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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 5 Pastoralists in the Modern World

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 5 Pastoralists in the Modern World. Free PDF download of NCERT solutions for Class 9 Social Science (India and the Contemporary World – I) Chapter 5 – Pastoralists in the Modern World. All questions are explained by the expert Social Science teacher and as per NCERT (CBSE) guidelines.

Question 1.
Explain why nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another. What are the advantages to the environment of this continuous movement?
Answer:
Nomadic tribes have to move from place to place to earn their living and to find pastures for their animals. All of them had to adjust to seasonal changes and make effective use of available pastures in different places. When the pasture was exhausted or unusable in one place, they moved their herds and flocks to new areas.
This continuous movement was advantageous to their environment.

1. The pastoral movements allowed time for the natural restoration of vegetation growth.
2. The flocks manured the fields.

Question 2.
Discuss why the colonial government in India brought in the following laws. In each case, explain how the laws changed the lives of pastoralists- Waste Land Rules, Forest Acts, Criminal Tribes Act, Grazing Tax.
Answer:
Waste Land Rules: To colonial officials all uncultivated land was unproductive, it produced neither revenue nor agricultural produce. It was considered as a wasteland, which had to be brought under the plough. Wasteland rules were enacted in the mid-19th century in many parts of the country. By these rules uncultivated land was taken over and given to select individuals. In most places, the land taken over was the grazing tracts used by the pastoralists. So the expansion of cultivation meant less pastures for the animals.

Forest Acts: In the mid-19th century various Forest Acts were enacted in different provinces. Through these Acts forests were divided into Reserved Forests and Protected Forests. The pastoralists had no access to the Reserved Forests. In the Protected Forests, some grazing rights were given to the pastoralists but their movement was restricted. The colonial officals believed that grazing destroyed the saplings and flocks munched away the shoots.

The Forest Acts changed the lives of the pastoralists. They were prevented from entering many forests, that had earlier provided good pastures. The pastoralists now needed a permit for entry. It specified the period during which they could stay in the forest. If they overstayed, they were fined. They had to leave the forest, even when forage was available.

Criminal Tribes Act 1871: The colonial government wanted to rule over a settled population. They wanted them to live in fixed places, with fixed rights on particular fields. Such a population could be ruled easily. Settled population was seen as peace loving and law abiding. The colonial people were suspicious of nomadic and pastoral tribes, who moved from place to place and hawkeld their goods. They had no fixed place of residence and moved every season to find pasture for the animals.

In 1871, the colonial government passed the Criminal Tribes Act. According to this Act many communities of pastoralists, craftsmen and traders were classified as Criminal Tribes. These communities had to live only in notified village settlements. They were not allowed to move out without a permit. The police kept a continuous watch on these people.

Grazing Tax: The aim of the colonial government was to collect as much revenue as possible, so tax was imposed on land, water, salt, trade goods and animals. By 1880, each pastoralist was given a pass. Each cattle herder had to pay tax for each cattle head. The amount paid was entered on the pass.

Question 3.
Give reasons to explain why the Maasai community lost their grazing lands.
Answer:
The Maasai community lost their grazing lands because:

1. Before colonial times, Maasailand stretched over vast area from north Kenya to the steppes of northern Tanzania. In the late 19th century, the European powers scrambled for territorial possessions in Africa. Africa was soon divided between the European powers. In 1885, Maasailand was cut into half with an international boundary between British Kenya and German Tanganyika. The best grazing lands were gradually taken over for White settlement. The Maasai remained in a small area. The Maasai lost 60 per cent of their pre-colonial lands. They were pushed to arid land with little rainfall and poor pastures.
2. From the late 19th century, British colonial government in east Africa encouraged the peasants to expand cultivation. As a result pasturelands were converted into cultivated lands.
3. Large areas of grazing maasailand was converted into game reserves like Maasai Mara and Samburu National Park in Kenya and Serengeti Park in Tanzania. Pastoratists could not enter the reserves, they could neither graze their animals nor hunt animals.

Question 4.
There are similarities in the way in which the modern world forced changes in the lives of pastoral communities in India and East Africa. Write about any two examples of changes which were similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders.
Answer:
The problems faced by the Indian pastoralist due to the enforcement of the Wasteland Rules was similar to the problem faced by the Maasai community in Africa. The British Colonial government in East Africa encouraged the local peasant communities to expand cultivation. Pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields and the Maasai community lost its grazing fields. Similarly, under the Wasteland Rules, pastoral land was taken from the pastoralists and given to a local individuals who in turn brought the land under cultivation. The Maasais and the Indian pastoralists lost their grazing grounds.

Yet another problem faced by the Maasais and the Indian pastoralists was the restriction that was imposed on them by the colonist. The Indian Forest Acts, restricted the Indian pastoralist from entering the reserved forests which were rich in pasture. Similarly, the colonist in East Africa converted grazing land into Game Reserves. The pastoralists were not allowed to enter these Reserves. The pastoral communities in India and East Africa had to endure many hardships as the demands of the modern world grew increasingly.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 6 Peasants and Farmers

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 6 Peasants and Farmers. Free PDF download of NCERT solutions for Class 9 Social Science (India and the Contemporary World – I) Chapter 6 Peasants and Farmers. All questions are explained by the expert Social Science teacher and as per NCERT (CBSE) guidelines.

Question 1.
Explain briefly what the open field system meant to rural people in eighteenth-century England.
Look at the system from the point of view of:
(a) A rich farmer:
Ans. The open-field system was not beneficial to the rich farmer because he could not have exclusive control of the commons. He could not expand his area under cultivation beyond the strips which were allocated at the beginning of the year.

(b) A labourer:
Ans. This system was beneficial to labourer because it provided additional sources of livelihood. The labourer could hunt rabbits and catch fish for getting some nutritious food. The commons provided some source of livelihood during off-seasons when farm work was not available. They pastured their cows and grazed their sheep.

(c) A peasant woman:
Ans. For a peasant woman, the commons provided ample space for collecting firewood, fruits, and berries.

Question 2.
Explain briefly the factors which led to the enclosures in England.
Answer:
Individual landlords usually created the early enclosures. The state or the church did not support them. After the mid-eighteenth century, however, the enclosure movement swept through the countryside, changing the English landscape forever. Between 1750 and 1850, 6 million acres of land was enclosed. The British Parliament no longer watched this process from a distance. It passed 4,000 acts legalising these enclosures. The new enclosures were different from the old. Unlike the sixteenth-century enclosures that promoted sheep farming, the land being enclosed in the late eighteenth century was for grain production. The new enclosures were happening in a different context; they became a sign of a changing time.

Question 3.
Why were threshing machines opposed by the poor in England?
Answer:
Threshing machines reduced the need for manual labour. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, many soldiers who came back to villages could not find jobs because of threshing machines. For them, the threshing machine was a symbol of joblessness and hence they opposed the threshing machines.

Question 4.
Who was Captain Swing? What did the name symbolise or represent?
Answer:
Captain Swing was a mythical person. During the riots, the letters seeking to destroy threshing machines and farmhouses left by the rioters-carried the signature of Captain Swing. The name symbolised the protest of the poor against the rich farmers and against the new technology.

Question 5.
What was the impact of the westward expansion of settlers in the USA?
Answer:
By the early twentieth century, this landscape had transformed radically. White Americans had moved westward and established control up to the west coast, displacing local tribes and carving out the entire landscape into different agricultural belts. The USA had come to dominate the world market in agricultural produce. The story of agrarian expansion is closely connected to the westward movement of the white settlers who took over the land.

After the American War of Independence from 1775 to 1783 and the formation of the United States of America, the white Americans began to move westward. By the time Thomas Jefferson became President of the USA in 1800, over 700,000 white settlers had moved on to the Appalachian plateau through the passes. Seen from the east coast, America seemed to be a land of promise. Its wilderness could be turned into cultivated fields.

Question 6.
What were the advantages and disadvantages of the use of mechanical harvesting machines in the USA?
Answer:
Advantages and Disadvantages
For the big farmers of the Great Plains, the mechanical harvesting machines had many attractions. The prices of wheat were high and the demand seemed limitless. The new machines allowed these big farmers to rapidly clear large tracts, break up the soil, remove the grass and prepare the ground for cultivation. The work could be done quickly and with a minimal number of hands. With power-driven machinery, four men could plough, seed, and harvest 2,000 to 4,000 acres of wheat in a season.

For the poorer farmers, machines brought misery. Many of them bought these machines, imagining that wheat prices would remain high and profits would flow in. If they had no money, the banks offered loans. Those who borrowed found it difficult to pay back their debts. Many of them deserted their farms and looked for jobs elsewhere. But jobs were difficult to find.

Mechanisation had reduced the need for labor. And the boom of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries seemed to have come to an end by the mid- the 1920s. After that, most farmers faced trouble. Production had expanded so rapidly during the war and post-war years that there was a large surplus. Unsold stocks piled up, storehouses overflowed with grain, and vast amounts of corn and wheat were turned into animal feed. Wheat prices fell and export markets collapsed. This created the grounds for the Great Agrarian Depression of the 1930s that ruined wheat farmers everywhere.

Question 7.
What lessons can we draw from the conversion of the countryside in the USA from a bread basket to a dust bowl?
Answer:
The conversion of the US countryside from a bread basket to a dust bowl teaches the importance of conservation of the ecosystem. Human development cannot take place at the cost of the natural environment. We need to respect nature and maintain its form in every possible way.

Question 8.
Write a paragraph on why the British insisted on farmers growing opium in India.
Answer:
The British were heavily dependent on China for tea imports. Since the Chinese authority did not allow foreign goods, so the British had to pay for tea in silver and billions. This had the potential danger of empting off the treasure of Britain. Opium was sought to be the commodity that could be easily smuggled into China. Profits from opium trade could thus be utilised to finance the tea imports. Therefore, the British insisted on farmers in India to grow opium.

Question 9.
Why were Indian farmers reluctant to grow opium?
Answer:
The Indian farmers were reluctant to grow opium, as they wanted to produce opium at a cheap rate and sell it at a high price to opium agents in Calcutta, who then shipped it to China. This difference between the buying and selling price was the government’s opium revenue. The prices given to the peasants were so low that by the early eighteenth century angry peasants began agitating for higher prices and refused to take advances. In regions around Benaras, cultivators began giving up opium cultivation. They produced sugarcane and potatoes instead. Many cultivators sold off their crop to traveling traders (pykars) who offered higher prices.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Climate

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Climate.

Question 1.
Choose the correct answer from the four alternatives given below.

(i) Which one of the following places receives the highest rainfall in the world?
(a) Silchar
(b) Mawsynram
(c) Cherrapunji
(d) Guwahati
Ans:
(b) Mawsynram

(ii) The wind blowing in the northern plains in summers is known as:
(a) Kaal Baisakhi
(b) Loo
(c) TVade Winds
(d) None of the above
Ans:
(b) Loo

(iii) Which one of the following causes rainfall during winters in north-western part of India,
(a) Cyclonic depression
(b) Retreating monsoon
(c) Western disturbances
(d) Southwest monsoon
Ans:
(c) Western disturbances

(iv) Monsoon arrives in India approximately in:
(a) Early May
(b) Early July
(c) Early June
(d) Early August
Ans:
(c) Early June

(v) Which one of the following characterises the cold weather season in India?
(a) Warm days and warm nights
(b) Warm days and cold nights
(c) Cool days and cold nights
(d) Cold days and warm nights
Ans:
(c) Cool days and cold nights

Question 2.
Answer the following questions briefly.

(i) What are the factors affecting the climate of India?
Ans:
The factors controlling the climate of India are:

• Latitude
• Altitude
• Pressure and winds (jet streams)
• Distance from the sea
• Relief or mountains

(ii) Why does India have a monsoon type of climate?
Ans:
India has a monsoon type of climate because of the strong influence of the monsoon winds over the sub-continent. The summer monsoons cause heavy rainfall when they blow from sea to land. The winter monsoon winds blow from the interior of the continent to the sea and do not cause much rain. There is a seasonal reversal of the wind system ‘monsoon’.

(iii) Which part of India does experience the highest diurnal range of temperature and why?
Ans:
The Thar desert experiences the highest diurnal range of temperature. This is because during the day the temperature rises to over 50°C, and at night due to the absence of the sun and lack vegetation the temperature drops to below 15°C the same night.

(iv) Which winds account for rainfall along the Malabar Coast?
Ans:
Arabian Sea Branch of the South West summer Monsoons.

(v) What are jet streams and how do they affect the climate of India?
Ans:
Jet streams are a narrow belt of high altitude (above 12,000 m) westerly winds in the troposphere. Their speed varies from about 110 km/h in summer to about 184 km/h in winter. A number of jet streams exist but the most constant are the mid-latitude and the sub-tropical jet stream. The jet streams located over 27°-30° north latitudes are known as subtropical westerly jet streams. These jet streams blow south of the Himalayas throughout the year except in summer. These are responsible for the western cyclonic disturbances experienced in the north and north western parts of the country. These jet streams move north of the Himalayas with the apparent migration of the sun.
During the summers at about 14°N, an easterly jet stream called the subtropical easterly jet stream blows over peninsular India.

(vi) Define monsoons. What do you understand by “break” in monsoon?
Ans:
The word monsoon has been derived from the Arabic word ‘mausim’ which means season. In this season the winds blow from land to sea for 6 months and from sea to land for 6 months. The break in the monsoon rainfall refers to the dry spells when the monsoon rain takes place
only for a few days at a time. These breaks are related to the movement of the monsoon trough. When the axis of the monsoon trough lies over the plains, then the rainfall is heavier there. When the trough moves towards the Himalayas, the plains are dry but there is heavy rainfall occur over the mountains.

(vii) Why is the monsoon considered a unifying bond?
Ans:
The subcontinent of India has a great variation in temperature conditions, despite the moderating influence created by other factors. The monsoons have a unifying influence as the rainfall that is caused affects the entire country. Water is thus supplied for agricultural activities as well as to the rivers for use all over the country. The monsoons thus bind the entire continent, where all wait eagerly for their arrival.

Question 3.
Why does the rainfall decrease from the east to the west in Northern India?
Answer:
The low-pressure area in India lies in the northwest, towards which the South West Monsoon winds are attracted. After depositing moisture in south India, the Bay of Bengal branch of the South West Monsoons strikes the Khasi – Garo Hills. After causing heavy rainfall on the windward slopes, these winds turn westwards because of the presence of the lofty Himalayas. These winds then keep depositing rainfall they go up the Ganga valley towards the low-pressure area. The rainfall deposited thus keeps on decreasing as the winds proceed from east to west in Northern India, as this is the last region to be affected by the monsoons.

Question 4.
Give reasons as to why:

(i) Seasonal reversal of wind direction takes place over the Indian subcontinent?
Ans:
Land and water are of different densities, so the rate of heating and cooling varies. The Indian subcontinent is surrounded by water on three sides. In summer the land mass of India is warmer than the surrounding sea, therefore there is low pressure. The sea is cooler, thereby having higher pressure. So the winds blow from sea to land.
In winter the land has high pressure while the sea has low pressure. Therefore, the winds blow towards the sea. Thus a seasonal reversal of wind direction takes place.

(ii) The bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over a few months.
Ans:
In India the bulk of the rainfall is concentrated over a few months. The main source of rainfall is the monsoon wind which blows when there is intense low pressure on the land. The surrounding waterbody is cool and has high pressure. This ideal temperature and pressure is caused in May, when the rain falls between June – September and it becomes cooler (high pressure). Rest of the year is practically dry.

(iii) The Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall winds.
Ans:
During the winter season the Tamil Nadu coast receives rain from the north east Monsoon which blow from land to sea. They do not cause any rain in the northern part of the country. But while crossing the Bay of Bengal they pick up moisture-and cause rain on the eastern coat of south India, mainly the Tamil Nadu coast.

(iv) The delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones.
Ans:
The delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones as the low pressure conditions over north western India get transferred to the Bay the Bengal by early November. This shift is responsible for the occurrence of cyclonic depressions which originate over the Andaman sea. These then cross the eastern coast causing heavy widespread rain leading to great damage to life and property.

(v) Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone.
Ans:
Relief/Mountains play an important role in the distribution of rainfall in India. The moisture laden winds (South West Monsoons) cause heavy rain on the windward slopes of the Western Ghats and Khasi-Garo hills. As the winds cross over to the leeward slopes, there is less rainfall as most of it has been deposited on the slope facing the winds. All the area on the leeward side is deprived of rain and is drought prone. Rajasthan also lies in the rain shadow of the Aravalli hills.

Question 5.
Describe the regional variations in the climatic conditions of India with the help of suitable examples.
Answer:
There is a great regional variation in the climatic conditions of India (mainly temperature and rainfall). In summer, the temperature rises above 50°C in some parts of Rajasthan while in Jammu and Kashmir it is about 20°C. The temperature in Drass during winters goes down to even minus 45°C while at Thiruvananthapuram it is 22°C.
The precipitation varies from over 400 cm in Meghalaya to less than 10 cm in Ladakh and western Rajasthan. While the precipitation in most of India is in the form of rain, the mountains experience snowfall. The larger part of the country receives rain between June to September. Parts of Tamil Nadu receive rain between November and December. Coastal regions have a moderate climate whereas areas in the interior have an extreme or continental climate.

Question 6.
Discuss the mechanism of monsoons.
Answer:
The following facts are important to understand the mechanism of the monsoons.

• The difference in the heating and cooling rate of land and water bodies. In summer there is low pressure on the land and high pressure in the sea.
• The shift of the position of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone in summer over the Northern Plains (its normal position is about 5°N of the Equator).
• The presence of the high-pressure area, east of Madagascar, affects the Indian Monsoons.
• The intense heating of the Tibetan plateau in summer causing low pressure.
• The movement of the westerly and easterly jet stream over the Indian peninsular during summer.

Question 7.
Give an account of weather conditions and characteristics of the cold season.
Answer:
During the cold season, the skies are clear, temperatures and humidity are low and the winds are feeble and variable.
The temperature is higher in the south due to the moderating influence of the sea but decreases as one goes northwards where it ranges between 10° and 15° Celsius. Frost is common in the north and there is snowfall in the higher slopes of the Himalayas. Winds blow from land to sea and are dry except when they pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and cause rainfall in Tamil Nadu.

A characteristic feature of the cold weather season is the low-pressure system which enters northwest India from the Mediterranean Sea. These are also known as the temperate or westerly depression cyclones and cause winter rain and snowfall in the hills/mountains. This rain is beneficial for the growth of ‘Rabi’ crops.

Question 8.
Give the characteristics and effects of the monsoon rainfall in India.
Answer:
The monsoon rain has certain characteristics which make it unique.
(a) Monsoon winds are unreliable, as the exact time of arrival and departure is not the same year after year.
(b) The rainfall is unevenly distributed. Certain areas receive heavy rainfall (windward slopes of the Western Ghats) while in other areas the rainfall is less (Thar Desert), causing floods and droughts.
(c) The monsoon rain is concentrated within the three months (June – September) of the year while the rest of the year is more or less dry.
(d) There is a seasonal reversal of winds.
The monsoon rains are important in India and its effect can be seen when they arrive. All over the country people eagerly wait for its arrival. The farmers are ready to sow their seeds and the agricultural activities begin. Water is provided to the rivers which carry it to different parts of the country. Plants and animals rejuvenate with the coming of the monsoons. The supply of water through rivers is very important for the generation of power.

Map Skills

Question 9.
On an outline map of India, show the following.
(i) Areas receiving rainfall over 400 cm.
(ii) Areas receiving less than 20 cm of rainfall.
(iii) The direction of the South-West Monsoon over India.
Answer:

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 1 The French Revolution

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 1 The French Revolution. Free PDF download of NCERT solutions for Class 9 Social Science (India and the Contemporary World – I) Chapter 1 – The French Revolution. All questions are explained by the expert Social Science teacher and as per NCERT (CBSE) guidelines.

Question 1.
Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France?
Answer:
The following circumstances led to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France:

1. Louis XVI was an autocratic ruler who could not compromise with his luxurious life. He also lacked farsightedness.
2. When he ascended the throne the royal treasury was empty. Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. Added to this was the cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles.
3. Under Louis XVI France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from Britain the war added more than a billion lives to a dept credit, now began to charge 10% interest on loans. So the French government was obliged to spend an increasing percentage of its budget on interest payments alone.
4. The state finally increased taxes to meet its regular expenses such as the cost of maintaining an army, running government offices and universities.
5. The French society was divided into three estates but only members of the first two estates i.e,, the clergy and the nobles were exempted to pay taxes. They belonged to the privileged classes. Thus the burden of financing activities of the state through taxes was borne by the third estate only.
6. The middle class that emerged in the 18th century France was educated and enlightened. They refuted the theory of divine rights of the kings and absolute monarchy. They believed that a person’s social position must depend on his merit. They had access to the various ideas of equality and freedom proposed by philosophers like John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu etc. Their ideas got popularised among the common mass as a result of intensive discussions and debates in saloons and coffee houses and through books and newspapers.
7. The French administration was extremely corrupt. It did not give weightage to the French Common man.
   The state finally increased taxes to meet its regular expenses such as the cost of maintaining an army, running government offices and universities.

Question 2.
Which groups of French society benefited from the revolution? Which groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution?
Answer:

1. The wealthy class of the third estate which came to be known as the new middle class of France benefited the most from the revolution. This group comprised of big businessmen, petty officers, lawyers, teachers, doctors and traders. Previously, these people had to pay state taxes and they did not enjoy equal status. But after the revolution they began to be treated equally with the upper sections of the society.
2. With the abolition of feudal system of obligation and taxes, the clergy and the nobility came on the same level with the middle class. They were forced to give up their privileges. Their executive powers were also taken away from them.
3. The poorer sections of the society, i.e. small peasants, landless labourers, servants, daily wage earners would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution. Women also would have been highly discontented.

Question 3.
Describe the legacy of the French Revolution for the peoples of the world during the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries.
Answer:
The French Revolution proved to be the most important event in the history of the world.

1. The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution. These ideas became an umpiring force for the political movements in the world in the 19th and 20th centuries.
2. The ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity spread from France to the rest of Europe, where feudal system was finally abolished.
3. Colonised people reworked on the idea of freedom from bondage into their movements to Create a sovereign nation state.
4. The idea of Nationalism that emerged after the French Revolution started becoming mass movements all over the world. Now people began to question the absolute power.
5. The impact of the French Revolution would be seen in India too. Tipu Sultan and Raja Rammohan Roy got deeply influenced by the ideas of the revolution. In the end, we can say that after the French Revolution people all over the world became aware of their rights.

Question 4.
Draw up a list of democratic rights we enjoy today whose origins could be traced to the French Revolution.
Answer:
Some of the democratic rights which we enjoy today can be traced to the French Revolution are as follows:

1. Right to equality including equality before law, prohibition of discrimination and equality of opportunity in matters of employment.
2. Right to freedom of speech and expression including right to practice any profession or occupation.
3. Right against exploitation.
4. Right to life.
5. Right to vote.

Question 5.
Would you agree with the view that the message of universal rights was beset with contradictions? Explain.
Answer:

1. The message of universal rights was definitely beset with contradictions. Many ideals of the “Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen” were not at all clear. They had dubious meanings.
2. The French Revolution could not bring economic equality and it is the fact that unless there is economic equality, real equality cannot be received at any sphere. The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen laid stress on equality but large section of the society was denied to it. The right to vote and elect their representatives did not solve the poor man’s problem.
3. Women were still regarded as passive citizens. They did not have any political rights such as right to vote and hold political offices like men. Hence, their struggle for equal political rights continued.
4. France continued to hold and expand colonies. Thus, its image as a liberator could not last for a long time.
5. Slavery existed in France till the first half of the 19th century.

Question 6.
How would you explain the rise of Napoleon?
Answer:

1. The political instability of the Directory paved the way for the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon had achieved glorious victories in wars. This made France realise that only a military dictator like Napoleon would restore a stable government.
2. In 1804, he crowned himself the emperor of France. He set out to conquer neighbouring European countries, dispossessing dynasties and creating kingdoms where he placed members of his family. Napoleon viewed himself as a moderniser of Europe.
3. He introduced many laws such as the protection of private property and a uniform system of weight and measures provided by the decimal system. But his rise to power did not last for a long time. He was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 3 Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 3 Nazism and the Rise of Hitler. Free PDF download of NCERT solutions for Class 9 Social Science (India and the Contemporary World – I) Chapter 3 – Nazism and the Rise of Hitler. All questions are explained by the expert Social Science teacher and as per NCERT (CBSE) guidelines.

Question 1.
Describe the problems faced by the Weimar Republic.
Answer:
After the defeat of Imperial Germany, the Weimar Republic came into existence. The Republic had a democratic constitution and a federal structure. The Republic was not well received by the people.

The Weimar Republic faced many problems on all fronts- economic, social, and political. It was held responsible for the defeat in the First World War. The Republic had to pay war compensation and this put the Republic in deep financial crisis. Germany had fought the war largely on loans and had to pay war reparations in gold. Subsequently, gold reserves depleted and the value of the German Mark fell. The prices of essential commodities rose dramatically.

The Weimar Republic faced problems on the political front also. The constitution had many defects. The constitution gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspend civil rights, and rule by decree.

The Weimar Republic had 20 different cabinets within a short span of time. Soon people lost confidence in the democratic parliamentary system.

Question 2.
Discuss why Nazism became popular in Germany by 1930.
Answer:
Nazism became popular in Germany by 1930 in the following manner.

1. The crisis in the economy, politics and society led to the rise of Hitler. He joined the German Workers’ party in 1919 and took its organisation. He renamed it the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. It came to be known as the Nazi Party.
2. Nazism became a mass movement during the Great Depression. After 1929 banks closed, workers lost their jobs and the middle class was threatened with poverty. Nazi propaganda gave hope of a better future. By 1932, the Nazi Party became the largest party in the Reichstag with 37 percent votes.
3. Hitler was a powerful speaker. He could draw the attention of the people. He promised to build Germany into a strong nation, wipe out the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles and restore the dignity of the Germans. He promised employment and better future for the youth.
4. He understood the importance of show-biz. Massive rallies were held where he addressed the SA and SS columns. Public meetings were held to show support for Hitler and instill unity among the people.
   The red banners with the Swastika, Nazi salute, the ritualised round of applause were part of all meetings. Hitler was projected as a saviour, who would end all misery and restore the dignity of Germany and the German people.

Question 3.
What are the peculiar features of Nazi thinking?
Answer:
Nazi ideologies were

• There is no equality among people.
• The Nordic German Aryans were the best race.
• the Jews were considered the lowest rate.
• Nazism believed in the survival of the fittest.
• New territories had to be captured to enhance the motherland.
• New territories would enhance natural resources and make Germany a powerful nation.
• When the Nazi Party came to power it began to implement these ideologies.

Question 4.
Explain why Nazi propaganda was effective in creating a hatred for Jews.
Answer:

1. Jews remained the worst enemy in Nazi Germany. Hitler’s hatred for the Jews was based on the pseudoscientific theory that conversion was no solution for the Jews. They had to be exterminated. Form 1933 to 1938, they were segregated, from 1939 to 1945 they were place in certain areas and finally they were killed in gas chambers of Poland e.g. Auschwitz.
2. Media was used to popularise Nazi thinking. Their ideas were popularised through films, radio, posters, caricatures, slogans and leaflets. The most notorious film made on the Jews was The Eternal Jew.
3. Jews were shown with flowing beard and wearing kaftans. They were referred to as vermin, rats and pests. Nazism workedon the thinking of the people and turned their anger and hatred towards the ‘undesirables’.
4. One of the posters, showed a Jew sitting on a big bag of money. The caption read, ‘Money is the God of the Jews. In order to earn money, he can commit the greatest crime’.

Question 5.
Explain what role women had in Nazi society. Return to Chapter 1 on the French Revolution. Write a paragraph comparing and contrasting the role of women in the two periods.
Answer:
In Nazi, Germany women were considered to be different from men. The Nazis did not believe in equal rights for men and women. They felt that equal rights would destroy society. Young women were told to become good mothers, look after the home and rear pure-blooded Aryan children. Women who deviated from the prescribed code of conduct were severely punished.

In direct contrast to the women in Nazi Germany, women in France asserted themselves during the French revolution. Numerous women’s clubs were formed. Women demanded equal rights as men. The government introduced laws to improve the lives of women. Education was made compulsory for girls. Unlike Nazi women who were confined to their homes, the French women were given the freedom to work and run businesses. The French women also won the right to vote which was denied to their Nazi counterparts.

Question 6.
In what ways did the Nazi state seek to establish total control over its people?
Answer:
Adolph Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933. He passed many laws to gain total control over his people. The Fire Decree was passed on 28^th February 1933.

• the Decree abolished freedom of speech, press, and assembly Concentration Camps were set up and the Communists were sent there.

The Enabling Act was passed on 3^rd March 1933.

• All other political parties were banned.
• Nazi Party took complete control of the economy, media, army, and judiciary.
• Hitler became a Dictator

Special Surveillance and Security forces were formed to control the people. The Police, the Storm Troopers, the Gestapo, the SS, and the Security Service were given extraordinary powers to control and order the society in ways the Nazis wanted. The police forces acquired powers to rule with impunity and soon the Nazi State established total control over its people.

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