ government-Man is inborn gregarious. He cannot live alone and not perfect in himself. Govt. etc. are nothing else but a macro form of a family however, unluckily; we all seeing events of patricide, fratricide, foeticide along with their melodrama through electronic media in India where Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (presumption of universal man) is the serene echo of immortality circumambulates at all moments through the seas i.e. Indian Ocean, Arabic Sea, Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal sea; weathering and drifting so brutally of the nuclear family in India is really cause of national concern.

It indicates neglected respect to the root of immortality (Sanatan) and somewhere kneeling at the threshold of toxicosis. Consumption, distribution, and trade of narcotics and intoxicating drugs anyway, stares exclusively at Government (he greatest family) to prohibit, restrict, forbid immediately, incoming of toxins/toxic items from outside as also manufactured, processed, harnessed, stored in indigenous markets.

Conclusion-On the basis of the above discussion and contextual illustrations, we can state here that the trio-power of human beings i.e. Psychical, mental, and emotional or psychological; facts and circumstances establish; a lion-goat relation between two cultures, there definitely takes place, confrontation or collision.

Here we are providing Class 11 History Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Changing Cultural Traditions. Class 11 History Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 History Chapter 7 Important Extra Questions Changing Cultural Traditions

Changing Cultural Traditions Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Mention the period in which settlement of more and more towns took place.
Answer:
It was the period starting from the fourteenth century and resting at the end of the seventeenth century.

Question 2.
Tell the forms of material on European History?
Answer:
The material on the history of Europe since the fourteenth century is found in the form of documents, printed books, paintings, sculptures, buildings, and textiles.

Question 3.
Who has first given the term “Renaissance” to the cultural changes in Europe during the fourteenth to the seventeenth century?
Answer:
It was a scholar of nineteenth-century Jacob Burckhardt, Professor, the University of Basle in Switzerland.

Question 4.
What was the approach of the German historian, Leopold Von Ranke on an approach of a historian should be?
Answer:
The historian should first collect documents from Government Depts. and give priority to writing about states and politics.

Question 5.
What was the view of Jacob Burckhardt?
Answer:
He understood politics is not the limit of history writing. It is as much concerned with culture as with politics viz. these must hang in balance.

Question 6.
Mention the name of the book composed by Jacob?
Answer:
It was “The Civilization of the Renaissance In Italy”.

Question 7.
What other names can you suggest to the renaissance there?
Answer:
It may be a change in the concept of humanity because the culture was then understood as humanity consisting of subjects like grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy. The term humanist was considered as the master for teaching these subjects.

Question 8.
What will you say the virgin rise of a renaissance in Italy?
Answer:
It is ascribed to its location where ports were en route to Western Europe (Spain, England, etc.), Central, East, and South Asia as also South Africa. The incessant movement of people from varied traditions and cultures thus naturally educated the Italians. Islam’s drive to create a common civilization, Eastern Europe being ruled by the Byzantine empire, reshaping a feudal bond in Western Europe all were added to trade ties and Italy took the maximum benefit of this situation by increasing the number of towns there.

Question 9.
Write some characteristics of Venice and Genoa cities?
Answer:

1. These were independent city States.
2. Venice was a republic.
3. These cities were different from other parts of Europe.
4. These were governed by assistance from wealthy merchants and bankers.
5. The idea of citizenship sprouted on a surface in these cities.

Question 10.
When was humanism adopted in the curriculum of universities in Italy?
Answer:
It was during the fourteenth century when humanism as a college subject was accepted in the curriculum.

Question 11.
In what context, the law became a subject of study?
Answer:
Initially, its scope was confined to courts and notaries (a combination of solicitor and record keeper) but shifted later-on to read in the context of earlier Roman Culture.

Question 12.
Who had labeled culture as humanism?
Answer:
It was by nineteenth-century historians.

Question 13.
What Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola had written on the significance of debate?
Answer:
In this book-“On The Dignity Of Man, Mirandola had mentioned that for the attainment of the knowledge of the truth, it is a debate that energizes the mind for stronger and more vigorous.

Question 14.
Mention the period of the middle ages/medieval period in the history of Europe?
Answer:
It was considered a period of millennium i.e. thousand years from the fifth century to the fourteenth century. This period of thousand years had been further divided into the Dark Ages, The Early Middle Ages, and the Late Middle Ages respectively. The dark age had set in after the collapse of the Roman Empire i.e. a period of 500 years. The Early Middle Ages is the period of 200 years and it is that of 300 years when we talk about the Late Middle Ages.

Question 15.
Do you accede to the majority view of scholars that naming Dark Ages to the period of 500 years is not good?
Answer:
Yes, because this way we neglect the inner stimuli which took so long period to its manifestation. Such classification or taxonomy merely on the basis of perception cannot be said well in my opinion. Instead, this period can be stated as Gestation Age.

Question 16.
Do you think the church could rule in the garb of the feudal system i.e. vassalage only because clergy i.e. the first order had perused the books written in Greek and Roman languages?
Answer:
Yes, it was true. The books composed during the Greek and – Roman Empire had several tips on the organization of the society and ruling multi-linguistic masses in all accommodated vast empires. The clergy could extract a new formula of ruling through vassalage from the said literature on politics.

Question 17.
What do you understand by classical architecture?
Answer:
During this period in question, Roman history was read and remains were dug up by archeologists. It inspired a new style of architecture viz a revival of the Imperial Roman Style. It was called classical architecture.

Question 18.
Why is Michelangallo Buonarroti famous ?
Answer:
It is because of his being alone expert equally in painting, sculpture, and designer. He painted the ceiling in the Sistine Chapel for the Pope, the sculpture known as the Pieta in which Mary had been shown holding the body of Jesus and he had also designed the Duomo of Florence City.

Question 19.
When were the classical texts printed in Italy?
Answer:
It was by 1500 CE, the texts in Latin had been printed in Italy.

Question 20.
What had the students in universities to do prior to printing started?
Answer:
They had to read a few handwritten copies or text in the manuscript. These were insufficient to make available every student a copy of that text.

Question 21.
Why according to Machiavelli all men are bad and ever ready to display their vicious nature?
Answer:
Such was because human desires are insatiable and he is motivated to every fair and unfair means to meet them. It is human, weakness and causes due to unbridled mind.

Question 22.
What is human nature according to Niccolo Machiavelli?
Answer:
Human nature is a repository of positive and negative properties. The positive is praised while the negative is condemned „ by the society. The positive qualities are-Generosity, benediction, compassion, grasping while negatives are-misery, narrow¬mindedness, selfishness, hate, and cruelty.

Question 23.
What had been opined by Leon Batista Alberti on, architecture?
Answer:
He had written that an architect in his view is that 5 professional who gets moved weights, beautifully fixed or assembled ‘ them and amassed bodies (structure) by the varied skilled and unskilled people and the same is used by mankind for shelter. His expertise in completing structure by units makes him immortal.

Question 24.
What was the women’s status in business families?
Answer:
The women used to co-operate with their husbands in every bit of their businesses. In families of merchants and bankers, wives looked after the businesses when the male members were away at work.

Question 25.
What are the thoughts of Balthasar Castiglione expressed in her The Courtier?
Answer:
She has defined the potentials of men and women and suggested women bear certain soft and delicate tenderness with an air of feminine sweetness in all their gestures and actions whatever they do.

Question 26.
What virtues does Castiglione think equally necessary for both men and women?
Answer:
These are-to shun affectation, to be naturally graceful, to be well mannered, clever and prudent, to be neither proud, envious or evil tongued, nor vain-to perform well and gracefully, the sports suitable for women.

Question 27.
Which factors or infrastructures linked Italian towns and courts with the world beyond?
Answer:
These were-

1. Trade and Travel,
2. Military Conquests and
3. Diplomatic contacts.

Question 28.
What changes in the approach of the Church were brought by the students of Universities in north Europe?
Answer:
They called on Christians to practice religion in the way laid down in the ancient texts of their religion and undue rituals should be discarded. They told these additions to ancient religion as dirty patches.

Question 29.
What evil practices were brought to light by Thomas More prevailing as per him in Christian society?
Answer:
The Christian would commit an offense and then receive indulgence through clergy as propagated that surrender to clergy would make the man free from sins so committed.

Question 30.
What good did the translated versions of the Bible in local languages do to society?
Answer:
It enables all people to understand that sins bring adversity in the life of man and indulgence through the blessing of the clergy can do nothing in protection from their evil consequences. They should, therefore, never commit any offense.

Question 31.
What did humanist leaders tell the princes?
Answer:
They told that Donation of Constantine i.e. the document giving judicial and fiscal powers to Clergy was originally issued by the Roman emperor but later on forged by the Churchmen. Hence, they should and can withdraw that power from the Church.

Question 32.
What were the keywords in the Protestant Reformation movement and who was its leader?
Answer:

1. A person has not required to priest in order to establish contact with God.
2. It is faith that guides people to the right Life and entry into Heaven or Salvation. Its leader was a young German monk, Martin Luther.

Question 33.
What was the approach to Salvation expressed by German reformers i.e. Anabaptists?
Answer:
They told that Salvation can be attained only when all kinds of social oppression is ended. They told the masses that God has created all people as equal and they are not expected to pay taxes and had the right to choose their priests.

Question 34.
What did William Tyndale say in favor of Protestantism?
Answer:
He stated that the clergy, with a view to maintaining their authority above the King and even above God himself; had forged the process, order, and meaning of the ancient texts particularly because it was in Greek and Latin, not accessible to the common people. He, therefore, intended to translate Bible into the mother tongue in order to lead the mass with real light.

Question 35.
Do you say Luther’s movement was a supporter of radicalism?
Answer:
No, his views were moderate. However, radicalism had merged with the Protestant movement and started claiming the right of people to remove an oppressive ruler and to choose someone of their own liking.

Question 36.
What development did take place in England by virtue of the Protestant Movement?
Answer:

1. The rulers ended the connection with the Pope.
2. The King was considered the head of the Church.

Question 37.
What was the belief of Christians about the earth?
Answer:
They believed that the earth was a sinful place and the heavy r burden of sin made it immobile. It stands at the center of the Universe around which moved the celestial planets.

Question 38.
What declaration about earth did Copernicus, a scientist make?
Answer:
Copernicus rebutted the elusive belief of Christian society about the earth and told that the earth including other heavenly bodies rotate around the Sun.

Question 39.
Why did Copernicus leave his manuscript “De RevolutionibUs (The rotation) unpublished till his death?
Answer:
Copernicus was afraid of the possible reaction to his theory by orthodox or traditionalist Clergymen. This theory was just opposite to their traditional views that the earth is immovable because of the heavy burden of sin as it was defined as a sinful place.

Question 40.
Who had made popular the theory of the earth as part of the Solar System?
Answer:
It was an astronomer Johannes Kepler who in his Cosmo graphical Mystery demonstrated that the planets move around the sun not in a circle but in ellipses.

Question 41.
Who had established the knowledge as distinct from belief?
Answer:
It was Galileo of Italy who told that knowledge is based on observation and experiments viz. scientific process is required to know the things in their real forms. He further told that beliefs are based on hearsay, myth, concoction, and conjecture always untrue hence, bar the path of Knowledge with illusions.

Question 42.
What percussions do you see when Galileo told the scientific process can only lead to knowledge about one and all things?
Answer:
Its percussions were seen in the form of the genesis of Physics, Chemistry, Zoology and Botony, etc. branches of natural sciences.

Question 43.
Mention the names of institutions opened for the promotion of natural knowledge?
Answer:
These were-The Paris Academy (1670) and Royal Society, London (1662). These institutions held lectures and experiments for public viewing.

Question 44.
Is it good to state Renaissance as a period of dynamism and artistic creativity while the Middle ages as a period of gloom and lack of development?
Answer:
No, we can not state likewise because it would mere perception and not a thorough study of the cause that took birth during the Middle ages. Italy is understood as the first place which gave birth to the renaissance where it can be traced back to the twelfth and thirteenth century when it was observing and analyzing the universal color of culture, people, occupations, etc. from its ports.

Question 45.
Which things had to widen the horizon of European skill?
Answer:
These were-

1. Classical consideration of Rome and Greece.
2. Archeological discoveries,
3. new techniques of navigation,
4. the expansion of Islam and the Mongol conquests,
5. opportunity to learn from India, Arabia, Iran, Central Asia, and China.

Question 46.
What was the important change that took place during the renaissance?
Answer:
It was the separation of the private and public spheres of Life. As, per this change, the public sphere was meant by the area of Government and of formal religion while the private sphere was confined to the family and personal religion. Thus, a man was not simply a member of one of the three orders but he was also a person in his own right. It later- on brought the sense of equal political rights to all individuals.

Question 47.
What impact of the renaissance was seen in Europe?
Answer:
Europe was divided or dissolved into states on a linguistic basis viz. A common language of a region declared itself as an independent state in Europe.

Changing Cultural Traditions Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Mention the names of women intellectually creative during the period of the renaissance in Europe.
Answer:
The women like Cassandra Fedele and Marchesa Isabella state were educated in Latin and Greek. Fedele proved that women can also become a humanist scholar and requested every woman to: acquire humanist education. She said-Even though the study of letters promises and offers no reward for women and no dignity, every woman ought to seek and embrace these studies. Her writings bring into focus the> general regard for education in that, age.

Another Lady Isabella Este ruled the state whole her husband. was absent and the court of Mantua was framed for its intellectual brilliance.

Question 2.
Discuss the underlying principle presumptions constituting independent city-states in Italy.
Answer:
The Government in those city-states was of democratic type as the Government of Venice city was a republic. Some others were court-cities ruled by princes. Underlying principles of constituting these city-states can be summed up as under:-

1. It was an institution of Common Wealth. It was the supreme authority of the city-State through the Council.
2. There was a Council constituted by members, all gentlemen of the city who had attained the age of 25 years.

Interpretation of the term Gentleman eligible to membership of the council-
(a) He should be wealthy and qualified.
(b) His Lineage must noble, not blamed, convicted, tried.
(c) Poor people if from noble lineage, can also be selected as members of Council.

Question 3.
Mention the major developments which took place between the period fourteenth and seventeenth centuries in the orderly timeline.
Answer:
(a) Literary/Institutional/Educational Developments

1. Humanism as a subject of study incorporated into the curriculum of Padua University in Italy (1300).
2. University established in Florence. (1349)
3. Academy of Sciences set-up in Paris (1643).

(b) Published/Translated Works

1. Bible was first printed by Johannes Gutenberg, who made the printing press (1454).
2. Thomas More’s Utopia was published (1516).
3. Martin Luther wrote the Ninety Five Theses (1517).
4. Martin Luther translated the Bible into German (1522).
5. Andreas Vesalius wrote on Anatomy (1543).
6. Isaac Newton’s Principia Mathematica published (1687).
7. Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales published (1390).

(c) Painting/Sculpture/architecture.

1. Brunelleschi designs the Duomo in Florence (1436).
2. Leonardo Da Vinci paints The Last Supper (1495).
3. Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel Ceiling (1512).

(d) Exploration/Inventions

1. Portuguese mathematicians calculate latitude by observing the sun (1484).
2. Columbus reaches America (1492).
3. Gerhardus Mercator prepares a cylindrical map of the earth (1569).
4. Gregorian Calendar introduced by Pope Gregory XIII (1582).
5. William Harvey links the heart with blood circulation (1628).
6. Petrarch was given the title of poet Laureate in Rome (1341).

(e) Conquests/Wars

1. Ottoman Turks defeat the Byzantine ruler of Constantinople (1453).
2. Anglican Church established in England with the King as its head (1559).
3. Peasants uprising in Germany (1525).

Question 4.
Locate Venice on the map of Italy and look at G.Bellni’s paintings. How would you describe the city and in what ways was it different from a Catherdral town?
Answer:
Venice is in the vicinity of Padua where a university was set up in Italy. This city is on the coast side of the Adriatic sea. As we see in the painting made by G. Bellini under the title-“The Recovery Of The Relic Of The Holy Cross”, there were multi-story buildings duly ventilated as we observe a number of windows around them. There are chimney-like structures in every building. We see roads and lakes between the rows of these buildings. There were ponds, well decorated on which boats had been rowed. People used to gather around the ponds and enjoy rowing, squatting, and discussing their day-to-day businesses. Here we see no market place in the lanes or streets passing between the buildings.

Cathedral towns were settled on the ruins of the towns of the Roman Empire. These Cathedrals were built by Churches from the money contributed by rich merchants. Actually, large Churches belonging to Monasteries were called Cathedrals. The area around … these Cathedrals became popular because they had become the center of pilgrimage. Gradually, grand towns were settled around these – churches. There was a town square, a church, roads where merchants built shops and homes, an office or auditorium where the people. governing the town could meet and discuss the issues. There was high sense constructed around these towns with several gates for entrance and exit. There were parks, shady trees, playgrounds, and bridges to cross the ditch which was dug for defense around these towns.

Question 5.
Describe the different scientific elements in the work of sixteenth-century Italian artists.
Answer:
Following facts we can mention herein, that confirm the different scientific elements in the works of Italian artists-
1. As a professor at Padua University, Andreas Vesalius had dissected the human body till then, the artists went to the laboratory of that university and studied skeleton there. They started working after study of the right structure of a man.

2. Fragments of art discovered from the ruins of the Roman empire became helpful to the Italian artists as perfectly proportioned men and women were sculpted in them. On the basis of this study, one of the sculptors Donatello made lifelike pictures in 1416.

3. Leonardo da Vinci, a botanist, Physiologist, the mathematician was also an artist. He has painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

His self-portrait given in this theme is vibrant and catchy. Hence, scientist’s involvement help in the development of artifacts.

4. Scientist taste in arts like sculptures naturally had to emerge life-like vibrancy in the artifacts like The Pieta by Michelangelo, Praying hands drawn by Durer, etc.

5. They understood respect in Geometric designs and they understood changing the quality of light. Their pictures acquire a three-dimensional quality.

Conclusion-Thus, we observe that anatomy, geometry, physics, and moreover, conscience to understand the beauty in its immortal form were the ingredients to Italian art.

Question 6.
Compare the aspirations for women (Fedele) and by a man (Castiglione). Did they have only a weapon of a particular class in mind?
Answer:
Aspirations for Women (Fedele)

1. She had advocated the need for the promotion of education among women.
2. She criticized the definition of freedom as it was in the constitution of republic city-states. Eg. Venice because had favored the desires of men over those of women.
3. She advocated humanist education and wished the women to acquire that education.
4. She stated-“Even though theoretically, women are understood broader figure than that of men, practically, no regard is seen for women in European society. Hence, women should come up at the surface and by virtue of educating them in Humanist Education acquire their respected place in the society.”

Aspirations for Women by a man Castiglione

1. Women are of different ways, manners, words, gestures, and bearing more than men. They, therefore, take over the portfolio of a certain soft and delicate tenderness, feminine sweetness in every gesture (while moving, staying) and in all activities they do.
2. He condemns women’s mimicry or coping of men. He thinks her portfolio is different in anatomy and actions.
3. He also considers that virtues like simplicity, generosity, etiquette, prudence and witty, politeness, tolerance, industrious, benevolent glue this common difference between the man and woman. These are; equally necessary in both males and females.

Thus, Balthasar Castiglione, the author of ‘The Courier’, condemns r rivalry between men and women owing to sex difference. He wants to refer that both are like wheels of life carriage and live with maintaining the proportionate difference between but it should not be made a cause for discrimination. Nature itself has bestowed one with delicacy and the other with a robust and sturdy body. This structure should be maintained with a matching soul and its manifestation.

Question 7.
What were the issues on which the Protestants criticized? the Catholic Church?
Answer:
Catholic Church in criticism by Protestants

1. According to William Tyndale, the clergymen had still not made available copies of the Bible in their mother tongue because they were t intended to keep them still in dark.
2. This they had done so that they might sit in the conscience of the mass through vain superstition and false doctrine to satisfy their proud ambition to bag honor from them above the King and even above God.
3. Martin Luther was the leader of the Protestant Reform movement. He said a person needn’t priests to establish contact with God. It is the faith of God that can guide the people to the right life and entry into heaven.
4. The Church had held supreme power i.e. First Order while no specific portfolio it had in the ruling.
5. Some radical opinion was that God has created all people as equal. Hence, they have the right to choose their priest and there is no need to pay taxes to the Catholic Church.
6. As Head of the Catholic Church (i.e. Pope) had failed in performing its duty to the masses, the King should be made the head of Church in his place/state and not the Pope.
7. Monasteries had been indulged in corrupt practices by the fourteenth century in Europe.

Question 8.
Why would Copernicus have kept as a secret his life-long, the theory telling the true position of the earth?
Answer:
The emotion of fear is actually the first barrier that has crippled the progress of mankind in History. It is perhaps due to ignorance or evasive trend towards facts of life and death, both invariable. No doubt, Copernicus was a scientist and thinker of the renaissance period; his attachment to status, position in Christian society restricted him to get the real theory published in his lifetime. Had he shown adventure, the Christian world would have known the truth earlier and gas salary ended earlier than it had removed. This fear of individual life had thus, prevented Copernicus from a good deed for mankind. He wanted to live a life in comfort but the publication of his theory would have annoyed the First Order in Europe (i.e. clergy) resulting in the loss of them all.

He could assign his manuscript De Revolutionibus (The Rotation) to Joachim Rheticus, one of his followers. It says-“The planets including the earth, rotate around the sun.” The illusory statement of clergymen on the same fact was-“The earth is a sinful place and the heavy burden of sin made it immobile. It stands at the center of the universe around which moved the planets” viz. Earth was understood immovable and at the center of Encircumbulating all other heavenly bodies around it.

We see prima facie contradictions in both theories. It would have certainly robbed worldly comforts as also of the loss of life hence, Copernicus deliberately had caged the truth.

Question 9.
How many aims could conclude the dynamism of earth to the extent this fact was accepted by society and we read about them in our science books?
Answer:
The first and foremost astronomer was Copernicus who gave an observation that planets including the earth rotate around the Sun.

The second brain was that of Johannes Kepler (author of Cosmographical Mystery) who said-“Planets move around the sun not in circles but in ellipses”.

The third brain was that of Galileo Galilei (author of The Motion) who stated-“Solar family constitutes several planets and sub-planets including earth revolving around the sun”.

Thus, the fact that of earth’s being rotatory planet i.e. Blue Star was confirmed by three brains at distinct periods of time hence, we now read this fact and understand it easily.

Question 10.
What do you understand by the scientific revolution in Europe during the period of the renaissance?
Answer:
It was the phenomenon of understanding knowledge and’ belief in their true meaning. It gave the human mind power of logic and not an easy acceptance of things under common or orthodox assumptions. Actually, the author like Galileo remarked that Bible lights the road to heaven but does not say how heaven works. These scientists told that belief is orthodox, sophistication, indiscreet state of mind while knowledge is a product of observation and experiments thoroughly for a longer period. Hence, acquire knowledge through inquisitiveness of mind. In the minds of skeptics and no-believers, God began to be replaced by nature hence, natural sciences like physics, chemistry, and biology expanded rapidly.

Conclusion-On the basis of a human inquisitive mind equipped with logic, natural things were taken for deep observation and experiments thereby revival of knowledge; it was all true to say the renaissance was a period of the scientific revolution.

Question 11.
Will you say the renaissance confined to Europe during the period from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century?
Answer:
No, we cannot describe it as a period of renaissance only confined to Europe because Asia and Africa almost in full were connected with Europe during the period in question. A number of sea and terrestrial routes were till then discovered and maritime trade was in its youth. It is true that Europe could attain cultural changes by the classical civilization of Rome and Greece but technologies and skills in Asia had moved ahead of what the Greeks and Romans had known. Thus, we can state that the Europeans have not learned just from the Greeks and Romans, but from India, Arabia, Iran, Central Asia, and China also. It is a universal fact that papyrus was first invented in China and then paper making technique had spread to European cities.

On the above basis, we would like to state that renaissance in; Europe is owed to renaissance much before sprouted but not described in pages of history due to Europe-centred view-point of historians in ‘ Asia and Africa. Apart from the expansion of maritime trade, the expansion of Islam and the Mongol conquests gave Europeans the opportunity to see ‘ and they learned the technologies discovered earlier in Asia.

Question 12.
What do you understand by Private and Public spheres of Life? Explain.
Answer:
The private sphere of life is consisting of the family and personal religion while the public sphere meant the area of government and of formal religion. These two spheres became separate during the period between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries. An individual was not simply a member of one of the three orders but he was also a person in his own right. He was not just a member of the guild but he was known for himself. It subsequently became a basis for the principle that all individuals had equal political rights.

Question 13.
Do you agree with Albrecht Durer’s statement that Art is embedded in nature, he who can extract it, has it? Justify your answer with illustrations?
Answer:
Yes, Albrecht Durer is nil correct in stating art’s dwelling in nature. Nature in its physical sense, we observe; embeds in it, beautiful landscapes, landforms, vegetation with changing seasons, water bodies including ponds, fountains, springs, rivers, rivulets, and oceans of different size and shape, the flora and fauna, varied altitudes of mountains and hillocks, isle, island, etc. In its metaphysical sense, it embeds resipiscence, power of imagination, gregarious spirit, dedication and devotion, loyalty, dutifulness, etc. a number of virtues.

It depends, however, on the individual, how he can glorify his actions by positive views of his own nature with that of nature in its physical forms. In case, the artist applies his physical, mental and emotional, powers duly balanced and motivated by inner conscience, the imagination will excel and proposed art gets acclamation from the masses.

Question 14.
Whether Jacob Burckhardt, Professor at the University of Basle in Switzerland is correct in saying that history is as much concerned with culture as with politics? Explain.
Answer:
Culture during the period of 14th to 17th century in Europe was considered as humanities as used by a Roman lawyer and essayist Cicero. It was derived from the Latin wood humanities. Grammar, law, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy were the subjects of humanity. Discussion and debates were stated necessary to develop knowledge in these subjects. Here we see that all these subjects are made for society and rules for ideal living, these all contain in themselves. Politics itself tells the processes of social organization and leadership which is possible only when culture is studied and a smooth link between both is established.

In brief, we can conclude that History itself is both the story of culture and politics. Culture determines which type of governance is possible at the material time and the ruler skilled in culture can only lead the mass. History tells about the education, manners, standard of living, customs, and traditions all incorporated in culture. It simultaneously enables us to know about the government, organization of society during a specific period of time.

Question 15.
Imagine that why would eligibility for membership to Council under the institution of the commonwealth has confirmed to gentlemen of the City, State in Italy?
Answer:
A cursory perusal of the commonwealth and government of Venice composed by Cardinal Gas Paro Contarini reveals that only gentlemen who had attained the age of 25 years, were made eligible to the Council and common people were denied membership. Here common people were understood as those ignobly born, poor, and the people very rude and anti-social. It means cruel, unsober, insolvent, misconduct, loose-character people were deemed as common people.

Their instincts and nature are always unchangeable and nothing else but only disruption in Council, they would have made. Hence, they were denied membership. I would like to describe this criterion of selection of members to Council, the major cause of renaissance which developed from the city-states of Italy. Modem democracy is owed to the city-states however, only seeming or virtual appearance has corrupted this system to the extent, here has emerged criminalization of politics in India. Thus, we see citizenship approach had sprouted in Italy. ^

Question 16.
Write an essay on the Universities in Europe during 14th to 17th century.
Answer:
The genesis of the approach to open universities in Italy was the growth of trade and commerce there. Commerce being the chief activity in the city, demand for lawyers and notaries had been spurt up. They were required to write and interpret rules and written agreements. Later on, Francesco Petrarch had brought change because, by his efforts, the law was studied in the context of earlier Roman Culture. Thus, education program or curriculum in universities incorporated, the subjects of humanities till then, known as culture.

These subjects were grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy. The teachers teaching these subjects were addressed as a humanist. These subjects were not drawn from or connected with religion and emphasized skills developed by individuals through discussion and debate. Extracting the approach of Plato and Aristotle, a humanist of Florence Mirandola states that as bodily energy is strengthened by gymnastic exercise, so beyond doubt in this wrestling place of letters, as it were, the energy of mind becomes far stronger and more vigorous. Thus, he states debates as wrestling-place of letters and considers their necessity for making the mind far stronger and more vigorous.

Conclusion-Addition of humanities to the curriculum of University coincide study of law had made the city-states and court- cities in Italy, more progressive and prosperous. We see the well-planned cities of Venice and Florence. Dante Alighieri had written on religious themes and Giotto had painted lifelike portraits in Florence which gradually made that city intellectual and a center of artistic creativity. The term Renaissance often used to describe a person with many interests and skills like Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo.

Question 17.
‘Models of painting as found in Italy are the most catchy’. Why?
Answer:
The artists in Italy were experts in more than one art. For instance, Leonardo Da Vinci was a botanist, physiologist, Mathematician, and painter, all in one. Similarly, Michelangelo Buonarroti was a Painter, Sculptor, and designer. Leonardo Da Vinci had painted Mona Lisa and the Last Supper. He had invented the flying machine also.

Buonarroti painted the ceiling in the Sistine Chapel, made a sculptor “The Pieta” (in which Mary is holding the body of Jesus) and he himself had designed the dome of St. Peter’s Church. One more person i.e. Filippo Brunelleschi was an architect and sculptor both. He had designed the Duomo of Florence. –

The reasons for being Italian art catchy are thus, all apparent. Firstly because it got the hands of scientists and mathematicians. Knowledge of Geometry helped them to understand the perspective and that by noticing the changing quality of light, their pictures acquired a three-dimensional quality. Secondly, they used oil as a medium for painting which gave the greatest richness of color to paintings than before. We can observe the influence of Chinese and Persian art on these paintings. It could possibly due to the Mongol invasion and expansion of their empire.

Question 18.
Why is Italian architecture in sixteenth-century appear the most excellent and admiring?
Answer:
We can give the following reasons for that excellence in architecture-

1. They (Architects) copied many features of Imperial Roman buildings which were till then carefully excavated by the archaeologists.
2. Architects were skilled in science, mathematics, geometry, etc. subjects.
3. Wealthy merchants and Pope had patronized the architects and incentives as also perks were provided with them.
4. Architects were trained in classical Roman architecture and that of Chinese and Persian arts.
5. Archaeologists excavated the ruins of palaces, attics of the Roman style, and architects studied them in-depth.
6. As artists were known individually, by name hence, it inspired them more to exhibit their specialty in architecture.

Question 19.
Do you ascribe the printed books as major aspects of bringing renaissance in Italy? Explain.
Answer:
Yes, the availability of promoted books increased the pace of the renaissance in Italy. 150 copies of the Bible were first printed in the workshop of Johannes Gutenberg, the German who set-up the first printing press. Prior to that, texts existed in a few handwritten copies which could be read-only by the noble and wealthy merchants.

With the installation of the printing press, a number of universities and school’s set-up and scope of the curriculum had been enhanced. There was no dearth of textbooks, the translated versions of ancient Roman and Greek literature on science, architecture, language, Mathematics, moral Philosophy, etc. As printed books became available, it was possible to buy them and students did not have to depend solely on lecture-notes. Thus, ideas, opinions, and information moved more widely and more rapidly than before. This developed the reading habits among people.

When the printing facility increased, the number of authors began to increase also. Authors on the concept of humanity like Francesco Barbara and Lorenzovalla. In his-On Pleasure, Valla criticized the Christian’s injunction against pleasure and stressed prudence, good manners in dress, and acquisition of education in good culture. There were developed women, writers, also. Venetian Cassandra Fedele, Marchesa of Mantua, and Isabella d’Este were pioneers among them. These writers emphasized women’s education and empowerment.

Conclusion–On the basis of the above points, the contribution of books to Italian society is all apparent and the renaissance was brought to Italy with the help of books on several subjects including humanism, grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, law, moral philosophy, religion, politics, natural sciences, etc.

Question 20.
What were the revolutionary ideas of Petrarch and what they did?
Answer:
According to Petrarch, antiquity was a distinctive civilization that could be best understood through the actual words of the ancient Greeks and Romans.

These revolutionary ideas inspired the archaeologists in the excavation of remains in Rome. It brought a new style of architecture. The classical books were translated into local languages and thus, public awareness was created. The clergymen were known to Roman and Greek Literature but they had not made these widely known to masses. So deciphered books brought real light to the masses and they protested the Church under the flag of the Protestant Reform movement led by Martin Luther. A humanist writer of Florence, Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola inspired the public to acquire knowledge through discuss and debates. A number of universities were established and subjects of humanities were added to their curriculum.

Question 21.
Why did the humanists divide the middle ages dr the medieval period of a millennium in the Dark Ages, The Early middle ages, and the late middle ages?
Answer:
According to the humanists, the dark age had set-in after the collapse of the Roman empire in the fourth century. They enumerated a period of 500 years under the Dark Ages. This was the reason, the later historians assumed that the new age had begun in Europe from the fourteenth century. They argued that in the Middle Ages, the Church had pressed humans to forget all the learning of the Greeks and Romans. It had introduced the system of vassalage or Feudal System in order to enjoy first order in the society.

Question 22.
‘Multilingual translation of the works of Greek writers on one hand and that of Arabic and Persian on other European languages had helped in the transmission of science and technology:- Do you agree to this statement?’
Answer:
Yes, we agree with the above statement because there were books on subjects like administration, mathematics, moral philosophy, grammar, and poetry but beyond the reach of common people. The Church was not willing to propagate its actual contents in order to maintain its supremacy. However, in the fourteenth century, they get translated by Arab people in the Arabic language which could be easily understood by the masses. Some Europeans, just after perusal of these books in the Arabic language, retranslated them in the local languages of Europe.

Muslim writers were Ibn Sina, Al-Razi, and Ibn Rushd. An Arab philosopher Ibn Rushd had tried to resolve the tension between philosophical knowledge and religious beliefs. His methods were adopted by Christian thinkers. Thus, the translation of books in several languages helped in the promotion of science and technologies not only in Italy but in all other parts of Europe also.

Question 23.
Give a brief account of the new concept of human beings.
Answer:

1. It was against the control of religion over human life.,
2. Acquisition of material wealth, power, and glory is a usual instinct of human beings and cannot be tantamounted to vice.
3. The study of history leads a man to strive for a life of perfection hence, Christian injunction against pleasure is untenable.
4. A person of culture should learn good manners including politeness and simplicity.
5. Individuals irrespective of poor and weak are capable of shaping through other means.
6. Self-interest is the most powerful motive hence, a cordial and congenial environment for the proliferation of self-interest should be provided to the people.

Question 24.
Give a brief account of woman status in Europe during 14th to 17th century.
Answer:

1. Women were given no political rights.
2. Families were dominated by husbands.
3. Money obtained in dowry was invested in the family businesses but women had no say in how that business should run.
4. If the father could not arrange to suffice dowry, his daughter would go to the convent to live the life of a nun.
5. They were keepers of the households without any public role given to them.

Thus, on the above points, we can state that the patriarchal system was strictly followed in Europe in whom, women were treated as mere instruments in the hands of their husbands without any right in property and role in public life.

Question 25.
Do you think all women in Europe during the period 14th to 17th century were equally neglected? If not, describe the social and family status of other women?
Answer:
We would like to state here that the position of women in families of merchants and bankers was somewhat different than those of common women in the society. In these families, women used to work as partners to the firm or business and made responsible to look after the businesses when the male members were away at work.

A few women in European society were intellectually more creative and sensitive about the importance of humanist education. One among these women, Cassandra Fedele wished to see all women duly educated in humanism. She had stated-“Even though the study of letters promises but offers no reward for women and no dignity”. That lady was proficient in Greek and Latin and was invited to give orations at the University of Padua in Italy.

She criticized the constitution of republics in which women’s freedom was hanged on the desires of men. Another woman was the Marchesa of Mantua, Isabella d’Este who ruled the state while her husband was absent and the small state of Mantua proliferated under her skilled administration. These women writers wished economic power, property, and education to women so that they could make their respected place in men dominated society of Europe.

Question 26.
What were the percussions of a new culture of humanism all over the world from Italy? Discuss.
Answer:
The new culture of humanism spread all over the world because of trade and travel, military conquests and diplomatic contacts of each two countries as routes of them pass through Italian towns and courts. The different response it could bag from diversified institutions which we can mention as under:-
(a) Churches-In north Europe, the members of the Church summoned Christians to practice religion in the way laid down in the ancient texts of their religion discarding undue rituals. They told them additions made to the simple religion.

The philosophers there declared that Almighty has allowed man to live with complete freedom in the pursuit of happiness. Humanists like Thomas More and Erasmus of England and Holland respectively assumed Church’s role as extortionist simple and common people. Clergy would say the devotee, fill my bag and attain to indulgences against whatever crime/offense you have committed. Such practice was not allowed in religion in its original and simple form.

(b) Rebels and movements-Taxes imposed by Church were protested by peasants. Church’s interference with state matters, restricted the princes. Emperor would issue the document pertaining to the donation of Constantine under his own discretion-was the demand of resented Christians.

Martin Luther, a monk-led the Protestant Reformation movement against the Catholic Church voicing no need for priests in divine matters and it is faith that guides the course of life and to salvation. Luther’s ideas were popularised by Ulrich Zwingli and Jean Calvin.

Radicals protested under the stimulus of Salvation, a state where oppression is ceased in full.

A scholar like William Tyndale in course of Bible translation, stated frankly that it was a trick of clergyman not to make available, the scriptures translated in local languages to the mass with malicious intention to keep them in dark and fill their head and heart with rules, laws, canons fabricated by Clerics for their advantage.

Result-

1. Catholic Church allowed protestants to worship as they choose.
2. The illiterate section of society was driven with the same whip.
3. King or Queen became the head of the Church. Pope’s supremacy ended.
4. Society of Jesus set-up in an attempt to face Protestants by Ignatius Loyola in Spain.

Changing Cultural Traditions Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Why would have this theme named Changing Cultural Traditions? Find the reasons in context with several developments that took place during the 14th to 17th centuries in European society? Would you say it Renaissance or circumstantial regression and revival of cultural pursuit?
Answer:
We would like to state that Italy has been acted as the axil or nucleus to accumulate all traditions and political set-up all over the world, particularly Asia and Africa and the rest parts of Europe; in its vision and sprout with conclusive cream aspects of them all. Italy got this opportunity because of passing all maritime and terrestrial routes through it.

The major developments mutely observed by Italy i.e. the place of emergence of renaissance all over world were-vassalage in Western Europe, its unification and the Latin Church, Eastern Europe under the Byzantine Empire, and Islam’s missionary zeal to create a common civilization.

A model had formed in Italy with changes in cultural tradition and then transmitted to all over the world. Therefore, the title of the theme is consistent with the content.

Results Surfaced:-
(A) Structure and Features of city-states in Italy-

1. Independent city-states and city courts constituted in Italy.
2. Some were republics while some others were court-cities like Mantua.
3. Commonwealth was the government with Councils constituted by gentlemen, noble and ennobled who had attained 25 years ago.

Result-A foundation stone of democracy, however, appeared impliedly.
(b) Humanism in University Curriculum-

1. Universities set-up in Padua and Bologna.
2. Law was the main subject in order to module lawyers and notaries to satisfy the increasing demand
3. Humanities derived from the Latin term Humanitas and understood as a culture.
4. Humanist has understood in the meaning a teacher who taught grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy.
5. These subjects were added to the curriculum of Universities.
6. Discussion and debates in order to gain expertise on these subjects made mandatory.
7. Similarly, observation and experiment with the things in order to known reality about them were made essential or compulsory.

Changes/Results-
1. Debate and discussions on humanity and observation and experiments with issues/things/topics trained the authors like Giovanni. Pico Della Mirandola (On The Dignity of Man), Cardinal Gasparo Contarini (The Common Wealth and government of Venice), Dante Alighieri (religious themes), Artists like Giotto (child Jesus, Assisi), The Pieta sculpture by Michelangelo Buonarroti, Filippo Brunelleschi, etc. The humanists who grew in that period were-Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola, Francesco Petrarch, Venetian Cassandra Fedele, Isabella d’Este, Martin Luther, Thomas More, Erasmus, Ulrich Zwingli, and Jean Calvin.

2. There were people like Leonardo da Vinci, experts in astronomy, painting, architect, and sculpture simultaneously. On account of an inquisitive mind and congenial atmosphere of discussion and debates on subjects of humanities in Universities.

3. Printing Press was installed and it facilitated the study environment. Science academies, schools, and colleges increased in numbers.

4. Classical or Roman and ancient Greek literature on medicine, physiology, religion, theology, and law got translated in Arabic and Persian and then in local languages of Europe. It created public awareness of true religion. It resulted in sheer criticism of the Church, shifting of taxation power to King/Queen, monarchy in place of Churchs, supremacy took place.

5. Peasants movements and Protestant Reform Movement was launched.

6. Radical Protestants took the meaning of salvation, a state when all kinds of suppressions are ended.

7. Church agreed to allow protestants to worship of lord in their own manner.

8. The church accepted the subordination of the King.

9. Women humanists like Cassandra Fedele and Isabella d’Este advocated women’s rights equal to men and emphasized women’s education.

10. Quotations, musings by painters, books on humanities, and natural sciences all are ascribed for Changing Traditions.

11. Classical architecture came into existence owing to excavations by archeologists, the sites of the Roman empire, and towns of that period.

12. Technologies and science were contributed by India, Central Asian countries, China, North Europe, and African countries owing to the growth of trade, travel, and commerce as also Mongol conquests, etc.

13. Separate recognition of the public sphere and private spheres of human life. Individual identity got recognition besides constitutional (i.e. guild, profession, government, and any other organization) identities.

14. Europe dissolved into smaller states on a linguistic basis. A separate sense of identity was thus, understood on the basis of language.

Conclusion-Education is also an integral part of culture having infinite potentials. In the root of cultural changes, we observe systematic promotion of education through ancient Greek and Roman literature on science, administration, religion, architecture, sculpture, painting, etc. during the period in question in Europe? countries symbolized by Italy and her city-states with CommonWealth governance. In brief, it was a phenomenon of education in humanities and natural sciences.

Renaissance or Circumstantial regression and revival of Cultural pursuit-It was actually circumstantial regression and revival of cultural pursuit because vassalage or feudal system and its modified form (i.e. new monarchy) subsequently, have reached the climax and common people had shown annoyance to the system. Churches, monasteries, Cathedrals, Benedictine Churches; all were exporting wealth from the peasants and serfs. Their, interference in the stately affair became intolerable to the princes. Corruption was increased and common people were exploited brutally. The gross effect of that circumstance could be seen in the constitution of city-states in republic and people became curious to know religion in its real form. It stimulated translation of Bible in Local languages, humanities added to university and school curriculum and thus, all ingredients, to changing cultural traditions, were formed.

Here we are providing Class 11 History Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 6 The Three Orders. Class 11 History Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 History Chapter 6 Important Extra Questions The Three Orders

The Three Orders Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What were three orders in European Communities?
Answer:
These were like limits of administration of the government. There were social categories-

1. Christian Priest,
2. nobility and
3. peasants under the feudal system of governance.

Question 2.
What was the achievement of Marc Bloch?
Answer:
He had composed a book on “The Feudal Society”. Here he gives a detailed account of social relations, hierarchies, land management, and culture of the French society between 900 and 1300 CE.

Question 3.
How did European historians become successful in writing the histories of regions even that of individual villages?
Answer:
It would possible because of the availability of a number of documents, details of landowners’ life, prices, and legal cases. Eg. Churches records of births, marriages, and deaths.

Question 4.
What do you understand by the medieval era?
Answer:
It is the period between the fifth and the fifteenth century i.e. history of above 1000 ( a millennium) years.

Question 5.
What is a Feudalism?
Answer:
This German word had been used by historians to describe ‘ the economic, legal, political and social relationship that existed in Europe in the medieval era.

Question 6.
Why did the social organization was centered on the control of land in Europe?
Answer:

1. There was a lack of any integrated political force.
2. Continuous military conflict was witnessed.
3. Fencing became important in order to protect one’s land.

Question 7.
What features the feudal system had derived from the past?
Answer:
These were-

1. Traditions descended from the Roman empire and
2. Customs observed by Germans.

Question 8.
What was the role of Christianity in the feudal system of society in Europe?
Answer:

1. It was the religion when had survived the collapse of Rome.
2. It was pervaded throughout Europe.

On this basis, a priest (Clergy) was the first order of feudal society in Europe. Pope was the supreme head of the Catholic Church and Christians in Europe were guided by Bishops and clergies. The church was the law-making body and independent from the king.

Question 9.
What is the meaning of feudalism from an economic angle?
Answer:
It was based on the relationship between lords and peasants.

Lords were the nobles with large estates, joined by the whole. Peasants were owners of smallholdings and they had to cultivate the land owned by their lords and military protection was given to them in exchange for such services to the lords.

Question 10.
How can you say that feudalism had covered social and political aspects of life also?
Answer:
Social aspect-Render services to lords in order to receive military protection.

Political aspect-Peasants were subordinated to judicial provisions made by lords.

Question 11.
Describe the typography of Gaul or France.
Answer:
It was a province of the Roman empire. It had two coastlines, mountain ranges/long rivers, forests, and large tracts of plains.

Question 12.
Why was Gaul renamed as France?
Answer:
On the decline of the Roman empire, Franks, a German tribe renamed it France for their tribe name being Franks.

Question 13.
Where was the island of England-Scotland located?
Answer:
It was located across a narrow channel in Normandy province of the French empire.

Question 14.
What was the source of origin of the three orders?
Answer:
It was the speech of a bishop which stated that here below, some pray, others fight, still others work i.e. the elegy, the nobility, and the peasantry.

Question 15.
Mention the essence of an article composed by Abbess Hildegard of Bingen in the twelfth century?
Answer:
She had mentioned that as cows, donkeys, sheep, goats have certain different characteristics and cannot be put in a single enclosure, human being similarly; require different settings in society.

Question 16.
What was the first order?
Answer:
As the Catholic Church was the law-making body in the feudal system, Pope was the head of the western church in Rome. Bishops and Clerics used to guide the Christians in Europe therefore; they were the first order in feudal society.

Question 17.
What were the criteria for the eligibility of a priest?
Answer:

1. He should be physically and mentally sound.
2. He should neither be a woman nor a peasant.
3. He will observe celibacy throughout life.

Question 18.
What was the posture while offering pray at the church?
Answer:
The devotee would kneel (sit on the knee, bent), Hands clasped and head bowed.

Question 19.
Why was the nobility called lord?
Answer:
It was a replica or copy of the formality in the Church. It was meant by the one who provides bread.

Question 20.
Who were the monks?
Answer:
These were the groups of deeply religious people who choose to live isolated lives. Their community was Abbey or monastery.

Question 21.
Whether there were conditions of eligibility for the monks?
Answer:
Yes, these conditions were-

1. He would take vows to remain in the abbey for the rest of his life.
2. He would spend this time in prayer, study, and manual labor.
3. Women and men both were eligible to become nuns and monks respectively.
4. They i.e. monks and nuns would pass their lives in celibacy.

Question 22.
Why are monasteries called Benedictine monasteries?
Answer:
The first monastery was established by St. Benedict of Italy in 529 CE. Hence, these are so addressed.

Question 23.
How many chapters of rules were composed and abide by monks in Benedictine monasteries?
Answer:
These were with 73 chapters. Chapter 48 states that the monastery should be laid out in such a way that all necessities be found within its bounds i.e. water, milk, garden, and workshops.

Question 24.
How can you say that corruption had gripped the monasteries?
Answer:

1. The poem “Piers Plowman” by the poet Langland of England.
2. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales-are the sources that confirm this fact of growing corruption in monasteries.

Question 25.
Who were the people or section of society put under second-order?
Answer:
It was nobility or the large estate owners. This section of society was the vassal of the king. Under a mutual promise, the king was accepted as seigneur or lord by the nobility and they would remain loyal to the king.

Question 26.
What was the mutual promise between lord and nobility?
Answer:

1. The vassal (nobility) and the king (lord) would do the exchange of vows taken on the Bible in a Church.
2. The vassal (nobility) would be given a-written charter or a clod of earth as a symbol of the land (estate).

Question 27.
What were the privileges with the nobility or the second-order?
Answer:

1. Absolute control over the property in perpetuity.
2. Conferred with rights to raise troops (feudal levies)
3. Right to own court of justice for disposal of disputes, duels, among peasants.
4. Right to coin this other money.

Question 28.
What were the major features of the estate owned by nobility?
Answer:

1. A manor,
2. private fields and pastures,
3. homes and fields of tenant-peasants.

Question 29.
Whether the nobles cultivate their private fields themselves?
Answer:
No, these also will be cultivated by the tenant-peasants. The peasants would also act as infantry if any battle is waged there.

Question 30.
Describe a small and a large estate?
Answer:
In a small estate, there were a dozen families while in a large estate, more than fifty families apart from manor residents were living. There were fields, meadows, pastures, forest-land in an estate with Church and a castle for defense.

Question 31.
Whether craftsmen besides tenant-peasants were also accommodated in an estate?
Answer:
Yes, there were families of carpenters, blacksmiths, etc. craftsmen apart from the peasants.

Question 32.
Whether families (women and children) dwelling in an estate were also engaged with the work?
Answer:
Yes, the women would spin and weave cloth and children would work in the lord’s wine-presses.

Question 33.
Do you say the manorial estate was self-sufficient?
Answer:
No, the items like salt, millstone, metalware, furniture, musical instruments, and ornaments were obtained from outside sources.

Question 34.
Why were Knights accommodated under an award of a fief in memorial estates?
Answer:
It was because-

1. Peasants as soldiers were inefficient to warcraft.
2. Internal wars in Europe were fought regularly.

Question 35.
What was Fief?
Answer:
It was a smaller estate measuring between 1,000 and 2,000 acres awarded by the lord of a manorial estate i.e. nobleman. It was consisting of structures like a house for the knight and his family, a church, houses for dependents, a water mill, and a wine-press.

Question 36.
What services promised by the knights to their lords (noblemen)?
Answer:

1. He will pay a fixed amount periodically as agreed to in the form of a fee to his lord.
2. He will fight for him with his soldiers in the war.
3. He will remain loyal foremost to his own lord if owing to certain necessities, he may serve under more than one lord.

Question 37.
What was the third order of feudal society in Europe?
Answer:
It was consisting of two kinds of peasants viz. some were owning their land while the other was serf or slave who had to cultivate lord’s land.

Question 38.
Describe the works done by serfs.
Answer:

1. Cultivate the fields that belonged to the lord but assigned to them from which they were given a minimal share of produce.
2. Cultivate the fields that belonged exclusively to the lord for which no wage was given.
3. Do all other works as desired from time to time by the lord but all without wage (Begar).

Question 39.
How do you think England would have so named?
Answer:
The Angles and Saxons tribes of Central Europe settled here hence, the initial “Angle-land” subsequently, called England.

Question 40.
With what even the feudalism had developed in England?
Answer:
It was the eleventh century when the Duke of Normandy, William crossed the English channel with the army and occupied England after defeating the Saxon king there.

Question 41.
Whether agriculture was the mainstay at Europe’s economy? If not why?
Answer:
No, the agricultural land was limited during the fifth to tenth centuries. Entire Europe was covered with dense forests. The intense cold climate was the next barrier to agriculture operations because prolonged winter had shortened the growing season for crops.

Question 42.
Describe primitive manners of agricultural operations?
Answer:

1. Wooden plow used,
2. bullock was the only source for plowing,
3. manpower was used for almost and in all operations,
4. fields had to be dug by hand once in four years because wooden plow was unable to fully draw out the natural productivity of the soil.

Question 43.
What was the primitive crop rotation?
Answer:
The land was divided in half and one field was planted, in autumn while the other field was left fallow. Similarly, rye was grown in the first year’s fallow field but the other was left fallow.

Question 44.
Describe some features of new agricultural technology?
Answer:

1. Heavy iron-tipped plows and moldboards were used,
2. Shoulder-harness of bullock came into use,
3. Shod were fitted with horses to prevent their foot decay,
4. Water and canal powered mills were set-ups,
5. Three field system of land-use followed,
6. Peas and beans were given preference,
7. Arable land was used for growing crops.

Question 45.
What changes were brought about by the increased use of money in transactions?
Answer:

1. Lords asked rent to be paid in cash.
2. Peasants preferred selling their crops to the traders.
3. Inflation took place in times of poor harvests.

Question 46.
What was the fourth-order in the feudal society of Europe?
Answer:
A new type of economic organization consisting of merchants, traders, craftsmen guilds, etc. was the fourth-order of that society. In brief, we can state that towns and towns’ people were the fourth-order.

Question 47.
Which three areas were developed with the expansion in agriculture?
Answer:
These were-

1. Population,
2. trade and
3. towns.

Question 48.
What were the main items of trading in the eleventh century?
Answer:
These were-Fur, tin, hawks, and cloth.

Question 49.
Who had contributed to the construction of Cathedral towns?
Answer:
These were large churches and rich merchants contributed to their construction. Similarly, different groups of people contributed with their own labor, material, or money.

Question 50.
What factors are attributed to the crisis of the fourteenth century?
Answer:
These factors were-

1. Change in climate from hot to cold summers,
2. Shortage of metal money due to a shortfall in the output of silver mines in Austria and Serbia.
3. Bubonic plague spread and it took a toll on twenty percent of the total populace in Europe.

Question 51.
What consequences were seen of the catastrophe in the form of bubonic plague?
Answer:

1. A number of people were dislocated,
2. Depopulation resulted in a major shortage of labor,
3. imbalances created between agriculture and manufacture,
4. prices plummeted for agricultural products including food grains.

Question 52.
What were the m&in features of the so-called new-monarchy?
Answer:

1. These were monarchy of the absolutist ruler.,
2. A standing army was organized,
3. There was permanent bureaucracy,
4. the national taxation system was implemented.

Question 53.
What social changes had taken way to the growth of the monarchy-feudal system?
Answer:

1. Owing to the catastrophe of bubonic plague, they set a condition of de-population which gradually shattered the feudal system,
2. The resultant slow pace of economic growth had given the opportunity to kings to increase their control,
3. Strong infantry equipped with guns and siege artillery, assisted the kings to establish their monarchy.

Question 54.
Mention the time tag of the new monarchy ruled in France, Spain, and England.
Answer:
It was the period between 1461-1559 in France, 1474-1556 in Spain, and 1485-1547 in England.

Question 55.
What problems the monarchy did face in course of the consolidation of its powers?
Answer:
It was the problem of rebellion by the erstwhile nobility particularly on the question of taxation. Royal dominance had grossly annoyed them and there were four rebellions took place in 1497,1536, 1547, and 1553 respectively.

The Three Orders Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What other functions apart from cultivating their own land were assigned with the peasants?
Answer:

1. To render military service at least forty days every year.
2. To work without wage in the fields owned by the lord at least three days a week. This labor was heated as rent for self-owned land.

To dig ditches, gather firewood, build fences, and repair roads and buildings.

To engage women and children in works like spinning, weaning clothes, making candles, and press grapes to prepare wine for the lord.

Question 2.
Imagine the background for the origin of Feudalism in Europe?
Answer:
We have come to know that the eastern part of the Roman empire was gradually declined and fell into pieces under a number of tribes that came down from the north. In the western part of that empire comprising Portugal, Spain, Corsica, Sardinia, Italy, Austria, German States, Normandy, Gaul (France), Burgundy, etc. in the north of the Mediterranean, Christianity made its hold and saved it from ruination. It had become the official religion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century.

It is plausible to mention that religion always is felt on a nerve by human beings. Being its scope infinitesimal, a few people shrewd in society or known to manage the mass had always resorted to the most sensitive issue of religion and established social organizations. History is evident of such phenomenon of religion. A similar thing, we can see in the regeneration and organization of society under the feudal system during the fifth to fifteen century CE.

The three orders are the symbol of the three-prong management of the masses. It was knitted by the church whose head was Pope of Rome with Bishops and Clerics in Europe. Pope’s orders were called Papal-bull and followed by the masses. It was the first order, the second order was nobility including the king, and the third-order was the peasants.

Conclusion-Thus, on the above grounds, we can state that it was the phenomenon of the Church which had developed the practice of vassalage and established a feudal system.

Question 3.
Discuss the practice of vassalage under three orders?
Answer:
This practice was earlier followed by Germans in which Franks were also a tribe. Hence, it is attributed to brought in by the Franks, a Germanic tribe.

The noble i.e. second order was vassals c (the king and peasants were vassals of the landowners. The first order i.e. the church with its network of Bishops, Clerics, monks, etc. proliferated in monasteries cathedrals were independent of the king i.e. Seigneur (lord) of the nobility and actual law-making power was in its hands. The harangues delivered by the Abbey and Abbess including priests fixed an idea to the public that as cows, donkeys, sheep, goats require distinct enclosures/stables, the same way, division of society in people who pray, the others who fight, and a majority of others who possess the ability to act upon.

Thus, as the king was lord to nobility, the nobility was the lord to the peasants. Land owning was the essence of such arrangement therefore, the third-order was called peasants otherwise; they were no better than slaves to the manor and his manorial estate. Thus, two orders in feudal society in another sense were oppressor and the third was oppressed.

Question 4.
Whether you see manual estates like the private states in India during the British regime? Justify your answer.
Answer:
It has been truly stated that the history of every man, tribe, clan, etc. has a long-lasting impact because it becomes instincts and thus, repeated irrespective of the place, time, and circumstances. Britishers were from England and England was the part of Europe hence, the same feudal compositions, they made ready to rule India. Had they not acquired the instincts of Europe, they should have neither ruled India by dividing it into two parts i.e. British India and Princely states.

We observe similarities in both cases. The feudal system in Europe was of three orders i.e. Priest, nobility, and peasants. In India, during the British regime; it was the crown, the company, and the masses. As nobility was owned large estates, the governors-general were representatives to the British crown in India and Common people were as third-order while the princely states were pari-passu to the second-order in the feudal society of Europe i.e. Peasants.

Question 5.
Describe the major features of a manorial estate and tell if each estate you see similar to a kingdom.
Answer:
The manorial estate according to its feature was a kingdom in itself. We see here a manorial estate accommodating Church, Knights, families of manor or nobleman including more than fifty families and an area measuring several thousand acres.

Like a Kingdom, the manorial house was built in the middle as Hf its capital. A manor had employed on his fields, two kinds of peasants, some were free while some others were serfs. The women and children of these peasants were also engaged in works like spinning the thread and wearing fabric and press the grapes to prepare wine for the lord or manor.’There were blacksmiths and carpenters for maintenance of the lord’s implements and repair his weapons.

There were knights given accommodation and land measuring between 1000 and 2000 acres or more in order to fight in wars which had become a routine affair those days. The manor has absolute rights to charge rent- levies from the peasants by employing them in begar. He had absolute power to establish the judiciary in order to dispose of the petty disputes between peasants or his vassals. The estate was consisting of a consolidated region with meadows, pastures, forest-land, plains, rivers, reservoirs, churches, colonies, etc.

On the basis of the above, features and the powers conferred to the manor or nobleman in Europe exhibit that manorial estate was a smaller kingdom in itself with the exclusive judiciary and administrative powers.

Question 6.
Discuss examples of expected patterns of behavior between people of different social levels, in a medieval manor, a palace, and in a place of worship.
Answer:
(a) BahaviOur pattern in a medieval manor-The manor or the nobleman was an autocrat to the people housed in his estate. He never provided the children of peasants opportunity of schooling and education. Instead, they were exploited for pressing grapes and preparing wine for the manor. Similarly, women were also engaged in begar for spinning the thread and weaving cloth for the manor.

He has all monopoly in the estate. He used to charge fees from the Knights and military services against the fief awarded. Peasants were compelled to provide military services at least forty days in a year and do beggars three days a week. The manor had given this free service in the name of labor rent. The serfs were more oppressed than the peasants. There were a number of restraints and restrictions imposed on them.

(b) Behaviour pattern in a palace–Every person entering in the palace had to sit on knee bent, with hands clasped and head bowed.

The King was addressed as lord (i.e. God) or signer. A poem “Doon de Mayence” refers to the allegiance of the Knights as-“If my dear lord is slain, his fate I’ll share if he is hanged, then hang me by his side….”:

(c) Place of the worship-The church was the supreme power, feudal society of Europe. Church had its own laws independent of the king. Christians in Europe were guided by bishops and clerics. Women, serfs, and persons physically handicapped were not eligible to become a priest. The priest was not allowed to marry. The church has the right to collect “Thithe” viz a tax assessed as a one-tenth share of whatever the peasants produce in their field in a year. Bishops were luxurious people and awarded .with large estates. Feudal etiquette and ceremonies were followed in the church.

Conclusion-On the basis of the above behavior patterns, it can be stated that feudal organization of society was merely a facade of religion and assurance to provide protection from the localized wars to the masses, was nothing else but a device to exploit the third order by the Church as also by the nobility. We do not see educational institutions except a few classes on Christianity in churches. In brief, there were only two orders in feudal society i.e. A class of oppressors and another of the oppressed under one or other tactics.

Question 7.
“It is ignorance that generates fear of life and the man falls in a few shrewd hands for exploitation’. Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer referring to the instinct of fear among common masses in Europe.
Answer:
While perusing the feudal society in Europe, the above statement appears all correct. Actually, this fact was known to the Church, the supreme authority in Christianity. The vassalage was the creation of Bishops and Cleries whose supreme head was the Pope of Rome. After going over the pains and atrocities inflicted on the peasants, we would like to state them not religious people but shrewd. In order to bag all luxuries in their favor as we see, bishops owned large estates and called religious nobility, they befooled the mass and kept them in cages as an instrument to produce the luxurious living of the Clerics.

We don’t see any efforts made by the lords for their subject except in monasteries, where only manner-how to sing prayers in church-was taught to the selected children of noblemen and not of the masses. Instead of doing this, all children in manorial estates were engaged on begar for preparation of wine for the lords. The priests and noblemen deliberately killed their childhood by their murderous instinct so that nobody could oppose the feudal system in the future and they should enjoy from one generation to another in perpetuity, the luxurious.

The ignorance imposed on people made them fearful and they realized wars made them frightened. If a man of average mind, sees the controls of a nobleman; he would have preferred living in a forest instead of the estate or die at the hands of invaders. That fear was thrust in their heart and being illiterate, they posed blind-faith on clerics and the lords. Thus, it was ignorance that compelled them to live a life worse than wild-animals.

Question 8.
What were the main factors for the crisis of the fourteenth century? Discuss.
Answer:
The major factor was that of change in the climate. By the end of the thirteenth century, the warm summers of the previous 300 years had given way to bitterly cold summers. The crop growing season was reduced by a month and it became difficult to grow crops on higher ground. Storms and oceanic flooding destroyed the major part of the fertile plains.

Result-The income from taxes was reduced.

The second factor was that of marginal utility on agricultural production because regular cropping had made the fertility of the soil marginal. Soil conservation was not taken care of, during two hundred years of regular farming. Meadows lost grasses and it reduced the number of cattle.

The third factor was that of unprecedented growth in population during the last two hundred years of farming.

Result-Over population but less agricultural production brought starving conditions between 1315 and 1317 coupled with massive deaths of cattle in the 1320s.

The fourth factor was the depletion of the silver stock in the mines of Austria and Serbia. This situation barred minting and coinage thereby loss of trade and commerce.

The fifth and the worst factor was the spread of the bubonic plague (Black Death) between 1347 and 1350.

Result-This catastrophe took a toll on 20 percent of the total population in Europe.

Conclusion-The degeneration of agricultural yield and de-population conditions provided the major cause for the destruction of feudal set-up in European society.

Question 9.
“Social unrest in Europe immediately after the crisis of the fourteenth century was an indication of certain political changes there”-Do you agree with this statement? Justify.
Answer:
Yes, this statement is all justified. The de-population caused by the catastrophe of the plague, changes in the environment, oceanic floodings, and shortage of metal money, proved an indication of certain political changes as the society at that juncture, took notice of the situation in its apparent form. The so-called lords suffered a price decline for food grains as millions of people have succumbed to the bubonic plague. Again, wages of laborers increased because of the short supply of man-power.

The lords gave-up the money contracts and revived labor services i.e. Begar. It was met with severe opposition by the better educated and more prosperous peasants. Their annoyance to the system has appeared in revolts of 1323, 1358, and 1381 in Flanders, France, and England respectively. It is true that revolutions were crushed but they again took a violent turn shortly. Thus, the peasants ensured that the feudal privileges of earlier days could not be reinvented.

Question 10.
Discuss how the new monarchy replaced the feudal set-up of European society?
Answer:
In this context, we would like to say that everything or action or arrangement has its climax and nothing is perpetual in this transitory world or in other words, nature. Like the birth, youth, old, and death stages of each organism, each set-up has to pass through different stages. Something similar had happened to the feudal society also. Christianity got its birth on fall of the Roman empire, it became stronger or youth when the church, monasteries, Cathedrals were built, and a network of three orders made successfully by the Catholic church and had to die with the crisis of the fourteenth century, i.e. change in environment, depletion of gold and silver stock, marginal fertility of the soil and spread of bubonic plague all over Europe.

These situations made feudal set-up tougher to maintain as starving conditions had emerged. It brought revolts of peasants in and the European Kings began to strengthen their military and financial power. The Kings have duly understood the situation and took * immediately these changes. These new Kings were called new monarch by the historian because they were no more feudal lords. These were autocratic absolutist rulers. Louis XI of France, Maximilian of Austria, leary VII of England, and Isabelle and Ferdinand of Spain were these autocratic rulers.

Measures opted by new monarchs-

1. Organization of standing armies on modern lines,
2. Permanent bureaucracy in place of nobility and manors,
3. Formation of national policy for taxation and
4. exploration of new’ lands outside Europe.

These rulers had ruled out the earlier system of feudal levies and introduced professionally trained infantry equipped with guns and siege artillery under their direct control. The nobility first resisted monarchy through rebellions but became loyal subsequently, when they were badly defeated. They were given permanent positions by the new monarchs.

Question 11.
Following are the events of the eleventh to fourteenth Centuries. Read them and connect them into a narrative account.

Answer:
1. Norman defeated Anglo-Saxons and conquered England-Normandy was a port town in Gaul (France). William was the Duke of that province. He crossed the English Channel with an army and defeated the Saxon King of England. These two were the tribes of Central Europe and settled in England in the sixth century. “Angle’s land” was later-on called England. Here from, started the history of England. After this event, France and England fought a number of battles.

2. Cathedral being built in France-Up to that time, each craft or industry was organized into the guild (i.e. An Association), new trade routes with West Asia (China, Japan, Afghanistan) were developed, and a number of towns grew’ and trade expanded continuously.

Owing to the prosperous conditions of Europe in trade, agriculture, craftsmanship, etc., rich merchants began contributing huge amounts regularly to the churches. It inspired the religious community (monasteries) to start the construction of Cathedrals. As crafts guild were easily available for supply of craftsmen, plans of construction wet easily implemented. People from different groups of society contribute their labor, materials, or money in France for the construction of Cathedrals. Their construction took a number of years to complete and became centers of pilgrimage. Owing to this, small towns were developed around them.

3. Great Famine in Europe-Famine has direct nexus with the sudden decline in production of foodgrains and certain other allied disturbances. Famine in Europe caused the starvation of the masses owing to the presence of the following factors-
1. Sudden change in climate after a lapse of 300 years. It reduced the seasons for growing crops by a month hence, foodgrain production became a herculean task. Again, the land tilled continuously for more 4 than two hundred years had lost utility and became marginal. Soil conservation techniques were not approved by Europeans.

2. Owing to bumper production during the last 300 years, the pace of population growth remained unchecked. Thus, plummeting foodgrain production and an ever-increasing population had hard hit the consumption trend. Allied factors of famine were
(a) depletion of silver stock in mines,
(b) loss of trade and commerce,
(c) the spread of plague and
(d) social unrest.

4. Black Death –
This catastrophe was brought by bubonic plague arrived with mice from distant countries while carrying goods on ships. It took a toll of 20 percent of the people of the whole of Europe with 40 percent loss of lives in some places. Its devastating impact can be guessed from the fact that Europe with 73 million population in 1300 CE reduced to 45 million in 1400 CE. An Italian author, Giovanni Boccaccio states-“They sickened by the thousands daily, and died unattended and without help. Many died in the open street, others dying in their houses, made it known by the stench of their rotting bodies”.

5. Hundred Years war between England and France-In the map of Western Europe, one can observe both countries fall at the – banks of the English Channel. North sea falls at the east of England and attire North of France. The Western part of both countries is covered by the sea. The history states that Scandinavian merchants were sailing ‘ south from the North sea to exchange furs and hunting-hawks for cloth and English traders sold them tin. We also know that the Duke of Normandy in France had crossed the English Channel with an army and defeated the Saxon King of England in the eleventh century.

The abovesaid topography, trade, and war campaigns had made staunch rival, the people of England and France to each-other. This rivalry or enmity ran continuously at least one hundred years after the event, England was defeated by France.

6. Peasants’ revolts-Atrocities of nobility on peasants took a spurt in the circumstances when bubonic plague took tall of several million people, climate took to change, the fertility of soil decayed due to longer land-use, and famine failed. They tried to give up the money contracts, they had entered into earlier and revive labor services. It was an intolerable position hence, peasants’ revolt took place in Flanders in 1323, in France in 1358, and in England in 1381. These revolts were mercilessly crushed but the peasants ensured that the feudal privileges of earlier days could not be reinvented.

Question 12.
Distinguish between Primitive land-use and the New Agriculture Technology.
Answer:

Question 13. Do you think New towns and towns’ people can be considered as a fourth-order? Explain.
Answer:
Yes, it was really considered as a fourth-order in the feudal set¬up of European society on the following grounds-

1. Towns were developed initially with the fair and small market centers as a result of expansion and increase of agricultural production.
2. The social and political conditions of the town were absolutely distinct and different from the former three orders. If a serf could stay for one year and one day in a town (without his lord discovering him), he would be treated as a free man.
3. There were bankers and lawyers in the towns. Thus, tertiary occupations had ample scope there.
4. Here was a distinct economic organization in the form of the guild. Each craft or industry was organized into a guild, an association that controlled the quality of the product, its price, and its sale.
5. Craftsmen found it easier to settle in one place where goods could be produced and traded for food.
6. The rich town merchants were developed better than the position of nobility but they were generous to the people engaged in their businesses.
7. Later-on, Cathedral towns were formed. Cathedrals have belonged to monasteries and rich merchants. The craftsmen contributed generously, their labor, money, and expertise. These were built in a number of years and became centers of pilgrimage. Gradually, small towns were developed around them and they were called Cathedral towns.

Conclusion-On the basis of an above distinct entity, we can state the towns and towns’ people, as the fourth-order of the social set-up in Europe.

Question 14.
What special features of medieval European towns do you see in the drawing given in this theme? How were they different from towns in other places and other periods of time?
Answer:
Features of medieval European towns

1. We see in the drawing that a ring road at the periphery and a fine network of roads inside embracing all structures.
2. The entire town was duly fenced i.e. a fence wall is built outside the ring road at the periphery with circular gates all around.
3. A ditch or perhaps river has been shown flowing outside the fence. There are bridges for its crossing and finely built posts for inspection of incoming people.
4. The planning of town seems drawn by an expert architect more than the modern architect.
5. There are approach roads, paved paths, market places, residential blocks, administrative blocks, churches, and parks with lush green trees planted in rows.

These towns were different from towns in other places and other periods of time because, at other times, no town planning was made by the Europeans. There were three orders set-up and manorial estates were only fenced and demarketed. So grand planning was needed a lot of money and contribution from all sections of the society.

The town which planning we see in this theme was Cathedral town and we know that such towns, i.e. Cathedral towns were built when Europe became self-sufficient in foodgrain productivity, promotion of trade and commerce to new heights and population increased from 62 millions of 1200 CE to 73 million in 1300 CE. The rich merchants contributed generously and craftsmen as also common people took a keen interest in building such Cathedral towns. These became places of pilgrim and markets settled around them.

Question 15.
Do you think, the new monarchy was a modified form of feudalism?
Answer:
Yes, it was actually a modified form of feudalism owing to, contrary circumstances, the nobility faced. These were-sudden changes in climate, agricultural production plummeted, land overused hence, marginal fertility, and the catastrophe of bubonic plague which distorted the system of feudalism. Scarcity of labor caused an escalation in the rate of wage, laborers some way became independent and it brought peasants revolt in Flander, France, and England.

In these circumstances, the Kings did some contingent arrangements like a standing army, permanent bureaucracy, and taxation system at the national level. The nobility first revealed its dissent which was witnessed as rebellions of 1536, 1547, 1549, and 1553. These all crushed mercilessly by the Kings, eg. Louis XI of France. It then surrendered and transformed into loyalists. We see, the same class of people i.e. nobleman continued to dominate the political scene. They were given permanent positions in the administrative set-up.

Conclusion-Thus, on the above counts, we can state that a new monarchy was just a modified form of the feudal system.

Question 16.
Discuss the structure of the new monarchy established on the ruins of feudalism.
Answer:
The King in the new monarchy was at the center of an elaborate courtier society and a network of patron-client relationships. The prosperous nobles were needed the kings in a monarchy because but for their cooperation, it was felt difficult to sustain their status as a King. In brief, money was directly needed hence, the bankers and merchant classes became the members of that assembly. Administrative expenses and salaries to soldiers were paid mainly from the contribution and support given by that section of society to the King.

Later on, there was constituted a consultative assembly known as Estates-General consisting of three houses, i.e. clergy, nobility, and the common people. It was called only once in 1614 in the regime of child-king Louis’s XIII of France and the period between 1614 to 1789 remained in consultation to Estates-General as no meetings were called by the succeeding Kings. In England, there was a great council in the regime of Anglo-Saxon tribes even before the Norman conquest.

That ‘ Council was consulted regularly to decide the assessment of taxes etc. issues. That council was developed into the Parliament consisted of the House Of Lords and the House of Commons. Lords and Clergy v were the members of the house of Lords while town and rural area people were the representatives of the house of commons. Gradually, the Parliament became powerful enough as it executed King Charles I who did not call Parliament session for as long the period as, eleven years. Thus, a republic was established in England. However, it could not run for long and soon there was, the monarchy restored but regular sessions of Parliament were called since that event-C i.e. execution of King Charles I had taken place.

The Three Orders Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
‘Three orders’ phrase signifies that there is involved religion in the ruling system of the community. To what extent, do you agree with his statement? Explain.
Answer:
Three orders, on perusal of this term, we conclude the der of the society in three different sections i.e.

1. The priests,
2. The nobility and
3. the peasants.

A brief account of these orders can be given as under:
1. The Priests–It was the first and the supreme order of the society in Europe between the period fifth and the fifteen centuries. It was the Federal type of Administration whose network was made by the Feudal form of nobility. The church was the supreme authority. It was actually the law-making section. It had defined the supreme place of the Pope, the religious preceptor. He used to live in Rome and administration was run through Papal Bull by him in Europe with the machinery of the bishops and Clerics.

2. The Nobility-Nobility was the second order of European society. It has the executive powers of the Fevidal system of governance. Hereby the nobles i.e. the large Estate owners or manors used to nominate one among them as Seigneur (senior). All other nobles then became vassal to him while the peasants were the vassals of their landowners i.e. manors.

The King or senior also had a large state, owned and cultivated by two kinds of peasants viz. one who was smaller peasants owned their lands and the others who were serfs i.e. slaves. Every manor had owned his large estate consisting of a number of buildings including the manor house, knight house, homes for peasants, and surfs. The land was constituting of meadows, pastures, cultivated land, an area under forest, roads, bridges, etc. This estate was like a castle and a smaller Kingdom in itself.

Sources of income were the taxes imposed on peasants in the ratio of 1/10 of the gross agricultural production, the begar made by both peasants i.e. free peasants and the surfs. The manor or noble had to pay the taxes in cash or kind to the coffer or pool of the King.

3. The peasants-Peasants were of two types. Some were free while others were unfree or surfs. Free peasants held their farms as tenants of the Lord or manor. They were compelled to provide at least forty days of military services per annum, three days of the week in working or farming, cultivating the fields of their manor, but without getting any remuneration for their works so done. It was considered under the law as Iabourrent. Their women and children were all deployed in works like pressing grapes for King’s nobles, spun thread, wove cloth, made candles, etc. The serfs had not owned any lands.

They had to cultivate the land of the manor but except for getting their food and daily needs, they were paid nothing. There were a number of restrictions imposed on them. They would not allow marriage or other ties unless a fee was paid for the same. Serfs would use only their lord’s mill to grind their flour, his oven to bake their bread, and his wine-presses to distill wine and beer.

The economic relations, land use, and new agricultural technology, new towns and towns’ people all had witnessed a change in the society. We know that during the period from the fifth to the eleventh century, the environment was excessively cold hence, no progress, the agriculture could witness but from the eleventh century, the temperature began to change from cooler to warmer. Hence, a number: of species in the plant kingdom and animal kingdom started to grow. The vegetation cover made the environment fertile for the growth of several crops including wheat, peas, beans, oats, and barley. Thus, agriculture production increased manifold.

It subsequently, developed – trade and commerce, and people took a keen interest in the development, of new agricultural tools and machinery. They began to use heavy iron-tipped plows and moldboards in place of wooden plows drawn by a team of oxen. Oxen were got shoulder harness in place, of neck harness. More water-powered and wind-powered mills were set up all over Europe for purposes like milling corn and pressing grapes. The most revolutionary change in land-use was the shift from a two-field to a three-field system. They could plant one with is wheat or rye in autumn for human consumption.

The second could be used in spring to raise peas, beans, and lentils for human use. The third field lay fallow. Each year, they rotated the use among the three % fields. Trade started from the silk route and maritime route. An increase, in agricultural production, resulted in an increased population from 62. millions of 1200 to 73 million in 1300 CE. An increase in population and agricultural yield both resulted in the revival of the towns which were deserted along-with the decline of the Roman Empire.

In towns, people instead of services paid a tax to the lords who owned the land on which the town stood. Towns offered the prospect of paid work and freedom from the lord’s control, for young people from peasants. families. Trade and Commerce made the merchant section of society very prosperous and they began to donate money to the clergy to construct the Cathedrals i.e. worshipping place of monasteries.

There were grand buildings sometimes, made within the complex of Churches. Soon, there developed markets around these Cathedral structures and craftsmen guilds settled towns.

Conclusion-Thus, on the above description, we see that the feudal system in England was developed, nourished, and administered by the religion i.e. Christianity. People were linked with vassalage similar to the practice among Germanic people. Nobles were vassals of the King who himself (i.e. the king) was a noble and peasants were vassals of nobles (manors) but the power of the Church was supreme.