Prasanna

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 8 Geography Chapter 5 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 5 SST Industries will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Industries Class 8 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 5

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 5 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. The change of raw materials into products of more value for the people is done by secondary activities or manufacturing for example, conversion of a tree into pulp and pulp that has changed into paper and paper changed into notebooks.

2. The finished product has more value and utility than the raw material that it is made from because at each stage value is added to them during the manufacturing process.

3. Industry is referred to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provisions of services.

4. Industries are classified on the basis of:

• Raw material: Depending on the types of raw material used by the industry the industries may be agro-based, mineral-based, forest-based and marine-based.
• Agro-based: Industries that use plant and animal-based products as their raw materials.
• Minerals based: Industries that are primary and use mineral ores as their raw materials. The product of these industries feed other industries.
• Marine based: Industries which use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials.
• Forest-based: Industries that utilise forest produce as raw materials.

5. Size: It refers to the amount of capital involved invested, number of people employed and the volume of production.

• Based on size, industries can be classified as small scale and large scale industries.

6. Ownership: Industries can be classified into:

• Private-sector industries: owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
• Public sector industries: These are owned and operated by the government.
• Joint sector industries: These are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals.
• Cooperative sector industries: These are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.

7. The factors that affect the location of the industries are the availability of raw material, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport and market.

8. Industrialisation often leads to the development and growth of towns and cities.

9. An industrial system contains of inputs, processes and outputs.

10. Industrial region is a location where a number of industries locate close to each other and share benefits of their closeness.

11. Information technology is an emerging industry and the major hubs of this industry are the Silicon Valley of central California and Bengaluru, India.

12. Iron and Steel industry also comprises various inputs, processes and outputs. It is a feeder industry whose products are used as raw material for other industries. The process of conversion of Iron ore into steel involves many stages.

13. Steel is often known as the backbone of modern industry as almost everything used today is either made of iron or steel or has been made with tools and machinery of these metals.

14. The location of the iron and steel industry was where the raw materials, power supply and running water were easily available. This was the scenario before 1800 A.D. but the later ideal location for the industry was near coal fields and close to canals and railways. After 1950, iron and steel industry began to be lo­cated on large areas of flat land near sea ports. This is because the steel works had become very large and iron ore had to be imported from overseas.

15. India has developed the iron and steel industry taking the advantage of raw materials, cheap labour, transport and market. All steel-producing centres are situated in a region that spreads over four states.

16. The important steel-producing centre in India and World are:

Jamshedpur:

• Before Independence i.e. 1947 there was only one iron and steel plant in the country TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited) that was privately owned, but the government took the initiative of setting up several iron and steel plants.
• TISCO was started in 1907 at Sakchi later renamed as Jamshedpur. Geographically, Jamshedpur is the most conveniently situated iron and steel centre in the country.
• The development of the iron and steel industry had opened the doors to rapid industrial develop­ment in India.

17. Pittsburgh: An important steel city of the USA. The industry there enjoys the locational advantages. Pittsburgh is also one of the world’s best routes for shipping iron ore cheaply—the famous Great Lakes waterway. The Pittsburgh area has many factories other than steel mills.

18. Weaving clothes from yam is an ancient art.

19. Textile industries are divided on the basis of raw material used in them.

20. The cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries in the world. Till the industrial revolution in the 18th century, cotton cloth was made using hand-spinning techniques (wheels) and looms.

21. India has a glorious tradition of producing excellent quality cotton textiles.

22. The first successful mechanized textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.

23. The first mill was established in 1859 in Gujarat (Ahmedabad). Ahmedabad had soon become the second-largest textile city of India after Mumbai.

24. Ahmedabad is situated very close to cotton growing area assuring easy availability of raw material.

25. Osaka is an important textile centre of Japan also known as the ‘Manchester of Japan’.

26. The information technology (I.T.) industry deals in the storage, processing and distribution of information.

27. The factors guiding the location of these industries are mainly resource availability, cost and infrastructure. The major hubs of IT industry are the Silicon Valley, California, and India.

• Bengaluru is located on the Deccan Plateau from where it gets it name ‘Silicon Plateau’.
• Silicon Valley, is a part of Santa Clara Valley, located next to the Rocky Mountains of North America.

28. There are also emerging information technology hubs in metropolitan centres of India such as Mumbai, New Delhi, Hyderabad and Chennai.

29. Bengaluru has always had a unique advantage as a city with the highest availability of middle and top management talent.

Industries Class 8 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Industry: Refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provision of services.

Industrial Disaster: In industries, accident/ disasters mainly occur due to technical failure or irresponsible handling of hazardous material and destruction caused by all this is termed as Industrial Disaster.

Smelting: It is the process in which metals are extracted from their ores by heating beyond the melting point.

Textile: It is derived from the Latin word texere which means to weave.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 4 SST Agriculture will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Agriculture Class 8 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 4

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. The transformation from a plant to a finished product involves three types of economic activities.

• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary.

2. Primary activities include all those connected with extraction and production of natural resources.

3. Secondary activities are concerned with the processing of these resources.

4. Tertiary activities provide support to the primary and secondary sectors through services. Their examples are:

• Primary activities: Agriculture, fishing and gathering.
• Secondary activities: Manufacturing of steel, baking of bread and weaving of cloth, etc.
• Tertiary activities: Transport, trade, banking, insurance and advertising, etc.

5. Agriculture is a primary activity as it includes growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestock.

6. 50% of persons engaged in agricultural activity in world and in India, two-thirds of population is still dependant on it.

7. Favourable topography of soil and climate are vital for agricultural activity.

8. The land on which the crops are grown is known as arable land.

9. Agriculture or farming can be looked at as a system and the important inputs are seeds, fertilisers, machinery and labour. Some of the operations involved are ploughing, sowing, irrigation, weeding and harvesting. The outputs from the system include crops, wool, dairy and poultry products.

10. Farming can be classified into two main categories. These are subsistence farming and commercial farming.

11. Subsistence Farming

• This type of farming is practised in order to meet the needs of the farmer’s family.
• Traditionally, low levels of technology and household labour are used to produce on small output.

12. There are further two divisions of subsistence farming:

13. Intensive farming

• This includes the farmer who cultivates on a small plot of land using simple tools and more labour.

14. Primitive farming

• This includes shifting cultivation and nomadic herding.

15. Shifting cultivation: It is practised in the thickly forested area. These areas are the areas of heavy rainfall and quick regeneration of vegetation. A plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them. After the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot. Shifting cultivation is also known as ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.

16. Nomadic herding: It is practised in the semi-arid and arid regions. In this type of farming, herdsmen move from place to place with their animals for fodder and water, along defined routes. This type of movement arises in response to climatic constraints and terrain.

17. Commercial farming is the type of farming in which crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in market. In this farming crops are grown for commercial purpose.

18. Mixed farming is in which the land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing livestock.

19. Plantations are a type of commercial farming where single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton are grown with the help of large labour and capital. Development of transportation network is very much essential for this type of farming.

20. A large variety of crops that are grown for fulfilling the requirement of the growing population are termed as major crops. These crops also supply raw material for Agro based industries.

21. Major food crops are

Rice:

• Major food crop of the world.
• Staple diet of the tropical and sub-tropical regions.
• Needs high temperature, humidity and rainfall.
• China leads in the production of rice followed by India.

22. Wheat: requires moderate temperature and rainfall during the growing season and bright sunshine at the time of harvest. It thrives best in well-drained loamy soil.

• In India it is grown in winter.

23. Millets: They are also known as coarse grains.

• They can be grown on less fertile and sandy soils.
• Hardy crop that needs low rainfall and high to moderate temperature and adequate rainfall.
• Jowar, Bajra and Ragi are grown in India.

27. Maize: Requires moderate temperature, rainfall and lot of sunshine.

28. Cotton: It requires high temperature, light rainfall, two hundred and ten frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth.

• It grows best on black and alluvial soils.
• It is one of the main raw materials for the cotton textile industry.

29. Jute: It is also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’.

• Requires high temperature and heavy rainfall and humid climate.
• The crop is grown in the tropical areas.

30. Coffee: It requires warm and wet climate.

• Hill slopes are more suitable for the growth of this crop.
• Brazil is the leading producer.

31. Tea: This is a beverage crop grown on plantations.

• Requires cool climate and well-distributed high rainfall throughout the year for the growth of its tender leaves.
• Labour in large is required for the purpose of picking the leaves.

32. Agricultural development can be defined as the efforts made in order to increase the farm production for meeting the growing demand of increasing population.

33. The ultimate aim of agricultural development is to increase food security.

34. Developing countries used to practise intensive agriculture where the crops are grown on smallholdings mostly for subsistence.

35. Due to lack of storage facilities farmers are forced to sell the produce even when the market is not favourable to them. Government has taken several steps to develop storage facilities.

36. Compared to that of Indian farming the farmers of the developed countries like the USA works same as a businessman works in order to earn profit on a large scale using a large land.

Agriculture Class 8 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Agriculture: Derived from Latin words in which ager or agri means soil and culture means cultivation. It is the science and art of cultivation of the soil, raisin crops and rearing livestock. It is also called farming.

Sericulture: commercial rearing of silkworms.

Pisciculture: Breeding of fish in specially constructed tanks and ponds.

Viticulture: Cultivation of grapes.

Horticulture: Growing vegetables, flowers and fruits for commercial use.

Mixed farming: The land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing livestock.

Organic farming: It is the type of farming in which organic manure and natural pesticides are used instead of chemicals. No genetic modification is done to increase the yield of the crop.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 3 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 SST Mineral and Power Resources will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Mineral and Power Resources Class 8 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 3

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 3 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Rocks on this earth have several materials mixed in term that are called minerals and minerals are scattered throughout the earth’s rocky crust.

2. Mineral is a naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition.

3. Minerals are formed in different types of geological environments under varying conditions created by natural processes without any human interference.

4. Mineral can be identified on the basis of the physical properties such as colour, density, hardness and chemical property such as solubility.

5. There are over three thousand different minerals and they are classified on the basis of composition and are classified mainly as metallic and non-metallic minerals.

6. Metallic Minerals

• Contain metal in raw form.
• Metals are the hard substances that conduct heat and electricity and have characteristics lustre or shine.
• Metallic minerals may be ferrous or non-ferrous.

7. Ferrous Minerals

• Like iron ore, manganese and chromites contains iron.

8. Non-ferrous Minerals

• Does not contain iron.
• May contain other metals such as gold, silver, copper or lead.

9. Non-metallic Minerals

• Do not contain metals.
• Limestone, mica and gypsum are examples of such minerals.
• The mineral fuels like coal and petroleum are also non-metallic minerals.
• Minerals can be extracted by mining, drilling or quarrying.

10. Mining are of two types:

• Open-cast mining
• Shaft mining

11. Mining is the process of taking out minerals from rocks buried under the earth’s surface.

12. Open-cast mining is when minerals that lie at shallow depths are taken out by removing the surface layer and deep bores called shafts have to be made to reach mineral deposits that lie at great depths and this process is called shaft mining.

13. Drilling is when petroleum and natural gases occur far below the earth’s surface are taken out by deep bored wells.

14. Quarrying is the process in which minerals that lie near the surface are simply dug out.

15. Minerals occur in different types of rocks and these are found in igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and some occur in sedimentary rocks.

16. Asia

• China and India have large iron ore deposits and the continent produces more than half of the world’s tin.
• Asia also has deposits of manganese, bauxite, nickel, zinc and copper.

17. Europe

• Leading producer of iron ore in the world.
• Minerals deposits of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel are found in eastern Europe and European Russia.

18. North America

• The mineral deposits in North America are located in three zones:
•  the Canadian region north of the Great Lakes.
• the Appalachian region.
• the mountain ranges of the west.

19. Western Cordilleras have vast deposits of copper, lead, zinc, gold and silver.

20. South America

• Brazil is the largest producer of high-grade iron ore in the world.
• Chile and Peru are leading producers of copper.
• Brazil and Bolivia are among the world’s largest producers of tin.
• South America also has large deposits of gold silver, zinc, chromium, manganese, bauxite, mica, platinum, asbestos and diamond.

21. Africa

• Rich in mineral resources.
• World’s largest producer of diamonds, gold and platinum.
• South Africa, Zimbabwe and Zaire produce a large portion of the world’s gold.
• Oil is found in Nigeria, Libya and Angola.

22. Australia

• Largest producer of bauxite in the world.
• Leading producer of gold, diamond, iron ore, tin and nickel.
• Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie areas of western Australia have the largest deposits of gold.

23. Antarctica

• Geology of Antarctica is sufficiently well known to predict the existence of variety of mineral deposits, some probably large.
• Significant size of deposits of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains and iron near the Prince Charles Mountains of East Antarctica is forecasted.

24. Distribution in India

25. Iron

• Deposit of high grade iron ore in India.
• The mineral is mainly found in Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

26. Bauxite

• Major bauxite producing areas are Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

27. Mica

• Mica deposits mainly occur in Jharkhand, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. India is the largest producer and exporter of mica in the world.

28. Copper

• Mainly produced in Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

29. Manganese

• Deposits lie in Maharashtra, M.P, Chattisgarh, Odisha, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

30. Limestone

• Major producing states in India are Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, M.P, Chattisgarh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.

31. Gold

• Kolar in Karnataka has deposits of gold in India.
• These mines are among the deepest in the world making the mining of this ore a very expensive process.

32. Salt

• Obtained from sea, lakes and rocks.
• India is one of world’s leading producers and exporters of salt.

33. Uses of Minerals

• Minerals are used in many industries. Those used in gems are usually hard. Silicon is obtained from quartz and Aluminium is obtained from its ore bauxite.
• Minerals are non-renewable resources that takes thousands of years for the formation and concentration of minerals. The rate of formation is much smaller than that of its consumption.
• To conserve mineral resources it is necessary to reduce wastage in the process of mining and with the recycling of metals is another way in which the mineral resources can be conserved.

34. Power resources

• Science and technology changes the lifestyles very fastly.
• Power or energy plays vital role in our lives.
• Power resources are broadly categorised as conventional and non-conventional resources.

35. Conventional sources

• These are those energies which have been in common use for a long time.
• Firewoods and fossil fuels are the two main conventional energy.

36. Fossil Fuel

• The reserve of these minerals are limited.
• Rate at which they are consumed due to rapid growth in population might be the reason that they get exhausted soon.

37. Coal

• Most abundantly found fossil fuel.
• Electricity from coal is called thermal power.
• Coal is referred to as buried sunshine because coal which is used today was formed millions of years ago when giant ferns and swamps got buried under the layers of earth.

38. Petroleum

• It is found between the layers of rocks and is drilled from oil fields located in off-shore and coastal areas. Then this is sent to refineries which process the crude oil and produce a variety of products.
• Petroleum and its derivatives are called Black Gold because they are very valuable.

39. Natural gas

• Found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is brought to the surface.
• Very few countries of the world have sufficient natural gas reserves of their own.

40. Hydel Power

• Rainwater or river water stored in dams is made to fall from heights. The falling water flows through pipes inside the dam over turbine blades placed at the bottom of the dam and the moving blades then turn the generator to produce electricity. This is called hydroelectricity.
• One-fourth of the world’s electricity is produced by hydel power.

41. Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

• The increasing use of fossil fuels is leading to its shortage. It is estimated that if the present rate of consumption continuous, the reserves of these fuel will get exhausted.
• There is need for using non-conventional sources such as solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy the energy which can be renewed.

42. Solar Energy

• Solar energy trapped from the sun can be used in solar cells to produce electricity.
• The technology of utilizing solar energy benefits a lot of tropical countries that are blessed with abundant sunshine.

43. Wind Energy

Wind an inexhaustible source of energy. Windmills have been used for grinding grain and lifting water since times immemorial. In modem time windmills, the high-speed winds rotate the windmill which is connected to a generator to procedure electricity.

44. Nuclear Power

• Obtained from energy stored in the nucleic of atoms of naturally occurring radioactive elements like uranium and thorium.
• These fuels undergo nuclear fission in nuclear reactors and emit power.
• The greatest producers of nuclear power are U.S.A and Europe.
• In India Thorium is found in large quantities in Monazite sands of Kerala.
• The nuclear power stations in India are located in Kalpakkam in Tamilnadu, Tarapur in Maharashtra Ranapratap Sagar near Kota in Rajasthan, Narora in Uttar Pradesh and Kaiga in Karnataka.

45. Geothermal Energy

• Heat energy obtained from the earth is called geothermal energy.
• The temperature in the interior of the earth rises steadily as we go deeper and some times this heat energy may surface itself in the form of hot springs. This heat energy can be used to generate power.
• USA has the world’s largest geothermal power plants.
• In India, geothermal plants are located in Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh and Puga Valley in Ladakh.

46. Tidal Energy

• Energy generated from tides is called tidal energy.
• Tidal energy can be harnessed by building dams at narrow openings of the sea. During high tide the energy of tides is used to turn the turbine installed in the dam to produce electricity.
• Russia, France and the Gulf of Kachchh in India have huge tidal mill farms.

47. Biogas

• Organic waste such as dead plant and animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste can be converted into a gaseous fuel called biogas.
• The organic waste is decomposed by bacteria in biogas digesters to emit biogas which is essentially a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.
• Energy exists on our earth in several forms but saving energy rather than wasting it is more compulsory because the energy saved is the energy generated.

Mineral and Power Resources Class 8 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Mineral: a naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition is a mineral.

Rock: An aggregate of one or more minerals but without definite composition of constituent of mineral.

Ore: Rocks from which minerals are mined are known as ores.

Mining: The process of taking out minerals from rocks buried under the earth’s surface is called mining.

Quarrying: Minerals that lie near the surface are simply dug out, by the process known as quarrying.

Petroleum: It is derived from Latin words – Petra meaning rock and oleum meaning oil. So petroleum means rock oil.

Geothermal Energy: Heat energy obtained from the earth is called geothermal energy.

Tidal Energy: It is the energy generated from the tides.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 2 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 2 SST Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Class 8 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 2

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 2 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. There is difference in the quality of land, soil, water, natural vegetation, animal and the usage of technology and the availability of such resources is the main reason why the different places on the earth differ from each other.

2. Land:

• The most important natural resource which covers only about 30% of the total area of the earth’s surface and not all parts of its are habitable.
• The uneven distribution of population in different parts of the world is mainly due to varied characteristics of land and climate.

3. Land use:

• Land is used for different purposes such as agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses, roads, setting up industries. This is commonly termed as Land use.
• The use of land is determined by the physical factors such as topography, soil, climate, minerals and availability of water.
• Human factors such as population and technology are also important determinants of land use pattern.
• On the basis of ownership land can be classified into private land and community land.
• Private land: owned by individuals.
• Community land: owned by the community for common uses.
• The community lands are also called common property resources.
• The vast changes in the land use pattern also reflect the cultural changes in the society.
• Because of expansion of the agriculture and constructive activities the major threats like land degradation, landslides, soil erosion, desertification are created.

4. Soil:

• The thin layer of grainy substance covering the surface of the earth is called soil.
• It is made up of organic matter, minerals and weathered rocks found on the earth. This happens through the process of weathering.

5. Factors of soil formation:

• The major factors are the nature of the parent rock and climatic factors.
• Topography, role of organic material and time taken for the composition of soil formation are also some other factors of soil formation. All these differ from place to place.

6. Degradation of soil and conservation measures:

• Soil erosion and depletion are the major threats to soil as a resources.
• Factors that lead to soil degradation are deforestation, overgrazing, overuse of chemical fertilizers or pesticides, rain wash, landslides and floods.
• Methods that are useful for the purpose of soil conservation are:

7. Mulching: The bare ground between plants is covered with a layer of organic matter like straw which helps in retaining the soil moisture.

8. Contour barriers: In this stones, grass, soil are used to build barriers along contours. Trenches are made in front of the barriers for collecting water.

9. Rock dam: Rocks are piled up to slow down the flow of water and this prevents gullies and further soil loss.

10. Terrace farming: In this broad flat steps or terraces are made on the steep slopes so that flat surfaces are available for the growing of crops and this reduces surface run off and soil erosion.

11. Intercropping: Different crops are grown in alternate rows and are sown at different times to protect the soil from rain wash.

12. Contour ploughing: Ploughing parallel to the contours of a hill slope to form a natural barrier for water to flow down the slope.

13. Shelterbelts: In the coastal and dry regions, rows of trees are planted to check the wind movement in order to protect soil cover.

14. Water:

• A vital renewable natural resource.
• Three-fourth’s of the earth surface is covered with water.
• Earth is called the ‘water planet’.
• It is found that the life began almost 3.5 billion years back in primitive oceans.
• Freshwater accounts for only about 2.7 per cent.

15 . Only 1 per cent of freshwater is available and fit for the human use found as ground water, as surface water in rivers and lakes and as water vapour in atmosphere.

16. Water can neither be added nor substrated from the earth. Its total volume remains constant.

17. Water cycle: Cycling through the oceans, the air, the land and back again, through the process of evaporation, precipitation and run-off. This process is referred to as the water cycle.

18. Water shortage may be a consequence of variation in seasonal or annual precipitation or the scarcity caused by overexploitation and the contamination of the water resources.

19. Even though water is been categorised under the renewable resource category, its overuse and pollution make it unfit for use.

20. There is scarcity of water in many regions of the world and shortage of water may be a consequence of variation in seasonable on annual precipitation.

21. The scarcity is caused by over-exploitation and contamination of water resources.

22. In today’s world access to clean and adequate water is the major problem.

23. Discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage, agricultural chemicals and industrial effluents in water bodies are major contaminants which pollutes water with nitrates, metals and pesticides. Most of these chemicals are non-biodegradable and reach human bodies through water.

24. Forest and other vegetation cover slow the surface runoff and replenish underground water. Water harvesting saves water runoff, from the surface.

25. The valuable resources of water can be conserved by using and adopting the different means of irrigation.

26. In the eastern and northeastern humid regions of India bamboo, grows in plenty.

27. Silk is obtained from silk worms that are bred on Mulberry trees.

28. Biosphere is the narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere where the natural vegetation and wildlife do exist.

29. The life supporting system in the biosphere where the living beings are inter-related and interdependant on each other for survival is known as the ecosystem.

30. Wildlife includes animals, birds, insects as well as aquatic life forms which all are integral for maintaining balance in the ecosystem.

31. The growth of vegetation depends primarily on temperature and moisture. The major vegetation types of the world are grouped as forests, grasslands, scrubs and tundra.

32. The forests are associated with the areas having abundant water supply.

33. Forests are broadly classified as evergreen and deciduous depending on their sheding of leaves because:

• Evergreen forests do not shed their leaves simultaneously in any season of the year.
• Deciduous forests shed their leaves in a particular season to conserve loss of moisture through transpiration.

34. With the increase in the population of the world there is decrease or we can say rapid decrease in the forest cover all over the world which ultimately creates an urgent need to conserve this valuable resource.

35. Forests are known as our wealth in which plants give shelter to the animals and together they maintain the ecosystem.

36. Changes of climate and human interferences can cause the loss of natural habitats for the plants and animals. Many of the species have became vulnerable or endangered and some are on the verge of extinction.

37. Poaching is one of the main reasons behind the shark decline in the number of particular species. Increasing awareness can help in the conservation.

38. National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves are made to protect our natural vegetation and wildlife.

39. There will be the balance in the environment if the relative number of species is not disturbed.

40. Awareness programmes likes social forestry and Vanamohatasava should be organised in order to appreciate the habitat of varied species and protect extinction or indiscriminate killing of species in the ecosystem.

41. Laws are passed against the trade and killing of birds as well as animals in many countries of the world. In India killing lions, tigers, deers, great Indian bustards and peacocks is illegal.

42. CITES an international convention has been established in order to list several species of animals and birds in which trade is prohibited.

43. It is an ethical duty of every citizen to conserve plants and animals.

Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Class 8 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Biosphere Reserves: Series of protected areas linked through a global network, intended to demonstrate the relationship between conservation and development.

National Park: A natural area designated to protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for the present and the future generations.

Weathering: It is the breaking up and decay of exposed rocks, by temperature changes, frost action, plants, animals and human activity.

Land use: Land is used for different purposes such as agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses, roads and setting up of industries. This is commonly termed as Land use.

Landslide: Defined as the mass movement of rock, debris or earth down a slope.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 8 Geography Chapter 1 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 8 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 1 SST Resources will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Resources Class 8 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 1

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 1 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Anything that can be used to satisfy a need is a resource.

2. Utility or usability is what makes an object or substance a resource. For example, water, electricity, rickshaw, vegetable and textbook, etc. have something in common and all have been used by human beings, so they have utility.

3. Things become resources when they have a value. Its use or utility gives it a value and all resources have some value.

4. Value means worth. Some have economic value some do not.

5. Some resources can become economically valuable with time.

6. Time and technology are two important factors that can change substances into resources. Both are related to the needs of the people and people themselves are the most important resource.

7. Resources are classified into following categories:

• Natural resources
• Man-made resources
• Human resources

Natural Resources

8. Resources which are drawn from nature and used without much modification are called natural resources.

9. Natural resources are classified into different groups depending upon their level of development and use; origin; stock and distribution.

10. Based on development and use resources are classified into two groups:

• Actual resources
• Potential resources

11. Actual Resources:

• Resources whose quantity is known and are being used in the present.

12. Potential Resources

• Resources whose entire quantity may not be known and are not being used at present. These could be used in the future.
• The level of technology we have at present may not be advanced enough to easily utilise these resources.

13. Based on their origin, classification of resources can be:

• Abiotic resources – Non-living
• Biotic resources – Living

14. Natural resources are categorised broadly into:

• Renewable resources
• Non-renewable resources

15. Renewable Resources

• Those which get renewed or replenished quickly.
• Some of these are unlimited and even not affected by human activities.

16. Non-renewable Resources

• Those which have a limited stock.
• Once the stocks are exhausted it may take thousands of years to be renewed or replenished.
• On the basis of their distribution resources can be ubiquitous or localized. Those found only in certain places are localized.
• The distribution of natural resources depends upon numbers of physical factors and these factors differ so much over the Earth that distribution of resources is unequal.

17. Human Made resources

Natural substances become resources only when their original form has been changed. People use natural resources to make buildings, bridges, roads, machinery and vehicles, that are known as human-made resources. Even the technology is defined as a human-made resource.

18. Human Resources

People can make the best use of nature to create more resources with the help of their knowledge, skill and technology which they have. This is why human beings are known as special resources. Education and health help in making people a valuable resource.

19. Human Resources Development

• Improvising the quality of skills of people to make them able to create more resources is known as human resource development.

20. Conserving Resources

• Resource conservation is meant by using resources carefully and giving them time to get renewed.
• Sustainable development is defined as balancing the need to use resources and also conserve them for the future needs.
• The future of our planet and its people is co-related with the ability to maintain and preserve the life support system by the nature.

21. It is the duty of people of this Earth to ensure that:

• All uses of renewable resources are sustainable.
• The diversity of life on Earth is conserved.
• The damage to natural environmental system is minimised.

Resources Class 8 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Utility: The state of being useful, profitable or beneficial.

Value: It means worth or considering something to be important or beneficial.

Patent: It means the exclusive right over any idea or invention.

Technology: It is the application of latest knowledge and skill in doing or making things.

Origin: The point or place where something begins, arises or is derived.

Stock of resources: It is the amount of resources available for use.

Human resources: Refers to the number and abilities of the people.

Sustainable development: Carefully utilizing resources so that besides meeting the requirements of the present, they also takes care of future generations.