CBSE Class 11

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 10 Development. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 10 Important Extra Questions Development

Development Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the concept of development.
Answer:
The word ‘Development’ carries many connotations. It is a very wide concept with different aspects. The very purpose of the development is to build a modem society, to change the face of not only every section of the society but of every man by taking the fruits of development to the last man. It seeks to make maximum utilization of all the resources and to make their just distribution. It is opposed to the concentration of resources in few hands or the resources remain unexploited. Therefore it is a very positive concept, however, it has been understood in a negative sense only.

Question 2.
Mention some main objectives of the development.
Answer:
Although the concept of development is a wide term with broader objectives. Its main objectives can be specified as under

1. Identification of unexploited resources.
2. Maximum utilization of available resources.
3. To build a modern society by transforming the traditional and backward society.
4. To ensure that fruits of development reach the last man in the queue.
5. To make the change and growth human-oriented.

Question 3.
What are the targets of Development?
Answer:
Followings are the areas of targets of Development:

1. Poverty
2. Unemployment
3. Unexploited Resources
4. Industrialization
5. Modernisation of agriculture
6. Illiteracy
7. Low per capita income and low per capita consumptions.

Question 4.
What are the main challenges of Development?
Answer:
Followings are the challenges of development in developing countries of Asia and Africa

1. The low standard of living
2. Illiteracy
3. Poor health
4. Malnutrition
5. Lack of basic amenities
6. Feudal agrarian system
7. Legacy of colonial economies of under-developed countries.

Question 5.
What are the main features of the development model of India?
Answer:
India has adopted a socialistic pattern of society which is based on the principle of From each according to his ability and to each according to his ability. We have a mixed economy in which some economic activities are to be undertaken in the public sector and others are taken in the private sector. We have adopted planned economic development with a five-year plan system. Some targets are fixed for realization in every plan. Economic pursuits are undertaken in different fields with the collaborations.

Question 6.
What are the social costs of development?
Answer:
The process of development has its social cost which can be mentioned as under

1. Displacement of the people from their homes
2. Change in culture
3. Illiteracy
4. Adoption of a new culture
5. Loss of livelihood
6. A search for a new identity
7. a Large number of rural and urban poor.

Question 7.
Explain in brief tire environmental costs of development.
Answer:
The unplanned development has definitely rather, unfortunately, has its environmental cost which can be understood as under

1. Environmental degradation.
2. Displacement of the people from one area to another area.
3. Natural disasters like Tsunami and earthquakes etc.
4. Global warming.
5. Greenhouse effects.
6. Water pollution.
7. Air pollution.
8. Sound pollution.
9. Ecological disorder.
10. Energy crisis.

Question 8.
What is sustainable development?
Answer:
The present model of developments seems to be oriented to the present needs of mankind, neglecting the needs of the future generation. Sustainable development is an approach to development that seeks to use the presently available resources in such a way that:

1. There should not be misuse and wastage of present resources.
2. All the resources should be exploited fully.
3. There should be conservations of energy.
4. Policies should be future-oriented.

Question 9.
What do you understand by the term environmentalism?
Answer:
Environmentalism stands for environmental movement which works to protect natural resources and the eco-system. It emphasizes that human beings should learn to live in harmony with the requirements of the eco-system and should not manipulate the natural environment to serve the personal petty interests which harm nature and the cause of future generations.

Question 10.
Discuss the impact of environmental movements.
Answer:
The different environmental movements started in different parts of the world have been able to evoke public consciousness and awareness and also successfully pressuring to modify the governmental policies in the light of environmental goals and sustainable development.

The roots of environmentalism can be traced back to the nineteenth century. Today the environmental movement has become a worldwide phenomenon with thousands of Non-governmental groups and even some green political parties are pursuing the cause of protection of the environment. In India Chipko movement started by Sunder, Lai Bahuguna has been playing an effective role.

Question 11.
How growth and development are related?
Answer:
Growth related to the advancement in agricultural and industrial areas and progress in infrastructure and production in agriculture and industrial areas thereby affecting all other aspects of human life but it does not necessarily ensure the just and equal distribution of the fruits of such growth. Development seeks to ensure this distribution of progress and change of material development and development in infrastructure when economic growth and redistribution of the benefits do not go together, the benefits are cornered by few development seekers to break this chain for improving the standard of living of underprivileged.

Question 12.
What are social indicators of development?
Answer:
Followings are the main social indicators of development:-

1. Literacy and education level.
2. Life expectancy.
3. Maternal mortality rates.
4. Housing.

Question 13.
What do you understand by the basic need approach?
Answer:
The human development report of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) ranks countries on the basis of their performance in social indicators like literacy, life expectancy, and maternal mortality rates which are called as Human Development Index. According to these parameters, the development should be a process that allows more and more people to make meaningful choices. For this fulfillment of basic needs like education, health, and shelter. This approach is called as basic needs approach.

Question 14.
What do you mean by right claims?
Answer:
Since the fruits of development have not reached the people for whom the development meant. It is desirable that people should be given the right to claim their dues from the state and society. It is necessary to check the process of concentration of resources in the hands of few privileged sections of society. It becomes more essential in the democratic framework of the government where people have the right to be consulted in the decision-making process, which is related to them.

Question 15.
How the democratic participation is useful for development?
Answer:
Democratic participation ensures the maximum involvement of maximum people in the decision-making process in the democratic framework of the government. Democratic participation is useful to the development. Both democracy and development are concerned with the realization of the common good and the welfare of maximum people. The people’s participation in the decision-making process makes the development people’s oriented. A decentralized approach can bring, people’s participation and development together.

Development Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of the term ‘Development.
Answer:
The meaning of the concept of development is different for different people. One thing is definitely common that development means the diffusion of growth to all sections of the society to raise the standard of life of the people. The development conveys the ideas of improvement, progress well-being, and inspiration for a better life. Through the process of development, society seeks to achieve the vision of the future for the future generation.

The development has also been Understood and used in a narrow sense y understanding it related with limited goals such as increasing the .ate of economic growth or modernizing the society. In fact, the development is not concerned with just achieving the present targets or completing projects like dams and factories i.e. growth of infrastructure but it is more concerned with realizing the broader vision of society. We can say that development is a value ridden concept.

Question 2.
Explain various issues that are involved in the process of development.
Answer:
Since the concept of development is very wide, a number of issues are involved in it which are as under

1. The rights of the people should be taken into account during the course of development.
2. To make development more pervasive, there should be the democratization of the social, economic, and political environment.
3. The benefits of development should reach all sections of society.
4. There should be qualitative improvement in the lives of the people.

Question 3.
Explain socialist, communist, and capitalistic model of development.
Answer:
Every state has its own model of development. Every state is concerned with the welfare of its people and raising the standard of living of its people. Although the number of models has been evolved there have been three main models of development in prevalence. These models are as under

1. Socialistic model
2. Communistic model
3. Capitalist model

1. Socialistic model:- Socialist pattern of development prevailed in developing countries of Asia and Africa to make distribution of resources as per the reeds of the people and to exploit the potentialities of the people to the fullest.

2. Communist model:- Communist model of development initially started in the countries of Eastern Europe and then spread to some other countries. It was based on the principles of Marxism.

3. Capitalist model:- This model of development become popular in the USA. and European countries which are based on the principle of economic pursuits on competition basis and profit basis with the minimum role of the state.

Question 4.
What are the main targets of development?
Answer:
The process of development seeks to achieve positive changes and improvement in the following areas

1. Poverty
2. Unemployment
3. Illiteracy
4. Unexploited resources
5. Regional imbalances
6. Social backwardness.
7. Fatalism
8. Impact of colonialism.

Question 5.
Enumerate certain features of development undertaken in different parts of the world.
Answer:
The process of development has undergone many changes over the years in different countries as it is understood in its meaning. Initially, it was linked with the economic growth and social development with the purpose of modernization of societies. The main features and activities undertaken were as under:

1. Industrialization
2. Commercialization
3. Urbanization
4. Agrarian reforms
5. Use of science and technology
6. Educational development
7. Secularisation
8. Democratization.

In the process of development, the state was given a leading role to play in the above areas.

Question 6.
Explain the mode of development in India.
Answer:
After independence, India got the colonial legacy at the social, economic, and political levels. India adopted a mixed economy for its development. Planning Commission was set to start planned economic development. The first five-year plan was started in 1951-56. So far we have successfully completed the ten five years plan which has helped in transforming the Indian society and economy to an appreciable extent. Today India is on its way to being a modernized society. The process of liberalization, globalization, and privatization has fastened the pace of development. In India, the process of development is going in Libera secular democratic framework. All efforts are being made to take the benefits of development to all sections of the society through their participation at all levels.

Question 7.
What is the impact of development in India?
Answer:
India, through its planned socio-economic development, has achieved tremendous growth in different areas i.e. agriculture, roads, housing, industry, medicine, health, raising employment opportunities, education, and developing infrastructure. Through the doses of modernization, India has been able to transform Indian society in the last sixty years. In fact through the development face of India is changed from an agrarian, traditional and backward, and undeveloped society to a modem, secular, democratic, and developing society.

But still, we have not been able to achieve the goals of development in the real sense and as per the true meaning of development. We are still in grip of inequalities, disparities, and imbalance. Still, we have 26% of people who are yet to reach the level of subsistence needs. Still, we have situations of excess and deprivation. The ultimate objective of development is rational utilization of the resource and to take the fruits of development to the last man. We feel that we are far away from these two goals of development.

Question 8.
What are the main hindrances in achieving the goals of development in developing countries like India?
Answer:
Almost every society is in the process of development and is trying to get the goals of development. But there are certain structural hindrances in the path of development, particularly in developing countries. Some of the hindrances are as under:-

1. Lack of definite and relevant model of development.
2. Lack of political will.
3. Lack of people’s awareness.
4. Traditional social structure.
5. Traditional occupations.
6. Lack of people-oriented approach of bureaucracy.

Question 9.
What do you know about the social cost of development?
Answer:
The process of development involves a lot of desirable and undesirable activities with negative and positive consequences which can be called social costs. These social costs can be understood as under

1. Displacement of persons due to developmental projects like bridges and dams and other such projects.
2. Migration of people in search of better opportunities and better quality of life in which they lose their old identities and due course of time acquire new values and new identities.
3. Pressure on urban civic amenities due to the process of urbanization in the wake of development.
4. Loss of traditional skills acquired in a long time.
5. Loss of culture.
6. Regional and cultural confrontations.
7. Social agitations.
8. Unemployment and uncertainties.

Question 10.
Explain the environmental costs of development.
Answer:
The environmental cost of development can be measured in the following ways.

1. Pollution.
2. Ecological crisis.
3. Environmental degradation by the phenomenon like depletion of ozone, ozone hole, global warming, and Green House effects.
4. Natural disasters like earthquakes and Tsunami.
5. Loss of human life.
6. Loss of forest due to deforestation cause havoc.
7. Loss of subsistence needs of the poor.
8. Wastage of medicinal plants.
9. Loss of traditional sources of energy, therefore, leading to the energy crisis.
10. Dirty drinking water.

Question 11.
What is the meaning and objectives of Environmentalism?
Answer:
The thinking and supporting, the thinking of protecting the environment and environmental life is known as environmentalism. It is therefore as an urge and passion to save the environment and human life from the hazards which are being played in the name of development.

Environmentalists maintain that human beings should learn to live in harmony with the rhythms of the eco-system and should not indulge in such selfish activities that are destroying the beauty and utility of the eco-system and environment. It is a fact that if this trend is not checked/stopped, we will get barren earth, poisoned rivers, and polluted air for future generations. Due to this fear, the environmental movement has become a worldwide movement with the support of government and non-governmental organization who have been successful in modifying
the government’s industrial and developmental policies in the right of goals of protection of the environment.

Question 12.
Explain the relationship between growth and development.
Answer:
Although the two concepts i.e. growth and development are very frequently used for each other and simultaneously but there is a perceptible difference between the two, although both are related to the welfare of man and society. Growth denotes a change in infrastructure and progress in different areas. The growth has not been able to achieve the goals of social justice. It is largely material development. On the other hand, the concept of development is broader than growth and can be understood as a process that seeks to improve the quality of life of the people at large. Growth is not an indicator of social justice. It is the development that is an instrument and measure of social justice and quality of life of the people.

Question 13.
How the development can be measured?
Answer:
Measuring economic growth is not adequate as the indicator of social and economic progress and social justice. The need of measuring the development was felt. Several attempts have been made in this direction. One such attempt is the Human Development Re| which is annually brought out by the United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) which ranks the different countries of the two, on the basis of their performance in social indicators like education, lii expectancy, and maternal mortality rates. This measure is called the Human Development Index. This proves that the development revolves around the basic needs of man. Thus development is a process which allows more and more people to make meaningful life with the minimum adequate availability of basic needs like food, education, shelter, and health.

Question 14.
What do you mean by the Top-down approach of development? What changes does it need?
Answer:
There has been the social and environmental cost of development at different levels, due to which the development could not bring the desired results. The benefits of development have not been evenly distributed among the people. It has been due to the ‘Top-down’ approach, which has been the strategy of development. The very important feature of the Top-down approach has been the selection of priorities and preferences and methods of implementation of the decisions and project^ were all generally decided by the top bureaucrats, politicians, executives, and technocrats with the actual participation of those for whom these decisions are taken. This was the scenario of both the democratic and non-democratic countries. Thus the need for alternate model development is felt.

Question 15.
What do you understand by the Concept of Right Claims?
Answer:
In most of the models of development the benefits of change, progress and development have not been reached to the people for which they were meant and are cornered by the privileged sections of the society. It has been due to the Top-down approach in the developmental models. Now the time has come and which duly accepted and recognized that the aspirations and needs of the affected people should be taken into account. People should be allowed to put up their views, rights, and claims before the decision-makers.

In a democratic framework, people have the right to be consulted in the exercise of decision making and in the process of development. The people have their natural; rights on the available resources for developmental activities. Therefore on the fruits of development, local people have a natural claim which should be duly given to make development meaningful.

Question 16.
What is the significance of Democratic Participation in the process of development?
Answer:
Democracy is a system of government that provides an opportunity to the people to participate in the decision-making process and the developmental activities which are a pre-requisite of the success of democracy. Democracy also aims to provide a better quality of life by establishing equality, justice, fairness, brotherhood, the dignity of man, and ensuring people’s participation.

Democracy and development, both are concerned with realizing the common good. The most important relationship between democracy and development is that development is supposed to be undertaken by people’s participation at the micro-level and macro-level.

Development Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Define development, its objective and suggest the best modes of development.
Answer:
Lucian Pye, a great politician scientist explained the idea of development in his famous book ‘Aspects of Development’ “as a process of rational utilization of the available resources to establish modern society. In the contemporary world, however, the word of development has been used for progress, change, modernization, and growth. In fact” Lucian Pye explained the concept of development in terms of socialization, modernization, democratization, secularisation, and people’s participation.

As far as the objectives are concerned, they are not just material progress in different fields like production, goods, amenities, dams, projects, and the well-being of a few. In fact, its objectives are wide. The ultimate objective of the development is as under:-

1. To make the best use of the resources by identifying them properly.
2. To ensure the fair distribution of fruits of development to all sections of society, particularly up to the underprivileged class.
3. To raise the standard of living of the people.
4. To achieve the common good of the people.

There have been different models of development in different parts of the world with democratic and dictatorial governmental structures In all these models of development, there has been the Top-down approach in decision making which prohibited the local initiative and participation in policymaking and decision-making process. To achieve the desired goals of development, there is a need to adopt such a system or model of development which ensure the people’s participation up to a desirable extent and recognizes their rights and claims.

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 9 Peace. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 9 Important Extra Questions Peace

Peace Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is Peace?
Answer:
Peace is one of the most desired situations not only by the saints and philosophers but also by every ordinary person. Even those who get indulged in violence do the violence in search of peace. The concept of peace has been conceived and understood differently by the people of different ages. Generally, peace has been defined as the absence of war. But this definition of peace is incomplete and misleading. Peace is something mental and psychological. Peace is freedom from unnecessary tensions and worries at the individual level as well as collective level. It is also a fact that peace is a personal and relative matter. At the individual level, peace depends, how he/she takes the things!

Question 2.
What do you mean by structural violence?
Answer:
When the conflict, exploitation and tensions are at the institutional level in perpetuation, it is called as the structural violence. In, such structural violent situation, peace will the immediate causality. For example, the traditional Indian caste system which was based on hierarchic system disclosed a group of people as untouchable and put them at the lowest ladder of the society. It naturally bred hatred, tension and conflict. Similar is the situation of colonialism, where one country dominated, exploited and subjected enter country leading to violence and revolt.

Question 3.
How inequality harms the cause of peace?
Answer:
Inequality in any form is certainly injurious to the cause of health. Any social order based on inequalities will not have peaceful and harmonious relationship^imong the members of that society because’ these will be tension, competition, dominance and hatred.

Question 4.
Give the names of the system of structured violence.
Answer:
There can be any system of structural violence. Following are the examples from history in which structural violence prevailed.

1. Traditional Indian social order in which a group of people was declared untouchable.
2. Indian family system, where women were declared inferior and incapable.
3. Colonialism which institutionalised group exploitation of other countries.
4. Racism, where a group of other caste and race was exploited.
5. Communalism, where people of another religion were exploited.

Question 5.
How structural violence caused harm to peace?
Answer:
Different forms of structural violence like colonialism, racism, communalism, hierarchic social order and low status of women prolonged the tension and make a particular type of psyche which institutionalised not only inequalities and exploitation but tension and conflict also. Psychological and tangible harm suffered by the victims of violence created grievances which were transmitted from generation to generation. In this way, such structural violence harmed peace for a long time to come.

Question 6.
How the violence can be eliminated?
Answer:
It seems to be difficult if the not impossible proposition that violence can be eliminated from society totally. It needs healthy psyche, mind frame built-in a congenial and healthy environment. Several age-old spiritual principles like compassions, meditations and preachings have been playing their role in their own way to make healthy psyche and thinking of man to establish peace.

Question 7.
Can violence be helpful in the establishment of peace?
Answer:
Although, it is generally thought that violence is used to establish peace. Particularly at the state level, it is used for establishing peace. It is because of this the army and police are maintained and is trained in the use of weapons for violence and wars, But it is all superficial view. The everlasting peace can only be achieved by the positive makeup of mind frame which can be possible with the positive environment built on the basis of harmonies and cooperative relations among the people of the society.

Question 8.
What are the reasons for the growing violence in our society?
Answer:
There are a number of reasons for the present growing state of violence in the present-day society, but we can give some of them, which are as under

1. Intolerance
2. Increasing selfishness
3. Excessive view of casteism, communalism and regionalism
4. Increasing culture of consumerism and naturalism
5. Criminalisation of politics
6. Corruption in society
7. Lust for power and money
8. Structural violence.

Question 9.
What exactly is peace? Why it is fragile in today.
Answer:
Peace is in fact a state of mind free from worry, tension, hatred and fear. It is related to the framework of mind and mindset. Peace is a very positive situation in life. In today’s world, it is found to be very fragile i.e. it is in a disturbing state. The environment of societies has become violent and uncertain. There is a situation of mistrust and distrust. Most of the people are in mental tension in such situation peace has become very much unachievable.

Question 10.
How does the human mind help in establishing peace?
Answer:
Human mind shapes the behaviour of man and behaviour of man creates peace or tension therefore mind plays a significant role in establishing peace. The Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation rightly observes “Since war begins in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed.” For this several sages and saints preached the spiritual principles of tolerance and compassion and practices of meditation were followed to make a mindset so as to establish and promote peace.

Question 11.
Do you agree that non-violence means weakness?
Answer:
The main reason for increasing violence in society is a misunderstanding about non-violence. Many people equate non-violence with weakness, which is totally fallacious. In fact, weak people resort to war and violence. It is the quality of strong persons to be tolerant and non-violent. Gandhiji gave a broad meaning of non-violence. For him non¬violence meant not just refraining from causing physical harm but also includes the thought of causing physical or mental harm to anybody. It is the task of only the strong person. A weak person cannot have this quality.

Question 12.
How Gandhiji experimented with non-violence?
Answer:
Many people think it is the violence which can bring the just ends, but it is again fallacious. The ultimate result will come only thing non-violence which is proved by Gandhi’s experiments in South Africa and India. Gandhiji made India independent only through non-violence. Violence can bring results for short devotion but .ultimate just end is brought only through the non-violence.

Question 13.
How the state is related to peace?
Answer:
In today’s world, there are sovereign nation-states which are inspired with narrow nationalism. Each modem nation-state is organised on the basis of nationality Every nation-state behaves like a human being. As the behaviour of men is shaped by his personal interest in a similar way the behaviour of a nation is shaped on the basis of his national interest. Since the national interests of the states, a leads to differences leading to clashes and conflicts which ultimately poses threat to peace at the individual level as well as collective level. To protect its interest every state uses the force. Each state has police and army as the instrument of coercion.

Question 14.
What do you mean by Pacifism?
Answer:
Pacifism denotes thinking which opposes war and violence for settling differences and disputes. It prefers to settle the disputes through discussion, negotiation and dialogue and not through violence or war. Pacifism is a principle which is based on pragmatism. The supporters of Pacifism believe that use of force and resort to war is morally wrong. They prefer peaceful means like the negotiation for settling the disputes than the war which, they say will never just end.

Question 15.
What are the main challenges to peace in the modern world?
Answer:
Followings are the main challenges for peace

1. Intolerance
2. Materialism
3. Increasing consumerism.
4. Terrorism
5. The criminalisation of society and polity.

Peace Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Define the concept of peace.
Answer:
There has a number of persons as champions of peace. Many saints, philosophers and statesman have also championed the cause of peace. Although there have also been many philosophers, warriors and army Generals who have glorified war and did not value peace because they believed that only conflict could facilitate the growth of civilisation. Several thinkers have condemned peace and commended violence and conflict as essential vehicles of individual heroism and social vitality.

Peace is the situation of no war, no tension and no conflict of any kind. Peace is a state of mind. The essential elements of peace are justice, tolerance, truth and compassion. Peace is something eternal and pious ultimate happiness of mankind lies in the peace. There have been ardent supporters of peace such as M.K. Gandhi, Gautam Buddha etc. who denounced war and violence.

Question 2.
Name the factors which have been threatening international peace.
Answer:
Peace at an individual level, national level and international level has been facing threats from different sides. Nation-states have been engaged in conflicts, tensions and wars like the ordinary human beings over petty issues. These issues have been posing threats to international peace.

The post-war period of the world has been marked by intense rivalry’ between two superpowers i.e. Capitalist USA and Communist USSR. There are have been a number of wars and tensions in different parts of the world which threatened international peace. Many wars on the planet have caused the destruction of human life and property.

Question 3.
What do you mean by structural violence? Explain with example.
Answer:
Violence occurs in society at various levels in different forms. It occurs at the individual level, collective level, in an unorganised way and also organised way. An organised form of violence is called structural violence. Traditional caste system treated certain groups of people of a particular caste as untouchables, who were subjected to collective humiliation and exploitation and deprivation. Only after independence, Art. 17 of Indian Constitution abolished it but, still, we have scars of this evil till today.

Similarly, women have been treated badly in a male-dominated society. They were considered inferior and incapable and unworthy of doing any great thing. They have also b.een subjected to hard atrocities.

Another example of structural violence in colonialism which prevailed for a long time in different parts of the world. Racism and communalism were also systems of structural violence.

Question 4.
Discuss racism as structural violence.
Answer:
Racism prevailed as the system Of oppression of an entire racial group or community in South Africa and Negro slavery in the United States of America and the slaughter of Jews in Germany. Apartheid (a policy of racial discrimination) was followed in South Africa by the white-controlled government which treated the black people of the country as second class citizens. Such structural violence continues from one generation to another generation. Continuous exploitation creates grievances that persist over generations and are provoked on slightest incident or remark.

Question 5.
How the violence can be eliminated?
Answer:
It is said that war and tensions lie in the mind of man. Violence is the expression and manifestation of tensions of the human mind. Therefore if the violence is to be eliminated i.e. removed that there should be peace in mind.

The Constitution of United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation rightly observes as “Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed.” At the same time, it is also the fact that mindsets are shaped by the socio, economic and political environment of the society. Therefore to eliminate tension and violence, the healthy and positive environment has to be built up. Violence is not the product of individual psyche but is the result of group and collective psyche of the society which also needs reform for peace.

Question 6.
Can violence ever promote peace?
Answer:
Many people think that by mean of violence we can get just ends and also we can establish peace. Many people consider violence for the establishment and promotion of peace. The state is created only on this thesis. Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau have created state to get rid of violence at a natural stage and to establish peace in which life and liberty of the people could be protected. It is argued that tyrants and oppressors can be checked and removed only by force and by using violence. In different parts of the world imperialism and colonialism have been removed by violent Liberation movements. Different terrorist organisations and militants work on this thesis that just cause of self-rule can be achieved only by violent movements.

Question 7.
Discuss the role of the state in establishing and maintaining peace.
Answer:
It is often said that the division of the world into a large number of independent sovereign states is a big obstacle as the hindrance in realising the peace. The state is sovereign and independent identity. It has its own interest and it pursues it. The behaviour and actions of the state revolve around the national interest of the state while for the pursuit of large peace, it is necessary that one should think of larger humanity.

States make a distinction between its citizens and the regions. For the protection of the interests of its citizens, they may harm the interests of the citizens of other states which will naturally lead to clash and conflict in which the cause of peace would suffer. In this way state itself is responsible for the harming the cause of peace while initially the state cause into existence for the building of peace. The state has become an instrument of coercion and force. Peace needs a congenial atmosphere, balanced behaviour of the people for which there should be a peaceful environment.

Question 8.
Explain the approaches to the pursuit of peace.
Answer:
There are mainly three approaches to the realisation of peace. The first approach attaches maximum importance to the states, respect their sovereignty and treats competition among them as a fact of life. It aims at the management of the competition among various people.

The second approach grants the deep-rooted nature of state rivalry. It stresses the positive presence and possible inter-dependence. It underscores the growing social and economic co-operation.

The third approach considers the system to be a passing phase of human history. It envisages the emergence of supranational order and sees the fastening of the community as the surest guarantee of peace.

Question 9.
Explain the philosophy of Pacifism.
Answer:
Pacifism is thinking which is opposed to war-violence as a means of settlement of disputes. It advocates the settlement of disputes by negotiations and other such peaceful methods. Pacifism is a philosophy which denounces war because it considers any form of war as immoral. Pragmatic pacifism does not adhere to such an absolute principle but holds that there are bitter ways of solving the disputes. They say that war and violence have an only a negative impact and no any positive aspect. It is quite fallacious that wars settle the disputes and bring desired ends. In general, other pacifists follow the principle of non-violence. It is therefore Pacifism follows peace and non-violence and make every effort to establish and maintain peace in the world.

Question 10.
Explain various challenges to peace in the present-day world.
Answer:
Today’s world is increasingly becoming more and more violent in which peace is the ultimate target. Peace is diminishing at the individual level, collective level, at the national level and international level. Problems like pollution, terrorism have made human behaviour vulnerable and unbalanced which results in frequent violent events. Followings are main factors which have provoked violence and wars:

1. Increasing population
2. Increasing materialism
3. Increasing consumerism
4. Lust for power
5. Lust for money
6. Increasing means of communication
7. Prolonging of differences on a certain national and international issue.
8. Religious fundamentalism.

Question 11.
Discuss the role of the UN in establishing peace.
Answer:
UNO came into existence on 24th October 1945 after the end of the Second World War which played havoc with mankind, particularly When an atom bomb was used in Japan. Various wars of regional levels and First World War and the Second World War changed the international environment with the violence and tensions.

UNO in its charter made the foremost objective to establish the International Peace and Security Council took this sole responsibility to establish and maintain international peace. UNO through its several specialised agencies tried to transform international security through mutual co-operation. It is through the mutual co-operation, that UN has made effort to built understanding among the countries of the world so as to make the congenial atmosphere for the promotion of international peace. It is to the credit of UN that it has been able to check the out-break of Third World War and the contending parties to the disputes have agreed to come to the negotiation with the various types of efforts and decisions, the tension in international relations is reduced.

Question 12.
How terrorism has disturbed the peace?
Answer:
Terrorism is a menace which is disturbing the human psychology in a big way. The terrorism porter is emerging in the behaviour of man as well as in the behaviour of states. The rise of terrorism is partly a response to the self-serving conduct of the aggressive states. In today’s world, it is posing a maximum threat to peace. Religious fanatism and fundamentalism are the big instruments of terrorism which are found in many parts of the world. The human community has suffered a lot due to terrorist attack in different parts of the world.

Question 13.
Can war be justified to achieve peace?
Answer:
At different quarters it is thought that to achieve the just ends, the war is a desirable weapon or a method. In the history of the world, a large number of wars have been fought on the basis of the thesis. But history bears the proof that no war has ever been produced the desired result except the destruction and tensions. Iraq and Iran fought for eleven years together for their viewpoints but no state could get anything except loss of face and destruction. Iraq invaded Kuwait and occupied its territory claiming to be it’s own but ultimately Iraq had to withdraw from Kuwait in the wake of the Gulf war in 1990 which was masterminded by the USA. Peace can only be achieved only by love, compassion, non-violence and tolerance.

Question 14.
Discuss the relevance of Gandhian principles for peace.
Answer:
M.K. Gandhi was one of the great champions of the peace who advocated the need for establishing peace for the welfare of the whole of mankind. In preaching the peace, he was internationalist because he thought of whole mankind. He experimented with his concept of truth non-violence while giving the generalisation.

Gandhian philosophy of satyagraha and non-violence is more relevant and needed than ever before because today the whole world is in the grip of materialism and is threatened by the evils like terrorism and fanaticism. Gandhi said that truth is the ultimate reality which must be pursued by the man at every cost. It will only bring ultimate peace and inner happiness. Tolerance is a must for peace and non-violence because intolerance will lead to tensions and wars. Gandhi said that to be non¬violent does not mean weakness. In fact, it is the strengths of a man if he is tolerant.

Question 15.
How and why the war had been glorified by different persons?
Answer:
Whereas the peace has been cherished by different philosophers, saints and thinkers, it is the war which has also been glorified at different levels by different thinkers, philosophers and the rulers. George Bernard Shah glorified war and had said that war is necessary for the sustenance of patriotism and keeping the army men and arms active.

The 19th-century German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche was one of those who glorified war. Nietzsche did not value peace because he believed that only conflict brings dynamism and growth of civilisation. Similarly, many other thinkers have also glorified and condemned peace. They were of the view that peace brings inaction and war brings action. Nationalist thinkers and warriors also command war:

Question 16.
What have been the main reasons for war in the world?
Answer:
If we look and examine the history of various disputes and the wars which took place in different parts of the world we find the following factors were largely responsible for war and tensions.

1. Racism
2. Extreme Nationalism.
3. Greed of rulers
4. Colonialism
5. Imperialism
6. Religious fanatism
7. Religious fundamentalism
8. False pride
9. Non-availability of the sources
10. Internationalism.

Peace Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Define the concept of peace, its forms and methods by which peace can be achieved.
Answer:
Peace has ever been an important concept as many other concepts like democracy and secularism. Peace has been the ultimate object of every system. Peace is not just the end of war and tension it is something more. A just and lasting peace can be attained only by articulating and removing the hidden grievances and causes of conflict through a process of dialogue and understanding. The peace can also be understood as the absence of violent conflict of all kinds including war riot, massacre and assassination. Peace in the above definitions is partly true.

Peace is related not to just the physical world it is also related to spiritual and psychological world. It is the outcome of mental saturation and mental satisfaction. Peace is concerned more with the inner behaviour of man. Peace is related to the balanced relationship of the socio-economic environment of the society. If there are any kind of imbalances in society, peace will be elusive. Violence is certainly the negation of peace which has been in existence in the society in different forms.

In Indian society, it is found in caste hierarchy which was based on caste subordinations leading to tensions and violence among different castes.

Women as a social group had been considered inferior and were subjected to humiliation leading to tensions in social relations.

At political level imperialism, colonialism exploited the political communities leading to violent revolts. In such cases, peace has been the victim.

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Secularism. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 8 Important Extra Questions Secularism

Secularism Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by Secularism?
Answer:
Secularism is a high doctrine about the relations of state and religion. There is a Western, American, and Indian view of secularism in the world. The very essential and common feature of secularism is the separation of state and religion. People must be left free in matters of religion to profess and practice any religion of their choice. The state should not have its own religion. It should neither patronize any religion nor it should discriminate against any religion. Western secularism does not allow minority rights, however, the Indian view of religion allows minority rights and positive interference.

Question 2.
How the secularism promotes justice and equality?
Answer:
Secularism is not a simple separation of politics and religion, it is something humane, democratic, and natural concept based on broad philosophy. Its purpose is to remove the inequalities, domination and discrimination, and exploitation in inter and inter-religious and social groups. Secularism is the most powerful philosophy which opposes all forms of undue domination. It seeks to promote justice and equality by humanizing and educating and enlightening society.

Question 3.
What are intra-religious dominations?
Answer:
All the societies are full of not only inter-religious domination and exploitation, but it also takes another conspicuous form which is intra- religious domination in which we find the domination, exploitation, and discrimination within the same religious groups. Secularism is opposed to all such forms of exploitation everywhere. It seeks to promote freedom within religion.

Question 4.
Write some basic features of a secular state.
Answer:
Followings are certain basic features of a secular state:-

1. The state should not be a theocratic state.
2. It should not have its own religion.
3. It should not be governed by any religious man.
4. There should be a complete separation between state and religion.
5. The state should not patronize any religion.
6. The state should not discriminate against any religion.
7. The state should promote equality and justice within and without the social and religious groups.

Question 5.
What should be the ultimate aim of Secularism?
Answer:
The separation of state and religion is not the only aim of the secular state. In fact it the means to the end (ultimate goal) which is to make a domination-free, exploitation-free, and discrimination-free society based on justice, freedom, and equality. A secular state must be committed to principles and goals which are at least partly derived from non¬religious sources. These ends should include, peace, religious freedom, freedom from religious oppression, discrimination, and exclusions in inter and inter-religious groups.

Question 6.
What type of Secularism was practiced by Kemal Ataturk in Turkey?
Answer:
Kemal Ataturk came to power in Turkey after First World War. He had a different view of secularism which he had practiced there and which was not based on the principled distance between the state and religion. Instead, it supported active involvement and intervention of religion. He was determined to put an end to the institution of Khalifa in public life. Through this type of secularism, he wanted to modernize the society of Turkey.

Question 7.
Write the main features of the Western View of Secularism.
Answer:
It is said that secularism has western and American origin followings are main features of the western view of Secularism:-

1. Complete separation of state and religion.
2. No state interference in the matters of religion.
3. No interference of religion in state affairs.
4. Independent and exclusive jurisdictions of both i.e. state and religion.
5. No religious classification of any Public policy.
6. The state cannot aid any religious institutions.

Question 8.
What is the Indian View of Secularism?
Answer:
Followings are the main features of Indian secularism out of these features, some are similar to that of western view but some are their own.

1. Separation of state and religion to certain limits.
2. Inter-religious equality.
3. Removing the inter and intra-religious dominations and exploitation.
4. Promotion of minority rights.
5. Giving aid to religious educational institutions on the basis of equality.
6. Positive interference in the management of religious affairs.

Question 9.
What are the common features of Western View and Indian View of Secularism?
Answer:
Reading of the Indian Constitution shows that Indian Secularism is fundamentally different from western secularism. Yet it has many things in common.

1. Separation of state and religion.
2. No state religion.
3. No patronage to any religion and no discrimination against any religion.
4. Promotion of equality and justice.

Question 10.
Write in brief the views of Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru on Secularism.
Answer:
Nehru had some different and peculiar and personal views on Secularism. His thesis of secularism was equal protection to all religions but not favoring any religion at die expense of others and forbids the state from having its own state religion. He gave the foundation of the Indian view of secularism. For him, secularism also does not mean being irreligious or hostile to any religion. In this way, he was altogether different from Ataturk of Turkey. Nehru also did not support the complete separation between state and religion.

Question 11.
Discuss the impact of Western Liberalism on Indian secularism.
Answer:
The Western Liberal thinking changed the concept of equality prevailing in Indian ancient society. It brought to focus the neglected and marginalized nations of equality. It also helped in promoting inter¬community equality to replace the notion of hierarchy. All this change of notion of equality brought about a change in Indian secularism, which was the result of an interaction between what already existed in a society that had religious diversity and the ideas that came from the west. It resulted in an equal focus on intra-religious and inter-religious domination.

Question 12.
On what grounds the Indian Constitution is criticized?
Answer:
Indian secularism is criticized on the following grounds:

1. As Anti-religious.
2. Western import (Idea is taken from the west).
3. Minorities (It is based on the appeasement of minorities).
4. Interventionist (Excessive intervention in religious affairs).
5. Vote bank politics.
6. Unpracticable.

Question 13.
Do you agree that Indian? Secularism is an interventionist?
Answer:
Indian secularism is criticized by the critics arguing that Indian secularism is interventionist because it is coercive and it interferes excessively with the religious freedom of communities. In fact, Indian secularism allows interference in religious affairs, particularly in the management of religious activities of the communities. But this interference is not negative, it is positive. Indian secularism rejects non-interference in religion but it does not mean that it is excessively interventionist. Indian secularism follows the concept of principled distance.

Question 14.
How far it is correct to say that Indian secularism is anti-religious?
Answer:
It is said that secularism in India is anti-religious. This is fallacious. Indian secularism may be against institutionalized religious domination but it cannot be referred to as the anti-religions. It is also argued that Indian secularism threatens religious identity but the fact is that Indian secularism promotes religious freedom and equality. Therefore it does not threaten religious identity, but on the contrary, it protects the religious identity. If it threatens any form of religious identity, it is dogmatism fundamentalism and the narrowness of any religion.

Question 15.
What is a Minority?
Answer:
Indian secularism is charged with Minoritism which means that Indian secularism advocates minority rights. It is a fact that it is only Indian secularism that advocates minority rights. Minority means to suggest that in Indian secularism gives special privilege to the minorities which is a sort of appeasement of the minorities. This charge also does not hold any ground.

Secularism Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of Secularism.
Answer:
Secularism is a philosophy that is concerned with the relationship between state and religion. Secularists think that religion is a personal matter of a person, the state has nothing to do with religion. Hence it should neither patronize any particular religion nor it should discriminate against any religion. A man should be left free to profess and practice any religion of his or her choice. Secularism does not mean to be irreligious or anti religiousness.

In fact, Secularism means respect to all religions and ways of life because ultimately religion’s a way of life. Secularism is not a narrow philosophy, it is a broader view of life and ways of leading life which have been interpreted differently in different areas in different periods. This is a philosophy based on human and democratic values that seek to achieve equality, justice, and freedom and try to remove discrimination, exploitation, and domination within and outside the social and communal groups.

Question 2.
What do you mean by inter-religious domination and intra-religious domination?
Answer:
Although religion is a positive and pious feeling and viewpoint it has been in grip of a number of negative feelings of hatred, suspiciousness, negative competition, and urges for dominance within religions and without religions i.e. inter-religious groups and intra-religious. There are hatred and communal riots between Hindus and Muslims. They fight for dominance over each other. Similarly, there is a sense of inferiority and superiority within religions.in Hindus, women and SCs have been dominated by male and upper castes. Similar are the examples in Muslims, Christians, and Sikhs.

Question 3.
Explain the essential elements of a secular state.
Answer:
A state-organized on the basis of the doctrine of secularism is called a secular state. Generally, the state with the separation of religion is called the secular state. But the mere separation of state and religion is not a sufficient requirement for a secular state because there are many states which are non-theocratic and continue to have a close alliance with a particular religion.

To be truly secular, a state must not only refuse to be theocratic but also have no formal, legal alliance with any religion. The separation of religion and state is not a sufficient condition but a very much a necessary condition of a secular state. A secular state must be committed to principles and goals which are at least partly derived from non-religious sources. These goals should include peace, religious freedom, and freedom from exploitation, discrimination, and exclusions. It also seeks to remove inter and intra-religious dominance and exploitation. A secular state allows its citizen full freedom in religious and social matters without the interference of the state.

Question 4.
Discuss India as a secular state.
Answer:
India is a secular state as conceived by the architect of modem India, Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru. India does not have any state religion but supports all the religions. It has the followings features of a secular state:-

1. There is no state religion in India.
2. It neither patronizes any religion nor it becomes a hindrance in the way of any religion.
3. Citizens are free to profess any religion in which they have failed.
4. Indian secular inter-religious exploitation.
5. Indian secular state religions affairs.

Question 5.
Discuss the Western model of Secularism.
Answer:
It is said that secularism is of Western and American in origin. Followings are the main features of the Western model of secularism:

1. Complete separation of religion and state.
2. No interference in the matters of each other. All the states and religions have their own jurisdiction.
3. Neither state will interfere in the matters of religion nor religion will interfere in the affairs of the state.
4. No policy of a state can have an exclusive rationale.
5. No religious classification can be the basis of any Public policy.
6. The state cannot aid any religious institution.
7. It cannot give financial aid to educational institutions run by religious communities.
8. Citizens are free to profess and practice any religion of their choice.
9. It emphasizes individual liberty.

Question 6.
What are the merits of secularism?
Answer:
Human history has witnessed a lot of religious fundamentalism and fanaticism which had caused harassment and exploitation of man by man. But the development of science, technology, education, and press and with the development of democratic culture, people have become rational and broadminded. All these developments have brought the idea of secularism. It has the following merits.

1. It is based on a broader outlook.
2. It is more democratic.
3. It is more scientific and based on rationalism.
4. It is more humane.
5. It is a more natural philosophy.
6. It is a more acceptable and popular philosophy.

Question 7.
Who was Kemal Ataturk? What was his view of Secularism?
Answer:
Kemal Ataturk was a Turkish philosopher who propounded his own theory of secularism which was practiced in Turkey. It was altogether different from the western and Indian views of secularism. His secularism was not about the separation of state and religion, instead, it involved active intervention in and suppression of religion.

He came to power in Turkey after First World War. He was determined to put an end to the institution of Khalifa in the public life of Turkey. He wanted to break Turkey all traditional thinking to make it modem one. He set out as an aggressive Wanner to modernize and secularise Turkey. He encouraged western manner thinking and clothing for men and women to change the traditional and orthodox view of life and religion.

Question 8.
Explain the views of Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru on secularism.
Answer:
Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru was a great philosopher, humanitarian, and a democrat by heart. He gave his doctrine of secularism on the basis of these referred values. His doctrine of secularism is the part of the Indian Consitution. The main features of Nehru’s doctrine of secularism are as under:-

1. Separation of state and religion.
2. No state religion.
3. Equal protection by the state to all religions.
4. Neither patronage to any religion nor discrimination against any religion.
5. All people are free to profess and practice any religion.
6. Positive interference of the state in religious affairs, particularly the management of religious activities and social reforms.
7. Complete opposition to communalism.
8. The purpose was to establish equality, freedom, and justice.

Question 9.
Describe the characteristics of Indian secularism.
Answer:
It is said that Indian secularism is an imitation of western secularism. It is far from the reality that Indian secularism is fundamentally different from western secularism. Indian secularism does not only emphasize the separation of religion and politics but the idea of inter-religious equality is crucial to Indian views of secularism. India has already a culture of inter-religious tolerance. The liberal values of the west brought ideas of inter communitarian equality to replace the notion of hierarchy which prevailed in India for a long time.

Indian secularism is equally opposed to the oppression of weaker sections within a society. Indian secularism allows positive interference in religious matters. It also allows the minority rights. Indian secularism gives citizens to profess and practice any religion of their choice. It is a personal matter of the citizen. Secularism does not mean to be irreligious or to be anti-religious or to oppose the religion. It supports all the religion. ,

Question 10.
On what grounds the Indian secularism is criticized? Are they justified?
Answer:
Indian secularism is criticized in different quarters on the following grounds:-

1. It is said to be anti-religious.
2. It is considered as an imitation of western secularism.
3. It is said to be based on minorities.
4. It is called interventionist because it allows interference in religious matters.
5. It is based on vote bank politics.
6. It is criticized for being impracticable.

A careful study of Indian secularism concludes that all the above charges are far from reality and are not justified for being based on a poor understanding of Indian secularism.

Question 11.
Explain the constitutional position of Indian secularism.
Answer:
India is a secular state. The nature of Indian secularism is based on the doctrine of Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru about secularism. Following is the constitutional position of Indian features

• In the Preamble of the Indian Constitution, the word secular is given which declares India as a secular state.
• Art. 25 of the Indian Constitution states:
  a. Every one will be free to profess and propagate any religion or not to have any religion.
  b. There, will not be a state religion.
• Art. 26. Every religious community has to right to have educational institutions for the propagation of their religion.
• Art. 27. Amount inverted on the religious matters cannot be taxed.
• Art. 28. No religious education can be given in the educational institutions which are run by the state.
• The state can interfere to manage religious affairs.

Question 12.
What is the ultimate objective of Secularism?
Answer:
Secularism which prevailed in different forms in different parts of the world has broader objectives. It seeks to realize a secular society that is free from all forms of domination in inter and inter-religious communities. It seeks to promote freedom within religions and equality between, as well as within religions. All these goals of secularism can be realized only in a state which is secular, democratic, and free from intolerance, fundamentalism, and fanaticism. There should be a relation among the communities based on mutual understanding and a sense of togetherness. There should not be any religious discrimination.

Question 13.
Differentiate between the Indian view of secularism and the western view of secularism.
Answer:
In the following areas, both views differ from each other. However, they have one similarity that there should not be a state religion in a secular state.

Question 14.
What makes Indian secularism distinctive?
Answer:
It is a fact that Indian secularism is based on high philosophy. Its following features make it distinctive

1. It arose in the context of deep religious diversity.
2. It is influenced by western modern ideas and nationalism.
3. India had a culture of inter-religious tolerance for a very long time.
4. Impact of western modernity and values neglected and marginalized values of equality which helped in replacing the notion of hierarchy.
5. It is a mixture of Indian religious diversity and the ideas of the west which resulted in the removal of intra-religious and inter-religious dominations.

Question 15.
How far do you agree with the criticism of Indian secularism that it is based on Minoriticism or is pseudo-secularism?
Answer:
A very serious charge against Indian secularism is that it is pseudo-secularism. It is based on minorities i.e. the appeasement of minorities keeping in view the vote banks of minorities. India seems to be divided between genuine secularists and pseudo-secularists. It is true that Indian secularism advocates and supports minority rights but not for any special reason.

India is a plural society where people of different dialects, languages, and religions live together. In this situation some are in majority’ and some are in minority. In this situation, there may be fear of inter religions and intra-religious domination and exploitation. India is a democratic country therefore for the purpose of infusing confidence and a sense of belongingness, minority rights are given. But they are not given any special or privileged position. Therefore the charge of pseudo-secularism is not correct. Indian secularism aims to build a society based on harmonious relations between the majority groups and minorities.

Question 16.
Do you agree that the Indian view of Secularism is interventionist?
Answer:
Although separation of state and religion is the main characteristic of Indian secularism it does not emphasize the complete separation rather it advocates support to all religions. It also allows interference in religious affairs and the management of religious activities. But this interference is positive and not negative. India secularism allows interference for reforms and to establish equality and justice and remove the inter and inter-religious group’s domination and exploitation. Therefore if it is interventions, it is for good reasons.

Secularism Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the main features of Western View and Indian View of Secularism critically.
Answer:
It is said that Indian secularism is originated from the west, therefore it has certain similarities with the western view of secularism but it is also very much different from the western view in a number of ways.

Western view of secularism:
Followings are certain features of the western view of secularism:

1. Complete separation of state and religion.
2. The state and religion will not interfere in each other’s affairs. Both have their respective jurisdiction.
3. No religious classification can be the basis of any public policy.
4. The state cannot aid any religious institutions.
5. Its conception of equality and liberty is an individualist manner.
6. There is no scope for minority rights.

The Indian view of secularism:
Followings are the main features of the Indian view of secularism:-

1. The separation between religion and states but support to all the religions.
2. Indian secularism allows positive interference in the matter of religious affairs and management of regions’ activities.
3. A state can aid religious institutions.
4. A state can give financial assistance to educational institutions run by the states.
5. Its conception of equality and liberty is community-based.
6. It allows minority rights.

Indian secularism is criticized on the following bases:-

1. Anti-religious
2. Western origin
3. Minorities
4. Interventionist
5. Based on vote bank politics
6. Impracticable.

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Nationalism. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Important Extra Questions Nationalism

Nationalism Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by Ration?
Answer:
The nation is a territory or a state which is organised on the basis of nationality. A nationality is a group of people of common history, traditional culture, language, dialects, future aspirations and geography. In the nation, people are more patriotic and nationalists. They are emotionally and psychologically linked together with the national glory, national honour and national cause. The nation is not just a group of people. It is more cohesive organisation and is different from all other human groupings.

Question 2.
What is Nationalism?
Answer:
Nationalism is a feeling for the commitment and sacrifice among the people. It is the feeling which attaches the people for the national honour, national glory, national cause, national interests. The feeling of nationalism subordinates the individual and regional interests to the national interests. Nationalism is a creed which is generated in the number of circumstances. Nationalism has a deep impact on the structure of the world. Decolonisation is the result of nationalism developed in Asian and African states which led to the emergence of newly independent nations in Asia and Africa.

Question 3.
Write the impact of Nationalism in the world.
Answer:
Nationalism is the result of a number of negative and positive factors in different parts of the world which have mainly following impacts.

1. The emergence of the nation-state.
2. The disintegration of empires.
3. Development of democracy.
4. Social and religions integration of society.

Question 4.
Write some factors of rising of nationalism.
Answer:
There are a number of circumstances/factors which give rise to the feeling of nationalism

1. Common culture.
2. Emotional attachment for territory.
3. Common future aspiration.
4. Common history.
5. The threat to national integration.
6. The glorification of the national flag, national symbols and national songs and past glory and achievements.

Question 5.
What are the main elements of the Nation?
Answer:
Followings are some important elements or we can say the assumption of Nation which is not only a piece of land or group of people, it is something more than that.

1. The common belief of the people living on that land.
2. All the people share a common history to which they glorify.
3. Territory to which people are emotionally and spiritually attached.
4. A common culture which includes their traditions, faith, festivals, dress pattern and habitations.
5. Group of people.

Question 6.
Mention some factors responsible for the rise of Indian nationalism.
Answer:
India has been the victim of British colonialism which ultimately came to end in 1947. India fought a national war for independence and national movements, which was the result of Indian nationalism which was evoked through following main factors

1. Impact of socio, religious and educational reforms.
2. Impact of a British education.
3. Impact of science and technological development.
4. Impact of the press and other means of communication.
5. Dedicated and enlighted leadership.
6. Excess of the British government.
7. Injustice and exploitation of Indians.

Question 7.
What do you understand by national self-determination?
Answer:
The theory national self-determination was given by former President of USA, W. Wilson after the end of First World War and in the wake of the emergence of new states as a result of the disintegration of Europe. This theory says that every nationality should have the right of law. administration and government of their choice which reflect their interests, ethos, culture and future aspirations for their fuller development. It says that every social group should have the right to govern themselves and determine their future development.

Question 8.
Write the utility of right of National self-determination.
Answer:
Right of self-determination means every nationality or social group should have the right to determine the law and government and mode of governance of their choice. It has the following merits

1. It will ensure the fuller development of the social group.
2. It is more democratic.
3. It is more natural.
4. It will promote social integration.
5. It will strengthen national unity.

Question 9.
What are the negative features of National self-determination theory?
Answer:
Whereas the right of national self-determination has many positive features, it has some negative features also. Some of the negative features are as under:-

1. It leads to parochialism.
2. There is no end to this of right.
3. It leads to mutual hatred and social disharmony.
4. It leads to national disintegration.
5. It is harmful for federation.

Question 10.
Write the impact of the theory of National self-Determination.
Answer:
This theory of National self-determination was propounded by former President of USA during the First World War. In the post First World War period this theory had a profound impact in raising the number of nation-states in different parts of the world. The Right to National Self-determination has also evoked national liberation movements in Asia and Africa against colonial domination. Many countries achieved independence and emerged as nation-states on the map of the world. Socio-cultural and political unity among different nationality was the consequence of this theory’ of National Self-determination.

Question 11.
Discuss the demand for nation among nations as a consequence of the right of self-determination.
Answer:
In most of the states of the world, society is plural i.e. diverse i.e. people of different nationalities. It is also a fact that today every state in the world faces the dilemma of dealing with the movements who are raising the demand of either an autonomous state or separate nation-state on the basis of their right of self-determination. It is also being realised that a solution does not lie in accepting all such demands. After all, there has to be the same check on this right.

Question 12.
What do you mean by pluralism?
Answer:
Pluralism means living together of social groups of a different culture, religion, dialect, language and geographies as a nation. Pluralism stands for a diverse society. Today all the nation-states have diverse society i.e. plural society living together with regional aspirations and national objectives.

Question 13.
How the feeling of nationalism and pluralism are reconciled in today’s modern nation-states?
Answer:
Today most of the nation-states have a plural society which has different cultures and communities which survive and flourish within the boundary of Nation-states. It is in pursuit of this goal of reconciliation most of the democratic states have started to take the measures for recognizing and protecting the identity of cultural minority communities living within the territory of a nation-state. This reconciliation had become necessary for the state as a nation and also for the minorities living in the territory of that state.

Question 14.
What provisions Indian Constitution has for the protection of identity and rights of the minorities?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution has an elaborate set of provisions for the protection of religious, linguistic and cultural minorities. Indian Constitution has provided for a secular state which is given in Art 25 of the Constitution that every person will be free in a matter of religion and state will neither protect any religion nor it will become a hindrance of any religion. The state will not have its religion. Art. 29 and Art. 30 provides for the protection of minorities by giving them the right to maintain their cultural identities and to run educational institutions for the promotion of their culture and identity.

Question 15.
What rights should be given to the minority social and cultural groups?
Answer:
Most of the social and cultural groups have been given Constitutional rights which includes the protection of language and religion of minority groups. Minority communities have also the right to representation as a group in legislative bodies and other state institutions. They are also given equal treatment and protection of the law for the cultural identity of such group.

Nationalism Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by Nationalism? Explain the history of the development of Nationalism in different countries.
Answer:
Nationalism is a very powerful force or feeling which unite the people of the nation to the glorious history, dignity, interests and objectives of the Nation-state. It is a feeling which subordinates the individual and regional feelings and interests to the national feelings and national interests. It is generated among the people of our nationality.

Nationalism has been the result of many factors and developments in the field of science technology, press, education and other means of communication. Nationalism has passed through many phases in the 19th century. It was developed in Europe which lead to the unification of Italy and Germany and the number of small kingdoms into larger nation-states. A large number of new states were also founded in Latin America. In 20th Century number of national movements were started as a result of nationalism which resulted in a number of newly independent states.

Question 2.
Explain the meaning and attributes of Nation.
Answer:
Nations are the states which are organised on the basis of nationality i.e. social groups of common identity. We can define the nations as the states constituted by a group of people who share common descent, language, religion or ethnicity. There may be some exception because there are many states who do not have a common language. In such Nations, there is a number of nationalities which live in the same territory. Canada is such an example which has English speaking persons as well as French-speaking people. India also has a large number of social and cultural groups which have a common political identity and living in the territory of India.

Question 3.
Explain some important elements of Nations.
Answer:
The nation is a community which is held together by the collective beliefs, aspirations and imaginations of its members. It is based on certain assumptions which unite the people as a whole with which they identify themselves. The main assumptions are as under

1. Common beliefs:- Nation is a group of people who share common beliefs, collective identity and vision for the future to have an independent political existence.
2. History:- The people of a nation share common history i.e. the past record of happiness and sufferings, wars and peace and victory and defeat.
3. Territory:- Nation is a group of people who occupy a piece of land with which people have an emotional and spiritual attachment.
4. Future aspirations.
5. Common culture.

Question 4.
What were the main factors which were responsible for the rise of Indian Nationalism?
Answer:
Rise of Indian nationalism led to the war of independence and starting of a national movement for the independence which ultimately got success in 1947. Following were the main factors responsible for Indian Nationalism:-

1. Injustice and unequal treatment and exploitations of Indians.
2. Development of science, technology and means of communication.
3. The spread of education and development of Press.
4. Role of social and religious reforms movements.
5. Rise of the middle class.
6. Impact of international events.
7. Impact of English literature.
8. Role of nationalist leaders.

Question 5.
Discuss India as a Nation.
Answer:
About India, it is said that India is not a country, it is a continent. It means it is a nation of the nations. All these ethics about the nature of Indian states are attributed because India is a plural society in which people of different caste, colour, race, regions, religions, faith and beliefs reside within the territory of India. All these nationalities have their political and cultural identity and all have contributed during the struggle for national independence. They are well-recognised identity. They have full support for the national song, national festivals, national celebrations and national Constitution, which has given all the rights and protection to all the minorities. All the part and parcel of national ethos and objectives. India has unity in diversity. Therefore we can say that India as a political unity is a unique nation. From Kashmir to Kanyakumari, people are linked together with the feeling of Indianness.

Question 6.
Mention the contribution of social reformers in the rise of Indian nationalism.
Answer:
Although there are a number of factors which have contributed to the rise of Indian nationalism the contribution of these following social reformers is unique:-

• Raja Ram Mohan Rai:- He was a social reformer of liberal thinking. He wanted to build Indian society on the edifice of British culture. He started Brahma Samaj.
• Swami Dayanand:- Swami Dayanand started Arya Samaj. He wanted to build Indian on the edifice of Indian culture.
• Swami Vivekanand:- He wanted to build the character of Indians particularly of youth.

Question 7.
Discuss how the territory acts as an important attribute of Nation and nationalism?
Answer:
The territory is one of the most important and effective attributes of the nation. It acts as a deep source of patriotism and nationalism. Sharing a common past and living together on particular territory over a long period of times creates a sense of common identity and collectivity. They start to imagine themselves as one. Territory i.e. the land which they occupy and live upon has a special significance for them. It is not just a piece of land. They attach emotional and spiritual significance to that part of the land. They call it Maa or motherland for which they guard and become ready to sacrifice anything for it. For example, Jewish people, in spite of being dispersed for a long time in different parts of the world, still claim that their original homeland is in Palestine. Indian have special significance for its rivers like Ganga, Saraswati etc, mountains and regions of the Indian subcontinent.

Question 8.
How nationalism poses a threat to democracy?
Answer:
Nationalism is a positive and desirable rather natural feeling with attaching the people with the national objective and nation’s glorious past. But nationalism is negative and harmful when it assumes extreme form i.e. chauvinism. Most societies are culturally diverse where people have different languages and religions living together in the same territory. To impose religious or linguistic identity in the name of nationalism will certainly be the violation of the principle of equal treatment and liberty for all and it will also be the negation of democracy. Therefore the democracies need to emphasize and expect loyalty to a set of values incorporated in the Consitution rather than adherence to a particular religion, race and language.

Question 9.
What is the theory of National Self-determination?
Answer:
The theory of self-determination means the right to social and cultural groups to govern themselves and determine their future development. It is also right of the political community to be governed by the law which reflects their social-economic, political and cultural interests and aspirations. This theory was propounded by the former President; of USA, W. Wilson at the end of First World War.

As a result of this theory, a number of nation-states emerged in Europe after the disintegration of big empires and reorganisation of the boundaries of the states. The nation of one culture, one state began to gain acceptability at the time. The Treaty of Versailles established a number of small newly independent states. In making the claim of the right of self-determination, the nation seeks recognition and acceptance by the international community of its status as a distinct political entity.

Question 10.
Discuss the impact of self-determination theory on the colonialism.
Answer:
As after the end of First World War and as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, Europe saw the reorganisation of states and emergence of new nation-states. Similarly, after the end of Second World War in 1945, the process of Decolonialism started with the reorganisation of the world and creation of new world order under UN supervision who had accepted the theory of self-determination. Asa result of the breakdown of empiricism and colonialism large number of independent new states emerged oh the map of the world in Asia and Africa and Latin American countries. National movements had started as the impact of the theory of self-determinations.

Question 11.
Discuss the limitation of the theory of self-determination.
Answer:
Most of the national movements were inspired by the theory of self-determination which gave the right to choose law and administration of their choice in which they found the reflection of their culture, ethos, aspirations and interests. Such national movements brought the end of colonialism and helped in the creation of a large number of new nation-states.

Most of the national movements were inspired by the goal of bringing justice rights and prosperity to the nation. But it became virtually impossible to ensure that each cultural group could achieve political independence and statehood Thus paradoxical situation developed when those countries refused to accept the demand of minorities, who themselves had received their own statehood on the right of self¬determination. In fact, this right cannot be absolute. It has to be accepted in relativity.

Question 12.
What rights are given to minorities in the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
Indian society is a plural society with people of different colour, region, language, geographies and religion are living together as a political community. To ensure the development of the minorities, Constitution makers had given certain Fundamental Rights to the people of minorities. All the people have the right to have a choice of religion, culture, language and region. Right of choice in the matter of religion is given in Chapter III of the Indian Constitution.

Similarly in Art 23 Right of Equality is given by Right of Expression. Every minority has the right to build and maintain their educational institutions and to get the aid of government on the basis of their consent of the state.

Question 13.
Discuss the factors responsible for the rise of Indian nationalism.
Answer:
There is a large number of factors which have contributed to the rise of Indian nationalism which ultimately brought the end of colonialism and India’s independence as a sovereign state. Some of the factors are as under:-

1. Excess of British administration.
2. Role of social reformers like Swami Dayanand, Swami Vivekanand and Raja Ram Mohan Rai.
3. The spread of Education.
4. Respect of British Literature.
5. Development of Press.
6. Development of science and technology and means of communication.
7. Impact of world events.
8. Glorification of histoiy.

Question 14.
Discuss Indian has unity in diversity.
Answer:
It is rightly said about India that India has unity in diversity. Indian society is a plural society which means it has diverse society having people of different caste, colour, regions, climate, traditions, culture and geographies but are linked together with the feeling of oneness which is generated with a common history and common future aspirations. This kind of feeling has helped immensely in generating nationalism which led to the organising national movement against British colonialism and ultimately got independence. Still, India is plural, secular and democratic, people and are linked together with the feeling of oneness on account of nationalism and patriotism. Therefore it is right that India has unity in diversity.

Question 15.
Discuss the negative impact of the right of self-determination.
Answer:
Whereas the right of self-determination has a number of positive features but it has created a number of problems also for the political communities in the matter of state organisation on the basis of the right of self-determination of different nationalities living together on a particular territory. It is also true that people had to suffer a lot for reordering boundaries in the way that culturally distinct communities could form separate nation-states.

It is not possible to ensure that the newly created states have only one ethenic community or the people of one nationality. In every nation-state, there is a number of sub-nationalities who in the course of time start to nurse their grievances and start to demand a separate state on the basis of the right of self-determination. Therefore this right of self-determination poses danger for national integration.

Question 16.
Discuss the merit of Right of Self-determination.
Answer:
The theory of the right of self-determination is given by the former President of USA, W. Wilson, thus this theory became very popular and accepted in most of the parts of the world. This has a number of positive features. Some of these positive features are as under:-

1. This is more democratic.
2. This is more natural.
3. Thisismorehumonistic.
4. This promotes national integration.
5. This checks the centralisation of powers.
6. This promotes social and cultural integration.
7. This promotes the development of the political community.

Nationalism Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What is Nationalism? Discuss various factors of rising of nationalism in India. How it has affected the world structure?
Answer:
Nationalism is generally considered as the love and dedication for one’s nation which is organised on the basis of common nationality i.e. common history, common culture, common future aspirations and common geography. Nationalism is in fact a feeling which attaches a person to the national, cause, national interests and nationalism objectives. This is the feeling which makes the national interests more important than the personal and regional interest.

Nationalism leads to patriotism which makes men emotional about the nation. It leads to a number of agitations and movements against the nation’s exploitation and political subjugation.

Nationalism has been resulting in the number of factors which has inspired to start movements in different parts of the world to change the structure of the world. India has been one such country who witnessed the rise of nationalism and national movement as its impact.

Following are some important factors of rising of Indian Nationalism:-

1. The exploitation of Indians in the hands of British administration.
2. The spread of education and means of communication.
3. Role of social and religious reformers.
4. Impact of world events.
5. Dedicated and visionary leadership.
6. Role of the middle and intellectual class.

As a result of nationalism number of the national movement for national independence started in Asia, Africa and Latin American countries which changed the map of the world as the number of new nation-states appeared on the map of the world.

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Citizenship. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Important Extra Questions Citizenship

Citizenship Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship implies full and equal members of a political community. The theories given by different liberal political thinkers suggest that citizenship should be universal. This means that every member of the community should be given citizenship. It also means that every person irrespective of his caste, color, sex, and status should be considered worthy of giving rights and duties. In fact, citizenship is a qualification that makes a man worthy of getting the rights and discharging of duties and responsibilities.

Question 2.
Mention some essential characteristics of citizenship.
Answer:

• Citizenship is membership of the political community.
• Citizenship is a qualification.
• Citizenship is based on equality and freedom.
• Citizenship involves rights and facilities.
• Citizenship also involves duties and obligations.
• Citizenship creates trust and confidence among the members of the community.
• The contents and idea is expanding as per the democratic development.

Question 3.
How did citizenship explain the relationship between the citizens and the state?
Answer:
Citizenship is not concerned with the technical relationship between the states and the people, it has a number of aspects-like legal aspect, political aspect, socio-economic aspect, moral aspect, and psychological aspects also. It is also citizen to citizen rather people to people relationship and involves certain duties and obligations of citizens for the states and also for themselves. Citizens are also considered inherits and trustees of the culture and natural resources of the country.

Question 4.
Explain the idea of fall and equal membership.
Answer:
The concept of full and equal membership means that all citizens rich or poor should be guaranteed certain basic rights and a minimum standard of living by the state. In the wake of the right of movement people of different strata and different occupations move from one place to another, from one region to another region in search of better job opportunities make the combination of insider and outsider population which likely creates the feeling of hardness and conflict.

To check it the idea of full equal membership can be very useful which will give equal opportunities and status to all.

Question 5.
Explain the T. H. Marshall view of citizenship.
Answer:
T.H. Marshall a British sociologist has given a new dimension to the definition of citizenship. He defines citizenship as a “Status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. All who possess the status are equal with respect to the rights and duties with – which the status is endowed.”Equality is the key concept of the idea of citizenship as given by T.H. Marshall. Marshall sees citizenship in terms of three rights i.e. civil rights, political rights, and social rights who are necessary for a citizen to lead a dignified life.

Question 6.
Explain civil, political, and social rights that are considered necessary for the dignified life of a man.
Answer:
T. H. Marshall considered civil rights, political rights, and social rights as very necessary for a man to lead a dignified life. The contents and essential elements of these rights are as under –

• Civil rights protect the individual’s life, liberty, and property.
• Political rights enable the individual to participate in the process of governance
• Social rights give the individual access to education and employment.

Question 7.
What is the importance of citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship is a decoration, it is trust, it is recognition of one’s ability and capacities and on that basis, it is respectable involvement of the people in collective affairs of the society and political community. It ensures the integration of the various hierarchic socio-economic groups of the society. Thus it helps in building the harmonious relations of the community. Citizenship is not merely a legal concept. It is also closely related to the ideal concepts of equality and rights. It helps the people in leading a dignified life.

Question 8.
How the equal rights can be ensured?
Answer:
The provision of equal rights is considered an essential feature for the accomplishment of citizenship. However to ensure equal rights and opportunities for all citizens cannot be a simple matter and easy for any government because different people and different social and occupational groups may have different needs and different demands. Moreover, equal rights for citizens do not mean that uniform policies have to be adopted for all the people of different sections of the society. The different needs and claims of people should have to be taken into account while framing the policies, because for all the citizens the rights are to accepted in relativity, of course not in totality.

Question 9.
Discuss the verdict of the Supreme Court regarding the rights of slum dwellers.
Answer:
In response to a Public Interest Litigation filed by a social activist OlgaTellis against Bombay Municipal Corporation in 1985, the Supreme Court of India accepted the right to live on pavements or in slums because there was no alternative accommodation available close to their work. If they are forced to move from there, they would lose their livelihood. The Supreme Court concluded that Art. 21 of the Indian Constitution which deals with the right to life also includes the right to livelihood.

Question 10.
Explain the expanding meaning of citizenship.
Answer:
The idea of citizens adds citizenship has been under the evolution and expansion with the development and evolution of the society and states. In small city-states are the members of the village were the responsible citizens of the state or we should say political community with the expansion of the state in size, population and activities citizenship, became selective on a number of bases in different societies. With the emergence of democratic sovereign states, the idea of citizenship assumed a number of dimensions. Mow citizenship is not merely a legal concept it involves social, economic, moral as well as psychological aspects. Now citizenship is considered for more and more people on the basis of equality of status and rights.

Question 11.
Explain the idea of citizenship in Nation-states.
Answer:
Modem Nation-states are evolved and organized on the basis of common nationality i.e. common identity of history, race, culture, traditions, and geography which produce political identity with common political objectives and aspirations. The national identity of a democratic state is supposed to provide citizens with a political identity that can be shared by all the members of the state. This makes it easier for the state to extend citizenship to a maximum number of people of the state. In a democratic and secular state like India, citizenship is inclusive.

Question 12.
What is apartheid? Discuss its impact on citizenship.
Answer:
Apartheid means racial discrimination that prevailed in South Africa. The black people of South Africa became the victim of apartheid (racial discrimination) on the basis of which they were denied equal and full citizenship.

Question 13.
Discuss the criterion of citizenship in India.
Answer:
The criterion for granting citizenship to new applicants vary from country to country. India itself is a democratic, secular state with a diverse society with different religions, regions, and cultures.

The Indian Constitution attempted to accommodate every section of this diverse society. It has attempted to give full and equal citizenship to such sections as scheduled castes and women who earlier did not join equal rights and the people of remote areas who had little contact with modem civilization. In India citizenship can be acquired by birth, descent, registration, and naturalization.

Question 14.
Discuss the problem of stateless people.
Answer:
People in the world get displaced due to wars, famine, or other natural calamities. Several states refuse to accept them due to their personal reasons and state policies and they are not in a position to return to their homes. They become stateless and refugees. They may be forced to live in refugee camps. They cannot legally work and educate their children or acquire the property. The problem of stateless people is an important one and confronting the world community.

Question 15.
Discuss the idea of Global citizenship.
Answer:
Today, with new means of communication such as the internet, television, and cell phones and with the increasing interdependence of states on each other and also with the promotion of internationalism, the world is shrinking to a global village. In such a scenario, the national boundaries are diluted. People’s approach has become global and humane. We have now become more international. In such a situation, the idea of global citizenship is gaining ground with wide support.

Citizenship Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Discuss the concept and need for citizenship.
Answer:
A person who is a member of a political community and enjoys certain rights from the society and political community and he/she discharges his duties for the community faithfully is called as the citizen. The characteristic or the qualification which makes a person eligible to perform the duties and enjoy certain rights from society is known as citizenship. Citizenship has been defined as full and equal members of a political community. In the present day world, all states provide a collective political identity to their members as well as rights and duties.

The need for citizenship has become more strong in the contemporary aware and complex world. It is citizenship that provides the opportunity to the people to ensure their fuller development and to lead a decent and dignified life. Without the citizenship, people remain stateless and has to lead the life of refugees.

Question 2.
Discuss the importance of citizenship.
Answer:
As we know that citizenship ensures rights and duties to the citizens enabling them to lead a respectable and dignified life. Citizenship provides rights of varying importance. The nature of rights given to the citizens may vary from state to state and society to society. In most democratic states political rights like the right to vote, civil rights like the freedom of speech or belief, socio-economic rights like rights to a minimum wage, or the right of education are given. Equality of rights and states is one of the basic rights of citizenship. It is citizenship that integrates society on the basis of equality.

Question 3.
Discuss the development of the nation of citizenship.
Answer:
The development of the concept of citizenship has been corresponding to the development of state and state. The development of democracy and level of awareness has brought structural and functional changes in the relations between man to man and man to state. Increased mobility in the society has helped in building a new relationship among the people which gave new meaning to the concept of citizenship. More and more people have come into the periphery of the state. Now the citizenship is no more limited to certain sections of society. It is more and more involvement of the people of all sections of the society in the affairs of state in a responsible way. Today citizenship is considered as full and equal members of a political community.

States provide a collective political identity to their members as well as certain rights which gives the citizens dignity and respectability.

Question 4.
Discuss the struggle for citizenship in different parts of the world.
Answer:
Human society has witnessed a long struggle against the domination of colonial, imperialist exploitation. In such systems vast section of the society had been denied, Inequalities and discrimination was the order of that society. With the passage of time, people become intolerant of the inequalities and injustices. Struggles for equal states and participation in the affairs of the state started in different parts of the world. French Revolution, Russian Revolution, and Chinese, Revolution are examples of this trend. In Asia, Africa, and Latin countries nationalistic movements started against the colonial rules which prevailed there. In South Africa, the black African population started ‘ against the apartheid policy of the white government for equality and, justice.

Question 5.
How does citizenship explain the relationship between the people and the states?
Answer:
Citizenship is the characteristics; it is a qualification that enables a person to get involved in affairs with rights, dignity, and obligation. Therefore citizenship provides equal and full membership of the state or the political community. It is definitely the characteristics that determine the relationship between man and the state.

Citizenship is definitely more than the technical and legal relationship between the states and the people, it is also about citizen-citizen relations and involves certain obligations of citizens to each other and to the society. Citizenship is not concerned just about the legal obligations of man towards the state but also has moral obligations also for the state people and society. It provides the opportunity to share the common experiences of each other which generate a sense of togetherness.

Question 6.
Discuss the freedom of movement.
Answer:
One of the important rights which has become very important in recent years is the right of movement. This is freedom of the citizens from one place to another in search of occupation and to settle there adopting a particular occupation. This right has become particularly useful for the laborer and people of special fields who tend to migrate from one place to another. Some people may even travel outside the country in search of jobs. Markets for skilled and unskilled workers have developed in different parts of the country. IT workers have more opportunities in towns like Bangalore, nurses from Kerela are found working all over the country. Indian Constitution has given the right of movement in different parts of the world.

Question 7.
Do you think full and equal membership means equal rights?
Answer:
Citizenship is considered as full and equal membership means equal rights for every member of the political community. Through citizenship, full and equal membership is given to everyone who is worthy of it and it ensures that all the people irrespective of their socio¬economic status, should be guaranteed certain basic rights and a minimum standard of living.

But the situation seems to be different. All the members of the politicians do not enjoy equal status. There are people who are involved in petty jobs like hawkers, plumbers, mechanics and masons, etc. who live in slum-like conditions in different urban and rural areas and do not get equal rights. Their living conditions are horrible and they are seen with contempt by other people. Although they do the useful service to the society and contribute significantly to the economy of the state.

Question 8.
Explain the concept of citizenship as explained by T.H. Marshall.
Answer:
T.H. Marshall a great British sociologist gave a new orientation to the meaning of citizenship and defined it a status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. All who possess the status are equal with respect to the rights and duties with which the status is endowed. The key idea of T.H. Marshall’s concept of citizenship is that of equality. He considered citizenship as leveling process breaking the hierarchic inequalities. In fact, T.H. Marshall defined the idea of citizenship in modem liberal state give due regards to human personality and to promote the people’s participation in the affairs of state.

Question 9.
Discuss two essential features of citizenship as discussed by T.H. Marshall.
Answer:
As said earlier, that T.H. Marshall considered equality as the essential elements of the concept of citizenship which means two things which are as under:-

1. It should improve the quality of rights and duties given to the people.
2. It should improve the number of people upon whom these duties and rights are given.

Through his concept of citizenship, T.H. Marshall seeks to remove the inequalities which exist in the different social classes. In this way through his idea of citizenship, he wants to establish an equalitarian and integrated society in which all the people are given respectable status and all the citizens exercise their rights and duties in a responsible way.

Question 10.
Which rights are considered most important by T.H. Marshall in his idea of citizenship?
Answer:
T.H. Marshall emphasized three rights in his idea of citizenship which is as under

1. Civil Rights
2. Political Rights
3. Social Rights.

1. Civil Rights:- Civil rights provide the citizen’s rights of equality and liberty and right of expression.

2. Political Rishts:-Political rights enable people to participate in the process of governance, and also the right to vote, the right to be elected, and the right of forming an association.

3. Social Rights:- Social rights give individuals opportunities for education and, employment to earn their livelihood.

Question 11.
Explain the idea of equal rights of citizens in the state.
Answer:
As discussed above the condition of equal rights for all citizens is necessary to condition for the idea of citizenship as discussed by T.H. Marshall and accepted by most of the academicians for a liberal modem democratic state. When we talk of equal rights, they should not be – understood in an absolute sense. In society, there are people of a different class, economic groups, income groups, and occupational groups who may need different socio-economic conditions and facilities, and wages.

We cannot equalize these unequal groups. That does not mean the negation of citizenship. It is, therefore, the rights should be accepted in the relative sense. Equal rights for citizens need not mean that uniform policies have to be applied to all the people since different groups of having different needs. It is therefore for providing equal rights as per the needs of the people the government should frame the policies keeping ‘ in view the needs of the people which are bound to be different as per their different occupations and backgrounds.

Question 12.
Define the concept of Nation.
Answer:
A state formed on the basis of nationality is called a Nation. Nationality can be defined as a group of people of the same race, history, culture, geography with the same future aspirations. When the people of the same nationality are organized, it is called a Nation-State.

In fact, the concept of the nation-state is evolved in the modem period. Nation-states claim that their boundaries define not just territory but also a unique culture and shared history. The national identity of a democratic state is supposed to provide citizens with a political identity that can be shared by all the members of the society and state.

Question 13.
Discuss the criterion of providing citizenship in India.
Answer:
As citizenship seeks to bring all the sections of the society together and contribute to the affairs of the state as per their capabilities and capacities. The Indian Constitution has also accommodated all sections of the society in providing full and equal citizenship. Traditionally backward and discarded sections of the society like scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, women, and the people of remote areas also have been given full and equal citizenship. Indian Constitution has also provided equal rights to all without forcing the people to give their personal beliefs, languages, and cultural practices.

Indian Constitution adopted an essentially democratic and inclusive notion of citizenship. In India, citizenship can be acquired by birth, descent registration, naturalization, or inclusion of territory. The rights and obligations of the citizens are given in the Constitution.

Question 14.
Define the concept of Universal Citizenship.
Answer:
The philosophy behind the need for citizenship is that full and equal members of a state should be available to all those, who ordinarily live and work in the country as well as to those who apply; for citizenship. In the wake of increasing international most of the support the idea of universal and inclusive citizenship, at the same time each country also fixes the criterion for the grant of citizenship which makes them part of their Constitution and written laws, keeping unwanted visitors out.

Question 15.
Discuss the problem of statelessness in the world.
Answer:
In spite of the increasingly adopted liberal approach by the nation-states in giving full and equal citizenship to people of different sections n of the society and also to them, who enter the states from other states due to different reasons, there is a problem of statelessness, which the world community is facing. Borders of the states are still being redefined by war as political disputes. In such political disputes, the people have to face severe consequences. In such uncertainties, people lose their homes, their security, and political identities and are forced to migrate.

In hard laws of the concerned states, the affected people become stateless and are forced to lead the miserable life of tents in search of their own state, home, and political identity. There is a large number of such 1 stateless people living in different parts of the world. Many of these people remain stateless for many years and for generations.

Question 16.
What is Global citizenship? Is it feasible?
Answer:
New means of communication such as the internet, mobile phones, and satellite systems and also due to increasing interdependence, of states in different areas have brought major changes in the structure of – the world. In fact, the world has shrunken to a global village. The people of the world have developed a global vision breaking the barriers of regions and national boundaries. In this scenario, the idea of global citizenship is giving momentum and acceptance at a wider level. This means people should be allowed to move internationally with some kind of permission in the form of global citizenship. Supporters of global citizenship argue that although a world community and global society does not yet exist, people already feel linked to each other across national boundaries.

Citizenship Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What is the meaning of citizenship? What are its need and significance? Explain it with reference to the views of T. H. Marshall.
Answer:
Citizenship is the characteristics or qualification that makes a person of a political community worthy of getting rights and doing his/ her duties in that political community. Citizenship ensures the active and positive participation of the people of all classes in national affairs. In this way, citizenship implies full and equal members of a political community. In the contemporary world, states provide a collective political identity to their members as well as certain rights.

The precise nature of the rights granted as a result of citizenship may vary from state to state but most of the democratic and liberal and secular states grant civil, political, and social rights to all sections of the society as a result of the provision of citizenship. It will be wrong to understood citizenship as the relationship between the people and state. It is also a relationship between citizen to citizen involving certain obligations of citizens to each other and to the society. Therefore the idea of citizenship is useful for both i.e. for states\society and the people.

Citizenship is not only a legal concept, it is closely related to the notions of equality and rights. Great British sociologist, T.H. Marshall has defined citizenship as “a status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. AJTwtio possesses the status are equal with respect to the rights and duties with which the status is endowed.” According to the-Trier Marshall, citizenship is useful because it ensures equality by removing the diverse effects of the class hierarchy. It thus helps in the creation of an equalitarian and integrated society.