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Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 12 Colonial Cities: Urbanisation, Planning and Architecture are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 12 Colonial Cities: Urbanisation, Planning and Architecture

Question 1.
Name three Presidency cities established by the British.
Answer:
Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.

Question 2.
Who gave Bombay to the British East India Company in 1661 A.D.?
Answer:
Bombay was given to the company in 1661 A.D. by the English King.

Question 3.
Name the important centres of imperial administration and central during the Mughal Empire.
Answer:
Agra, Delhi and Lahore.

Question 4.
Which south Indian cities were femous for their temples?
Answer:
Madurai and Kanchipuram.

Question 5.
What is Qasbah?
Answer:
Qasbah is a small town in the countryside, often the seat of a local notable.

Question 6.
What is meant by Ganj?
Answer:
Ganj refers to a small fixed market.

Question 7.
When and where did the different Europeans establish their base in India?
Answer:
Portugues in Panaji in 1510, the Dutch in Masulipatnam in 1605, the British in Madras in 1639 and the French in Pondicherry in 1673.

Question 8.
Why did the importance of Surat, Masulipatnam and Dhaka decline during the British period?
Answer:
Due to shifting of trade to other places such as Madras, Bombay and Calcutta. .

Question 9.
How did the British try to raise money for administering towns?
Answer:
Through the systematic annual collection of municipal taxes.

Question 10.
How much was the urban population in India in 1900 and 1940?
Answer:
10 per cent in 1900 and 13 per cent in 1940.

Question 11.
When was railway introduced in India?
Answer:
In 1853 A.D.

Question 12.
Name three cities developed as railway towns. ,
Answer:
Jamalpur, Waltair and Bareilly.

Question 13.
When did the decennial (conducted every ten years) census become a regular feature in India ? Also, tell its importance.
Or
When was the first All India Census attempted ? Mention two of its early aims. (C.B.S.E. 2009 (D))
Answer:
The first All-India census was attempted in the year 1872. However, the decennial census became a regular feature since 1881. This collection of data is an invaluable source to study urbanisation in India.

Question 14.
What factors helped in the establishment of industries in Bombay and Calcutta in the middle of the 19th century ?
Answer:
(i) These cities were linked to the whole country by the expanding network of railways.
(ii) There was an availability of cheap labour. Therefore, it was convenient to set up new factories in these towns.

Question 15.
What were the two important industrial cities of India in the nineteenth century ? What was manufactured there ?
Answer:
In the nineteenth century, there were two main industrial cities, that is, Kanpur and Jamshedpur. Kanpur was famous for leather, woollen and cotton textiles. But Jamshedpur was known for the production of steel.

Question 16.
What were the objectives of early hill- stations ?
Or
How were the hill-stations a distinctive feature of colonial urban development ? Give two reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (D))
Answer:
(i) The initial hill-stations served the needs of the British army.
(ii) They served as places to stay troops, guard frontiers and launch campaigns against enemy rulers.

Question 17.
How important were the hill- stations for colonial economy ?
Or
Why were hill stations important for colonial economy ? Give any two reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D))
Or
Why did the hill stations become an ideal destination for the British and Europians? Give any one’reason. (C.B.S.E. 2014 (O.D.))
Answer:
Hill stations were very important for colonial economy on account of the following reasons:
(i) They had tea and coffee plantations in their vicinity.
(ii) There was an influx of immigrant labour from the plains as these hill-stations provided many opportunities for jobs.

Question 18.
What was the Lottery Committee of Calcutta (1817) ?
Or
Give any two functions of the Lottery Committee in the context of colonial Calcutta (Kolkata). (C.B.S.E. 2008 (O.D.))
Or
Name the region where the lottery committee initiated town planning ‘. during the 18th century. Mention any ‘one feature of it. (C.B.S.E. 2015 (O.D.))
Answer:
The Lottery Committee was set up at Calcutta in 1817 after the departure of Lord Wellesley. It carried on the work of town planning with the help of the government. It was named as the Lottery Committee because it raised funds through public lotteries. However, it used these funds for the improvement of the town.

Question 19.
What did the city of Bombay gain by the opening of Suez Canal in 1869 ?
Answer:
(i) The opening of the Suez Canal strengthened the links of Bombay with the entire world economy.
(ii) It developed Bombay as the most important city of India. In fact, Bombay was declared as the Urbs Prima in India-a Latin phrase, which meant that Bombay was a great city of India.

Question 20.
What is the importance of architecture for students of history ?
Answer:
Architecture helps in giving shape to our ideas with the help of stone, brick, wood or plaster. Social relations and identities are reflected in many ways through the bunglow of the government officers, the palatial house of the rich merchant to the humble hut of the labourer.

Question 21.
Name two buildings each made in Neo-Gothic and Indo-Saracenic styles during colonial period.
Answer:
(i) Neo-Gothic Style : The Secretariat, University of Bombay and High Court.
(ii) Indo-Saracenic Style : Gateway of India, Taj Mahal Hotel.

Question 22.
Name two buildings of Neo-Gothic style and name those Indians who donated money for these buildings.
Answer:
(i) University Hall: Sir Cowas Jee Jehangir Readymoney.
(ii) Rajabai Tower : Premchand Roychand.

Question 23.
Mention any two characteristic features of the “middle classes” in the new colonial cities under the British. (C.B.S.E. 2008 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) The middle class had an access to new education centres like schools, colleges and libraries.
(ii) As they were educated, they could express their views in newspapers, journals and social gatherings. It helped in the creation of new public environment.

Question 24.
Who were the Dubashes in colonial cities ? Explain one function they performed. (C.B.S.E. 2008 (O.D.))
Answer:
In the colonial cities, the Dubashes were those people who spoke in both the local language and English language. They used to act as agents or traders. They acted as mediators between the British and Indian society. They constructed their houses in traditional way near the markets of the Black Town.

Question 25.
Mention two changes that were seen in the network of trade in the urban centres from the mid 18th century. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) Traders migrated from the old Mughal centres to new centres in search of work and patronage.
(ii) Importance of commercial centres like Dhaka, Surat, etc., declined when trade shifted to other places, like Bombay.

Question 26.
Mention two features of the Fort St. George of White Town, where most of the Europeans lived. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) The white towns were those parts of the colonial towns where the white people lived. The cantonment areas were also developed at safe places.
(ii) They had wide roads, barracks, churches and parade grounds. Besides, they had big bungalows as well as gardens.

Question 27.
Mention two fears of Conservatives in introducing social changes in the new cities built by the British. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) Conservatives feared that the British could destroy their social customs.
(ii) They also feared that the British could convert them to Christians.

Question 28.
Who were Dubashes ? What did they do in Madras (now Chennai) ? (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
Dubashes were those Indians who knew the local language and English language. They also worked as agents and traders and played the role of mediocres between Indian society and the British.

Question 29.
How was the separation between town and country fluid ? State any two reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) Peasants travelled long distances to visit pilgrimage and they went through towns.
(ii) They generally collected in towns at the time of a famine.

Question 30.
Mention two new transport facilities introduced in the new colonial cities and also one important effect of it. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) In 1853, railways was introduced, which completely changed the outlook of cities. It connected colonial city with the rest of India.
(ii) New facilities lead to the development of ship industry.

Question 31.
Mentioh two characteristics of Neo-Gotbic style of architecture for publie buildings (C.B.S.E 2010,2o14 (OD))
Answer:
(i) The building constructed in this style had high pitched roofs, pointed arches and extensive decoration.
(ii) This style was adopted in the construction of churches in northern Europe during the medieval period

Question 32.
How did the introduction of .’railway in 1853 bring a change in the ‘ fortunes: of towns ? Mention any two changes. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (D))
Or
Analyse how did the introduction of the railways by the British prone advantageous for the Indians in the late nineteenth century. (C.B.S.E. 2015 (D))
Answer:
(i) The centre of economic activities started to move away from traditional centres because these towns were near to old routes and rivers.
(ii) Each railway station became a centre of collection of raw material and distribution of imported items.

Question 33.
Mention two characteristics of neoclassical style of architecture for public buildings in India during the British period. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (D))
Answer:
(i) First characteristic of it was the construction of geometrical structures fronted with lofty pillars.
(ii) It was delved from a style that was originally typical of buildings in ancient Rome. It was considered particularly appropriate for the British Empire in India.

Question 34.
Mention the significance of census operation undertaken by the British in India. (C.B.S.E. 2011 (D))
Answer:
Census data helped the British to undertake development works in new cities. This census data was also a valuable source to study the development of urbanisation in India.

Question 35.
Why did paupers from rural areas flock to the cities ? Mention any two reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2011 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) Paupers from rural areas flocked to the cities in the hope of employment.
(ii) Some saw cities as places of opportunity, others were attracted by the allure of a different way of life.

Question 36.
Why were Kanpur and Jamshedpur known . as prosper “Industrial Cities” ? (Give any two reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2012 (O.D.))
Answer:
Kanpur and Jamshedpur were known as prosper industrial cities, because:
(i) Kanpur was specialised in the production of leather, woollen and cotton textiles.-
(ii) Jamshedpur was specialised in steel production.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 11 Rebels and the Raj: The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 11 Rebels and the Raj: The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations

Question 1.
Who was the last Mughal emperor?
Answer:
Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Question 2.
Who started Doctrine of Lapse?
Answer:
Lord Dalhouse.

Question 3.
Which state was captured by the British on the issue of misgovernance?
Answer:
Awadh.

Question 4.
Who was Nawab of Awadh when it was captured in 1850 A.D.?
Answer:
Nawab Wajid Ali Shah.

Question 5.
Who led the revolt of 1857 in Kanpur?
Answer:
Nana Saheb, the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II.

Question 6.
Who led the revolt of 1857 in Awadh?
Answer:
Begum Hazrat Mahal and her son Birjis Qadr.

Question 7.
Name the famous state captured under Doctrine of Lapse?
Answer:
Jhansi.

Question 8.
What was the immediate cause of the revolt of 1857?
Answer:
The issue of greased cartridges.

Question 9.
Who said that ‘Awadh is just like a cherry that will drop into our mouth one day’?
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie.

Question 10.
When and who started Subsidiary Alliance?
Answer:
Subsidiary Alliance was started by Lord Wellesley in 1798 A.D.

Question 11.
Where was Nawab Wajid Ali Shah exiled?
Answer:
He was exiled to Calcutta.

Question 12.
Name the major centres of the revolt of 1857.
Answer:
Merrut, Delhi, Lucknow, Kanpur, Jhansi etc.

Question 13.
Who painted ‘In Memoriam’?
Answer:
Joseph Noel Paton.

Question 14.
Who said, “Khoob Lari mardani woh to Jhansi Wali Rani thi”?
Answer:
Subhadra Kumari Chauhan.

Question 15.
What was the role of cartridges covered with fat of animals in the mutiny of 1857 ?
Or
What was the immediate cause for the mutiny of 1857? ,
Answer:
In 1857, the soldiers were given new cartridges coated with the fat of cows and pigs. The soldiers had to peel them out with their teeth before using them. It corrupted their caste and religious norms. Therefore, the Hindu and the Muslim soldiers refused to use these cartridges. They revolted against the British to preserve their faith.

Question 16.
Give an example of a revolt by a famous tribe before the mutiny of 1857.
Answer:
Many peasant revolts were witnessed in different parts of the country before the rebellion of 1857. For example, Fraizies revolted against the oppression of farmers by the Zamindars of the Britishers. They were from a Muslim community.

Question 17.
Where was the fight for freedom fought in India ? How did the Britishers crush it ?
Answer:
The struggle for the freedom of India was fought in Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Punjab. The British crushed it with the help of their ewn power and the cooperation of a few kings of the Indian states.

Question 18.
How the revolt of 1857 acquired legitimacy ?
Answer:
Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah accepted to become the leader of revolt. Now revolt could be carried on in the name of Mughal emperor. In this way, Revolt of 1857 acquired legitimacy.

Question 19.
How events moved swiftly after 13th May in the mutiny of 1857 ?
Answer:
(i) Delhi was captured by rebels.
(ii) Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah gave his support to the mutiny.

Question 20.
“Rebel Sepoys (1857) began their actions with any signal.” Give any two signals in this regard.
Answer:
(i) At many places it was the firing of the evening gun.
(ii) At few other places this signal was the sounding of the bugle.

Question 21.
“Rumours and prophecies played a part in moving people to action before the Revolt of 1857.” Write any of the two rumours or prophecies in this regard.
Answer:
(i) There spread a rumour that the British had mixed bonedust of cows and pigs into the flour which was sold in the market.
(ii) A prophecy was made that on the centenary of the Battle of Plassey, on 23th June 1857, the British rule would come to an end.

Question 22.
Why did the British become increasingly interested in acquiring the territory of Awadh ?
Answer:
(i) The Britishers felt that the soil of Awadh was very good for cultivation of indigo and cotton.
(ii) They also thought that this state could be developed into a principal market of North India.

Question 23.
When and who annexed Awadh into the British empire ?
Answer:
Awadh was conquered and annexed into the British empire by Lord Dalhousie in 1856.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 10 Colonialism and the Countryside: Exploring Official Archives are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 10 Colonialism and the Countryside: Exploring Official Archives

Question 1.
When and who started permanent settlement of land?
Answer:
It was started by Lojrji Cornwallis in 1793 A.D.

Question 2.
How much of the Zamindaries changed lands after the introduction of permanent settlement of land?
Answer:
Around 75% of the total Zamindaries.

Question 3.
Why did Zamindars default on payments?
Answer:
Because of high revenue demand and accumulation of unpaid balance.

Question 4.
What was sunset law?
Answer:
If payment was not paid before the sunset of the fixed date, land will be confiscated.

Question 5.
Who were the most powerful in North Bengal?
Answer:
The Jotedars were the most powerful in North Bengal.

Question 6.
When was the fifth report submitted to the British Parliament? .
Answer:
In 1813 A.D.

Question 7.
Where did Francis Buchanan travel?
Answer:
Buchanan travelled through the Rajmahal hills.

Question 8.
What work did Paharias do?
Answer:
They were hunters, shifting cultivaters, food gatherors, charcoal producers, silkworm rearers etc.

Question 9.
Why did the British encouraged clearing of forests?
Answer:
Because they wanted to bring more land under cultivation to get more taxes.

Question 10.
What was Damin-i-Koh?
Answer:
This was a land demarcated for Santhals in 1832.

Question 11.
Who were called Dikus?
Answer:
Moneylenders were called Dikus.

Question 12.
Who was David Ricardo?
Answer:
He was an Economist who gave certain ideas to the British government about land rent.

Question 13.
When was Cotton Supply Association founded?
Answer:
In 1857 A.D.

Question 14.
What was the objefetive of Cotton Supply Association?
Answer:
To encourage cotton production in every part of the world.

Question 15.
Why were the estates of the Zamindars auctioned in the colonial Bengal ?
Or
Why were many Zamindars .auctioned after the permanent sattlement in Bengal ? Give two reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
(i) Sometimes the big Zamindars were unable to pay the revenue. The amount of unpaid revenue went on accumulating year after year.
(ii) So the government often auctioned the estates of those Zamindars who failed to pay the due revenue.

Question 16.
When was the Fifth Report submitted to the British Parliament ? What was its objective ?
Answer:
The Fifth Report was submitted to the British Parliament in 1813. It was about the administration and activities of the East India Company in India and proved helpful in regulating and controlling their rule.

Question 17.
What was Sunset Law of revenue ?
Answer:
According to Permanent Settlement of Land, it was necessary for the Zamindars to pay the revenue punctually. But according to Sunset Law, if any Zamindar was unable to pay the revenue by sunset of the specified date, then the Zamindari was bound to be auctioned by the government to recover the dues.

Question 18.
Why the Jotedars were more powerful in villages than that of the Zamindars ? Give two reasons.
Answer:
(i) The Zamindars lived in urban areas and Jotedars were located in villages with poor villagers. They had direct control over large section of villagers.
(ii) Jotedars were often amongst the purchasers in case of auction of the Zamindaris.

Question 19.
Why ryots (peasants) remained loyal to the former zamindar instead of the new Zamindars ? Give two reasons.
Answer:
(i) The ryots considered themselves bound to the former Zamindar through a sense of loyalty and saw the former Zamindar as a figure of authority.
(ii) The sale of Zamindari disturbed their pride and their sense of identity.

Question 20.
Which two factors helped the Zamindars to consolidate their power in the beginning of 19th century ?
Answer:
(i) In the beginning of the 19th century, the depression in prices remained no more and prices of agriculture produce became high.
(ii) Government made rules of revenue payments flexible which helped the Zamindars to consolidate their power.

Question 21.
When Cotton Supply Association and the Manchester Cotton Company were founded in Britain? What was their objective ?
Answer:
Cotton Supply Association in Britain, was founded in 1857 and Manchester Cotton Company was formed in 1859. Their objective was to encourage production of cotton in every part of the world so that their Company could grow.

Question 22.
Tell any two drawbacks of the RyotWari system of revenue introduced in the Bombay Deccan in 1920.
Answer:
(i) At many places, the amount of revenue was very high. Therefore, many peasants deserted their villages and migrated to new regions.
(ii) Many areas had poor soil and fluctuating rainfall. When the rains failed, the peasants had bad crop due to which they found it impossible to pay the revenue.

Question 23.
India was seen as a country that could supply cotton to Lancashire if the American supply dried up. Why was it so ?
Answer:
The land of India was suitable for the cultivation of cotton.

Question 24.
Examine the impact of limitation law passed by the British in 1859 ? (CBSE 2018)
Answer:
This law was meant to chack the accumulation of interest one time and three years validity of the bonds sighed between money lenders and reyots. Consequently the money lenders manipulated and forced the people to sign the deeds after 3 years.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 9 Kings and Chronicles: The Mughal Courts are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 9 Kings and Chronicles: The Mughal Courts

Question 1.
Who was the first ruler of the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
Babur was the first Mughal King.

Question 2.
How did Babur relate to Ghenghiz Khan?
Answer:
Babur was related to Ghenghiz Khan from his mother’s side.

Question 3.
Name few of the successors of Babur.
Answer:
Humayun, Akbar, Jehangir, Shahjehan, Aurangzeb etc.

Question 4.
Who gave a defeat to Humayun?
Answer:
Sher Shah Suri defeat Humayun.

Question 5.
Who is considered as the greatest Mughal Empire?
Answer:
Akbar is considered as the greatest Mughal Empire.

Question 6.
Who was the last powerful Mughal Emperor?
Answer:
Aurangzeb was the last powerful Mughal Emperor.

Question 7.
Name few of the Chronicles prepared during the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
Baburnama, Akbarnama, Shahjahannama, Alamgirnama etc.

Question 8.
In which language most of the Chronicles were written in the Mughal period?
Answer:
In Persian language.

Question 9.
What was the .centre of manuscript production during the Mughal empire?
Answer:
Kitabkhana was the centre of manuscript production during the Mughal Empire.

Question 10.
What was the Nastaliq?
Answer:
It was a style of calligraphy, a fluid style with long horizontal strokes.

Question 11.
What was Sheria?
Answer:
Sheria was an Islamic law.

Question 12.
In how many books, the Akbarnama is divided?
Answer:
Akbarnama is divided into three books and the third book is Akbarnama.

Question 13.
Who was Humayun ? How was he forced to run away from India ?
Answer:
Humayun was the son and successor of Babur. He expanded the frontiers of his empire. However, he was defeated by the Afghan leader Sher Shah Suri and was forced to run away from India.

Question 14.
What happened to Humayun when he ran away from India ?
Answer:
Humayun had to take refuge in the court of the Safavid ruler of Iran when he was drove into exile. In 1555 C.E., he defeated the Surs but died an year later.

Question 15.
How did the Mughal dynasty came to an end in India ?
Answer:
With the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 C.E., the power of the empire diminished. Many regional powers emerged in place of large Mughal empire. Yet symbolically, the prestige of Mughal rulers remained there. In 1857 C.E., the last scion of this dynasty, Bahadur Shah Zafar was overthrown by the British. In this way, the Mughal dynasty came to an end in India.

Question 16.
Who were the authors of the Mughal chronicles ? On which four points did they concentrate ?
Answer:
The authors of the Mughal chronicles were the court historians. All the chronicles emphasised the following points :
(i) Events associated with the ruler
(ii) Family of the ruler
(iii) The royal court
(iv) Wars and administrative provisions

Question 17.
Who founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal and when ? Tell any one work done by it.
Answer:
The Asiatic Society of Bengal was founded by Sir William Jones in 1784 C.E. This society published the edited versions of Akbarnama and Badshahnama in the nineteenth century.

Question 18.
Explain any two works done by Akbar to enhance the idea of Sulh-i-Kul.
Answer:
(i) Akbar gave positions and awards to Turanis, Afghans, Rajputs and Deccanis purely on the basis of their service and loyalty to the king.
(ii) He abolished the tax on pilgrimage in 1563 C.E. and Jizya in 1564 C.E. as both were based on religious discrimination.

Question 19.
What was Jizya ? Who abolished it ? By whom was it again imposed ?
Answer:
Jizya was a tax imposed on non-Muslim subjects. It was abolished by Akbar in 1564 C.E. and was again imposed by Aurangzeb.

Question 20.
Which was the favourite symbol to represent the idea of Justice of Mughal monarchy ? What does it mean ?
Answer:
The favourite symbol to represent the idea of justice of Mughal monarchy was the motif of the lion and the lamb (or cow) peacefully nestling next to each other. It was meant to signify that both the weak and the strong could exist in harmony.

Question 21.
How Mughal rulers kept control over court society ?
Answer:
Social control in court was exercised by forms of address, courtesies and speech which were acceptable in court. Even a small mistake of etiquette was noticed and punished right on the spot.

Question 22.
Which were the highest forms of salutation to the ruler by the Mughal courtiers ?
Answer:
(i) Sijda or complete prostration.
(ii) Chahar Taslim.
(iii) Zaminbos, i.e., kissing the ground.

Question 23.
Which Mughal emperor began the practice of Jharokha Darshan ? What was his objective behind this ?
Answer:
Jharokha Darshan was introduced by Akbar. According to this, emperor appeared on a small balcony, facing the east, giving a view to crowds of people standing below. Its objective was to broadening the acceptance of the imperial authority as part of popular faith.

Question 24.
What were Zat and Sawar ranks ? What was the main difference between them ?
Answer:
Zat and Sawar were the ranks or mansabs of Mughal officials based on numerical destinations. As Zat was an indicator of position in the imperial hierarchy and salary of the official but Sawar indicated towards the number of horsemen which he was required to maintain in his service.

Question 25.
Why Mughal emperor wanted to keep control over Kabul and Kandhar ?
Answer:
All conquerers who wanted to conquer the Indian sub-continent had to cross Hindukush to have an access to north India. That is why there was a constant policy of Mughals and that was to ward off this potential danger by controlling strategic outposts, i.e., Kabul and Kandhar.

Question 26.
“Jesuits were greatly respected during Akbar’s time”. Give three reasons in favour of this statement.
Answer:
(i) At public assemblies, the Jesuits were given places in close proximity to Akbar’s throne.
(ii) Jesuits accompanied Akbar on his campaigns and tutored his children.
(iii) Jesuits were often companions of the leisure hours of the Emperor.

Question 27.
What was the ‘philosophy of light’ created by Akbar and Abul Fazl ? Why was this used ?
Answer:
According to philosophy of light created by Akbar and Abul Fazl, a divinely inspired individual has top most sovereignty over his people and full control over his enemies. This philosophy was used to shape the image of the king and ideology of the state.

Here we are providing 1 Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 8 Peasants, Zamindars and the State: Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

One Mark Questions for History Class 12 Chapter 8 Peasants, Zamindars and the State: Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire

Question 1.
Who was Abul Fazl?
Answer:
Abul Fazl was the court historian of Akbar.

Question 2.
Who wrote Ain-i-Akbari ?
Answer:
Abul Fazl wrote Ain-i-Akbari.

Question 3.
Which different names were used for peasants during the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
Raiyat, Kisan, Asami etc.

Question 4.
What are Rabi and Kharif crops?
Answer:
Autumn crops are Kharif crops and Spring crops are Rabi crops.

Question 5.
What was Jins-i-Kamil?
Answer:
Jins-i-Kamil means the perfect crops.

Question 6.
Who headed the Panchayat in the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
The Panchayat was headed by a headman or muqaddam or mandal.

Question 7.
Give one important fuction of Panchayats during the Mughal Empire.
Answer:
To ensure that caste boundaries among the various communities living in the village were upheld.

Question 8.
What was begar?
Answer:
Unpaid labour done by the peasants.

Question 9.
Name few artisans lived in the villages.
Answer:
Potters, Blacksmiths, Carpenters, Barbers, Goldsmiths etc. /

Question 10.
What work did women do in the fields during the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
Sowing, weeding, thrashing and winnowing the harvest.

Question 11.
Who were called Jangli in the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
Forest dwellers were called Jangli in the Mughal Empire. ,

Question 12.
What peshkash was expected from the forest people?
Answer:
They were expected to supply elephants to the empire.

Question 13.
What was a Pargana?
Answer:
Pargana was an administrative subdivision of a Mughal province.

Question 14.
On the basis of which relations, the rural society of 16th and 17th century was organised ?
Answer:
Rural society of 16th and 17th century was made up of small peasants and rich landlords. Both of these were involved in agricultural production and had their right over the share of the produce. As a result, the relationship of cooperation, conflict and competition was created among them. These relationships were the base of organising rural society.

Question 15.
Discuss the four factors that helped in the continuous development of agriculture in India of the Mughal period.
Or
Mention the factors that accounted for the constant expansion of agriculture during 16th and 17th centuries. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (D))
Answer:
These factors were :
(i) Excess of land
(ii) Availability of workers
(iii) Dynamism of farmers
(iv) Development of artificial means of irrigation.

Question 16.
With which community the social existence of peasant was associated during 16th and 17th centuries ? Which were three other constituents of this community ?
Answer:
Social existence of peasant, during 16th and 17th centuries was associated with collective village community. Its three other constituents were—the cultivators, the’ Panchayat and the village headman.

Question 17.
Which people were included in the village Panchayat of the Mughal period ? With which name was the head of Panchayat known ?
Answer:
Village,Panchayat during the Mughal period was an assembly of elders of the village. They were generally important persons of village who had’ hereditary rights over their property.

Question 18.
What does Jins-i-Kamil mean ? Why did the Mughal rule encourage it ?
Answer:
Literally, Jins-i-Kamil means perfect crops. Such crops included cotton and sugarcane besides oilseeds and lentils. The Mughal state encouraged -all the peasants to’grow and cultivate only those crops which brought in more revenue.

Question 19.
Deserting village was considered as an aggressive method in case of no justice given by Panchayat. Why ?
Answer:
In case of conflict between lower caste peasants and state officials or local zamindars, compromises were used. In cases where reconciliation failed, peasants took more drastic form of resistance and that was deserting the village.

Question 20.
Which type of region was Jungle (forest) from the point of view of Mughal empire ?
Answer:
For the Mughal state, the forest or Jungle was a subversive place, a place of refuge or shelter for trouble makers. Once Babur said that “Jungles were those defences behind which the people of the pargana became stubbornly rebellious and; paid no taxes.” v

Question 21.
What were the four means by which the people belonging«*to weaker* sections of society could attain the status of zamihdars ?
Answer:
These means were as follows :
(i) By settlements On new lands
(ii) By transfering of the land ownership
(iii) By the royal orders
(iv) By purchasing the land

Question 22.
Name those four large territorial empires in Asia which had managed to consolidate power and resources during 16th and 17th centuries.
Answer:
(i) The Mughal empire in India
(ii) Ming empire in China
(iii) Safavid empire of Iran
(iv) Ottoman empire in Turkey.

Question 23.
Abul Fazl, the writer of Ain-i-Akbari, had a high degree of caution in writing his book. Give two arguments.
Answer:
(i) He revised the manuscript five times.
(ii) He verified the oral testimonies and verified as well as cross-checked them from various facts and sources. He left no stone unturned to check the authenticity of the oral testimonies.

Question 24.
Discuss any two limitations of Ain-i- Akbari.
Answer:
These limitations are as follows :
(i) There were errors in totalling. They might be due to slips of arithmetic or transcription.
(ii) There was no uniform collection of data from all the provinces.

Question 25.
Why were women considered an important resource in agrarian society? Mention two reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2009 (D))
Answer:
(i) Women worked shoulder to shoulder with men in the fields.
(ii) Men tilled and ploughed the fields and on the other hand, women sowed, weeded, threshed and winnowed the harvest.

Question 26.
Mention two factors for enjoying social and economic privileges by the Zamindars in the Mughal India. (C.B.S.E. 2009 (D))
Answer:
(i) Caste was one of the factors that accounted for elevated status of Zamindars.
(ii) Zamindars performed certain services (Khidmat) for the State.
Banjar Land : It was also a type of land which was uncultivated for five years and more.

Question 27.
Mention two main purposes of Ain-i- Akbari. (C.B.S.E. 2009 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) The main purpose of Ain-i-Akbari was to record information about the people and society during the Mughal regime.
(ii) Another purpose of Ain-i-Akbari was to give detailed accounts of the organisation of the court, administration and army.

Question 28.
Who headed the Panchayats during seventeenth century ? How was he chosen ? (C.B.S.E. 2008 (O.D.))
Answer:
The panchayats during seventeenth century were headed by a head man known as muquaddam or mandal. Some sources suggest that the headman was chosen through the consensus of the village elders and that this choice had to be ratified by the zamindars.

Question 29.
Mention the major crop of Western India during 17th century. How did it come to India ? (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
Maize (makka) was the major crop of Western India during 17th century. During the 17th century, several new crops from different parts of the world reached the Indian sub-continent via Africa and Spain.

Question 30.
Why were the forest dwellers termed Jungli ? Give any two reasons ? (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) This word was used for the people whose livelihood came from forest products. Forests were the means of their livelihood.
(ii) These people moved from one place to another.

Question 31.
What does the third part of the Ain, ‘Mulk Abadi’ deal with ? (C.B.S.E. 2010 (O.D.))
Answer:
Mulk Abadi gives detailed information about fiscal aspects and revenue rates of centre and states. Twelve provinces are also mentioned in it. It shows a very detailed and interesting picture of the agrarian society of north India.

Question 32.
How were the village artisans compensated by the villagers for their services ? Write about any one. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (D))
Answer:
Village artisans were compensated by the villagers by giving them one part of their produce or were given one piece of waste land kept with them.

Question 33.
How did the Zamindars derive their power during the Mughal period ? Mention any two ways. (C.B.S.E. 2010 (D))
Answer:
(i) Caste was one factor which accounted for the higher status of Zamindars. Another factor was that they performed certain services for the state.
(ii) The Zamindars held extensive personal lands termed milkiyat meaning property.

Question 34.
Mention any two steps taken by the Mughals to create the revenue as an administrative apparatus. (C.B.S.E. 2013 (O.D.))
Answer:
(i) This apparatus included the office of the diwan who was responsible for supervising the fiscal system of the empire.
(ii) Revenue officials and record keepers penetrated the agricultural domain and became a decisive agent in shaping agrarian relations.

Question 35.
Mention two factors that brought a stability in the silver currency during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (C.B.S.E.2013 (O.D.))
Answer:
An expanding trade of Asia with other regions brought in huge amounts of silver bullion into Asia to pay for goods procured from India. A large part of that bullion gravitated towards India. As a result, this period saw a great stability in the silver currency.

Question 36.
Explain the sources of revenue of village Panchayats during the Mughal rule in India. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
During the Mughal rule in India, the Panchayati derived its funds from contributions made by individuals to’ a common financial base, levying fines, agricultural taxes etc.