Prasanna

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 7 An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 7 An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara

Question 1.
Who founded the ruins of Hampi?
Answer:
Colonel Colin MacKenzie founded the ruins of Hampi.

Question 2.
Who founded the Vijayanagara Empire in 1336 C.E.?
Answer:
Two brothers Harihara and Bukka founded the Vijayanagara empire in 1336 A.D.

Question 3.
Which European company arrived on the Indian scene in 1498 A.D.?
Answer:
The Portugues.

Question 4.
Who was the most powerful ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer:
Krishnadeva Raya.

Question 5.
When did Krishnadeva Raya die?
Answer:
In 1529 A.D.

Question 6.
Between whom the battle of Rakshasi- Tangadi was fought?
Answer:
Between Vijayanagara and the combined forces of Bijapur Ahmadnagar and Gulconda.

Question 7.
Name the major political innovation of the Vijayanagara empire.
Answer:
The system of Amara-Nayakas.

Question 8.
Who were the Amara-Nayakas?
Answer:
They were the military commanders who were given territories to govern by the Raya or the Kings.

Question 9.
What is Mahanavami dibba?
Answer:
It was the massive platform rising from a base of about 11,000 feet to a height of 40 feet.

Question 10.
Where did kings met advisers?
Answer:
At Lotus Mahal.

Question 11.
Which temple was used by the King and his family?
Answer:
Hazara Rama Temple.

Question 12.
When and by whom was the ‘ Vijayanagara Empire founded ? Also explain its expansion.
Or
Who founded the Vijayanagara ‘.Empire in 1336 C.E. ? (C.B.S.E. 2013 (D))
Answer:
Two brothers namely Harihara and Bukka laid the foundation of Vijayanagara Empire in 1336 C.E. It stretched from the river Krishna in the north to the extreme south of the peninsula.

Question 13.
Name different dynasties which ruled over Vijayanagara.
Answer:
(i) Sangam dynasty
(ii) Saluva dynasty
(iii) Tuluva dynasty
(iv) Aravidu dynasty.

Question 14.
What was the period of rule by Krishna Deva Raya ? Which two cities of Bahmani Kingdom were controlled by him ?
Answer:
Krishna Deva Raya ruled from 1509 to 1529 C.E. He had controlled both Gulbarga and Bidar.

Question 15.
Between whom was the battle of Talikota (Rakshasi Tangadi) fought ? Name the Kingdom defeated in this battle.
Or
What was the battle of ‘Rakshasi Tangadi’ (Talikota) ? (C.B.S.E. 2013 (O.D.))
Or
Examine the outcome of the battle of Rakshasi – Tangadi (Talikota) (C.B.S.E. 2017 (O.D.))
Answer:
The battle of Talikota was fought in 1565 C.E. between the organisation of Sultans of Deccan and ruler of Vijayanagara Sadashiva Raya. The Kingdom of Vijayanagara was defeated in this battle.

Question 16.
How did the name Hampi (another name for Vijayanagara) come into use ? When and who discovered its ruins ?
Answer:
Hampi was another name for Vijayanagara. This name was derived from the local mother goddess named Pampadevi. The ruins of Hampi were discovered in 1800 C.E. by Colonel Colin Mackenzie, an engineer and antiquarian. In fact, Colin Mackenzie was an employee of the English East India Company.

Question 17.
Who were Amara-Nayakas ? Identify any two works done by them.
Or
Who were the Amara-Nayakas under the Rayas in Vijayanagara? What did they do ? (C.B.S.E. 2009 (D))
Answer:
Amara-Nayakas were the military commanders of Vijayanagara. They performed the following works :
(i) They collected taxes and other dues from peasants, traders and craft persons.
(ii) They provided an effective fighting force to the rulers of Vijayanagara.

Question 18.
Give any two features of Mahanavami Dibba of Vijayanagara.
Answer:
(i) Mahanavami Dibba is a massive platform located on one of the highest points in the city. It supported a wooden structure as well.
(ii) The base of the platform is covered with relief carvings.

Question 19.
Mention any two ceremonies performed on the occasion of Mahanavmi Dibba. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) Worship of the image
(ii) Worship of the State horse

Question 20.
Mention the two most striking features about the geographical location of Vijayanagara. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (D))
Answer:
(i) The most striking feature about the location of Vijayanagara is the natural basin formed by the river Tungabhadra which flows in a north easterly direction.
(ii) Huge fortification was another major feature of Vijayanagara.

Question 21.
Mention the rituals associated with Mahanavmi Dibba, situated in the Royal Centre of Vijayanagar. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (D))
Answer:
(i) Worship of the image
(ii) Worship of the State horse
(iii) The sacrifice of buffaloes and other animals.

Question 22.
What was the Battle of ‘Rakshasi Tangadi’ (Talikota) ? How was this battle responsible for the decline of Vijayanagara ?
Answer:
The Battle of Talikota was fought in 1565 C.E. between the combined forces of the Deccan Sultans and ruler of Vijayanagara Sadashiva Raya. In this battle Vijayanagara was defeated which led to the decline of Vijayanagara.

Question 23.
Which dynasty did Krishna Deva Raya belong to? Mention any one of his expansion and consolidation policies. (C.B.S.E. 2013 (D))
Answer:
Krishna Deva Raya belonged to Tuluva dynasty. Till 1512 C.E. he took control over the areas between Tungabhadra and Krishna river. Then he suppressed the rulers of Orissa (Odisha).

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 6 Bhakti-Sufi Traditions: Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 6 Bhakti-Sufi Traditions: Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts

Question 1.
Name the principal deity followed at Puri, Orissa.
Answer:
Jagannatha, a form of Lord Vishnu.

Question 2.
Who were Alvars?
Answer:
Alvars were those who immersed in the devotion of Lord Vishnu.

Question 3.
Who were Nayanars?
Answer:
Devotes of Lord Shiva were called Nayanars.

Question 4.
Name a composition written by Alvars.
Answer:
Nalayira Divyapradandham.

Question 5.
Name a woman devotee each of Alvars and Nayanars?
Ans.
Andal (Alvar) and Karaikkal Ammaiyar (Nayanar).

Question 6.
Who were Virashaivas?
Answer:
The followers of Basavanna in Karnataka were called Virashaivas or Lingayats.

Question 7.
Who challanged the idea of caste and the pollution attributed to certain groups by Brahmanas?
Answer:
Lingayats.

Question 8.
Who conquared Sindh in 711 A.D.?
Answer:
Muhammad Qasim, an Arab General Conquered Sindh in 711 A.D.

Question 9.
Who were Ulamas?
Answer:
Religious scholars of Muslims were called ulamas. They guided the rulers to rule according to the Sharia.

Question 10.
Which branch of the Ismailis developed new modes of communication, dissemination ideas derived from the Quran?
Answer:
The Khojahs.

Question 11.
What is Ziyarat?
Answer:
Practice of visiting tomb shrine of Sufi Shaikh was called Ziyarat.

Question 12.
Who composed Padmavat?
Answer:
Malik Muhammad Jayasi composed Padmavat.

Question 13.
Who preserved the Kabir Bijak?
Answer:
The Kabirpanth preserved the Kabir Bijak in Varanasi.

Question 14.
What was the most striking feature of sculpture as well as of texts of phase of 8th to 18th century ?
Answer:
Probably the most striking feature of sculpture as well as of texts was the increasing visibility of different gods and goddesses. This indicates toward continuation and extension of worship of major deities, i.e., Vishnu, Shiva and the Goddess. Each of these deities were visualised in a number of forms.

Question 15.
Who were the Jogis ?
Answer:
The Jogis were the disciples of Gorakh Nath and Aughur Nath. They were very popular in the North India and influenced the Sufi saints.

Question 16.
Who brought up Saint Kabir and what are his followers known as ?
Answer:
Saint Kabir was brought-up by a weaver Niru and his wife Nima. Followers of Kabir are known as Kabirpanthi.

Question 17.
What is the position of Bhakti in Indian tradition ?
Answer:
Bhakti is considered as a part of devotion in Indian tradition. One can attain God through this. Lord Krishna himself told about this in Bhagwat Gita.

Question 18.
Name the two Sufi Shaikhs during the period of Delhi Sultanate.
Answer:
During the period of Delhi Sultanate, there were two Shaikhs namely Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti and Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya.

Question 19.
Why did the Nayanar saints express their opposition towards Jainism and Buddhism ?
Answer:
The compositions of the Nayanars were marked for their opposition to Buddhism and Jainism. The historians believe that this hostility was due to competition for seeking the royal patronage. The Nayanars were inspired by this feeling.

Question 20.
Explain two religious beliefs and behaviours of Lingayats.
Answer:
(i) Lingayats believed that once , a devotee dies, he will be united with Shiva and will not return to this world.
(ii) They do not practice funerally rites instead they ceremonially bury their dead.

Question 21.
Why and which changes came in status of Brahmanas in North India in 13th century ?
Answer:
During last years of 12th century, Brahmanas had a very important place in Rajput kingdoms and they performed a number of secular and ritual functions. No one tried to challenge their position directly. But when Turks established Delhi Sultanate in 13th century, this condition changed. This undermined the power of many Rajput kingdoms and the Brahmanas associated with these kingdoms.

Question 22.
What do you mean by Zimmi ?
Or
Give the meaning of Zirnrna. Who were Zimmis ? (C.B.S.E. 2011 (O.D.))
Answer:
The word ‘Zimmi’ was derived from the Arabic word ‘Zimma’ which meant ‘protection’. In other words, the Zimmis were the protected people. They were non-Muslims and included Hindus, Jains, Jews and Christians. They lived under Muslim rulership and paid a tax called ‘Jaziya’. So they were entitled for protection by the Muslims.

Question 23.
By giving example clarify that Muslim rulers often adopted a fairly flexible policy towards their subjects.
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that Muslim rulers often adopted a fairly flexible policy towards their subjects. For example, many rulers gave land grants and tax exemptions to Jaina, Hindu, Christian, Zoroastrian and Jewish religious institutions. They also expressed their respect and devotion towards non- Muslim religious leaders. These grants were given by rulers like Akbar, Aurangzeb, etc.

Question 24.
Who were Mlechchhas ?
Answer:
‘Mlechchha’ word is used for migrating communities. This name indicates that they did not believe and observe the norms of caste, society and spoke those languages which were not derived from Sanskrit.

Question 25.
Write two rituals of initiation into ‘Silsila’.
Answer:
There were special rituals of initiation into Silsila and these were:
(i) One has to take an oath of allegiance.
(ii) He should wear a patched garment and shave his hair.

Question 26.
Where was the dargah of Shaikh Nizam- ud-din Aulia situated ? What was the feature of its open kitchen (langar) ?
Answer:
Dargah of Shaikh Nizam-ud-din Aulia was situated on the banks of the river Yamuna in Ghiyaspur, on the outskirts of the then city of Delhi. The main feature of its open kitchen was that it was run on unasked-for charity or ‘futuh’.

Question 27.
Name those three poets or historians who visited Shaikh Nizam-ud-din and wrote about the Shaikh ?
Answer:
Amir Hasan Sijzi, Amir Khusro and the court historian Ziya-ud-din Barani were poets or historians who visited Shaikh Nizam-ud-din Aulia and wrote about the Shaikh.

Question 28.
Name four practices adopted by Shaikh Nizam-ud-din Auliya which represent that he tried to assimilate love traditions.
Answer:
(i) Bowing before the Shaikh.
(ii) Offering water to visitors.
(iii) Shaving the heads of inmates.
(iv) Yogic exercise.

Question 29.
What are Kabir’s Ulatbansi compositions ?
Answer:
The Ulatbansi compositions of Kabir are intrinsically upside-down sayings. They are written in a form in which everyday meanings are inverted. They express difficulty in capturing the nature of the ultimate reality. They express Kabir’s mystical experiences.

Question 30.
Name two compositions of Kabir which convey a sense of Kabir’s mystical experiences.
Answer:
Kabir’s compositions like “the lotus which blooms without flower” and the “fire raging in the ocean” conveys a sense of Kabir’s mystical experiences.

Question 31.
What is written about religion of Kabir in Vaishnav traditions? Who was his Guru ?
Answer:
Hagiographies within the Vaishnava tradition suggest that Kabir was born a Hindu (Kabirdas) but was brought up by a poor Muslim family who belonged to the weaver community. Vaishnava traditions also suggest that Kabir was initiated into Bhakti by a Guru Ramananda.

Question 32.
Who was Mirabai ? Discuss any of her two works.
Answer:
Mirabai was the most famous poetess of the Bhakti tradition. She composed many bhajans in praise of Lord Krishna whom she considered as her lover. Her songs are very popular in Gujarat and Rajasthan. She was against caste system and stood in defiance to the norms of the caste society.

Question 33.
Mention the two earliest Bhakti Movements of Tamil Nadu, giving the main difference between them. (C.B.S.E. 2011 0))
Answer:
The two earliest Bhakti Movements of Tamil Nadu were started under Alvars and Nayanars. Alvars were disciples of Vishnu and Nayanars were disciples of Lord Shiva.

Question 34.
Name the two women poet saints of Tamil Nadu. Whom did they ‘ worship ? (C.B.S.E. 2011 (D))
Answer:
Andal and Karaikkal Ammaiyar were the two women poet saints of Tamil Nadu. Andal was the devotee of Vishnu and Karaikkal was the devotee of Lord Shiva.

Question 35.
Mention two features of the protest movement started by Nayanars and Alvars ? (C.B.S.E. 2011 (D))
Or
Point out similarity between Lingayats and Nayanars. (C.B.S.E. 2008, 2016 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) Both Alvars and Nayanars started a movement of protest against the caste system and the dominance of Brahmanas.
(ii) They even opposed Buddhism and Jainism.

Question 36.
Kabir Bijak and Kabir Granthavali are the two distinct but overlapping traditions. How are they preserved ? (C.B.S.E. 2015 (O.D.))
Answer:
The Kabir Bijak has been preserved by the Kabirpanth in Varanasi and elsewhere in Uttar Pradesh. The Kabir Granthavali is associated with Dadupanth in Rajasthan. Many of his compositions are found in the Adi Granth Sahib.

Question 37.
“The message of Guru Nanak Devji was based on divinity.” Mention any two aspects of it.
Answer:
(i) According to Guru Nanak Devji, there is no gender or form of the ‘Absolute’ or rab.
(ii) He proposed a simple way to connect to the Divine by remembering and repeating the Divine Name expressing his ideas through hymns called ‘shabad in Punjabi’.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 5 Through the Eyes of Travellers: Perceptions of Society are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 5 Through the Eyes of Travellers: Perceptions of Society

Question 1.
When and where was Al-Biruni born?
Answer:
A1 Biruni was born in 973 AD, in Khwarizm in present day Uzbekistan.

Question 2.
What did Al-Biruni do when he spend many years in India?
Answer:
Al-Biruni spent many years in the company of brahamana, priests and scholars, learning Sanskrit and studying religious and philosphical texts.

Question 3.
Name the book written by Al-Biruni.
Answer:
Al-Biruni wrote the ‘Kitab-ul-Hind’.

Question 4.
Name the book written by Ibn Battuta.
Answer:
Rihla, in Arabic language, was written by Ibn-Battuta.

Question 5.
When did Ibn-Battuta visit Mecca ?
Answer:
In 1332-33 CE.

Question 6.
Who was known as the inveterate traveller?
Answer:
Ibn Battuta was known as the inveterate traveller.

Question 7.
Who was Duarte Barbosa?
Answer:
He was a Portuguese writer who created a detailed account of trade and society in south India.

Question 8.
Who was Francois Bernier?
Answer:
He was a French man, a doctor, political philosophers and historian who remained in India for 12 years between 1656-1668 CE.

Question 9.
Who gave a detailed description of Caste system in India?
Answer:
Al-Biruni

Question 10.
Who disapproved the nation of pollution?
Answer:
Al-Biruni.

Question 11.
Who described Delhi as a vast city with a great population?
Answer:
Ibn-Battuta.

Question 12.
With which purpose did the people travel ? Write any four objectives.
Answer:
The people used to travel:
(i) In search of work.
(ii) To escape from natural disasters.
(iii) To satisfy their sense of adventure.
(iv) With multi-purpose objectives as traders, merchants, soldiers, priests and pilgrims.

Question 13.
Where did Al-Biruni live ? How did he reach Ghazni ?
Answer:
Al-Biruni lived in Khwarizm in present day Uzbekistan. Ghazni’s Sultan Mahmud attacked Khwarizm in 1017 C.E. and took back many poets and scholars to Ghazni. Al-Biruni was one of them.

Question 14.
Give any two characteristics of the writings of Al-Biruni.
Answer:
(i) Al-Biruni wrote in Arabic language.
(ii) He adopted a critical approach in his writings. In each chapter, he began with a question. Then he gave a detailed description. He concluded with a comparison with other culture.

Question 15.
“Al-Biruni w as capable of translating different texts in other languages.” Give example.
Answer:
Al-Biruni was well-versed in many languages which is why he was capable of translating different texts in other languages. He translated many Sanskrit texts in Arabic language including grammar of Patanjali. He even translated accounts of a Greek mathematician for his Brahmana friends.

Question 16.
How did Al-Biruni know about the works of the Greek philosophers ?
Answer:
Al-Biruni did not know the Greek language. Even then he was familiar with the works of the Greek philosophers. He had read their translations in Arabic.

Question 17.
Name the book written by Ibn-Battuta. What was his observation about female slaves in the sub-continent ? (C.B.S.E. 2009 (O.D.))
Answer:
Ibn-Battuta’s book was entitled ‘Rihla’. According to it, the slaves were engaged to do domestic work. He wrote in his book that not only male slaves but the Sultan also employed female slaves to keep a watch on his nobles.

Question 18.
Give a brief introduction of ; Francois Bernier. How long did he remain in India ? (C.B.S.E. 2011 (D))
Answer:
Francois Bernier was a French traveller. He himself was a doctor, political philosopher and a historian. He remained in India for 12 years from 1656 till 1668 C.E. and was closely associated with the Mughal court.

Question 19.
Mention any two characteristics of the cities in the Indian sub-continent, as described by Ibn-Battuta. (C.B.S.E. 2011 (O.D.))
Answer:
According to Ibn-Buttuta:
(i) Indian cities were very prosperous.
(ii) Indian cities were densely populated.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 4 Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings: Cultural Developments are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 4 Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings: Cultural Developments

Question 1.
Name the Begum of Bhopal who provided manely for the preservation of Sachi Stupa?
Answer:
Shahjehan Begum and her successor Sultan Jahan Begum.

Question 2.
Which thinkers emerged in the world during the mid-first millennium BCE ?
Answer:
Zarathustra in Iran, Kong Zi in China, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle in Greece and Mahavira and Gautam Budha in India.

Question 3.
When was Rigveda compiled?
Answer:
Between C. 1500 and 1000 BCE.

Question 4.
What is Rigveda consist of ?
Answer:
Rigveda consists of hymns in praise of many deities such as Indra and Soma.

Question 5.
Who performed rajasuya and ashvamedha sacrifices?
Answer:
They were performed by Chiefs and Kings with the help of Brahmins.

Question 6.
What is meant by Kutagarashala?
Answer:
A hut with a pointed roof.

Question 7.
Who questioned the authority of the Vedas ?
Answer:
Mahavira and the Buddha questioned the authority of the Vedas.

Question 8.
Who started Jainism?
Answer:
Rishabdev was first Tirthankar and Mahavira was the 24th Tirthankar of Jainism.

Question 9.
Name the religious texts of Jainism.
Answer:
Angas are the religious texts of Jainism.

Question 10.
Where did Buddhism spread?
Answer:
India, China, Korea, Japan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thiland and Indonesia.

Question 11.
What was the name given to Buddha at the time of his birth?
Answer:
Siddhartha.

Question 12.
Who was called the Enlightened one?
Answer:
Gautama Buddha was called the Enlightened one.

Question 13.
What is world according to the Buddhist philosophy?
Answer:
The world is transient and constantly changing.

Question 14.
What was Sangha?
Answer:
Sangha was an organisation of monks of Buddhism who became teachers of Dhamma.

Question 15.
What names were given to males and females who entered Sanghas?
Answer:
Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis.

Question 16.
Except Sanchi, where was another stupa of Buddhism?
Answer:
At Amravati.

Question 17.
Which sources are used by the historians to reconstruct the exciting world of ideas and believes from 600 B.C.E. up to 600 C.E. ?
Answer:
(i) Buddhist, Jaina and Brahmanical texts.
(ii) Large and impressive body of material remains including monuments and inscriptions.

Question 18.
Where is the stupa of Sanchi situated ? Explain any one of its feature.
Answer:
The Sanchi stupa is a wonderful ancient building in the state of Bhopal. It is situated in a village named Sanchi Kanakhera. This village is on the top of a hill. In fact, the stupa is nearly twenty miles north-east of Bhopal and looks like a crown.

Question 19.
What was the daily routine of the Buddhist monks ?
Answer:
(i) The Buddhist monks led a simple life.
(ii) They depended on offerings and alms. They kept only a bowl with them to accept food.

Question 20.
Why did Siddhartha adopt the path of Sanyas or renunciation ?
Answer:
Having seen an old man, a sick man and a dead man, Siddhartha (Buddha) realised that this world was a home of sorrows and sufferings. He realised that decay and destruction of the human body was inevitable. However, he felt relieved when he saw a homeless mendicant. He decided that he would also adopt the same path. So, he left his palace and set out in search of truth and enlightenment.

Question 21.
How was the internal functioning of the Buddhist sangha ?
Or
Mention the internal functioning of the Buddhist sanghas. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
The internal functioning of the Buddhist sangha was based on the traditions of ganas and sanghas. According to this, consensus was arrived at through mutual discussions. If they were unable to reach consensus then decisions were taken by a vote on the subject.

Question 22.
In the primitive times, what places were considered sacred by the people ? Give three points.
Answer:
From the earliest times, people regarded those places as sacred that had the following features:
(i) The sites with special trees.
(ii) The sites with unique rocks.
(iii) The sites having awe-inspiring beauty.

Question 23.
What are stupas ?
Answer:
The stupas are the sacred mounds associated with Buddha. It is a Sanskrit word, which means a heap. It is a simple semi-circular mound of Earth. Later on, it was called anda.

Question 24.
Name any two features of the stupa at Amaravati.
Answer:
(i) The stupa at Amaravati was the largest and the most magnificent stupa of the Buddhists.
(ii) It had high gateways and beautiful statues.

Question 25.
What is meant by Hagiography ?
Answer:
Hagiography is a biography of a saint or religious leader. It generally praises the saint’s achievement and may not always be literally accurate. They are important because they tell us about the beliefs of the follwers of that particular tradition.

Question 26.
What type of thinking did archaeologist H.H. Cole had about shifting of ancient monuments ?
Answer:
Cole was totally against taking away of ancient monuments. He considered this loot as suicidal. He was of the view that museums should have plaster- caste facsimiles of the sculpture whereas the originals should remain at their actual place.

Question 27.
When was the stupa of Sanchi discovered ? What was the condtion of its gateways at that time ?
Answer:
Stupa of Sanchi was discovered in 1818 C.E. It had four gateways. Three of these gateways were in good condition but the fourth gateway was lying scattered at its actual place.

Question 28.
What differences of opinions were there among the historians regarding the sculpture of a woman surrounded by the lotuses and the elephants found at Sanchi ?
Answer:
Some historians believed that this is the figure of Maya, the mother of Buddha, while some identify her with a popular goddess, Gaja Lakshmi. Gaja Lakshmi was the goddess of good fortune who is associated with elephants.

Question 29.
Define garbhagriha and Shikhar.
Answer:
Garbhagriha : It was an early temple (small square room) where the image of deity was kept. Worshippers entered from its single doorway to offer worship to the image.
Shikhar: A tall structure built over the central shrine was known as Shikhar.

Question 30.
What were Upanishads ? Which ideas were found in them to show that people were curious ?
Answer:
Upanishads were texts of deep ideas associated with life, death and almighty. They tell us that people were curious about the meaning of life, the possibility of life after death and rebirth. They also wanted to know what is the relation between rebirth and past actions.

Question 31.
How Buddha’s and Mahavira’s ideas about trials and tribulations of worldly existence were in contrast from that of Brahmanical ideas ?
Answer:
According to Brahmanism, an individual’s existence was determined by his or her birth in a specific caste or gender. His trials and tribulations were associated with it. On contrary to it, Buddha and Mahavira suggested that men and women themselves should try to attain liberation from trials and tribulations of worldly existence.

Question 32.
Who were Tirthankaras ?
Answer:
According to Jaina traditions, there were twenty three other teachers, before Mahavira, which were known as Tirthankaras. It literally means those who guide individuals across the river of existence.

Question 33.
How did Buddha attain true enlightenment ?
Answer:
Buddha left pleasures of life at a young age in search of true enlightenment. He wandered about for years and kept discussing with different thinkers. In the end he himself decided to find his way. He meditated for several days under a Banyan tree at Bodh Gaya. In the end, he attained enlightenment and came to be known as the Buddha.

Question 34.
Who was Vardhman Mahavira ? How was he enlightened ?
Answer:
Vardhman Mahavira was the most important teacher of Jainism. He was a Kshatriya prince. He was related to Licchavi clan of Vajji sangha. He left his home at the age of 30, started to live in forests and meditated for 12 years. Then, he got enlightened.

Question 35.
What do you mean by the concept of Trideva’s or three deities in Hinduism ?
Answer:
The meaning of Trideva in Hinduism is by three dieties out of which the first one is the creator, the second one is sustainer and the third one is the destroyer. These three are the natural rules of the whole universe. Brahma is the creator of the universe, Vishnu takes care of it and Mahesha is the destoyer of evil.

Question 36.
Why European scholars considered the images of the Buddha and Bodhisattas as the best examples of Indian art of sculptures ?
Answer:
Buddha and Bodhisatta images were very much similar to Greek images. European scholars were very much familiar with Greek traditions which is why they considered these images as the best example of the Indian art of sculpture.

Question 37.
Why Buddhism became popular ?
Answer:
(i) Buddhism was a simple religion which had no place for superstitions and other rituals.
(ii) Buddhism was propagated in Prakrit language used by common masses.
(iii) Many kings became patrons of Buddhism.
(iv) Buddhist Bhikkhus were individuals with great character.

Question 38.
Who were Ajivikas ?
Answer:
Ajivikas were the supporters of materialism. They started fatalism in Buddhism and were given financial help by Ashoka the Great.

Question 39.
Mention how, according to Jainism, one can free himself from the cycle of Karma. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
According to Jainism, the cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through Karma. If one is to escape this cycle of Karma, one must practise asceticism and penance. It is only possible if one renounces the world. So, one has to live in a monastry to attain salvation.

Question 40.
Mention any four social groups from which the followers of Buddha came. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (D))
Answer:
(i) Kings
(ii) Wealthy men
(iii) Grihapatis
(iv) Humbler folk: workers, slaves, crafts people.

Question 41.
Mention the contents of Jatakas. What do they depict? (C.B.S.E. 2010 (D))
Answer:
Jatakas contain several animal stories. These were used as symbols of human attributes. Actually, Jatakas are the stories of earlier birth (Boddhitsava) of Mahatma Buddha.

Question 42.
Mention any two ways through which the Gandatindu Jatakas describe the political relations between the King and his subjects. (C.B.S.E. 2013 (D))
Answer:
(i) The story indicates that the relations between the King and his subjects could often be strained due to demand of high taxes from them.
(ii) Escaping into the forest by the subjects remained an option as reflected in the Tataka story.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 3 Kinship, Caste and Class: Early Societies are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 3 Kinship, Caste and Class: Early Societies

Question 1.
Under whose leadership the process of preparing critical edition of Mahabharata started?
Answer:
Under the leadership of V.S. Sakhankar.

Question 2.
How many years did it take to complete the critical edition of Mahabharata?
Answer:
47 years.

Question 3.
What is Kinfolk?
Answer:
Larger network of families is called Kinjolk.

Question 4.
Which system of lineage was followed by most of the ruling dynasties?
Answer:
They followed the system of patriliny.

Question 5.
Who did not have any claim to the resources of the household?
Answer:
Daughters did not have any such claim.

Question 6.
When was Manusmriti compiled?
Answer:
Manusmriti was complied between C. 200 BCE and 200 C.E.

Question 7.
How many forms of marriage were recognised in Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras?
Answer:
Eight forms of marriage.

Question 8.
On what basis Brahmanas were classified from 100 BCE onwards ?
Answer:
They were classified on the basis of their gotras.

Question 9.
Where did Satavahanas rule?
Answer:
Satavahanas ruled over parts of western India and the Deccan.

Question 10.
What is polygynous?
Answer:
When a male marries with more than one female, it is called polygynous.

Question 11.
Through which side the Satavahana rullers were identified?
Answer:
They were identified through metronymics or through mother side.

Question 12.
From where did Shakas Came?
Answer:
Shakas came from Central Asia.

Question 13.
Who were regarded as Mlechchhas?
Answer:
Shakas were regarded as Mlechchhas.

Question 14.
Where did the duties of the Chandalas lay down?
Answer:
The Manusmriti laid down the duties of the Chandalas.

Question 15.
Which Chines monk come to India during fifth century CE?
Answer:
Fa Xian.

Question 16.
With whom is the central story of Mahabharata associated ?
Answer:
The central story of Mahabharata is about two sets of warring cousins. This text also contains sections laying down norms of behaviour for different social groups. The principal characters, occasionally, seem to follow these norms.

Question 17.
Why and among whom, the war of Mahabharata was fought ? What was its result ?
Answer:
The war of Mahabharata was fought between Kauravas and Pandavas. It was fought to acquire land and authority. Both the parties were related to the Kuru clan. The war was won by the Pandavas.

Question 18.
Distinguish between Patriliny and Matriliny.
Answer:
Patriliny means to trace descent from father to son, grandson and so on. On the other hand, matriliny means to trace the descent through the mother.

Question 19.
What were Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras ?
Answer:
Brahmanas layed down codes of social behaviour in great detail. They were supposed to be followed by Brahmanas in particular and by rest of society in general. From 50 BCE, these norms were compiled in Sanskrit texts which were known as Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras.

Question 20.
What were the two most important rules about the gotrak ? Mention two rules about gotra, particularly of women, according to Brahmanical practice after 1000 B.C.E. I I (C.B.S.E. 2009 (O.D.))
or
Mention the two rules about classification of people in terms of gotra under Brahmanical practice around 1000 BCE onwards. (C.B.S.E. 2012 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) After marriage, every woman gave up the gotra of her father and adopted the gotra of her husband.
(ii) Members of the same gotra could not marry.

Question 21.
Who was Gandhari ? What advice had she given to Duryodhna ? What was its impact on Duryodhna ?
Answer:
Gandhari was the mother of the Kauravas. She had advised her eldest son Duryodhna not to wage a war against the Pandavas. But it had no effect on Duryodhna. He fought against the Pandavas and was defeated.

Question 22.
Who were Gotama and Vashishtha ? Which earlier rulers gotra’s names were taken by their names ? Give examples.
Answer:
Gotama and Vashishtha were Vedic seers. Gotras of Satvahana kings were taken by their names like :
(i) Raja Gotami-puta Siri-Satakani.
(ii) Raja Vasithi-puta (Sami) Siri Pulumayi.

Question 23.
Where did endogamy prevail in India during 600 B.C.E.—600 C.E. ? What was its importance ?
Answer:
Endogamy existed in certain South Indiafi communities between 600 BCE—600 CE and it still exists. Such marriages among kinfolk ensured a close knit community.

Question 24.
What does the names of Satavahana rulers indicate towards status of mothers in the society ? Is this thing applicable on succession to the throne ?
or
How were mothers important under the Satavahana rule ? Give an example to support your answer.(C.B.S.E. 2012 (O.D.))
Answer:
Satavahana rulers were identified through metronymics which means that names were derived from that of the mother. It indicates that mothers had an important place in the society. This thing is not applicable on succession to the throne as it was generally patrilineal.

Question 25.
According to the Purusha Sukta of the Rig Veda, how did the four Varnas emerge under the Varna system ?
Answer:
According to the Purusha Sukta of the Rig Veda, the four Varnas emerged from the sacrifice of the Purusha, the primeval man. All the four social categories emanated from his body. His mouth became the Brahmanas and the arms came out to be Kshatriyas. His thighs became the Vaishya and from his feet, the fourth Varna was born.

Question 26.
Who were designated as Chandalas by Brahamanas ? What was their place in society ?
Answer:
Some people were engaged in occupations like handling corpses and dead animals. These occupations were considered as impure. Those who performed such tasks were designated as Chandalas. They were placed at the very bottom of the hierarchy.

Question 27.
What has been said about the right on paternal property in the Manusmriti ?
Or
How was paternal estate to be I ’ divided after the death of the parents, I according to Manusmriti ? (C.B.S.E. 2012 (O.D.))
Answer:
According to the Manusmriti, the paternal property should be equally divided among all the sons after the death of their parents. However the eldest son is entitled to a special share. The women were not allowed to demand any share in this property.

Question 28.
Tell any two evidences to show that the people were linked to matriliny.
Answer:
(i) Many inscriptions of the powerful Satavahanas have been found. They tell us that many rulers had their lineage from matriliny.
(ii) There is a list of hierarchy of ancestors in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. It contains a list of successive generations of teachers and students. Most of them were designated as metronymics.

Question 29.
What is the Bhagavad Gita ?
Answer:
The Bhagavad Gita is perhaps the most important didactic section of the Mahabharata. It contains the advice offered by Lord Krishna to Arjuna in the battlefield of Kurukshetra.

Question 30.
Who, according to traditions, is considered as the author of Mahabharata ? From whom did he scribe the epic ?
Answer:
According to literary traditions, Maharishi Ved Vyasa is considered as the author of Mahabharata. He scribed this epic from the Lord Ganesha.

Question 31.
Mention two ideal occupations of Brahmanas according to Dharmashastras. (C.B.S.E. 2009 (D))
Answer:
According to Dharmashastras, two ideal occupations of Brahmanas are:
(i) Study and teach the Vedas.
(ii) Perform sacrifices and get sacrifices performed as well as give and receive gifts.

Question 32.
How were the Shakas, who came from Central Asia, regarded by the Brahmanas ? Name their best known ruler and one of his contributions. (C.B.S.E. 2009 (D))
Answer:
Shakas, who came from Central Asia were regarded as Mlechchhas or the barbarians or outsiders by the Brahmanas. Rudradaman was their best known ruler and one of the major contributions of Rudradaman was that he rebuilt Sudarshana lake.

Question 33.
Mention any two ideal occupations of Kshatriyas according to Dharma-shastras. (C.B.S.E. 2009 (D))
Answer:
(i) Kshatriyas were expected to engage in warfare, protect people and administer justice.
(ii) They were expected to study the Vedas, get sacrifices performed and give gifts.

Question 34.
Mention two such population which were beyond the four varnas and I) were viewed with suspicion. Give one characteristic of each. (C.B.S.E. 2012 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) Forest dwellers for whom hunting and gathering remained an important means of subsistence.
(ii) Mlechchhas who spoke non-Sanskritic languages.