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Here we are providing Class 12 Economics Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Determination of Income and Employment. Economics Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Economics Chapter 4 Important Extra Questions Determination of Income and Employment

Determination of Income and Employment Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Define Aggregate Demand. (C.B.S.E. 2010,2014)
Or
What is ‘Aggregate Demand’ in macroeconomics? (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Aggregate Demand (AD) refers to the total expenditure on consumption and investment by different sectors of the economy.

Question 2.
How would you show Aggregate Demand in an equation?
Answer:
Aggregate Demand can be written in the form of the following equation:
AD = C + I + G + (X – M) where
C – Private Final Expenditure
I = Investment Expenditure
G = Government Expenditure
X – M = Net Exports (Exports – Imports)

Question 3.
Define Aggregate Supply.
Or
What is ‘Aggregate Supply’ in macroeconomics? (C.B.S.E 2015)
Answer:
Aggregate Supply (AS) refers to the planned aggregate production by the producers during a period of one year. It is equal to the income generated.

Question 4.
How would you show Aggregate Supply in an equation?
Answer:
Aggregate Supply can be written in the form of the following equation:
AS = Y = C + S
where; C – Consumption Expenditure
S = Savings

Question 5.
What are the two main constituents of AD?
Answer:
The two main constituents of AD are:
(i) Consumption
(ii) Investment

Question 6.
What are the two constituents of AS?
Answer:
The two main constituents of AD are:
(i) Consumption
(ii) Saving

Question 7.
Why does consumption curve not start from the origin? (C.B.S.E 2018)
Answer:
Consumption curve does not start from zero because people consume even at zero level of income.

Question 8.
Define MPC. (C.B.S.E 2014,2017)
Answer:
Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) is the ratio of change in consumption to the change in income; It is the slope of the consumption function.

Question 9.
What do you understand by APC?
Answer:
Average Propensity to Consume (APC) is the ratio of total consumption (C) to total income (Y).
\(M P C=\frac{\Delta C}{\Delta Y}\)

Question 10.
What do you understand byAPC?
Answer:
Average Propensity to Consume (APC) is the ratio of total consumption (C) to total income (Y).
\(\mathrm{APC}=\frac{\mathrm{C}}{\mathrm{Y}}\)

Question 11.
How is Average Propensity to Consume measured?
Answer:
Average propensity to consume (APC) is measured as below:
\(\mathrm{APC}=\frac{\text { Consumption }}{\text { Income }}=\frac{C}{Y}\)

Question 12.
Define APS.
Answer:
Average Propensity to Save (APS) is the ratio of total saving to total income
\(\mathrm{MPS}=\frac{\Delta \mathrm{S}}{\Delta Y}\)

Question 13.
What do you understand by MPS?
Answer:
Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS) is the ratio of change in saving to change in income.
\(\mathrm{MPS}=\frac{\Delta \mathrm{S}}{\Delta Y}\)

Question 14.
State the relationship between MPS and MPC.
Answer:
The sum of Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) and Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS) is always equal to one. That is,
MPC + MPS = 1

Question 15.
State the relationship between APC and APS.
Answer:
The sum of Average Propensity to Consume (APC) and Average Propensity to Save (APS) is always equal to one. That is, APC + APS = 1

Question 16.
What is consumption?
Answer:
Consumption refers to that part of income, which is spent by the households on the purchase of consumer goods and services.

Question 17.
What does a consumption function show?
Answer:
Consumption function shows the relationship between income and consumption.

Question 18.
Give the meaning of autonomous consumption.
Answer:
Autonomous consumption is the amount of consumption expenditure at zero level of income. It does not change with change in income.

Question 19.
Give the meaning of ex-ante savings. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Ex-ante savings refer to the level of savings, which is planned to be made by the households during a period of one year.

Question 20.
If planned savings are greater than planned investment what will be its effect on inventories?
Answer:
If planned savings are greater than planned investment, inventories will increase.

Question 21.
What are the two determinants of investment?
Answer:
The two determinants of investment are:
(i) Marginal Efficiency of Capital
(ii) Rate of interest

Question 22.
What is the main motive for investment in the private sector?
Answer:
Expected profitability is the main motive for investment in the private sector.

Question 23.
Define investment. (C.B.S.E. 2013 Comp.)
Answer:
Investment refers to purchase of new machines, new buildings and other capital goods that add to the existing stock of capital goods.

Question 24.
Give the meaning of ex-ante investment. (C.B.S.E 2010)
Answer:
Ex-ante investment refers to the investment, which is planned to be made by the firms during a period of one year.

Question 25.
If S exceeds I in an economy, what will be its effect on level of income?
Answer:
If S exceeds I in an economy then the level of income will decline.

Question 26.
If I exceeds S in an economy, what will be its effect on level of income?
Answer:
If I exceeds S in an economy then the level of income will increase.

Question 27.
Define Say’s law of markets.
Answer:
According to the Say’s law of markets, “Production is the source of demand.”

Question 28.
What is meant by full employment? (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Full employment refers to a situation in which everyone who is willing to work at the existing wage rate gets work.

Question 29.
What is Keynes’s conception of full employment?
Answer:
According to Keynes, full employment exists when the Aggregate Supply function becomes perfectly inelastic in an economy.

Question 30.
How is full employment equilibrium determined?
Answer:
Full employment equilibrium is determined when Aggregate Demand function intersects the Aggregate Supply function on its perfectly inelastic part.

Question 31.
According to classical writers, what are the causes of involuntary unemployment?
Answer:
According to classical writers, involuntary unemployment appears in an economy due to wage rigidity, minimum wage laws and trade union activities.

Question 32.
What, according to Keynes, is the fundamental cause of involuntary unemployment?
Answer:
According to Keynes, the fundamental cause of involuntary unemployment in an economy is the deficient demand.

Question 33.
What is involuntary unemployment? (CBSE 2014,2017)
Answer:
The involuntary unemployment refers to a situation in which the workers are willing to work at the prevailing wage rates but the jobs are not available to them.

Question 34.
If MPC and MPS are equal, what is the value of the multiplier?
Answer:
The sum of MPC and MPS is always equal to I. That is,
MPC + MPS = I
When MPC = MPS, then the value of both of them will be:
\(M P C=M P S=\frac{1}{2}\)
The value of multiplier can be calculated as:
\(\begin{aligned}
K &=\frac{1}{M P S} \\
&=\frac{1}{\frac{1}{2}}=2
\end{aligned}\)
Thus, the value of the multiplier is 2.

Question 35.
What is investment multiplier?
Answer:
Investment multiplier (K) expresses the relationship between the final change in income and the initial change in investment. It is estimated as the ratio of change in income due to change in investment.

Question 36.
Whose value does \(\frac{1}{1-M P C}\) show?
Answer:
Investment Multiplier.
\(K=\frac{\Delta Y}{\Delta !}\)

Question 37.
Whose value does \(\frac{1}{\mathrm{MPS}}\) indicate?
Answer:
Investment multiplier.

Question 38.
What will be the value of multiplier, if MPS is 0.4?
Answer:
Investment multiplier \((K)=\frac{1}{M P S}\)
At MPS = 0.4,
\(K=\frac{1}{0.4}=\frac{10}{4}=2.5\)

Question 39.
What is the value of investment multiplier, if MPS = 0.8?
Answer:
Investment multiplier \((K)=\frac{1}{M P S}\)
At MPS = 0.8,
\(K=\frac{1}{0.8}=\frac{10}{8}=1.25\)

Question 40.
What will be the value of multiplier, if MPS = 0.5?
Answer:
Investment multiplier \((K)=\frac{1}{M P S}\)
At MPS = 0.5
\(K=\frac{1}{0.5}=\frac{10}{5}=2\)

Question 41.
What is value of multiplier, if MPC is 0.9?
Answer:
Investment Multiplier \((\mathrm{K})=\frac{1}{1-\mathrm{MPC}}\)
At MPC = 0.9,

Question 42.
What is the value of multiplier, if MPC is 3/4?
Answer:
Investment Multiplier \(K=\frac{1}{1-0.9}=\frac{1}{0.1}=10\)
\(\begin{aligned}
M P C &=\frac{3}{4}, K=\frac{1}{1-3 / 4} \\
&=\frac{1}{1 / 4}=4
\end{aligned}\)

Question 43.
What can be the minimum value of investment multiplier?
Answer:
The minimum value of investment multiplier can be one.

Question 44.
If investment multiplier is one, what will be the value of Marginal Propensity to Consume?
Answer:
When investment multiplier is one, then the value of Marginal Propensity of Consume will be zero.

Question 45.
What is deficient demand?
Answer:
Deficient demand refers to a situation in the economy in which Aggregate Demand is less than the Aggregate Supply (AD < AS) at the fell employment level.

Question 46.
What is ‘excess demand’ in macroeconomics? (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Excess demand refers to a situation in the economy in which the Aggregate Demand is more than  the Aggregate Supply (AD > AS) at the fell employment level.

Question 47.
What is deflationary gap? (C.8.S.E Outside Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Deflationary gap refers to the excess of available supply of output over the anticipated expenditure at constant prices of base period.

Question 48.
Define inflationary gap.(C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Inflationary gap refers to the excess of anticipated expenditure over the available supply of output at constant prices of base period.

Question 49.
How can the problems of excess and deficient demand be combated?
Answer:
The problems of excess and deficient demand may be combated through fiscal policy and monetary policy measures of the government.

Question 50.
What is meant by open market operations?
Answer:
Open market operation is the policy of the central monetary authority to sell and buy the government securities in the market.

Question 51.
What is bank rate or discount rate?
Answer:
Bank rate is the minimum rate at which the central bank discounts the first class bills of exchange and provides credit to the commercial banks.

Question 52.
What do you mean by margin requirement?
Answer:
Margin requirement of loan is the minimum security price charged by the commercial bank for granting

Question 53.
Suggest one monetary measure to correct excess demand.
Answer:
Bank rate can be increased to correct excess demand.

Question 54.
Give one fiscal measure to correct excess demand.
Answer:
Decrease government expenditure on subsidies and transfer payments.

Question 55.
Write one monetary measure to correct deficient demand.
Answer:
Buying government securities from commercial banks and general public.

Question 56.
Suggest one fiscal measure to correct deficient demand.
Answer:
Increase government expenditure on public welfare, defense, administration, etc.

Determination of Income and Employment Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by Aggregate Demand ? State its component.
Or
State and discuss the components of Aggregate Demand in a two sector economy. (C.B.S.E 2019)
Answer:
Aggregate Demand (AD) refers to the total expenditure on consumption and investment by different sectors of the economy.
Aggregate Demand comprises of the following components:
(i) Private Consumption Expenditure (C): Household expenditure on goods and services during an accounting year is called consumption expenditure. It depends upon the level of income of the households.

(ii) Investment Expenditure (I): Investment expenditure is the expenditure on goods by private investors, which add to their capital stock. These goods include producer’s durable, equipment, new construction and change in inventories.

(iii) Government Expenditure (G): Government expenditure, both consumption and investment, on public goods such as opening of schools, construction of roads, maintain law and order, provide justice, etc.

(iv) Net Exports (X – M): Net exports is the difference between total imports and total exports. Note: For a two-sector economy, state and discuss only C & I.

Question 2.
In an economy Aggregate Demand is greater than Aggregate Supply. Explain the changes that will take place in this economy. (C.B.S.E. 2011 Comp.)
Answer:
Excess demand refers to a situation in which Aggregate Demand in the economy is greater than the Aggregate Supply (AD > AS) at full employment level. The problem of excess demand can be corrected by contractionary fiscal or monetary policy. In the diagram, the initial Aggregate Demand curve is AD.

Aggregate Supply (AS) is a vertical line at the full employment level of output (Y_F). With the initial government expenditure of G₁; the Aggregate Demand is OY while Aggregate Supply is OY_F. There is a situation of excess demand of EA. As government expenditure is decreased to G₂, AD curve shifts down until equilibrium is attained (AD = AS) at full employment level of output.

Thus, the problem of excess demand or inflationary gap can be corrected by decreasing  public expenditure. As government expenditure is decreased to G₂, AD curve shifts down until equilibrium is attained (AD = AS) at full employment level of output Thus, the problem of excess demand or inflationary gap can be corrected by decreasing public expenditure.

Question 3.
In an economy Aggregate Demand is less than Aggregate Supply. Explain the changes that will take place in this economy. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2011 Comp.)
Answer:
Deficient demand refers to a situation in which Aggregate Demand in the economy is less than the Aggregate Supply (AD < AS) at full employment level. Deficient demand is also known as deflationary gap.

In the diagram, the initial Aggregate Demand curve is AD. Aggregate Supply (AS) is a vertical line at the full employment level of output (Y_F). With the initial government expenditure of G₁ the Aggregate Demand is OY while Aggregate Supply is OY_p. There is a situation of deficient demand of AE. As government expenditure is increased to G₂, AD curve shifts up until equilibrium

Question 4.
Discuss the working of the adjustment mechanism in the following situations:
(a) Aggregate demand is greater than Aggregate supply.
(b) Ex Ante Investments are lesser than Ex Ante Savings. (C.B.S.E 2019)
Answer:
(a) When Aggregate Demand is greater than Aggregate Supply, buyers are planning to buy more goods and services than what producers are planning to produce. It will lead to fall in planned inventory below the desired level. The producers, in turn, will produce more which will increase the aggregate supply till aggregate demand becomes equal to aggregate supply.

(b) Ex-ante investment are lesser than Ex-ante savings, meaning buyers are planning to buy lesser output as to what producer are planning to produce. It will lead to rise in planned inventory above the desired level. As a result, the producers will cut down production leading to a reduction of income till saving becomes equal to investment.

Question 5.
Distinguish between Average Propensity to Consume and Marginal Propensity to Consume. The value of which of these two can be greater than one and when?
Answer:
Average Propensity to Consume (APC) is the ratio of total consumption (C) to total income (Y).
\(\mathrm{APC}=\frac{C}{\mathrm{Y}}\)
Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) is the ratio of change in consumption to the change in income. It is the slope of the consumption function.
\(M P C=\frac{\Delta C}{\Delta Y}\)
The value of APC can be greater than one when current consumption exceeds current income.

Question 6.
Give the meaning of Marginal Propensity to Save and Average Propensity to Save. Can the value of Average Propensity to Save be negative? If yes, when?
Answer:
Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS) is the ratio of change in saving to change in income.
\(\mathrm{MPS}=\frac{\Delta \mathrm{S}}{\Delta Y}\)
Average Propensity to Save (APS) is the ratio of total saving to total income.
\(\mathrm{APS}=\frac{\mathrm{S}}{\mathrm{Y}}\)
APS can be negative in situations when saving is negative or when consumption is greater than income.

Question 7.
Distinguish between Average Propensity to Save and Marginal Propensity to Save.The value of which of these two can be negative and when?
Answer:
Average Propensity to Save (APS) is the ratio of total saving to total income.
\(\mathrm{APS}=\frac{\mathrm{S}}{\mathrm{Y}}\)
Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS) is the ratio of change in saving to change in income.
\(\mathrm{APS}=\frac{\mathrm{S}}{\mathrm{Y}}\)
The value of APS can be negative when saving is negative or when consumption is greater than income.

Question 8.
What is the relationship between Average Propensity to Consume and Average Propensity to Save? Can the value of average propensity to save be negative? If yes, when?
Answer:
Average Propensity to Consume (APC) is the ratio of total consumption (C) to total income (Y).
\(\mathrm{APC}=\frac{\mathrm{C}}{\mathrm{Y}}\)
Average Propensity to Save (APS) is the ratio of total saving to total income.
\(\mathrm{APS}=\frac{\mathrm{S}}{\mathrm{Y}}\)

Relationship between APC and APS
We know that, Y = C + S
Dividing both sides by Y, we get:
\(\frac{Y}{Y}=\frac{C}{Y}+\frac{S}{Y}\)

Substituting APC = \(\frac{C}{Y}\) and APS = \(\frac{S}{Y}\), we get:
APC + APS = 1
Thus, the sum of the APC and APS is always equal to one. This is because total income is either consumed or saved.
The value of APS can be negative when saving is negative or when consumption is greater than income.

Question 9.
Outline the steps taken in deriving saving curve from the consumption curve. Use diagram. (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2017) (C.B.S.E. 2012, 14)
Answer:
Income is the sum of consumption and saving. The relationship among the three can be expressed as:
Y = C + S
Saving curve can be derived from the consumption curve. The derivation can be explained with the help of the given diagram. In the diagram, CC is the consumption curve and the 45° line represents income.

OC is autonomous consumption, that is, the amount of consumption at zero level of income (C > Y). This is equal to the amount of saving (OS) at zero level of income. The saving is negative and the saving curve is below the horizontal axis.

Income and CC curves intersect at OY* level of income (point E) implying that consumption is equal to income at E. It is called the break-even point. At this point, saving is zero.

Beyond OY* level of income, consumption is less than income (C < Y). Thus, saving is positive and the saving curve is above the horizontal axis. SS is the saving curve derived from consumption curve.

Question 10.
Outline the steps taken in deriving consumption curve from the saving curve. Use diagram.
Answer:
Income is the sum of consumption and saving. The relationship among the three can be expressed as:
Y = C + S

Consumption curve can be derived from the saving curve. The derivation can be explained with the help of the given diagram. In the given diagram, SS is the saving curve. OS represents negative saving and the saving curve is below the horizontal axis. When amount of saving is negative, consumption is greater than income (C > Y).

This is equal to the amount of consumption (OC) at zero level of income. The saving is zero at OY* level of income (point E) implying that consumption is equal to income at E. It is called the break-even point. At E, income and CC curves intersect each other.

Beyond OY* level of income, saving is positive and the saving curve is above the horizontal axis. When the amount of saving is positive, consumption is less than income (C < Y). Thus, CC is the consumption curve derived from saving curve.

Question 11.
Distinguish between consumption function equation and saving function equation. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
Consumption Function Equation
The relationship between the consumption and the income is called the consumption function. The consumption function may be represented by the following equation:
C = a + bY; a > 0, 0 < b < I
C = Consumption Expenditure
Y = Level of income
a = Autonomous Consumption
b = Slope of consumption function \(\left(\mathrm{MPC}=\frac{\Delta \mathrm{C}}{\Delta \mathrm{Y}}\right)\)

Autonomous consumption is the amount of consumption expenditure at zero level of income. It is the intercept of the consumption expenditure and is assumed to be positive as people consume even at the zero level of income.

Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) orb is the slope of the consumption function. It measures the rate of change in consumption per unit change in income. The value of MPC is positive and lies between 0 and I. This means that the consumption increases with the income.

Saving Function Equation
The relationship between saving and income is called the saving function. The following identity expresses the relationship between saving (S) and income (Y).
Y ≡ C + S
On S = Y – C …(I)
The consumption function is represented as:
C = a + bY
Substituting (2) in (1); we get
S = Y – (a + bY)
S = Y – a – bY
S = – a + (1 – bY)
S = Saving
a = Amount of saving when level of income is zero
(1- b) = Slope of the saving function \(\left(\mathrm{MPS}=\frac{\Delta \mathrm{S}}{\Delta Y}\right)\)

Question 12.
Distinguish between propensity to consume and propensity to save, with the help of numerical  example. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPQ is the ratio of change in consumption to the change in income.
\(\mathrm{MPC}=\frac{\Delta C}{\Delta Y}\)
Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS) is the ratio of change in savings to the change in income.
\(M P S=\frac{\Delta S}{\Delta Y}\)
The sum of the propensity to consume and propensity to save is always equal to one.
MPC + MPS = 1
Or; MPC = 1 – MPS
Or; MPS = 1 – MPC

MPC and MPS are inversely related. Higher the propensity to consume lower will be the propensity to save and vice-versa. For example, suppose propensity to consume is 0.80. The propensity to save will be
MPS = 1 – 0.80
= 0.20
If propensity to consume falls to 0.40, then the propensity to save will be
MPS = 1 – 0.40
= 0.60

Question 13.
What are induced and autonomous investments?
Answer:
Induced Investment Induced investment is the investment, which is affected by the changes in income and production in the economy. At higher level of income, the demand for goods is high and hence, the rate of profit increases. Investment automatically increases while rate of profit increases.! Autonomous Investment Autonomous investment is the investment, which is not affected by the changes in income, rate of interest or rate of profits. In other words, autonomous investment is income inelastic. Autonomous investment is increased to provide education, health, etc. facilities to increasing population.

Question 14.
Describe briefly the determinants of investment.
Answer:
Following are the determinants of investment;
(i) Marginal Efficiency of Capital: Marginal efficiency of capital refers to the decline in cost of production by employing an additional unit of capital.
(ii) Rate of Interest: Rate of interest is an important determinant of investment. Rate of interest and investment demand are inversely related as the demand for investment decreases when rate of interest increases and vice-versa.

Question 15.
Draw and explain an investment demand curve.
Answer:
Rate of interest is an important determinant of investment. Rate of interest and investment demand are inversely related. The demand for investment decreases when the rate of interest is high. Similarly, the demand for investment increases when the rate of interest is low. This inverse relationship between the rate of interest and the level of investment is illustrated in the Investment Demand Curve shown below:

Question 16.
Explain the determination of equilibrium level of income using the ‘saving-investment’ approach. Use diagram.
Answer:
The equilibrium is determined at the level of income where Aggregate Demand is equal to the Aggregate Supply. That is,
AD = AS ………….. (1)
AD = C + 1 ………….. (2)
AS = C + S ………….. (3)
By substituting (2) and (3) in (1), we get;
C + I = C + S
I = S
Thus, the equilibrium level of income and output is attained when planned saving (S) and planned! investment (I) are equal. The determination of equilibrium level of income using saving-investment approach can be explained with the help of a diagram.

In the diagram, SS is the saving curve that shows planned saving at different levels of income. It is the investment curve that shows investment as given and constant.

Planned saving and investment are equal (S = I) at point E. Corresponding to this point, OY* is the equilibrium
level of income and output.

At OY! level of output, planned saving is less than planned investment (S < I). It implies that at this level of income, what businessmen plan to invest is more than what households plan to save. There is a situation of excess demand in the economy. Thus, producers will decrease inventory and output would expand until equilibrium is attained.

Similarly, at OY₂ level of output, planned saving is greater than planned investment (S > I). It implies that at this level of income, what businessmen plan to invest is less than what households plan to save. There is a situation of deficient demand in the economy. Thus, producers will increase inventory and output would contract until equilibrium is attained.

Question 17.
Can an economy be in a state of underemployment equilibrium? Explain with the help of a diagram.
Answer:
Yes, an economy can be in a state of underemployment equilibrium. Equilibrium is attained when planned expenditure is equal to the planned output in the economy.

If this equality is achieved at a level less than full employment level of output then the economy will be in a situation of underemployment equilibrium.
C + I curve shows Aggregate Demand (AD) at different levels of output. OY is the underemployment level of output and OY_F is the full employment level of output. The – OY level of output is sufficient to meet current Aggregate Demand. Thus, at OY level of output the economy is in equilibrium but it is a situation of underemployment equilibrium.

Question 18.
Explain any one type of unemployment, which exists during full employment.
Answer:
Full employment refers to a situation in which everyone who is willing to work at. the existing wage rate gets work. Structural Unemployment may exist even during full employment. It is the position of unemployment, which originates for some time because of the change in structural system of an economy. Structural unemployment occurs when there is a lack of other factors of production, change in technique of production or lack of training of labourers.

Question 19.
Describe Say’s law of Market.
Answer:
French economist Jean-Baptiste Say has done himself immortal in 1803 by inventing this law in the book, “Treatise on Political Economy”. According to the Say’s law of market, “Production is the source of demand.” When an individual produces a good or service, he or she gets paid for that work. He is then able to use the return to demand other goods and services. There will never be over production in the economy and full employment remains in economy.

Question 20.
Define multiplier. What is the relation between marginal propensity to consume and multiplier? Calculate the marginal propensity to consume if the value of multiplier is 4. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
Multiplier or Investment multiplier (K) expresses the relationship between the final change in income and the initial change in investment. It is estimated as the ratio of change in income due to change in
investment. A change in investment causes a ‘multiple’ change in the output.
\(\begin{array}{l}
K=\frac{\Delta l}{\Delta Y} \\
\Delta l=K \times \Delta Y
\end{array}90\)
There is a direct relationship between investment multiplier and Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC). The extent of the effect of multiplier depends upon MPC. Higher the MPC, higher will be the value of multiplier. The relationship between investment multiplier and MPC can be expressed with the help of the following equation:
\(K=\frac{1}{1-M P C}\) …………….. (1)
Since the value of MPC lies between 0 and I (0 < MPC < I), the value of multiplier will always be greater than one.
Substituting K = 4 (i), we get:
\(\begin{array}{r}
4=\frac{1}{1-M P C} \\
\mid-M P C=\frac{1}{4}=0.25
\end{array}
MPC = 1-0.25 = 0.75\)
Thus, at K = 4, MPC = 0.75.

Question 21.
Explain the working of investment multiplier with the help of a table.
Answer:
Investment multiplier (K) expresses the relationship between the final change in income and the initial change in investment It is estimated as the ratio of change in income due to change in investment A. change in investment causes a ‘multiple’ change in the output.
\(\begin{array}{l}
\mathrm{K}=\frac{\Delta \mathrm{l}}{\Delta \mathrm{Y}} \\
\Delta \mathrm{I}=\mathrm{K} \times \Delta \mathrm{Y}
\end{array}\)
Assume that the MPC is 4/5. Further, suppose that there is an increase in investment worth ₹ 100, which results in the construction of a new building. This processes can be shown with the help of following table:

Here MPC = 0.8
Thus investment multiplier (k) = \(\frac{1}{\mathrm{MPS}}\)
Thus \(=\frac{1}{1-0.8}=\frac{1}{0.2}=5\)

Question 22.
State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons for your answer.
(i) When MPC is greater than MPS, the value of investment multiplier will be greater than 5
(ii) The value of MPS can never be negative. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
(i) False. When MPC is greater than MPS, the value of investment multiplier will be greater than 2. Higher the value of MPC, higher will be the value of investment multiplier. For all the values of MPC > MPS, the value of investment multiplier will lie between 2 and infinity.

(ii) True. The value of MPS can never be negative. The relationship between MPC and MPS states that their sum is unity (MPC + MPS = 1). Moreover, the value of MPC lies between the range of 0 to 1, and so MPC can never be less than 0. Since MPC can never be less than 0, the value of MPS can also never be less than 0.

Question 23.
Giving reasons, state whether the following statements are true or false:
(i) When MPC is zero, the value of investment multiplier will also be zero.
(ii) Value of APS can never be less than zero. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
(i) False. The relationship between investment multiplier and Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) is given as:
The ratio of MPC to MPS is 4 : 1 That is,
\(\frac{M P C}{M P S}=\frac{4}{1} \) ………………..(1)

Question 24.
State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons for your answer.
(i) When MPC is greater than MPS, the value of investment multiplier will be greater than 5
(ii) The value of MPS can never be negative. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
(i) False. When MPC is greater than MPS, the value of investment multiplier will be greater than 2. Higher the value of MPC, higher will be the value of investment multiplier. For all the values of MPC > MPS, the value of investment multiplier will lie between 2 and infinity.

(ii) True. The value of MPS can never be negative. The relationship between MPC and MPS states that their sum is unity (MPC + MPS = I). Moreover, the value of MPC lies between the range of 0 to I, and so MPC can never be less than 0. Since MPC can never be less than 0, the value of MPS can also never be less than 0.

Question 25.
Giving reasons, state whether the following statements are true or false:
(i) When MPC is zero, the value of investment multiplier will also be zero.
(ii) Value of APS can never be less than zero. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
(i) False. The relationship between investment multiplier and Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) is given as:
\(\begin{aligned}
K &=\frac{1}{1-M P C} \\
\text { At MPC=0, } & \\
K &=\frac{1}{1-0} \\
&=1
\end{aligned}\)
Thus, when MPC is zero the value of investment multiplier will be equal to one. The lowest value of multiplier is one.

(ii) False. The value of APS can be less than zero. APS can be negative in situations when saving is negative or when consumption is greater than income.

Question 26.
Giving reasons, state whether the following statements are true or false:
(i) If the ratio of Marginal Propensity to Consume and Marginal Propensity to Save is 4 :1 ,the value of investment multiplier will be 4.
(ii) Sum of APC and MPC is always equal to I.
Ans.
(i) False. It can be shown as below:
The ratio of MPC to MPS is 4 : 1 That is,
\(\frac{M P C}{M P S}=\frac{4}{1} \) ………………..(1)
The sum of MPC and MPS is always equal to one. That is,
MPC + MPS = 1
Substituting the (1) in (2); we get
4 MPS + MPS = 1
5 MPS = 1
MPS = \(\frac{1}{5}\)
MPS = 0.2
The relationship between investment multiplier and Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS) is given as:
\(\begin{aligned}
K &=\frac{1}{1-M P C} \\
&=\frac{1}{M P S} \\
K &=\frac{1}{0.2}=5
\end{aligned}\)

Thus, when the ratio Marginal Propensity to Consume and Marginal Propensity to Save is 4 :1, the value of investment multiplier will be equal to 5.

(ii) False. Average Propensity to Consume is the ratio of total consumption \(\left(A P C=\frac{C}{Y}\right)\), while Marginal Propensity to Consume is the ratio of change in consumption to the change in income \(\left(\mathrm{MPC}=\frac{\Delta \mathrm{C}}{\Delta \mathrm{Y}}\right)\). These two are entirely different concepts and cannot be added.

Question 27.
Show inflationary gap with the aid of a diagram. (C.B.S.E. 2005,2013 (Comp.), C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2012)
Or
Explain the problem of excess demand.
Answer:
Inflationary gap refers to the excess of anticipated expenditure (Aggregate Demand) over the available supply of output (Aggregate Supply) at constant prices of base period. It measures the gap between AD and AS at full employment level of output. Since Aggregate Demand remains more than essential demand at full employment level, there is a significant increment in monetary income.

Thus, there is an over employment equilibrium. This, increases the Aggregate Demand but production cannot be increased as Aggregate Supply is perfectly inelastic. The problem of excess demand can be explained with the help of a diagram.
.
In the diagram, point E represents the state of over employment equilibrium in the economy. At E, the gap between Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply is AE₁. That is, AE₁ is the excess demand. The problem of excess demand can be corrected only by the interference of the government, say, by increasing taxes and reducing public expenditure.

Question 28.
Show with the help of a diagram — deflationary gap. (C.B.S.E 2005,2013 Comp. C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Deflationary gap refers to the excess of available supply of output (Aggregate Supply) over the anticipated expenditure (Aggregate Demand) at constant prices of base period. It measures the gap between AD and AS at full employment level of output. Since Aggregate Demand remains less than essential demand at full employment level, the problem of involuntary unemployment takes place. Thus, there is an under employment equilibrium.

The problem of deficit demand can be explained with the help of a diagram. In the diagram, point E represents the state of under employment equilibrium in the economy. At E, AD = AS but QY_F level of unemployment prevails in the economy. At full employment level of output (OYF), the gap between Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply is AEr That is, AE, is the deficit demand. The problem of deficit demand can be corrected only by the interference of the government, say, by decreasing taxes and increasing public expenditure.

Question 29.
Explain the effects of excess demand on output, employment and prices.
Answer:
Excess demand has following effects:
(i) Effect on Output: Due to excess demand in an economy, the resources are over utilised. Production is maximum and cannot be increased further.
(ii) Effect on Employment: The economy has already achieved full employment level and hence, there is no involuntary unemployment in the economy. The employment level will not change during the situation of excess demand.
(iii) Effects on Prices: Since excess demand generates pressure on existing flow of goods and services in the economy, the prices will rise.

Question 30.
Explain the effects of deficient demand on production, employment and prices.
Answer:
Deficient demand has following effects:
(i) Effect on Output: Deficient demand exists due to underemployment in an economy. Some re¬sources remain unemployed and hence, output level is low.
(ii) Effect on Employment: Deficient demand causes level of investment to fall. As a result, there is involuntary unemployment in the economy, which decreases the level of employment.
(iii) Effects on Prices: Due to deficient demand prices tend to fall.

Question 31.
State the impact of “Excess Demand” under the Keynesian theory on employment, in an economy. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Excess demand refers to a situation in the economy in which the Aggregate Demand is more than the Aggregate Supply (AD > AS) at the full employment level. Since the economy is already operating at full employment level, excess demand will only lead to a genaral) rise in price level. Employment will not increase.

Question 32.
Differentiate between deficient demand and excess demand.
Answer:
There are the following differences between deficient demand and excess demand:

Question 33.
Explain the meaning and implications of a deflationary gap. (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2011 Comp.)
Answer:
Deflationary gap refers to the excess of available supply of output (Aggregate Supply) over the anticipated expenditure (Aggregate Demand) at constant prices of base period. It measures the gap between AD and AS at full employment level of output. Since Aggregate Demand remains less than essential demand at full employment level, the problem of involuntary unemployment takes place. Thus, there is an under employment equilibrium.

Following are the implications of deflationary gap:
(i) Deficient demand exists due to underemployment in an economy. Some resources remain unemployed and hence, output level is low.
(ii) Deficient demand causes level of investment to fall. As a result, there is involuntary unemployment in the economy, which decreases the level of employment.
(iii) Due to deficient demand prices tend to fall.

Question 34.
What is fiscal policy? How is it used to reduce excess demand in the economy?
or
Explain briefly three fiscal measures to reduce inflationary gap.
Answer:
Fiscal policy refers to the revenue and expenditure policy of the government to achieve balance in the development of the economy.
Following fiscal policy measures can be taken to reduce excess demand in the economy:

• Decrease in Government Expenditure: The government should reduce its unnecessary expenditure in order to check excess demand. Transfer payments should be decreased.
• Increase in Taxes: To correct excess demand, the government should levy new taxes and enhance the rate of existing taxes.
• Surplus Budget Policy: It is necessary that government expenditure should be less than its income: in order to correct excess demand.

Question 35.
What is fiscal policy? What possible fiscal policy measures can be taken with respect to expenditure and income to correct:
(i) Excess Demand
(ii) Deficient Demand
Answer:
Fiscal policy refers to the revenue and expenditure policy of the government to achieve balance in the development of the economy.

(i) Fiscal Measures to Correct Excess Demand

• Decrease government expenditure on public welfare, defence, administration, etc.
• Decrease government expenditure on subsidies and transfer payments
• Increase in tax rates
• Restrict deficit financing

(ii) Fiscal Measures to Correct Deficient Demand

• Increase government expenditure on public welfare, defence, administration, etc.
• Increase government expenditure on subsidies and transfer payments
• Reduce tax rates
• Increase deficit financing

Question 36.
What is monetary policy? Briefly explain how it can be used to reduce excess demand in an economy.
Answer:
Monetary policy refers to the regulation policy of the government (central bank) to control money supply and interest rate in the economy. Following monetary policy measures can be taken to reduce excess demand in the economy:

(i) Increase in Legal Reserve or Cash Reserve Ratio: The central bank increases the CRR to correct the situation of excess demand or inflationary gap in the economy. High CRR reduces the supply of money in the economy, and thus, the Aggregate Demand will fall.

(ii) Increase in Bank Rate: The central bank increases the bank rate to correct the situation of excess demand in the economy. Higher bank rate reduces the lending capacity of the commercial banks as they get funds at a higher interest rate from the central bank Consequently, money supply contracts in the economy as the public borrows less at high rate of interest and Aggregate Demand falls.

(iii) Open Market Operations: The central bank buys government securities from commercial banks and general public in a bid to correct the situation of excess demand. This decreases the stock of high powered money in the economy. As a result, the purchasing power of the people fall, which decreases the Aggregate Demand in the economy.

(iv) Increase in Margin Requirement: An increase in margin requirement will correct the situation of excess demand in the economy. Higher margin requirement implies higher security price for a loan. Thus, people will borrow less loans from the banks and the Aggregate Demand will decrease.

Question 37.
How can deficient and excess demand be corrected by change in taxes?
Answer:
Change in taxes can be corrected by excess demand in the following ways:

(i) Decrease in Taxes: Decrease in taxes increases the income of public, which increases ‘their
purchasing power. As a result, demand for goods and services increases. This can correct deflationary gap or deficient demand. Taxes should be progressive i.e. higher rate of tax for rich people than poor people.

(ii) Increase in Taxes: Increase in taxes (direct and indirect) will decrease the purchasing power of consumers and producers. This will decrease the Aggregate Demand. Therefore, government should implement new taxes for solving the problems of excess demand or inflationary gap or government should increase the rate of taxes.

Question 38.
Explain the role of ‘reverse repo rate’ in removing excess demand.
Answer:
Reverse repo rate refers to the rate at which central bank borrows from the commercial banks. The central bank increases the reverse repo rate to correct the situation of excess demand. Higher reverse repo rate would induce commercial banks to lend more to the central bank and hence, would reduce the supply of money in the economy. As a consequence, Aggregate Demand would fall.

Determination of Income and Employment Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the concepts of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply with the help of diagram.
Answer:
Aggregate Demand: Aggregate Demand (AD) refers to the total expenditure on consumption and investment by different sectors of the economy.
Aggregate Demand can be written in the form of the following equation:
AD = C + I + G + (X – M) Y
where; C = Private Final Expenditure
I = Investment Expenditure
G = Government Expenditure
X – M = Net Exports (Exports – Imports)
Aggregate Demand and price level has inverse relation.
That is, at higher price level, Aggregate Demand will be oc less and at lower price level, Aggregate Demand will be high. It can be explained with the help of following diagram.

In this diagram, on OX axis shows the quantity and OY axis shows the price level. AD is the downward sloping Aggregate Demand curve.

Aggregate Supply: Aggregate Supply (AS) refers to the planned aggregate production by the producers during a period of one year. It is equal to the income generated.

Aggregate Supply can be written in the form of the cc following equation:
AS = Y = C + S
where; C = Consumption Expenditure
S = Savings

Following are the two types of concepts of Aggregate Supply:
(i) Classical Concept of Aggregate Supply: According to classical economists such as Adam Smith, Marshall and Pigou etc., there is no relation between Aggregate Supply and price level. They had considered Aggregate Supply curve as perfectly inelastic cun/e. According to the classical outlook, an economy always functions at the full employment level of output.

(ii) Keynesian Concept of Aggregate Supply: In Keynesian concept of Aggregate Supply, the AS curve (in response to price level) is perfectly elastic before employment level. It means that all producers are ready to produce any quantity of production on market prices.

The Aggregate Supply curve is perfectly elastic due to inflexibility of prices and wages and constant Marginal Productivity of Labour. However, Aggregate Supply curve is perfectly inelastic in response to price level after full employment level.

In this diagram, part PA is perfectly elastic. Here, Marginal Productivity of Labour is stable. Production is going on at constant cost. OQ_F level is the full employment level. Beyond this level, Aggregate Supply curve becomes perfectly inelastic in response to price level.

Question 2.
Explain ‘consumption function’ with the help of a schedule and diagram. (C.B.S.E 2008)
Answer:
The relationship between the consumption and the income is called the consumption function. The consumption function may be represented by the following equation:
C = a + bY; a > 0, 0 < b < I
C = Consumption Expenditure
Y = Level of income
a = Autonomous Consumption
b = Slope of consumption function \(\left(M P C=\frac{\Delta C}{\Delta Y}\right)\)

Autonomous consumption is the amount of consumption expenditure at zero level of income. It is the intercept of the consumption expenditure and is assumed to be positive as people consume even at the zero level of income. Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) orb is the slope of the consumption function. It measures the rate of change in consumption per unit change in income. The value of MPC is positive and lies between 0 and I. This means that the consumption increases with the income. Consider a consumption function given as:
C = 50 + 0.8Y ……………… (1)

The consumption function can be shown with the help of the following schedule and diagram:

In the diagram, the horizontal axis represents income and vertical axis represents consumption expenditure. When income is zero, consumption is ₹ 50. This part of consumption is an autonomous consumption. As the level of income increases, the consumption also increases. The slope of the consumption curve or MPC or b is 0.8.

Question 3.
Explain ‘saving function’ with the help of a schedule and diagram.
Answer:
The relationship between saving and income is called the saving function. The following identity expresses the relationship between saving (S) and income (Y).
Y ≡ C + S
On S = Y – C … (1)
The consumption function is represented as:
C = a + bY … (2)
Substituting (2) in (1); we get
S = Y – (a + bY)
S = Y – a – bY S = -a + ( 1 – bY)
S = Saving
a = Amount of saving when level of income is zero.
(1 – b) = Slope of the saving function
Assume the consumption function is given as:
C= 100 + 0.8Y
Thus, the saving function becomes:

Note: The sum of Marginal Propensity to Consume and Marginal Propensity to Save is 1. That is,
MPC + MPS = 1
The saving function can be explained with the help of the following schedule and diagram

The diagrammatic presentation of saving function is given below.

In the diagram, the horizontal axis represents income and vertical axis represents consumption expenditure and saving. The straight line curves, C and S represent the consumption and saving function respectively. At ₹ 500, income is equal to consumption and savings are zero.

Question 4.
Explain the concept of underemployment equilibrium with the help of a diagram. Show on the same diagram the additional investment expenditure required to reach full employment equilibrium.
Answer:
Underemployment equilibrium is a state of equilibrium where not all resources are fully employed, that is, some resources are underemployed. The idea of underemployment equilibrium is explained in the Keynesian approach. The Keynesian approach was developed against the background of the great depression of 1930s.

When there is deficient demand, actual Aggregate Demand is less than the full employment level of output. It is the situation of underemployment equilibrium. The concept of underemployment equilibrium can be explained with the help of following diagram:

In this diagram, AD is the Aggregate Demand curve and AS is the Aggregate Supply curve. OP* is the equilibrium price level, OQ* is the equilibrium level of output and OQ_F is the full employment level of output

Equilibrium is attained at the point of intersection of the Aggregate Demand curve and Aggregate Supply curve. It is an underemployment equilibrium because the equilibrium level of output is less than full employment level of output (OQ* < OQ_F).

In order to overcome the problem of underemployment equilibrium, the additional investment expenditure is required. Aggregate Demand curve will shift from AD to AD, by an amount of additional investment expenditure (∆l). The new point of intersection is E₁, which is the full employment level of output. Thus, the Keynesian remedy to underemployment equilibrium places emphasis on increasing the level of Aggregate Demand by increasing investment expenditure.

Question 5.
Explain determination of national income using AD and AS approach. Use diagram to explain the changes that take place when AD is greater than AS.    (CBSE 2014)
Answer:
The equilibrium is determined at the level of income where Aggregate Demand or planned expenditure is equal to the level of output in the economy. That is,
Y = AD
We know that,  AD = C + I
Thus,  Y = C + I
The determination of the equilibrium level of income can be represented with the help of Consumption + Investment (C + I) curve in the following diagram.

In the diagram, CC is the consumption function showing the desired level of consumption corresponding to each level of income. The desired investment curve, which is at fixed level l₀, is added to the consumption function.

Thus, the level of total desired spending or Aggregate Demand is represented by C +1₀ curve. At each level of income, the C + l₀ curve lies above the CC curve by an amount equal to l_Q. The 45° line will enable us to identify the equilibrium level of income.

The economy is in equilibrium at the level of income where the C + l₀ curve intersects the 45° line. Thus, the economy is in equilibrium at point E. Here, the level of desired spending on consumption and investment is exactly equal to the level of total output. The equilibrium level of output or income corresponding to point E is OY*.

When the Aggregate Demand in the economy exceeds the Aggregate Supply, there is a situation of excess demand in the economy. Thus, producers will decrease inventory and output would expand until equilibrium is attained.

Question 6.
Explain the equilibrium level of income with the help of saving and investment curves. If savings exceed planned investment, what changes will bring about the equality between them?
Or
Explain determination of national income using saving and investment approach. Use diagram explain the changes that take place when saving is greater than investment.
Answer:
The equilibrium is determined at the level of income where Aggregate Demand is equal to the Aggregate Supply. That is,
AD =  AS  … (1)
We know that,  AD = C +1   …(2)
AS =    C + S  … (3)
By substituting (2) and (3) in (1), we get;
C + I =    C + S
On  I =   S

Thus, the equilibrium level of income and output is attained when planned saving (S) and planned investment (I) are equal. The determination of equilibrium level of income using saving investment approach can be explained with the help of a diagram.

In the diagram, SS is the saving curve that shows planned saving at different levels of income. II is the investment curve that shows investment as given and constant. Planned saving and investment are equal (S = I) at point E. Corresponding to this point, OY* is the equilibrium level of income and output.

At OY, level of output, planned saving is saving is greater than planned investment (S > I). There is a situation of deficient demand in the economy. Thus, producers will increase inventory and output would contract until equilibrium is attained.

Question 7.
Explain the meaning of underemployment equilibrium. Explain two measures by which full employment equilibrium can be reached. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Equilibrium is attained when planned expenditure is equal to the planned output in the economy. If this equality is achieved at a level less than full employment level of output then the economy will be in a situation of underemployment equilibrium.
The two policy measures that the government can take are:

(i) Increase in Public Expenditure: Government can correct the situation of underemployment by increasing public expenditure on goods and services such as transportation, dams, electricity industry development expenditure, education, health etc. This increases the purchasing power of the public, which in turn, increases the demand for goods and corrects deficient demand. Moreover, increase in public expenditure also helps in eradicating poverty.

(ii) Open Market Operations: Open market operation is the policy of the central monetary authority to sell and buy the government securities in the market. The central bank purchases government securities from commercial banks and general public in a bid to correct thi# situation of deficient demand. This increases the stock of high powered money in the economy. As a result, the purchasing .power of the people increases, which increases the Aggregate Demand in the economy.

Question 8.
Define investment. Explain national income equilibrium through saving and investment function. Also explain the changes that take place in an economy when the economy is not in equilibrium. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Investment means addition to the stock of capital goods in the nature of structures, equipment or inventory. The equilibrium is determined at the level of income where Aggregate Demand is equal to the Aggregate Supply. That is,
AD = AS ……………. (1)
We know that, AD = C + 1 …(2)
AS = C + S …(3)
By substituting (2) and (3) in (1), we get;
C + I = C + S
On I = S
Thus, the equilibrium level of income and output is attained when planned saving (S) and planned investment (I) are equal. The determination of equilibrium level of income using saving-investment approach can be explained with the help of a schedule.

Question 9.
Explain the relationship between multiplier and MPC.
Answer:
Investment multiplier (K) is the relationship between the final change in income and the initial change in investment. It is estimated as the ratio of change in investment income due to change investment. Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) is the ratio of change in consumption to the change in income. There is a direct relationship between investment multiplier and MPC.
We know that,


One man’s expenditure is another man’s income. Whenever there is an increment in investment ex¬penditure, some individuals’ income is increased by the amount of investment with which they buy goods and services. They spend a part of their increased income on consumption and keep some income for saving. The individuals’ MPC determines the amount they spend or save. If MPC is greater than MPS, individuals will spend more on consumption; and if MPC is less than MPS, the individuals’ expenditure on consumption will be less.The extent of the effect of multiplier depends upon the Marginal Propensity to consume. Higher the MPC, higher will be the value of multiplier.

At lower MPC, multiplier is 2 and at higher MPC, multiplier is 4.

Question 10.
Assuming that increase in investment is ₹ 1,000 crore and MPC is 0.9. Explain the working of multiplier. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
There is a direct relationship between investment multiplier and Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC). The extent of the effect of multiplier depends upon MPC. Higher the MPC, higher will be the value of multiplier. The relationship between investment multiplier and MPC can be expressed with the help of the following equation:
\(K=\frac{1}{1-M P C}\)
Since the value of MPC lies between 0 and I (0 < MPC < I), the value of multiplier will always be greater than one.
Given that the MPC is 0.9. Further, there is an increase in investment worth ₹ 1,000 crores. Since the MPC is 0.9 the new consumption of goods will be 900 (0.9 * 1,000). The producers of those consumption goods will, thus, have an increase of ₹ 900 in their incomes.

Since their MPC is also 0.9, they will, in turn, spend ₹ 810 (0.9 * ₹ 900). This will cause an increase in the income of other people by ₹ 810. This process will go on. An endless chain of the secondary consumption spending is set in motion by the primary investment of ₹ 1,000 crores.

The total increase in consumption and investment spending, and therefore, the total increase in income can be calculated as:

To determine the total increase in output of the final goods and services, we add up the infinite geometric series as:

Thus, an increase in investment worth ₹ 1,000 crores, increases the income by ₹ 10,000 crores. That is, a change in investment has caused 10 times increase in income (output). Thus, the value of investment multiplier is 10.

Question 11.
Explain monetary measures for correcting inflationary and deflationary gap.
Answer:
Following are the monetary measures for correcting inflationary and deflationary gap:

Open Market Operation: Open .mirfeet perish: is- the policy of the central monetary authority to sell and buy; The government securities in.the market. RBI purchases or sells government securities to the general public in a bid to correct deficient or excess demand in the economy.

Bank Rate Policy: Bank rate is the minimum rate at which the central bank discounts the first class bills of exchange and provides credit to the commercial banks. Higher bank rate reduces the lending capacity of the commercial banks as they get funds at a higher interest rate from RBI.

Consequently, credit contracts in the economy as public borrows less at high rate of interest. It reduces excess demand. Similarly, lower bank rate increases the lending capacity of the commercial banks as they get funds at a lower interest rate from RBI. Consequently, credit expands in the economy as public borrows more at low rate of interest. It solves the problem of deficient demand.

Varying Reserve Requirements: Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is the minimum fraction of the total deposits with the commercial banks, which they are required to keep with the central bank Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), on the other hand, is the minimum fraction of the total deposits with the commercial bank, which they are required to maintain in the form of specified liquid assets. A high (low) value of CRR or SLR helps increase (decrease) the value of reserve deposit ratio, thus diminishing (increasing) the value of the money multiplier and money supply in the economy.

Rationing of the Credit: Rationing of the credit implies controlling the quantity in the form of loan. Here, amount of loan is determined for speculative purpose. Hence, total demand can be increased by rationing of credit. It will increase the purchasing power of people and hence, deficient demand will be corrected. Rationing of credit should be increased by central bank for correcting the excess demand or inflationary gap.                                                                                                ,

Question 12.
Explain the role of the following in correcting the inflationary gap in an economy.
(i) Legal reserves
(ii) Bank rate (B.S.E Outside Delhi 2011)
Answer:
The problem of excess demand or inflationary gap can be corrected by adopting following monetary measures:

(i) Legal Reserve or Cash Reserve Ratio: Legal reserves or Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is the minimum fraction of the total deposits with the commercial banks, which they are required to keep with the central bank, The central bank increases the CRR to correct the situation of excess demand or inflationary gap in the economy. High CRR reduces the supply of money in the economy, and thus, the Aggregate Demand will fall.

(ii) Bank Rate: Bank rate is the minimum rate at which the central bank discounts the first class bills of exchange and provides credit to the commercial banks. The central bank increases the bank rate to correct the situation of excess demand in the economy. Higher bank rate reduces the lending capacity of the commercial banks as they get funds at a higher interest rate from the central bank. Consequently, money supply contracts in the economy as the public borrows less at high rate of interest and Aggregate Demand falls.

Question 13.
Explain the role of the following in correcting the deflationary gap in an economy:
(i) Open market operations
(ii) Margin requirements (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2011)
Answer:
The problem of deficient demand or deflationary gap can be corrected by adopting following monetary measures:

(i) Open Market Operations: Open market operation is the policy of the central monetary authority to sell and buy the government securities in the market. The central bank purchases government securities from commercial banks and general public in a bid to correct the situation of deficient demand. This increases the stock of high powered money in the economy. As a result, the purchasing power of the people increases, which increases the Aggregate Demand in the economy.

(ii) Margin Requirement: Margin requirement of loan is the minimum security price charged by the commercial bank for granting loans. A decrease in margin requirement will correct the situation of deficient demand in the economy. Lower margin requirement implies lower security price for a loan. Thus, people will borrow more loans from the banks and the Aggregate Demand will increase.

Question 14.
Explain the concept of inflationary gap. Explain the role of Repo Rate in reducing this gap.
Answer:
Inflationary gap refers to the excess of anticipated expenditure over the available supply of output at constant prices of base period. It is also known as excess demand. It measures the gap between AD and AS at full employment level of output.

Since Aggregate Demand remains more than essential demand at full employment level, there is a significant increment in monetary income. Thus, there is an over employment equilibrium. This increases the Aggregate Demand but production cannot be increased as Aggregate Supply is perfectly inelastic. The problem of excess demand can be explained with the help of a diagram

In the diagram, point E represents the state of over employment equilibrium in the economy. At E, the gap between Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply is AEr That is, AE, is the excess demand. The problem of excess demand can be corrected only by the interference of the government (increasing taxes and reducing public expenditure).

Repo rate refers to the rate at which central bank lends short term funds to commercial banks as the lender of last resort. The central bank increases the repo rate to correct the situation of excess demand.

Higher repo rate increases the cost of borrowings by the commercial banks, which thereby reduces their lending capacity. Consequently, money supply contracts in the economy as the public borrows less at high rate of interest and hence, Aggregate Demand falls.

Question 15.
Explain the concept of inflationary gap. Explain the role of ‘Open Market Operations’ in reducing this gap. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Deflationary gap refers to the excess of available supply of output (Aggregate Supply) over the anticipated expenditure (Aggregate Demand) at constant prices of base period. It measures the gap between AD and AS at full employment level of output. Since Aggregate Demand remains less than essential demand at full employment level, the problem of involuntary unemployment takes place. Thus, there is an under employment equilibrium.

The problem of deficit demand can be explained with the help of a diagram. In the diagram, point E represents the state of under employment equilibrium in the economy. At E, AD = AS but QY, level of unemployment prevails in the economy. At full employment level of output (OY_F), the gap between Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply is AEr That is, AE, is the deficit demand or deflationary gap. The problem of deficit demand can be corrected only by the interference of the government using measures such as decreasing taxes or increasing public expenditure.

Open market operation is the policy of the central monetary authority to sell and buy the government securities in the market. The central bank purchases government securities from commercial banks and general public in a bid to correct the situation of deficient demand. This increases the stock of high powered money in the economy. As a result, the purchasing power of the people increases, which increases the Aggregate Demand in the economy.

How can deficient and excess demand be corrected through changes in public expenditure? Deficient and excess demand can be corrected by changing public expenditure.

(i) Increase in Public Expenditure: Government can correct the situation of deficient demand by increasing public expenditure on goods and services such as transportation, dams, electricity industry development expenditure, education, health etc. This increases the purchasing power of the public which, in turn, increases the demand for goods and corrects deficient demand.

Moreover, increase in public expenditure also helps in eradicating poverty. According to Lord Kenyes, increase in the public expenditure is the best measure for correcting deficient demand. The effect of increase in public expenditure can be explained with the help of a diagram. In the diagram, horizontal axis shows the output and vertical axis shows the Aggregate Demand. The initial Aggregate Demand curve (AD,) is an upward sloping line comprising of private

consumption (C), investment expenditure (I) and government expenditure (G,). Aggregate Supply (AS) is a vertical line at the full employment level of output (YF). With the initial government expenditure of G,; the Aggregate Demand is OY while Aggregate Supply is OY_F There is a situation of deficient demand as AD < AS. As government expenditure is increased to G₂, AD curve shifts up to AD, until equilibrium is attained (AD = AS) at fuil employment level of output Thus, the problem of deficient demand or deflationary gap can be corrected by increasing public expenditure.

Decrease in Public Expenditure: Government can correct the situation of excess demand by decreasing public expenditure on goods and services such as transportation, dams, electricity industry development expenditure, education, health etc. This decreases the purchasing power of the public which, in turn, decreases the demand for goods and corrects excess demand. The effect of decrease in public expenditure can be explained with the help of a diagram.

With the initial government expenditure of G,; the Aggregate Demand is OY while Aggregate Supply is OYF. There is a situation of excess demand as AD > AS. As government expenditure is decreased to G₂, AD curve shifts down to AD, until equilibrium is attained (AD = AS) at full employment level of output. Thus, the problem of excess demand or inflationary gap can be corrected by decreasing public expenditure.

Question 16.
Explain the meaning of underemployment equilibrium. Explain two measures by which full employment equilibrium can be reached. (C.B.S.E Outside Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Equilibrium is attained when planned expenditure is equal to the planned output in the economy. If this equality is achieved at a level less than full employment level of output then the economy will be in a situation of under employment equilibrium.
The two policy measures that the government can take are:

(i) Increase in Public Expenditure: Government can correct the situation of underemployment by increasing public expenditure on goods and services such as transportation, dams, electricity industry development expenditure, education, health etc. This increases the purchasing power of the public which, in turn, increases the demand for goods and corrects deficient demand. Moreover, increase in public expenditure also helps in eradicating poverty.

(ii) Open Market Operations: Open market operation is the policy of the central monetary authority to sell and buy government securities in the market. The central bank purchases government securities from commercial banks and general public in a bid to correct the situation of deficient demand. This increases the stock of high powered money in the economy. As a result, the purchasing power of the people increases, which increases the Aggregate Demand in the economy.

Question 17.
What is meant by inflationary gap? State three measures to reduce this gap. (C.B.S.E 2018)
Answer:
Inflationary gap refers to the excess of anticipated expenditure over the available supply of output at constant prices of base period. It is also known as excess demand.

Following are the three measures that can be used to correct the problem of inflationary gap:

(i) Increasing Bank Rate: Bank rate is the minimum rate at which the central bank discounts the first class bills of exchange and provides credit to the commercial banks. The central bank increases the bank rate to correct the situation of inflationary gap or excess demand in the economy.

Higher bank rate reduces the lending capacity of the commercial banks as they get funds at a higher interest rate from the central bank. Consequently, money supply contracts in the economy as the public borrows less at high rate of interest and Aggregate Demand falls.

(ii) Selling Government securities: Open market operation is the policy of the central monetary authority to sell and buy the government securities in the market. The central bank sells government securities to commercial banks and general public in a bid to correct the situation of inflationary gap or excess demand. This decreases the stock of high powered money in the economy. As a result, the purchasing power of the people declines, which decreases the Aggregate Demand in the economy.

(iii) Decrease in Public Expenditure: Government can correct the situation of excess demand by decreasing public expenditure on goods and services such as transportation, dams, electricity industry development expenditure, education, health etc. This decreases the purchasing power of the public which, in turn, decreases the demand for goods and corrects excess demand.

Determination of Income and Employment Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
Calculate C when \(\bar{C}\)= 200, MPC = 0.5 and income (Y) = 1,000
Answer:
The consumption function is given as:
C = \(\bar{C}\)+ cY ……………. (1)
where; c = MPC
Substituting appropriate values in (1) , we get:
C = 200 + (0.5 x 1,000) = 200 + 500 = 700
Thus, the total consumption expenditure is 700.

Question 2.
How do we find that  \(K=\frac{3}{1-M P C} ?\)
Answer:

Question 3.
Given consumption function C = 100 + 0.75Y (where C = consumption expenditure and y = National Income and investment expenditure ₹ 1000. Calculate:
(i) Equilibrium level of National Income
(ii) Consumption expenditure at equilibrium level of National Income
Answer:
(i) The consumption function and investment are given as
C = 100 + 0.75Y                                                             …(1)
I = 1,000                                                                     …(2)
Equilibrium level of National Income is determined as:
Y = C + 1 … (3)
Substituting appropriate values in (3); we get
Y= 100 + 0.75Y + 1000 Y – 0.75Y
= 1,100 0.25 Y = 1,100
= 4,400
Thus, the equilibrium level of National Income is ₹ 4,400.

(ii) Substituting Y = 4400 in (1); we get
C= 100 + 0.75(4,400)
= 100 + 3,300 = 3,400
Thus, the consumption expenditure at equilibrium level of National Income is ₹ 3,400.

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Rise of Popular Movements. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 Important Extra Questions Rise of Popular Movements

Rise of Popular Movements Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What was the main demand of the Chipko Movement? (C.BS.E 2014)
Answer:
Chipko Movement is a non-violent movement of protecting the trees. The term ‘Chipko’ means ‘hugging the trees’. This movement began in two or three villages of Uttarakhand in 1972. Villagers demanded that the contracts to exploit forest should not be given to outsiders. The local communities should keep a check on the natural resources. Thus, they protested against the logging contractor.

Question 2.
Highlight any two main demands of the anti-arrack movement. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Following are the main demands of the anti arrack movement:

1. Women demanded a ban on the sale of alcohol (arrack) in their neighborhood.
2. To prevent violence against women.

Question 3.
Mention any two demands of the Bharatiya Kisan Union. (C.BS.E. 2013, 2014) :
Answer:

1. The Bharatiya Kisan Union demanded higher government floor prices for sugarcane and wheat.
2. The B.KU. demanded waiving of repayment due on loans to farmers and provision of government pension for farmers.

Question 4.
List any two recommendations of the Mandai Commission. (Sample Paper)
Or
Highlight any two recommendations of the Mandai Commission. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
Answer:

1. Twenty-seven percent of the posts in public services should be reserved for OBCs.
2. Welfare programs specially meant for OBCs should be financed by the Government of India in the same manner and to the same extent as already done in the case of SCA and STa.

Question 5.
Who was the chairman of the Mandai Commission? State any one recommendation made by him/her.
Answer:
Mr. B.P. Mandai was the Chairman of the Mandai Commission. The Commission recommended that 27% of the posts in public services should be reserved for OBCs. They do make 52% of the total population yet the reservation quota for them cannot exceed this limit.

Question 6.
How does party-based movement differ from the non-party movement?
Answer:
The party-based movement differs from the nonparty movement in the following ways.

• Party-based movement is affected by politics, but the non-party movement is separate from politics.
• In comparison to party-based movement, non-party movement is more useful for democracy.

Question 7.
What was the role of Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sanghathan (MKSS) in the enactment of the Right of Information Act? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Delhi)
Answer:
In 1990. the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sanghathan (MKSS) in Rajasthan took the initiative in demanding records of famine relief work and accounts of laborers. The demand was first made by the people of Bhim Tehsil. The villagers asserted their right to information. In 1994 and 1996, the MKSS organized Jan Sunwais or Public hearings, where the administration was asked to explain its stand in public.

Question 8.
Mention any two issues of A concern related to development project such as the Sardar Sarovar Project. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:

1. Rehabilitation of project-affected villagers.
2. The social cost included forced resettlement of the project-affected people, a serious loss of their means of livelihood and culture, and depletion of ecological resources.

Question 9.
Highlight the importance of popular movements. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:

1. Popular movements ensure effective representation of diverse groups and their demands. This reduces the possibility of deep social conflict and dissatisfaction of their group from democracy.
2. Popular movements suggest new forms of active participation and thus broaden the idea of participation in Indian democracy.

Question 10.
Which sections of Indian Society are most affected by the Chipko movement? (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
The most affected Indian Society by the Chipko movement is concerning villagers like a male, farmer, and especially women.

Question 11.
Match the following in ‘Column A’ with those in ‘Column B’ in a meaningful way. (C.B.S.E. 2019)

Answer:

Rise of Popular Movements Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Which one of the two is more essential-construction of mega-dams or an environmental movement that opposes it and why? (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
The more essential is the construction of mega-dams because they help in solving the problem of water and electricity of that area. People get employment also thus, construction of mega-dams is very helpful for the development.

Question 2.
Highlight the most novel aspect of the Chipko Movement. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
Women’s active participation in the Chipko Movement was a very novel aspect of the movement.

Question 3.
How did the farmers associated with Bharatiya Kisan Union differ from most other farmers in India? (C.B.S.E 2016)
Answer:
Farmers associated with Bharatiya Kisan Union grew cash crops for the market.

Question 4.
What was the Anti-Arrack Movement? (Sample Paper C.B.S.E. 2010, 2012)
Answer:
Anti-Arrack Movement was started in Andhra Pradesh and demanded prohibition on the sale of arrack (alcohol).

Question 5.
What was Chipko Movement? (C.B.S.E. 2008, 2012)
Answer:
The Chipko Movement (1974-77), hugging trees to prevent them from being felled, linked the issue of environmental degradation to women’s increasing toil for fuel and fodder.

Question 6.
What was the main objective of the Dalit Panthers? (C.B.S.E. 2011 Delhi)
Answer:
The Panthers’ aim was to unite the Dalit and to bring them into their fold.

Question 7.
Name the popular movement which demanded that no forest exploiting contract be given to any outsider. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Chipko Movement.

Question 8.
Shetkari Sanghatahna and Raitha Sangha belonged to which two respective states?
Answer:
Shetkari Sanghatahna belonged to Maharashtra and Raitha Sangha belonged to Karnataka.

Question 9.
Why the ongoing environmental movements are opposing the construction of mega-dams? (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Answer:
Construction of mega-dams results in the displacement of a large number of people living around that area.

Question 10.
Which popular movement led to the empowerment of women? (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
Chipko movement led to the empowerment of women.

Question 11.
Explain the main recommendation of the Mandal Commission. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
The main recommendation of the Mandal Commission is 27% of the posts in Public services should be reserved for O.B.Cs.

Choose the correct answer:

Question 12.
In which year All India Kisan Sabha was established?
(a) 1930
(b) 1936
(c) 1940
(d) 1950.
Answer:
(b) 1936.

Question 13.
Who led the Narmada Bachao Andolan’
(a) Medha Patkar
(b) Rajni Sharma
(c) Shabana Azmi
(d) Meira Kumar.
Answer:
(a) Medha Patkar.

Question 14.
Where Anti-Arrack Movement was started?
(a) Haryana
(b) Andhra Pradesh
(c) Punjab
(d) Tamil Nadu.
Answer:
(b) Andhra Pradesh.

Rise of Popular Movements Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Describe any four demands made by the Bharatiya Kian Union after 1980? (C.B.S.E 2015)
Answer:

1. It demanded removing inter-state restrictions on the movement of foodgrains.
2. Electricity rates should be reduced.
3. The government floor price of sugarcane and wheat should be raised.
4. The repayment of the loans to the farmers should be waived. The government should provide pensions to farmers.

Question 2.
Describe any two issues which made the Anti-Arrack movement a women’s movement. (CJ3.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
1. Anti-Arrack Movement in Andhra Pradesh was definitely a movement of women. In the Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, women came together in a spontaneous local initiative to protest against arrack (Local alcohol) and forced the closure of wine shops. The news spread very fast and women of about 5000 villages got inspired and met together in meetings, passed resolutions for the complete prohibition, and sent these resolutions to the District Collector and higher authorities. Due to women’s protests, the arrack auctions in the Nellore district were postponed 17 times. In 1992, women took out a big procession in Hyderabad to protest against the sale of ‘arrack’.

2. Women also raised the issue of domestic violence: the Anti-arrack movement became a part of the women’s movement.

Question 3.
Explain the role of Environ¬mental movements to meet the challenge of environmental degradation. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
Following are the role of Environmental movements to meet the challenge of environmental degradation-
1. Chipko Movement: Chipko Movement literally means ‘Hug the Trees’ Movement. This movement began in two or three villages of Uttarakhand in 1972. There was a dispute between the local villagers and a logging contractor who had been allowed to fell trees in a forest close to the village. The villagers protested against the logging contractor and the government. Chipko Movement is seen not only as a movement to save the environment but also as a feminist movement.

2. Narmada Bachao Andolan: Narmada Bachao Aandolan is a movement to save the Narmada river. It was around 1988-89 that issues crystallized under the banner of the NBA. Initially, the movement demanded proper and just rehabilitation of all those who were directly or indirectly affected by the project.

Question 4.
Where and when was the organization ‘Dalit Panthers’ formed? Describe any three of its activities. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
Describe any four activities of the Dalit Panthers to promote their interests. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
Dalit Panthers was an organization of educated Dalit youths. Babu Rao Bagul, E.P. Soukamble gave direction to Dalit policies through their poems, literature, and biographers. Dalit Panthers openly challenged casteism and Brahmanism.

Dalit Panthers raised the following issues for the welfare of Dalits:

1. The Panther’s aim was to unite the Dalits and to bring them into their fold.
2. According to the manifesto of Dalit Panthers, Dalit word includes Scheduled Castes and Tribes, new Buddhists, economically backward workers, women, landless as well as poor peasants, and all those persons who were being exploited.
3. According to Dalit Panther’s manifesto, the main problems of Dalits are lack of food, water, shelter, jobs, land, and their unequal social status and atrocities on them.
4. According to Dalit Panthers, their problem could be solved by acquiring economic and political power.

Question 5.
Mention four weaknesses of Mass Movements. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:

1. National Interest is Ignored. Generally, the aims of all Mass movements are to fulfill the local and regional needs. No importance is given to the national interest.
2. Sometimes Turns Violent. Many times in the past mass movements have turned violent to achieve their objectives. Thus, it is often believed that mass movements may become violent.
3. Narrow Outlook. The Mass Movements have a very narrow outlook because generally, these movements revolve around only one issue.
4. Creates Problems in Law and Order. To get their demands fulfilled all types of methods are used by the mass movements. Many times illegal and unconstitutional methods create law and order problems.

Question 6.
Assess any two positive aspects of the Chipko Movement. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:

1. Chipko movement to hug trees was one of the first grassroots environmental movements, which
   attracted national and international attention. The villagers did not allow the outsiders to exploit the forest recklessly. Natural resources would be rather well-maintained and effectively controlled by the local communities.
2. Chipko movement was not only a movement to save the environment but it is also seen as a ‘feminist movement’. This movement created a platform to discuss social and economic issues such as alcoholism. It also discussed the issues of landless forest workers and asked for guarantees of the minimum wage.

Question 7.
State any two main demands of the Narmada Bachao Aandolan. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:

1. In the beginning, the movement demanded proper rehabilitation of all those who were directly or indirectly affected by the Narmada Project.
2. The NBA also emphasized that people of the area must have a say in decision-making. They should also have effective control over natural resources like water, forests, etc.

Rise of Popular Movements Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What are Popular Movements? Describe any four benefits of popular movements. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
Describe any six advantages of popular movements. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
When any movement is actively supported by a large section of the society, it is called a popular movement. It can be party-based or non-party based.

Benefits of Popular Movements
1. Helpful to Understand Democratic Politics. The history of popular movements helps us to understand better the nature of democratic politics. Popular movements come up to rectify some problems in the functioning of party politics and should be seen as an integral part of our democratic politics.

2. Effective Representation to Different Groups. Popular movements represent new social groups whose economic and social grievances were not redressed in the realm of electoral politics. Popular movements ensured effective representation of different groups and associations.

3. Mass Movements railed Legitimate demands of the People. Generally, popular movements have raised legitimate demands of the people and have involved greater participation of the masses. Mainly workers, farmers, and poor people participate in these popular movements.

4. Govt, is compelled to accept Genuine Demands. Many times even the most genuine demands of the people are not accepted by the government. Then it is through popular movements that the government is compelled to accept the demands of disadvantaged social groups.

5. Popular movement includes a various dimensions of public welfare.

6. Popular movement spread awareness among peoples.

Question 2.
Write an essay on the Women’s Movement in India.
Answer:
No doubt the condition of the women even today, is not good, but a psychological change has been witnessed in the women. The personality cult of women is on the rise and they have become active for the protection of their interests. The women’s movement has played a very important role in the emancipation of the dignity and status of women.

Women’s Movement in the 19th century. The Women’s movement in India had its origin in the nineteenth century. Mahila Mandals were organized for the first time by the Arya Samaj and the Brahmo Samaj. The Ramakrishna Mission and Theosophical Society which were established at the end of the 19th century worked for the welfare of women. These societies especially emphasized women’s education. In the 19th century, the Women’s movement was dominated by men. The main issues of Women’s movements were purdah, child marriage, enforced widowhood, etc. Sati was banned in 1829.

Women’s Movement in the 20th century. In 1924, the All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) was established. This organization demanded-education for women, economic equality, the right to inheritance, divorce, pension of widows, etc. AIWC also raised a voice for the right to vote for women. In 1931, AIWC put demands for creches, nursery schools, ante-natal and post-natal care, and maternity homes in factories where women worked in considerable numbers. Due to Mahatma Gandhi, women also started participating in the Gandhian Movement.

After independence, the Indian Constitution was formulated on the concept of equality – legal, social, and economic. Hindu Code Bill was passed for the welfare of Hindu Women. But there is a great need for a Common Civil Code. In local bodies, 30% of seats are reserved for women.

According to a UNICEF Report (1988), a hundred million women work on the margins of life in India’s vast unorganized sector to tackle the twin problems of poverty and discrimination. In the unorganized sector, the implementation of minimum wages has not been done.

Autonomous Women’s Movement. In the 70s many autonomous Women’s movements such as Chipko Movement (1974-77). Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) was established in 1972 in Gujarat. The Working Women’s Forum (WWF) was established in Chennai by Jay Arunachalam in 1978. By the 1990s, the WWF began to function in four states – Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh.

At present, various women organizations in India are working for the protection of the interests of women. The main organizations among them are -All India Women Conference, National Council of Women in India, Bharatiya Gram Mahila Sangh, National Federation of Indian Women, etc.

Question 3.
What is meant by Chipko Movement? When did it start and j where? What is the significance of this j e movement in the conservation of the environment? (Imp.)(C.B.S.E. 2011, Delhi)
Answer:
Chipko Movement shows that tribals are mostly dependent upon forest products for their primary needs and survival. But the forest policies and management are blind to the needs of the common people. Chipko Movement began in two or three villages of Uttarakhand when the forest department refused permission to the villages to fall ash trees for making agricultural tools. The forest department allotted the same piece of land to some sports contractor for commercial use. Thus, the villagers protested against this decision of the government.

Chipko Movement (1947-77), hugging trees to prevent them from being cut down, linked the issue of environmental degradation of women’s increasing toil for fuel and fodder. This movement was started under the leadership of Chandi Prasad Bhatt and Sunderlal Bahuguna.

Major Issues Related to Chipko Movement.

Major demands or major issues of the Chipko Movement are as follows:

1. Natural resources such as land, water, forests, etc., should be under the control of local communities.
2. Forest contracts should be given to the local people and not to the outsiders.
3. Minimum wages of the workers working in forests should be fixed.
4. Low-cost material should be provided to small- scale industries.
5. Women asked the government to enforce prohibition.

Significance of Chipko Movement.

1. This movement to ‘hug trees’ was one of the first grassroots environmental movements, which attracted national and international attention.
2. Chipko Movement was not only a movement to save the environment but it is also seen as a ‘feminist movement’ not only because of the active participation of women but also because deforestation was seen as affecting women’s lives in the hills in their search for fuel and fodder.
3. Chipko Movement was not only a movement to save the environment but it had a larger social base. Women protested against the drinking habit of men.
4. The government issued a ban on the felling of trees in the Himalayan region for fifteen years.
5. Chipko movement created awareness among the women of the hilly region as women became aware of their rights.

Question 4.
What was the main recommendation of the Mandal Commission? How was it implemented? (C.B.S.E. 2008)
Or
What are the recommendations of the Mandal Commission? What was the aftermath of the Mandal Commission?
Answer:
The Mandal Commission was set up by the Janata government on Jan. 1, 1979. The Mandal Commission was headed by B.P. Mandal, former Chief Minister of Bihar. The Mandal Commission was to determine the criteria for defining the socially and educationally backward classes. It was to recommend necessary measures for the advancement of the backward classes. The Mandal Commission identified 3,743 other backward classes. The recommendations of the Mandal Commission are as follows :

1. Twenty-seven percent of the posts in public services should be reserved for OBCs. They do make 52 percent of the total population yet the reservation quota for them cannot exceed this limit.
2. Welfare programs specially meant for other backward classes should be financed by the Government of India in the same manner and to the same extent already done in the case of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
3. Radical land reforms should be brought about by states to free small landholders from their heavy dependence on rich peasants for their subsistence.
4. Other Backward Classes should be encouraged and helped to set up small-scale industries.
5. Special educational schemes, with emphasis on vocational training, should be started for OBCs. They should also be given special coaching in technical and professional institutions to enable them to compete with students from the open quota.

Implementation of the Mandal Report. The Commission submitted its report to the government in December 1980. It was presented to both the Houses of the Parliament on April 30, 1982. Ever since then there has been a continuous and persistent demand for an outright acceptance of its recommendations without any further scrutiny. National Front had promised in its poll manifesto to implement the Mandal Commission Report. But the ruling party leaders had aired conflicting views about it. However, Prime Minister Mr. V.P. Singh announced all of a sudden the acceptance of the Mandal Report on August 7, 1990, in the Parliament without taking into confidence even his own Cabinet colleagues for reasons of political expediency.

But this move of Mr. V.P. Singh had alienated his senior-most colleagues, provoked the Bharatiya Janata Party and C.P.M. to denounce publicly this rash decision. The student community that had been seriously hit by the implementation of the Report had launched a massive movement throughout the country and initially brought the government to a collapsing point. The anti-reservationists stir had reached a new peak of frenzied violence especially in New Delhi, Chandigarh, Kurukshetra, Jammu, Jaipur, and many other cities of north India.

In November 1992 the Supreme Court held the order of V.P. Singh’s government to be valid and enforceable subject to the exclusion of the ‘Creamy Layer’ or the more advanced section of the beneficiary backward classes within four months. The Supreme Court also held that the maximum size of all reservations together must not exceed 50 percent.

Question 5.
Describe the journey of the movement for Right to Information which, ultimately culminated into an Act. i.e. RTI Act. 2005. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
In 1990, the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sanghathan (MKSS) in Rajasthan took the initiative in demanding records of famine relief work and accounts of laborers. The demand was first made by the people of Bhim Tehsil. The villagers asserted their right to information. In 1994 and 1996, the MKSS organized Jan Sunwais or Public hearings, where the administration was asked to explain its stand in public.

In 1996 this organization formed the national council for People’s Right to Information in Delhi to raise the Right to Information to the status of the national campaign. The Consumer Education and Research Centre, shouric committee, and press council proposed a draft for the Right to Information Law. Finally, the Right to Information Act came into effect in 2005. This law makes the country more democratic and public-oriented.

Question 6.
What was Narmada Bachao Andolan? What was its criticism against it? (Imp.)(C.B.S.E. 2008 Outside Delhi Set-I)
Or
What was Narmada Bachao Andolan? What were its main issues? What democratic strategy did it use to put forward its demands? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside Delhi) :
Answer:
The Narmada Valley project was conceived in 1946, but final planning and work on it started only after the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal passed its order in 1978. In the early eighties, an ambitious development project was launched in the Narmada Valley of Central India. If completed, the Narmada Project will rank as the largest irrigation project planned and implemented in the world. The Narmada Project consisted of 30 big dams, 135 medium-sized dams, and 3000 minor dams. Out of the thirty major dams, the most controversial ones are the Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) in Gujarat and the Narmada (Indira) Sagar Project in Madhya Pradesh.

Narmada Project has given rise to a powerful social movement. The movement against the Sardar Sarovar Project started in 1985. In 1986, Narmada Dharangrast Samiti (NDS) began to investigate the problem under the leadership of Medha Parker. They found that environmental impact has not been studied, the number of people to be displaced was not known, an estimate of land to get irrigation water had been exaggerated, etc.

Thus, in 1989, organizations like NDS, Maharashtra Ghati Navnirman Samiti, Narmada Asargrasta Sangharsha Samiti, and few others emerged to form Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA). Since the formation of the NBA, there have been many protests, demonstrations, Jal Samadhi, and sit-ins. One of the important events in the history of the NBA has been the filing of a petition against the dam by the NBA in 1994. In May 1997, the Supreme Court halted the construction of the dam, but in its 2000 judgment, it gave a green signal for it. Narmada Bachao Andolan has also become the center of national and international concerns.

In the beginning, the movement demanded proper rehabilitation of all those who were directly or indirectly affected by the Narmada Project. The NBA also emphasized that people of the area must have a say in decision-making. They should also have effective control over natural resources like water, forests, etc. In 2003, the government formulated National Rehabilitation Policy and this is a major achievement of the NBA.

Criticism of NBA. NBA has been criticized by many on the ground that its demand to stop the construction of dams is against the process of development. For the development of the area, the construction of the Narmada Project is very essential.

Question 7.
Study the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: (C.B.S.E. 2014)

Sardar Sarovar Project is a multi-purpose mega-scale dam. It required the relocation of around two and a half lakh people from the villages. Issues of relocation and proper rehabilitation of the project-affected people were first raised by the local activist groups. It was around 1988-89 that the issues crystallized under the banner of the NBA — a loose collective effort of local voluntary organizations.
(i) Why is the Sardar Sarovar Project mentioned as a multipurpose mega-scale dam?
Answer:
Sardar Sarovar Project is mentioned as a multipurpose mega-scale dam as it would benefit huge areas of Gujarat and three other states in terms of availability of drinking water, irrigation, generation of electricity, and increase in agricultural production.

(ii) Why was it opposed by the villagers?
Answer:
The villagers opposed the dam because due to the building of a dam, 245 villages from these were expected to get submerged.

(iii) What was the main demand of the local activist groups?
Answer:
The main demand of the local activist groups were relocation and proper rehabilitation of the project affected peoples.

Question 8.
Suppose you are an important leader of the Farmers agitation, The government authorities ask you to present any three demands on j behalf of the farmers. On a priority j basis, which three demands will you make? Support your demands with appropriate arguments. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
As a leader of farmers’ agitation, one can put the following demands on behalf of the farmers:
1. The government should solve the problem of land acquisition. Without the approval and consent of the farmers, government or builders, etc., should have no right to acquire the land of farmers. Even if the farmers give their consent to acquiring their land, they should also be given proper compensation for that particular land.

2. Another important demand and problem are sugarcane crops. Sufficient delay and wastage of time and energy are suffered by the farmers in bringing their sugarcane crops to sugar mills. Poor farmer wastes their days and nights together just in sitting on the trucks of sugarcane. Even the mill owners do not pay the price of their crops in time and properly. The government should intervene from the side of farmers for proper-payment of crops and avoid unnecessary delay.

3. In spite of sufficient stocks and good qualities of urea, poor farmers do not get this facility in time. So as a leader of the Kisan Union, the government should be pressurized the supply urea and other fertilizers in time.

4. Government should make efforts to provide pension to the farmers so that they can lead the rest of the life in comfort.

5. In case some farmers face too many hardships when their crops fail due to recurrent floods or irregular monsoon. These farmers are unable to repay loans as they are caught in the debt trap. The vicious circle of poverty makes their condition so miserable that in an agony of being unable to repay loans are forced to commit suicide in order to relieve themselves. In such conditions, their families too suffer the same hardships. Thus in such cases, governments should exempt such farmers from paying loans.

6. The electricity should be supplied to the farmers at reasonable rates. There should also be easy inter-state movements for farmers’ goods without any restrictions.

Question 9.
Describe how the Anti Arrack campaigns contributed a great deal in increasing overall social awareness about women’s questions. (C.B.S.E. sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
Anti-Arrack Movement in Andhra Pradesh was definitely a movement of women. In the Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, women came together in a spontaneous local initiative to protest against arrack (Local alcohol) and forced the closure of wine shops. The news spread very fast and women of about 5000 villages got inspired and met together in meetings, passed resolutions for the complete prohibition, and sent these resolutions to the District Collector and higher authorities. Due to women’s protests, the arrack auctions in the Nellore district were postponed 17 times. In 1992, women took out a big procession in Hyderabad to protest against the sale of ‘arrack’.

1. Women also raised the issue of domestic violence.
2. As a result, the movement made a demand for equal representation to women in politics.
3. Women also raised the demand for reservation in the state legislature and Lok Sabha.
4. In Anti Arrack movement, the issue of gender equality was also raised.

Question 10.
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Critics of popular movements often argue that collective actions like strikes, sit-ins, and rallies disrupt the functioning of the government, delay decision-making, and destabilize the routines of democracy. Such an argument invites deeper questions: why do these movements resort to such assertive forms of action? We have seen that popular movements have raised legitimate demands of the people and have involved large scale participation of citizens. It should be noted that the groups mobilized by this movement are poor, socially and economically disadvantaged sections of the society from marginal social groups.
(i) Popular movements resort to which two types of assertive actions?
Answer:
Popular movements resort to two types of assertive actions:
(a) strikes (b) sit-ins and rallies.

(ii) How far do you agree with the arguments given by the critics?
Answer:
We agree with the critics to some extent that sometimes these movements resort to such assertive forms of action, that they become violent in nature and cause the destruction of public property.

(iii) Why are groups involved in popular movements mostly from marginal social groups?
Answer:
The popular movements involve mostly marginal social-groups, because the people of these groups are poor, socially and economically deprived of their rights, and disadvantaged sections of society.

Question 11.
In the given political outline map of the World, five countries have been shown as (A), (B),(C),(D), and (E). With the help of the information given below, identify these countries and write their correct names along with the serial number of the information used and the related alphabet as per the following format in your answer-book: (C.B.S.E. 2017)

(i) The country where Montreal Protocol was signed in 1987.
(ii) This country is of the view that the major responsibility of curbing gas emissions rests with the developed countries.
(iii) This country is known for its forest movements.
(iv) The first anti-dam movement aimed to save the Franklin River and its surrounding forests was launched in this country.
(v) The largest producer of mineral oil in the world.

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only, in lieu of the above questions
(i) Mention any two environmental concerns that have a long history.
Answer:
(a) Cultivable area is barely expanding any more, and a substantial portion of existing agricultural land is losing fertility.
(b) The loss of biodiversity continues due to the destruction of habitat in areas that are rich in species.

(ii) Explain the significance of the Earth Summit’ held in 1992.
Answer:
The growing focus on environmental issues within the areas of global politics was firmly consolidated at the U.N. conference on the environment held in Rio de Kaneria, in June 1992.

(iii) Highlight any two features of the Kyoto Protocol.
Answer:
(a) The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement setting targets for industrialized countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions.
(b) The protocol was agreed to in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan on the principles set by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Question 12.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. 2019)

The movement began in two or three villages of Uttarakhand when the forest department refused permission to the villagers to fell ash trees for making agricultural tools. However, the forest department allotted the same patch of land to a sports manufacturer for commercial use. This enraged the villagers and they protested against the move of the government. The struggle soon spread across many parts of the Uttarakhand region. Larger issues of ecological and economic exploitation of the region were raised.
(i) Identify the popular movement which is being referred to in the given passage. What was the novel aspect of this movement?
Answer:
The popular movement which is being referred to in the given passage is the ‘Chipko movement’. Women’s active participation in this, the movement was the novel aspect of this movement.

(ii) Which issues of ecological and economic exploitation were raised in this movement?
Answer:
Chipko movement raises larger issues of ecological and economic exploitation. For example, local citizens should have effective control over natural resources. They also demanded that government should provide low-cost materials to small industries. People also demanded the economic issues of landless forest workers and guarantees of minimum wages. People wanted a government that ensures development without degrading the ecological balance.

(iii) Highlight the achievements of this movement.
Answer:
Government-issued a ban on the felling of trees for 15 years. Chipko movement became a symbol of many such popular movements.

Rise of Popular Movements Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
What is Chipko Movement?
Answer:
Chipko Movement literally means ‘Hug the Trees’ Movement. This movement began in two or three villages of Uttarakhand in 1972. There was a dispute between the local villagers and a logging contractor who had been allowed to fell trees in a forest close to the village. The villagers protested against the logging contractor and the government. Chipko Movement is seen not only as a movement to save the environment but also as a feminist movement.

Question 2.
What is Narmada Bachao Aandolan?
Answer:
Narmada Bachao Aandolan is a movement to save the Narmada river. It was around 1988-89 that issues crystallized under the banner of the NBA. Initially, the movement demanded proper and just rehabilitation of all those who were directly or indirectly affected by the project.

Question 3.
What is Sardar Sarovar Project?
Answer:
Sardar Sarovar Project is a multipurpose mega-scale dam. This project was launched in the Narmada valley of Central India in early 1980. The project consisted of 30 big dams, 135 medium-sized dams and around 300 small dams to be constructed on the Narmada. Sardar Sarovar Project is in Gujarat.

Question 4.
What do you understand by Anti-Arrack Movement?
Answer:
Anti-Arrack Movement was started by women in the Southern district of Andhra Pradesh. Women demanded a ban on the sale of alcohol (arrack) in their neighborhood. The women of village Gundhur in Kalihari Mandal of Chittoor district assembled and resolved to put an end to the sale of liquor in their village. Rural women led the anti-arrack movement. Moreover, the anti-arrack movement also became part of the women’s movement.

Question 5.
Mention four features of Social Mass Movements.
Answer:

1. Political Nature. Generally, Social Movements are not political because their objective is not to acquire political power. Their primary objective is to create awareness among the people about their interests and to put pressure on the government to achieve their goals.
2. Violent and Non-violent. Social Movements can turn violent as well be non-violent. For example, Chipko Movement was non-violent whereas the Naxalbari movement was violent.
3. Mode of Social Movement. Sometimes Social Movements become the mode of social change.
4. Social mass movements spread awareness among people.

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 6 The Crisis of Democratic Order. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6 Important Extra Questions The Crisis of Democratic Order

The Crisis of Democratic Order Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Evaluate the impact of the national emergency declared in June 1975. (C..BS.E. 2019)
Answer:

1. Faith in the opposition had increased. Now, they believed that they are also capable of forming the government.
2. Origin of many organizations that generate awareness of Freedom and Rights.

Question 2.
Highlight any two constitutional issues between the parliament and the judiciary during the 1970s.? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Following are the two constitutional issues between the parliament and the judiciary during the 1970s:

1. Can the parliament abridge fundamental rights?
2. Cant the parliament curtail the right to property by making an amendment.

Question 3.
Match the following: (C.B.S.E. 2016) Imp.

Answer:

Question 4.
Match the following in Column ‘A’ with those in Column ‘B’ in a meaningful way: (C.B.S.E. 2016) Imp.

Answer:

Question 5.
List any two problems faced by the Government of India after 1971-72. (Delhi C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
1. Economic Crisis. War took place between India and Pakistan in Dec. 1971 and Pakistan was defeated in the war. But this war had put a heavy strain on India’s economy. More than eight million people crossed over the East Pakistan border into India. Oil prices increased in the international market and this led to an all-round increase in the prices of other commodities.

2. Railway Strike. In April 1974 there was a strike of railway employees which affected the Indian Economy.

Question 6.
Why were the Lok Sabha elections, 1977 fought by the opposition on the slogan? ‘Save Democracy’. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Lok Sabha elections, 1977 fought by the opposition on the slogan ‘Save Democracy’ because from 1975 to 1977 ruling government instead of democracy imposed emergency, which caused multi atrocities in every sphere.

Question 7.
Why did the Janata Party make the 1977 Lok Sabha Elections into a referendum on Emergency? (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
The Janta Party made the 1977 Lok Sabha elections into a referendum on the emergency because of the non-democratic character of the rule and various excesses that took place during the emergency period. Due to the arrest of thousands of persons and the censorship of the press. Public opinion was against the government.

The Crisis of Democratic Order Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What was the main demand of the railwaymen during the strike? (CB.S.E. 2012 Delhi)
Answer:
Bonus and improved conditions of service was the main demand of the railwaymen during the strike.

Question 2.
Why was the Congress party defeated during the elections of 1977? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E 2014)
Or
Analyze any one reason for the defeat of the Congress Party in 1977. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
The Congress Party was defeated in 1977 due to the imposition of emergency and practicing of unconstitutional activities by its leaders.

Question 3.
Mention the main reason for the defeat of The Congress Party in the elections of 1977. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
The main reason for the defeat of the Congress Party in the elections of 1977 was an internal emergency declared by the government

Question 4.
How far do you agree that the proclamation of emergency weakened the federal distribution of power in India? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
During an emergency, the federal distribution of power remained practically suspended and all power was concentrated with the Union Government.

Question 5.
Who led the railway strike of 1974? What was its main demand? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
George Fernandes led the railway strike in 1974. Bonus and improved condition of service were
the main demands of the railway employees.

Question 6.
Name any two opposition parties which were part of an electoral alliance in 1977, known as ‘Grand Alliance’. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:

1. Bharatiya Jan Sangh
2. Swatantra Party.

Question 7.
Name the political party which came to power at the center in 1977. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Janata Party.

Question 8.
Why did mid-term elections take place in 1980? (C.B.S.E. 2014) :
Answer:
Mid-term elections took place in 1980 because of the failure of the Janata Party Government.

Question 9.
Why did the magazines like ‘Seminar’ and ‘Mainstream’ choose to close down after the declaration of emergency in 1975? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Delhi)
Answer:
Seminar and Mainstream chose to close down because these magazines did not accept the censorship imposed on print media.

Question 10.
Indira Gandhi’s imposition of the National Emergency in 1975 cannot be justified. Give one argument. (C.RS.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Answer:
Indira Gandhi?s imposition of the National Emergency in 1975 cannot be justified because Law and order situation in the country was mostly normal.

Choose the correct answer:

Question 11.
In which year internal emergency was declared by Smt. Indira Gandhi?
(a) 1965
(b) 1971
(c) 1975
(d) 1980.
Answer:
(c) 1975.

Question 12.
In which state Nay Nirman Movement was started?
(a) Gujarat
(b) Punjab
(c) Bihar
(d) Haryana.
Answer:
(a) Gujarat.
(d) Haryana.

Question 13.
Match the following (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)

Answer:

In June 1977, Prime Minister Morarji Desai recommended the imposition of the emergency to Gyani Zail Singh.Question 14.
Correct the following sentence and rewrite it. (Sample Paper 2019-20)

Answer:
In June 1975, Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi recommends the imposition of the emergency to Fakhruddin Mi Ahmad.

The Crisis of Democratic Order Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
How did the Janta Party make the 1977 elections into a referendum on the emergency imposed in 1975? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 20IS)
Answer:
Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi declared Internal Emergency on 25th June 1975. After the declaration of emergency fundamental rights mentioned in Article 19 was suspended throughout the country and thousand leaders and workers of opposition parties were put in jails. Restrictions were imposed on freedom of the press. The Janata Party made this election into a referendum on the emergency in the backdrop of arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the press, the public opinion was against the Congress.

Question 2.
Examine the conditions responsible for the growth of the Naxalite movement in India. Suggest ways and means crash it. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
The Naxalite movement has been the most important peasant movement in the post-independence movement. A peasant uprising took place in 1967 in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills district in West Bengal. This movement was started under the local leadership of the Marxist Party.

Naxalite does not believe in democracy. They believe in violence and guerrilla war in order to achieve their aims.

Naxalites used force to snatch land from the big landlord and distributed to the poor and landless workers. West Bengal government used strong measures to crush the movement. In 1972, Charu, Majumdar died in police custody which created a vacuum in the movement as there was no competent leader to replace him.

Question 3.
What reasons, do you think, were responsible for the declaration of V y emergency in 1975? Examine any two
reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
1. Allahabad High Court Judgement invalidating Indira Gandhi’s 1971 Election. On 12 June 1975, Justice Jagmohan Lai Sinha of the Allahabad High Court passed a judgement declaring Indira Gandhi’s election to the Lok Sabha, invalid and made her ineligible to occupy her seat for the next six years. On June 24, the Supreme Court’s vocational Judge Justice Krishna Iyer granted a stay that allowed Mrs Indira Gandhi to function as the Prime Minister on the condition that she should not draw a salary and speak or vote in Parliament until the case was decided. In fact, this was the most important reason which led to the declaration of emergency in India.

2. Demonstration in Delhi’s Ramlila ground by all opposition parties. The opposition parties led by Jayaprakash Narayan demanded the resignation of Mrs Indira Gandhi. On 25 June 1975, the opposition parties organised a massive demonstration in Delhi’s Ramlila Ground. Jayaprakash Narayan declared a nationwide Satyagraha for the resignation of Indira Gandhi and asked the army, the police and government employees not to obey her orders.

All these factors were responsible for declaring Internal Emergency on the night of 25 June 1975.

Question 4.
Explain the reasons for the students’ movement of 1974 in Bihar and the Role Played by a Sai Prakash Narayan in this movement. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
In 1974, students of Bihar came together to protest against price rising, unemployment, food shortage, corruption, etc. When the movement was in progress students invited socialist leader Jayaprakash Narayan to lead the students’ movement. Jayaprakash Narayan accepted the offer of leading the movement on the condition that movement will remain totally non-violent and it will not be limited to Bihar. Soon the movement spread to other states of India.

Jayaprakash Narayan demanded the resignation of the Congress Government in Bihar. He gave the slogan of a total revolution in economic, social, and political spheres in order to establish true democracy. This movement started influencing national politics. Railway employees’ Union gave a call for a nation-wide strike. In 1975, Jayaprakash Narayan led a people’s march to the Parliament.

In March, Jayaprakash Narayan was supported by non-Congress opposition parties like the Jan Sangh, Congress (O), Socialist Party, Bharatiya Lok Dal, etc. These parties projected Jayaprakash Narayan as an alternative leader to Mrs Indira Gandhi. In fact, the Bihar movement was seen as anti-Congress Movement and it was a direct challenge to Mrs. Indira Gandhi. However, Mrs Indira Gandhi was of the opinion that this movement was motivated due to personal opposition to her.

Question 5.
Explain any six consequences of emergency declared on 25th June 1975. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2012 Delhi)
Or
Evaluate the consequences of the declaration of emergency in 1975. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
The following were the consequences of imposing an internal emergency in June 1975 :

1. Fundamental Rights were suspended.
2. Censorship was imposed on Freedom of the Press and Mass Media.
3. Preventive detention laws were enacted.
4. Political leaders of opposition parties and active workers were put behind bars.
5. Federation was changed into a unitary form of government.
6. Strikes were banned.

Question 6.
Explain any two lessons learnt from the emergency imposed in 1975. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Following two lessons were learnt from the emergency :
1. Bureaucracy and Judiciary should be independent. Bureaucracy should be independent and impartial. It should not be committed to the ideology and principles of the ruling party. Rather bureaucracy should be committed to the Constitution. Judiciary should not be subordinated to the executive. Judiciary should be independent and it should protect the rights and liberties of the citizens.

2. The government should run the administration according to the provisions of the constitution. Judiciary is the guardian of the constitution.

Question 7.
Examine the legacy of emergency of 1975 in India. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Following are the legacy of emergency of 1975 :

1. Faith in the opposition had increased. Now, they believed that they are also capable of forming the government.
2. Origin of many organizations that generate awareness for Freedom and Rights.
3. Democracy became more pronounced in this period.
4. The Congress Party had identified itself with a particular ideology. Claiming to be the only socialist and pro-poor party.

Question 8.
Analyse any four factors responsible for the downfall of the Janata Government in 1979. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Following are the factors responsible for the downfall of the Janata Government in 1979.

1. Janta-Party lacked direction, leadership, and a common program.
2. The janta-Party government could not bring about a fundamental change in policies from those pursued by Congress.
3. In the Janata-Party government, different political parties lacked co-operation among themselves.
4. All important leaders of different political parties were egoistic and over-ambitious for power.

Question 9.
Why is the emergency and the period around it known as the period of a constitutional crisis? Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
The period fo Emergency and the time around it is known as the period of constitutional crisis due to the following reasons :

1. Strike of railway employees in 1974, Bihar movement led by students, Navnirman Movement of Gujarat, the defeat of Congress party in Gujarat, etc., were responsible for a constitutional crisis.
2. Immediately after the imposition of emergency, the leaders of all opposition parties including J.P. Narayan were thrown behind bars. Thousands workers and leaders of opposition parties were put in jail under MIS A.
3. During an emergency, various black acts were imposed by the Indira government. The people suspected of anything against the government were arrested and thrown behind bars without any trial under MISA. The life, liberty, respect and property of a person were not considered safe.
4. Sanjay Gandhi, the Prime Minister’s younger son, did not hold any official position, yet he controlled the administration and allegedly interfered in the functioning of the government.

The Crisis of Democratic Order Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Analyze the circumstances responsible for the declaration of a state of emergency in India on 25th June. 1975. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Or
Describe any three major reasons that led to the declarations of Emergency in 1975. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Or
describe any three events that led to the imposition of emergency in 1975.
Answer:
Besides powers in normal times, the President of India has emergency powers as well. According to Article 352, if the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or any part of India is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion, he may proclaim a state of emergency. Ever since the operation of the constitution, a national emergency has been declared three times. The third-time internal emergency was declared on the night of 25 June 1975, and this emergency was removed on 21st March 1977.

The emergency was justified by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi when she gave a speech in the Lok Sabha on July 22, 1975, and said, “The action is totally within our Constitutional framework and it was undertaken in order not to destroy the Constitution but to preserve the Constitution, to preserve and safeguard our democracy.”

A national emergency was declared due to the following reasons or circumstances :
1. Economic Crisis. War took place between India and Pakistan in Dec. 1971 and Pakistan was defeated in the war. But this war had put a heavy strain on India’s economy. More than eight million people crossed over the East Pakistan border into India. Oil prices increased in the international market and this led to an all-round increase in the prices of other commodities. In 1974, prices increased about 30 percent. The failure of monsoons in 1972-73 led to the downfall in agricultural production. Poverty and unemployment were very high. Hardships of masses increased and there was a general atmosphere of dissatisfaction among the masses.

2. Railway Employees’ strike, Student unrest in Gujarat, etc. In April 1974 there was a high strike of Railway employees which affected the Indian Economy.

3. Gujarat movement. In January 1974, students in Gujarat started an agitation against a 20% hike in hostel food in the I.D. College of Engineering, but very soon it became a big movement known as the Nav Nirman Movement. The movement was supported by all the opposition parties and demanded the resignation of the Chief Minister of Gujarat. President’s rule was imposed in Gujarat and ultimately Assembly elections were held in June 1975. The Congress was defeated in this election.

4. Bihar movement was started by students against the misrule, unemployment, rising prices, corruption, etc. Later on, this movement was led by great socialist leader Jayaprakash Narayan. The movement of Jayaprakash Narayan is also known as ‘Total Revolution’. Jayaprakash Narayan in a letter to the people of Bihar, 1975 said, “This movement (Total Revolution) aims at bringing about a revolutionary change in all aspects of the life of both society and individual.

The objective of this movement is not merely to change the government, but also to change the society and the individual. That is why I have called it a total revolution. In order to achieve this we shall have to carry on a struggle for a long time, and at the same time carry on constructive and creative activities. Thus, the double process of struggle and construction is a necessity in order to achieve total revolution.” Jayaprakash Narayan also discussed the economic and social problems of backward classes and Tribal people.

4. Allahabad High Court Judgement invalidating Smt. Indira Gandhi’s 1971 Election.

On 12 June 1975, Justice Jagmohan Lai Sinha of the Allahabad High Court passed a judgment declaring Indira Gandhi’s election to the Lok Sabha, invalid and made her ineligible to occupy her seat for six years. On June 24, the Supreme Court vocational Judge Justice Krishna Iyer granted a stay that allowed Mrs. Indira Gandhi to function as the Prime Minister on the condition that she should not draw a salary and speak or vote in Parliament until the case was decided. In fact, this was the most important reason which led to the declaration of Emergency in India.

5. Demonstration in Delhi’s Ramlila Ground by All Opposition Parties. The opposition parties led by Jayaprakash Narayan demanded the resignation of Mrs. Indira Gandhi. On 25 June 1975, the opposition parties organized a massive demonstration at Delhi’s Ramlila Ground. Jayaprakash Narayan declared a nationwide Satyagraha for her resignation and asked the army, the police, and government employees not to obey “illegal and immoral orders” of the government.

All these factors were responsible for declaring an Internal Emergency on the night of 25 June 1975. The Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi recommended the imposition of Emergency to President Fakhruddin Ah Ahmed. The President issued the proclamation immediately. Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi informed the Cabinet at a special meeting at 6 a.m. on 26 June 1975.

Question 2.
Analyze any three lessons that were learned from the Emergency declared in India on 25th June 1975. (Imp.) (Sample Paper)
Or
Analyze any three lessons learned from the emergency of 1975.(C.JB.S.E. 20IS)
Or
Explain any three lessons from the Emergency imposed in 1975. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
On the advice of Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the President declared an Internal emergency on 25th June 1975. Thousands of workers and leaders of opposition parties were put in jails under MISA. Many restrictions were put on freedom of the press.

Legislative Assemblies of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu were dissolved. During an emergency, Sanjay Gandhi, the son of Mrs. Indira Gandhi, became very powerful. Mrs. Indira Gandhi announced the Lok Sabha elections in January 1977 and released the imprisoned political leaders.

Following three lessons were learned from the emergency :
1. Bureaucracy and Judiciary should be independent. Bureaucracy should be independent and impartial. It should not be committed to the ideology and principles of the ruling party. Rather bureaucracy should be committed to the Constitution. Judiciary should not be subordinated to the executive. Judiciary should be independent and should protect the right and liberties of the citizens.

2. The government should run the administration according to the provisions of the Constitution. The Constitution is supreme and its supremacy should be protected by the Judiciary.

3. Freedom of the press should not be crushed. Freedom of the press is very essential for the successful working of democracy. Political consciousness is created among the people by the press.

Question 3.
What is the ‘Naxalite Movement’? Evaluate its role in Indian politics. Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
The Naxalite movement has been the most important peasant movement in the post-independence movement. A peasant uprising took place in 1967 in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills district in West Bengal. This movement was started under the local leadership of the Marxist Party. However, this movement has its roots in the Telbagha Movement. As Partha N. Mukerjee points out some slogans which were used initially by the Naxalites had the historical continuity of Telbagha like :

1. We want the abolition of the Zamindari System.
2. Land to the tiller.
3. Tenant eviction will not be tolerated.
4. 25 percent interest for borrowed paddy.
5. Go on cultivating without surrendering.
6. Defeat the Congress.

In a very short period, this movement spread to major parts of West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh and certain areas of Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. In 1969, the Naxalite group broke off from the CPI (M), and a new party Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) was formed under the leadership of Charu Majumdar.

Naxalites do not believe in democracy. They believe in violence and guerrilla war in order to achieve their aims.

Naxalites used force to snatch land from the big landlord and distributed to the poor and landless workers. West Bengal government used strong measures to crush the movement. In 1972, Charu Majumdar died in police custody which created a vacuum in the movement as there was no competent leader to replace him.

Question 4.
Analyze the conflict between the Judiciary and Parliament of India in 1973. (C.B.S.E. 2008 Compartment Delhi) j
Or
Examine the developments that gave rise to the conflict between the Union Government and the Judiciary in India. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Since 1950, the Supreme Court decided hundred of cases involving various laws passed by parliament and state legislatures from time to time. It exercised its power of Judicial review in a number of cases. The question of the amenability of Fundamental Rights came before the Supreme Court of India in the case of Sankari Prasad Vs. Union of India (1951). The unanimous view of the judges was that Fundamental rights are not absolute in character but are subject to Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution under Article 368.

But in 1967 in Golak Nath’s case, the Supreme Court decided that the parliament has no power to amend the provisions of the Fundamental Rights. Hence the controversy over supremacy between the Parliament and the Judiciary started. On 10 February 1970, Supreme Court declared the Banking Companies Act, 1969 invalid and unconstitutional. To neutralize the effects of the Supreme Court’s Judgement, in 1971, 24th and 25th Amendment Acts were passed and these Amendment Acts restored to parliament the powers to amend fundamental rights.

The 24th, 25th, and 29th Constitution Amendment Acts were challenged in the Supreme Court by Swami Kesavananda Bharti, Kerala religious head, and others on a variety of grounds. The case was heard by the full bench of the Supreme Court consisting of 13 Judges. The Supreme Court delivered the judgment on 24 April 1973 and reversed the Golak Nath case ruling by upholding Parliament’s right to amend the Constitution including the Fundamental Rights but not the basic structure or framework’ of the Constitution.

On May 9, 1980, the Supreme Court in Minivera Mills case struck down Section 55 of the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 which gave unlimited powers to the Parliament. The court held that Section 55 of the Act which reinserted sub-section (4) and (5) in Article 368 was beyond the amending power of the Parliament and was void since it removed all limitations on the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution and conferred power upon it to amend the constitution in such a manner as to destroy its basic or essential features or its basic structure.

The court also struck down Section 4 of the Constitution 42nd Amendment Act amending Article 31-C giving primacy to Directive Principles of State Policy over fundamental rights. The court held that whatever the Parliament does, it cannot destroy the country’s basic structure. Consequently, any law that tended to radically alter time basic structure must be declared null and void.

By declaring certain sections of the 42nd Amendment as ultra vires of the Constitution, the Court has made it clear that the Supreme Court is the final arbiter and interpreter of the Constitution.

Question 5.
Explain the circumstances that led to the mid-term elections in 1980. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Following were the circumstances that led to the mid-term election in 1980.

1. The opposition to the Emergency could keep the Janata Party together for a very short period.
2. It is also observed that Janata Party lacked direction, leadership, and a common program.
3. Janata Party government was unable to bring fundamental changes in the policies from those pursued by the Congress government.
4. Ultimately, the Janata Party split and the government led by Morarji Desai lost its majority in less than 18 months.
5. After 1977, Congress Party led by Indira Gandhi worked hard and tried to identify itself with a different ideology claiming to be the only pro-poor party. In 1980, a fresh Lok Sabha election took place and Congress got the victory.

Question 6.
‘Emergency is one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics’. Analyze three reasons and three consequences of it. (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
On the following ground emergency considered to be one of the most controversial episodes in Indian Politics:

1. Excess during Emergency. Basic liberties of the people were suppressed. No individual or party could utter a word against the imposition of emergency or the excess committed by the government.
2. The imposition of Black Acts like MISA. During the emergency, various black acts were passed by the Indira government. The people suspected of anything against the government were arrested and thrown behind the bars without any trial under the MISA. The life, liberty, respect, and property of no person were considered safe.
3. Constitutional Amendments. Indira gov¬ernment lowered the position of the Judiciary through the 42nd amendment. In fact, Judiciary was subordinated to the executive. The scope of Judicial review was limited to a great extent.

Consequences of emergency

The following were the consequences of imposing an internal emergency in June 1975:

• Fundamental Rights were suspended.
• Censorship was imposed on Freedom of the Press and Mass Media.
• Preventive detention laws were enacted.

Question 7.
Highlight the acts of dissent and resistance to the emergency imposed in 1975. In your opinion, how did their acts affect public opinion? (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Following were the acts of dissent and resistance to the emergency imposed in 1975:

1. Fundamental rights given under article 19 were automatically suspended throughout the country during the emergency protest and strikes and public agitations were disallowed and the government made extensive use of preventive detection.
2. The government suspended the freedom of the press. Newspapers were asked to get prior approval for all materials to be published. Press censorship was enforced. Magazines like the seminar and the mainstream were closed down rather than submitting to censorship, many journalists were arrested for writing against emergency. People opposed it by keeping blank columns in the papers.
3. People, who were not imprisoned but effected due to emergency, were trying to oppose the government for establishing justice.
4. Many underground newsletters and leaflets were published bypass censorship.
5. Kannada writer Shivarama Karanth awarded with Padam Bhushan and Hindi writer Fanishwar Nath Renu awarded with Padam Shri returned their awards in protest against the suspension of democracy. Though such open acts of defiance and resistance were rare.
6. Sanjay Gandhi particularly in Haryana restored compulsory sterilization and people disliked this action of the government.

All these acts of emergency by the government were responsible for creating an opinion against the government and the Congress party lost in dominance and got defeat in 1977’s election.

Question 8.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions :(C.B.S.E. 2018)

The Janata Party made the 1977 elections into a referendum on the Emergency. Its election campaign was focused on the non-democratic character of the Congress rule and on the various excesses that took place during this period. In the backdrop of arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the Press, public opinion was against Congress.
(a) What is meant by ‘referendum’?
Answer:
The method of referendum gives the final authority to the people to accept or reject the law passed by the legislature. If the legislature passes a law that is not in accordance with the wishes of the people can stop the execution of such a law. The system prevailing in Switzerland is that the opinion of the people is sought before the execution of laws.

(b) “Acts like arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the Press during the Emergency period were non-democratic.” Do you agree with the statement? Justify your answer with one suitable argument or/against each act.
Answer:
Acts like arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the press during the Emergency period were Non-democratic because freedom of speech and expression and the right to move freely throughout the country was controlled by the government during an emergency.

(c) In spite of winning the 1977 elections with a thumping majority, why could the Janata party remain in power only for a short period? Explain.
Answer:
In spite of winning the 1977 election with a thumping majority, Janata Party remain in power only for a short period because a power struggle was going in the government.

Question 9.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. 2019)

An emergency is one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics. One reason is that there are differing viewpoints about the need to declare an emergency. Another reason is that using the powers given by the Constitution, the government practically suspended the democratic functioning. As the investigations by the Shah Commission after the Emergency found out, there were many ‘excesses’ committed during the Emergency. Finally, there are varying assessments of what the lessons of Emergency are for the practice of democracy in India.
(i) How far do you agree with the fact that during the Emergency, the government practically suspended the democratic functioning also? Give any one example to support your answer.
Answer:
During an emergency, the government practically suspended democratic functioning also. For example, during emergency strike and agitation were banned. The government suspended the freedom of the Press.

(ii) Highlight any two lessons of Emergency which may be helpful for the practice of democracy in India.
Answer:
(a) Emergency made every people more aware of the value of civil liberties.
(b) After emergency many civil liberties organizations came up.

Question 10.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. 2019)

In the light of these events, the response of the government was to declare a state of Emergency. On 25th June 1975, the government declared that there was a threat of internal disturbances and therefore, it invoked Article 352 of the Constitution. Under the provision of this Article, the government could declare a state of Emergency on grounds of external threat or a threat of internal disturbances. The government decided that a grave crisis had arisen which made the proclamation of a state of Emergency necessary. Technically speaking, this was within the powers of the government, for our Constitution provides for some special powers to the government once an Emergency is declared.
(i) Analyse the grave crisis that compelled the government to impose a state of emergency in the country.
Answer:
Answer:
Besides powers in normal times, the President of India has emergency powers as well. According to Article 352, if the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or any part of India is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion, he may proclaim a state of emergency. Ever since the operation of the constitution, a national emergency has been declared three times. The third-time internal emergency was declared on the night of 25 June 1975, and this emergency was removed on 21st March 1977.

The emergency was justified by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi when she gave a speech in the Lok Sabha on July 22, 1975, and said, “The action is totally within our Constitutional framework and it was undertaken in order not to destroy the Constitution but to preserve the Constitution, to preserve and safeguard our democracy.”

(ii) Identify the two special constitutional powers which the government gets once the Emergency is proclaimed.
Answer:
(a) Once the emergency is proclaimed, the federal structure remains suspended and all powers are concentrated in the hand of the central government.
(b) One emergency is proclaimed government can curtail or restrict fundamental rights.

The Crisis of Democratic Order Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
What is meant by Emergency? Mention any one effect of the declaration of emergency due to internal disturbance.
Answer:
Emergency means when the security of India or any part of India is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. The internal emergency was declared on 25th June 1975. The most significant effect of internal emergency is that the federal form of government is converted into a unitary form of government. The authority of the center is increased till the emergency lasts.

Question 2.
How did the Emergency (1975-1977) affect the fundamental rights of the Indian citizen? Give an example.
Answer:
During an emergency, fundamental rights given under Art. 19 (six freedoms) are automatically suspended throughout the country. The suspension of Art. 19 continues until the proclamation of emergency ends. The President by the order can also suspend the right to move the courts to enforce any other fundamental rights. But according to 44th Amendment, the enforcement of the rights of life and personal liberty under Article 21 cannot be suspended.

Question 3.
What do you know about the Kesavananda Bharti case?
Answer:
The 24th and 25th Amendments were challenged by Keshvananda Bharti and others. In this case, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier Judgement of Golak Nath’s case and gave the parliament the power to amend the Fundamental Rights. The Supreme Court held that the Parliament had the power to amend all provisions of the Constitutions, including those relating to fundamental rights but had no power to change the basic structure of the Constitution. Thus, the Supreme Court imposed a new restriction on Parliament’s Constitutional amending power i.e., the basic structure of the Constitution.

Question 4.
What do you understand by Civil Liberties’ Organisation?
Answer:
Civil liberties organizations were the end result of the emergency. The People’s Union for Civil Liberty and People’s Union for Democratic Rights are two such organizations that were formed in the Post-emergency phase.

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 5 Important Extra Questions Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System

Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you know about Lai Bahadur Shastri?
Answer:
Lai Bahadur Shastri was the country’s Prime Minister from 1964 to 1966. He participated in the freedom movement since 1930. He gave the famous slogan: ‘Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan’. After signing the Tashkent Agreement, Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri suddenly expired in Tashkent on 10 January 1966.

Question 2.
How fourth general election jolted Congress? Imp.
Answer:
The results of the fourth general election (1967) jolted Congress at both the national and state levels. Though the Congress secured a majority of seats in the Lok Sabha, but with its lowest tally of seats since 1952. Congress lost the majority in seven states. In two other states, defections prevented it from forming the government.

Question 3.
Explain briefly the term ‘defection’.
Answer:
Defection means leaving one’s party or leader, under whose symbol or leadership one has found a berth in the legislature, not on grounds of principles or due to split in the party but in the quest for individual power or personal disillusionment or disgust.

Question 4.
Match the following meaningfully from the names in Column ‘A’ with the information in Column ‘B’. (C.B.S.E. 2017)

Answer:

Question 5.
Match the following: (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)

Answer:

Question 6.
Match the following leaders in List – A with the suitable statements in List – B: (C.B.S.E. 2017)

Answer:

Question 7.
Assess the role played by ‘defections’ on Indian politics. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:

1. Due to defections, the political system becomes unstable.
2. Due to defections, corruption increases in the political system.

Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Question 1.
In which year was the Fifth General Elections to Lok Sabha held? Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
The Fifth General Elections to Lok Sabha was held in 1971.

Question 2.
Who represented Congress (O) and Congress (R) after the split of the Congress Party? (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Congress (O) was represented by the Syndicate under Morarji Desai and Congress (R) was represented by Requisition under Indira Gandhi.

Question 3.
What is meant by the term ‘Congress Syndicate’? Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
In the Indian National Congress, there was a group of senior leaders which was known as the ‘Syndicate.’ Due to differences between the Syndicate and Mrs. Indira Gandhi, there was a split in the Congress party in 1969.

Question 4.
Which major factor was responsible for the dramatic victory of Indira Gandhi in the 1971 elections? Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
The slogan of Garibi Hatao and the programs that followed it became a prime political strategy of building an independent nation-wide political support base. Thus, it became a major factor responsible for the dramatic victory of Indira Gandhi in the 1971 elections.

Question 5.
After the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri on 10th January 1966, how did Smt? Does Indira Gandhi becomes the next Prime Minister? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Or
After the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri, which two leaders of the Congress party contested against one another to become the leader of the party. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
There was a contest for Prime Ministership between Sint. Indira Gandhi and Morarji Desai and Smt. Indira Gandhi defeated Morarji Desai, by securing the support of more than two-thirds of the Congress MPs.

Question 6.
After which General Election in India did the Congress party lose its dominance for the first time at the center? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
After the General Election of 1977, the Congress party lost its dominance for the first time at the center.

Question 7.
What is meant by ‘Congress I Syndicate’? (CB.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
In the Indian National Congress, there was a group of senior leaders which was known as the ‘Syndicate’.

Question 8.
Name the two main contenders who contested the election for the post of President of India in 1969. Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Dr. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy and Sh. V.V. Giri.

Question 9.
Who was the official Congress candidate for the post of the President of India in 1969? Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Mr. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy was the official Congress candidate for the post of the President of India in 1969.

Question 10.
Which two political parties were the major partners in the ruling alliance after the 1971 General Elections to the Lok Sabha? (C.B.S.E 2014)
Answer:
Congress (R) and the Communist Party of India were the two political parties who were the major partners in the ruling alliance after the 1971 General Elections to the Lok Sabha.

Question 11.
“The Practice of defection in Indian Politics is many a time expressed as the policy of-Aaya, Ram Gaya Ram!” Justify the statement. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
It is very much true that the practice of defection in Indian politics is many times expressed as the policy of “Aaya Ram Gaya Ram” because greedy politicians and representative change their parties only for the greed of money or ranks only.

Choose the correct answer :

Question 12.
Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru passed away in :
(a) January 1964
(b) May 1965
(c) March 1964
(d) May 1964.
Answer:
(d) May 1964.

Question 13.
When Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru passed away, at that time Congress President was?
(a) K. Kamraj
(b) Lai Bahadur Shastri
(c) S.K. Patil
(d) Morarji Desai.
Answer:
(a) K. Kamraj.

Question 14.
Who was the founder of the Congress Socialist Party?
(a) C. Natarajan Amadurai
(b) K. Kamraj
(c) Ram Manohar Lohia
(d) S. Nijalingappa.
Answer:
(c) Ram Manohar Lohia.

Question 15.
Name the person with whom would you associate the following slogans. (Sample Paper 2019-20)
(a) Aya Ram and Gaya Ram.
(b) Total Revolution.
Answer:
(a) Gaya Lai
(b) Sh. Jai Prakash Narayan.

Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Why was the general election of 1967 called a political earthquake for congress? Examine any four reasons. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Due to the following reasons, the general election of 1967 called the political earthquake for congress.

1. In the fourth general elections, the Congress party was defeated in many states due to the absence of a charismatic leader. Congress lost the majority in seven states.
2. Groupism and factionalism within the Congress party were mainly responsible for its defeat.
3. With the election of 1967, the phenomenon of coalition government began. In many states, United Fronts were formed.
4. After the 4th general election, the importance of ‘Syndicate’ increased within the Congress party. The syndicate was a group of leaders who controlled the Congress party.

Question 2.
Assess the economic situation of India before the general election of 1967. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:

1. Before the general election of 1967 the economic situation of India was very poor due to
   successive failure of monsoons and widespread drought.
2. There was a decline in agricultural production causing a serious food shortage.
3. It caused a drop in industrial production and exports. At the same time, there was a sharp rise in military expenditure. All this resulted in the depletion of foreign exchange.
4. Government was forced to devaluate the Indian rupee under the pressure from the U.S.

Question 3.
Explain any two reasons for the popularity of Indira Gandhi during the 1971 election. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
The following are the reasons for the popularity of Indira Gandhi during the 1971 elections.
1. Charismatic personality. Mrs. Indira Gandhi became very popular due to her charismatic personality. Like Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Mrs. India Gandhi possessed an unparalleled personality. According to Frank Morris, “Mrs. Gandhi’s was not only the undisputed leader of the Congress party, but it was her party and she could dominate it in a way which none else had done. She was free to choose her colleagues who were her assistants and in her presence trembled and obeyed.” In the elections to the fourth Lok Sabha held in 1971, people voted for the Congress on account of the fact that it was being led by Mrs. Indira Gandhi.

2. Socialistic policies of Indira Gandhi’s government. The Socialist policies of Indira Gandhi’s government made her very popular among the masses. Mrs. Indira Gandhi launched a series of initiatives to give the government policy a let orientation. Some of them include nationalization of insurance, coal mines, oil industry; reserved many labour-intensive products for small-scale industries; kept checks on imports and exports as well as the belonging of urban land. Public distribution of food, land reforms, and provision of the house to the rural poor.

Question 4.
Analyze the consequences of the defeat of the official Congress candidate in the presidential election of 1969. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
The grand Alliance political manifested itself openly at the time of the election of the President in 1969. In the Congress Parliamentary Board, Mrs. Indira Gandhi proposed to name Jagjiwan Ram for presidentship which was opposed by the Syndicate group. Instead, Mr. Morarji Desai proposed the name of Sanjiva Reddy who was selected. She disapproved of the choice and left the meeting in anger saying “You will have to bear the consequence of this.” In opposition to the official candidate of the Congress, V.V. Giri Independent candidate was elected President of India due to Mrs. Indira Gandhi. This led to the split in the Congress party.

Question 5.
What is meant by ‘Privy Purse’? Evaluate the role played by Indira Gandhi in the abolition of the Privy Purse. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Or
What is meant by Privy Purses? Why did Mrs. Indira Gandhi insist on abolishing them in 1970? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
When India got independence on 15 August 1947, there were about 565 princely states. Most of the Indian states were integrated with India and rulers of these princely states were given privy purse for their expenditure. Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi wanted to abolish the privy purse of former rulers of these princely states. The President of India issued the ordinance to abolish the Privy Purses in 1970 but the Supreme Court struck down the order of the President derecognizing the rulers en masse.

Chief Justice Hidayatullah observed that the President of India could not act as a Grand Moghul in doing away with the institution of rulership en masse. Hence, Constitutional Amendment Bill seeking to abolish Privy Purses for former rulers was introduced in the Parliament in September 1970. The Amendment Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha by a two-third majority. However, the Bill was not passed by the Rajya Sabha. Lok Sabha was dissolved and the election to the Lok Sabha was held in March 1971. Congress (R) emerged as the largest party having the majority of 352 in the House of 520. The Constitution was amended to remove legal obstacles for the abolition of privy purse.

Question 6.
The phrase ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ signifies which concept? Explain its impact on the Indian political system. Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
The phrase ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ signifies the concept of defection. Defection has greatly affected the Indian Political System. Prime Minister Morarji Desai had to resign in July 1979 as many members left the Janata Party. In January 1980, Haryana Chief Minister Bhajan Lai joined Congress (I) by leaving the Janata Party along with 35 members. The Himachal Pradesh Chief Minister Shanta Kumar had to resign in February 1980 because of heavy defection. Defections took place abundantly before and after the Lok Sabha elections in 1980 and it was all in favor of the Congress.

Question 7.
What does ‘defection’ stand for in Indian politics? Highlight any two demerits of this practice. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Meaning of Defection: Defection meant that an elected representative leaves the party or whose symbol he/she was elected and joins another party.

Demerits of Defection :

1. Political system becomes unstable due to defections.
2. Corruption increases due to defections.

Question 8.
How did the factional rivalry between the syndicate and Indira Gandhi result in the split of Congress in 1969? (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
The rout of the Congress in the 1967 general election in which congress emerged in low morale catalysed the process of open confession of factionalism. The Syndicate member began to ally themselves with Swatantra, Jan Sangh, and S.S.P. which later on emerged as Grand Alliance. The grand Alliance political manifested itself openly at the time of the election of the President in 1969. In the Congress Parliamentary Board, Mrs. Indira Gandhi proposed to name Jagjiwan Rani for presidentship which was opposed by the Syndicate group.

Instead, Mr. Morarji Desai proposed the name of Sanjiva Reddy who was selected. She disapproved of the choice and left the meeting in anger saying ‘You will have to bear the consequence of this.” In opposition to the official candidate of the Congress, VN. Girl Independent candidate was elected President of India due to Mrs. Indira Gandhi. This led to the split in the Congress party.

Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
What was factors till led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s government in the early 1970s? (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Or
Analyze any three-factor which enhanced the popularity of Indira Gandhi in the early 1970s. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Or
Analyze any three major factors which led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s government in the early 1970s. ‘ Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
After the death of Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri, Smt. Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India in 1966. In the beginning Smt. Indira Gandhi was not a very strong and popular Prime Minister. But with the passage of time, she became very popular. The following factors were responsible for the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the early 1970s :

1. Charismatic Personality. Smt. Indira Gandhi became very popular due to her charismatic personality. Like Jawaharlal Nehru, Smt. Indira Gandhi possessed an unparalleled personality. According to Frank Morris, “Mrs. Gandhi’s was not only the undisputed leader of the Congress party, but it was her party and she could dominate it in a way which none else had done. She was free to choose her colleagues who were her agents or assistants and in her presence tremble and obey.” In the elections to the Fourth Lok Sabha, held in 1971, people voted for the Congress on account of the fact that it was being led by Mrs. Indira Gandhi.

2. Socialistic Policies of Indira Gandhi’s Government. The Socialist policies of Indira Gandhi’s Government made her very popular among the masses. Mrs. Indira Gandhi launched a series of initiatives to give the Government policy a left orientation. Smt. Indira Gandhi pursued a vigorous policy in 1969 of land reform and placed a ceiling on personal income, private property, and corporate profits.

In 1969, she ordered the nationalization of India’s fourteen largest banks. It was in fact a very bold step that made her very popular among the people. Mrs. Indira Gandhi supported the demand that the Government should abolish privy purses. But Morarji Desai called this move morally wrong and amounting to a breach of faith with the princes. However, ultimately privy purses were abolished.

3. Garibi Hatao. The fifth general elections to the Lok Sabha were held in February 1971. Mrs. Indira Gandhi gave a very popular slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’. By this slogan, she got the support of backward classes, Adivasis, unemployed youths, minorities, women, and Scheduled castes, and Scheduled tribes.

4. Strong Hold of Party. Smt. Indira Gandhi had a stronghold on her party.

5. Polarisation of Votes in 1971. The polarization of votes in the 1971s fifth general election went in the favour of Smt. Indira Gandhi.

6. Weak Opposition. Another reason for the popularity of Indira Gandhi was that the opposition was weak.

Question 2.
Analyze the circumstances that favored Indira Gandhi to become Prime Minister after the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri. Mention any four achievements of Indira Gandhi that made her popular as a prime minister. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
After the sudden death of Mr. Lai Bahadur Shastri, Mrs. Indira Gandhi was elected the leader of the Congress Parliamentary Party and Mr. Morarji Desai was defeated. Mrs. Indira Gandhi became the leader of the Congress Party because she was wholeheartedly supported by the syndicate. The Syndicate had played an important role in the formation of Mrs. Gandhi’s first Council of Ministers. The leader of the Syndicate expected Mrs. Indira Gandhi to follow their advice. But Mrs. Indira Gandhi gradually started asserting her position within the Government and the party.

Following are the achievement of Indira Gandhi that made her popular as a prime minister.

After the death of Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri, Smt. Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India in 1966. In the beginning Smt. Indira Gandhi was not a very strong and popular Prime Minister. But with the passage of time, she became very popular.

The following factors were responsible for the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the early 1970s :
1. Charismatic Personality. Smt. Indira Gandhi became very popular due to her charismatic personality. Like Jawaharlal Nehru, Smt. Indira Gandhi possessed an unparalleled personality. According to Frank Morris, “Mrs. Gandhi’s was not only the undisputed leader of the Congress party, but it was her party and she could dominate it in a way which none else had done. She was free to choose her colleagues who were her agents or assistants and in her presence tremble and obey.” In the elections to the Fourth Lok Sabha, held in 1971, people voted for the Congress on account of the fact that it was being led by Mrs. Indira Gandhi.

2. Socialistic Policies of Indira Gandhi’s Government. The Socialist policies of Indira Gandhi’s Government made her very popular among the masses. Mrs. Indira Gandhi launched a series of initiatives to give the Government policy a left orientation. Smt. Indira Gandhi pursued a vigorous policy in 1969 of land reform and placed a ceiling on personal income, private property, and corporate profits. In 1969, she ordered the nationalization of India’s fourteen largest banks. It was in fact a very bold step that made her very popular among the people. Mrs. Indira Gandhi supported the demand that the Government should abolish privy purses. But Morarji Desai called this move morally wrong and amounting to a breach of faith with the princes. However, ultimately privy purses were abolished.

3. Garibi Hatao. The fifth general elections to the Lok Sabha were held in February 1971. Mrs. Indira Gandhi gave a very popular slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’. By this slogan, she got the support of backward classes, Adivasis, unemployed youths, minorities, women, and Scheduled castes, and Scheduled tribes.

4. Strong Hold of Party. Smt. Indira Gandhi had a stronghold on her party.

5. Polarisation of Votes in 1971. The polarization of votes in the 1971s fifth general election went in the favour of Smt. Indira Gandhi.

6. Weak Opposition. Another reason for the popularity of Indira Gandhi was that the opposition was weak.

Question 3.
Examine the major changes that the Country witnessed at the time of the fourth general election in 1967. Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2016)
Answer:
The Fourth General Elections were held in 1967. The Fourth General Election was very important because it changed the dynamics of Indian politics in many ways :

1. In the fourth general elections, the Congress party was defeated in many states due to the absence of a charismatic leader. Congress lost the majority in seven states.
2. Groupism and factionalism within the Congress party were mainly responsible for its defeat.
3. With the election of 1967, the phenomenon of coalition government began. In many states, United Fronts were formed.
4. Fourth general election encouraged defections. After the fourth election, large-scale defection took place. In Haryana, the story of Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ began.
5. 5. After the 4th general election, the importance of ‘Syndicate’ increased within the Congress party. The syndicate was a group of leaders who controlled the Congress party.

Question 4.
Read carefully the passage given below and answer the following questions: Imp. (C.B.S.E. 2015)

The New Congress had something that its big opponents lacked – it had an issue, an agenda, and a positive slogan. The Grand Alliance did not have a coherent political program. Indira Gandhi said that the opposition alliance had only one common program ‘Indira Hatao’. In contrast to this, she put forward a positive program captured in the famous slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’.
(i) Which Congress is being referred to as ‘the New Congress’?
Answer:
Congress (Requisitionists) is being referred to as ‘the New Congress’.

(ii) Highlight any two steps taken by Indira Gandhi to remove poverty.
Answer:
In order to remove poverty Indira Gandhi took the following steps :
(a) She laid stress on the growth of the public sector, the imposed a ceiling on rural landholdings and urban property, tried to remove income and opportunity disparities and the privileges of Princely States were abolished.
(b) The positive program ‘Garibi Hatao’ of Indira Gandhi provided support to the disadvantaged, particularly the landless laborers, Dalits, Adivasis, minorities, women, and the unemployed youth.

(iii) How far is it justified to call the ‘opposition alliance’ the ‘Grand Alliance’?
Answer:
It is justified to call the ‘opposition alliance’ as the grand alliance because all the major non-Communist, non-Congress opposition parties (SSP, PSP, Jan Sangh, Swatantra Party, and the Bharatiya Kranti Dal) formed an electoral alliance known as Grand Alliance. The sole purpose of this alliance was to end the era of Congress headed by Indira Gandhi in the fifth General Elections.

Question 5.
Assess any three challenges that the Congress Party had to face during the period from 1964 to 1971. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
1. Problem of a Successor. The first challenge that Congress Party had to face was the loss of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. It was a huge blow to the Congress Party. After the death of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Mr. Lai Bahadur Shastri became the Prime Minister.

After the death of Prime Minister Mr. Lai Bahadur Shastri, Mrs. Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India. But there was a contest for prime ministership between Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Mr. Morarji Desai. The contest was resolved through a secret ballot among the congress MPs. Mrs. Indira Gandhi defeated Mr. Morarji Desai by securing the support of more than two-thirds of the Congress MPs.

2. The results of the Fourth General Elections (1967) jolted The Congress at both the national and state levels. Though the Congress secured a majority of seats in the Lok Sabha, it was its lowest tally of seats since 1952. In seven states, the Congress lost its majority, while in two other states, defections prevented it from forming the government.

3. Split in the Party. The rout of the Congress in 1967 General Elections in which Congress emerged in low morale catalyzed the process of open confession of factionalism. The Syndicate members began to ally themselves with Swatantra, Jan Sangh, and S.S.P. which later on emerged as the Grand Alliance. The Grand Alliance manifested itself openly at the time of presidential elections in 1969.

In The Congress Parliamentary Board, Mrs. Indira Gandhi proposed the name of Mr. Jagjivan Ram for presidentship which was opposed by the Syndicate group. Instead, Mr. Morarji Desai proposed the name of Mr. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy. She disapproved of the choice and left the meeting in anger saying, “You will have to bear the consequence of this.’ In opposition to the official candidate of the Congress, V.V. Giri, an independent candidate was elected as the President of India with Mrs. Indira Gandhi’s support. This led to a split in the Congress Party.

Question 6.
Read the given passage and answer the following questions. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)

The Naxalite movement has used force to snatch land from the rich landowners and give it to the poor and the landless. Its supporters advocated the use of violent means to achieve their political goals. In spite of the use of preventive detention and other strong measures adopted by the West Bengal government run by the Congress Party, the

The naxalite movement did not come to an end. In later years, it spread to many other parts of the country. The Naxalite Movement has by now splintered into various parties and organizations. Some of these parties like the CPI-ML (Liberation) participate in open democratic politics. Nine states are affected by Naxalite violence. Most of these are very backward areas inhabited by Adivasis.
(a) Why was the Naxalite movement considered a threat to democracy?
Answer:
The naxalite movement supports the use of violent meAnswer: This lead to anarchy in the country. They challenge the Authority of the constitution.

(b) How the Naxalite movement came into existence?
Answer:
For this, see Q.No. 3, Chapter 15 (L.A.T.Q)

(c) Why the role of the Indian government has been criticized by various Human Rights Activist in dealing with Naxalites?
Answer:
Human Rights feels that the government violating constitutional values in dealing with Naxal Problem.

Question 7.
Read the given passage and answer the following questions :(C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)

The year 1967 is considered a landmark year in India’s political and electoral history. The Congress party remained a dominant force throughout the country from 1952 onwards. This trend was to undergo significant changes with the 1967 elections… It was in the context of heightened popular discontent and the polarization of popular forces that the fourth general elections of the Lok Sabha and State assemblies were held in February 1967. The results jolted Congress at both the national and state levels. Many contemporary political observers described the elections as a political earthquake.
(a) Analyze the socio-economic and political context of the fourth general elections in India.
Answer:
In 1967, the economic condition of the country was not good due to the failure of monsoon, drought, food shortage, and shortage of foreign exchange. People started the protest against the government. Opposition parties also involve in their protest.

(b) Why the 1967 general elections were described as a ‘political earthquake’ by many political observers?
Answer:
The results of the fourth general election (1967) jolted Congress at both the national and state levels. Though the Congress secured a majority of seats in the Lok Sabha, but with its lowest tally of seats since 1952. Congress lost the majority in seven states. In two other states, defections prevented it from forming the government.

Question 8.
Analyze the issue Indira vs the Syndicate: What type of challenges did the issue pose before Indira Gandhi? (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
In the Indian National Congress, there was a group of leaders which was known as the ‘Syndicate’. This Syndicate controlled the organization of the Congress party. This group was led by K. Kamraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and then the President of the Congress party. The syndicate included powerful state leaders like N. Sanjeeva Reddy of Andhra Pradesh, S.K. Patil of Bombay, Atulya Ghose of West Bengal, and S. Nigalingappa of Mysore. After the sudden death of Mr. Lai Bahadur Shastri, Mrs. Indira Gandhi was elected the leader of the Congress parliamentary party and Mr. Moraji Desai was defeated.

Mrs. Indira Gandhi became the leader of the Congress party because she was wholeheartedly supported by the syndicate. The Syndicate had played an important role in the formation of Mrs. Gandhi’s first Council of Ministers. The leader of the Syndicate expected Mrs. Indira Gandhi to follow their advice. But Mrs. Indira Gandhi gradually started asserting her position within the Government and the party. Ultimately, she sidelined the syndicate. The Syndicate members began to ally themselves with Swantantra, Jan Sangh, and S.S.P. which later on emerged as the Grand Alliance.

In Congress Parliamentary Board, Mrs. Indira Gandhi proposed the name of Chaudhary Jagjiwan Ram for the post of President which was opposed by the Syndicate group. Instead, Mr. Morarji Desai proposed the name of Sanjeeva Reddy as the official Congress candidate. In opposition to the official candidate of the Congress, Mr. V.V. Giri, an independent candidate was elected as the President of India because of the support of Mrs. Indira Gandhi. This led to the split in the Congress Party.

Question 9.
Describe any four steps taken by Indira Gandhi to implement the Garibi Hatao program. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
The fifth general elections to the Lok Sabha were held in February 1971. Mrs. Indira Gandhi gave a very popular slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’. By this slogan, she got the support of backward classes Adivasis, unemployed youth, minorities, women and Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes.
Following are the four steps taken by Indira Gandhi to implement the ‘Garibi Hatao Programme’.

1. Indira Gandhi focused on the growth of the public sector.
2. She imposed a ceiling on the rural landholding and urban property.
3. She stressed on the removal of dissipates in income and opportunity.
4. she abolish privy purse or Princely privileges.

Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
What does ‘Aaya Ram-Gaya Ram’ stand for in Indian politics?
Answer:
After the fourth general election, the term ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ originated in an amazing feat of floor-crossing achieved by Gaya Lai, an M.L.A. in Haryana. In 1967, he changed his party thrice in a fortnight. He left Congress and joined United Front and left United Front to join Congress and so on. Congress leader, Rao Birendra Singh brought him to Chandigarh press and declared ‘Gaya Ram was now Aaya Ram’.

Question 2.
What were the factors which led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the early 1970s?
Answer:
Following factors were responsible for the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the early 1970s :

1. Slogan of Garibi Hatao.
2. India defeated Pakistan in the 1971 war.
3. Emergence of Bangladesh as an Independent State.

Question 3.
What is meant by ‘Grand Alliance’?
Answer:
The fifth general elections to Lok Sabha were held in February 1971. With a purpose to defeat Mrs. Indira Gandhi, all the major non-Communist, non¬Congress opposition parties (SSP, PSP, Jan Sangh, Swatantra Party, and the Bharatiya Kranti Dal) formed an electoral alliance known as the Grand Alliance. The Grand Alliance did not have a coherent political program and was badly defeated in the elections.

Question 4.
What is meant by the term ‘Congress Syndicate’?
Answer:
In the Indian National Congress, there was a group of senior leaders which was known as the ‘Syndicate.’ Due to differences between the Syndicate and Mrs. Indira Gandhi, there was a split in the Congress party in 1969.

Question 5.
Why did the senior Congress leaders because they expected Mrs. Indira Gandhi to follow support Mrs. Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister their advice, of India in 1966?
Answer:
Senior Congress leaders supported Smt. Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister of India in 1966.

Here we are providing Class 12 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 4 India’s External Relations. Political Science Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Important Extra Questions India’s External Relations

India’s External Relations Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Explain the two most important basic principles of India’s foreign policy. (Sample Paper, C.B.S.E. 1991, 1992, 2009)
Answer:

1. The most important basic principle of India’s foreign policy is Non-alignment.
2. The basic principle of India’s foreign policy is safeguarding national interests.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of ‘Peaceful Co-existence’ in the context of India’s foreign policy.
Answer:
In the present day world, the principle of Peaceful Co-existence is quite popular. India’s foreign policy is based on this principle. All countries in the world have a right to adopt their internal and external policies independently and all have a right of existence in accordance with their ideals. World peace can be maintained only by following the principle of Peaceful Co-existence. This principle is against the interference of one nation in the affairs of other nation.

Question 3.
Mention two conditions of the Shimla Agreement.
Answer:
Two important conditions of the Shimla Agreement were as given below:

1. Both the countries had resolved to solve their conflicts and confrontations through bilateral peaceful talks.
2. Both countries would not use force against each other’s territorial integrity.

Question 4.
Which two differences between India and China led to an army conflict
Answer:
The following two differences between India and China led to an army conflict in 1962:

1. A major dispute between India and China is the border dispute involving the determination of the 4,200 km long border at the foot of the Himalayas.
2. Chinese aggression on India border on October 20, 1962, and the continuous violations of our borders.

Question 5.
Highlight any two aspects of the Indian Foreign Policy which were greatly influenced by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:

1. Non-alignment. The main characteristic of India’s foreign policy is non-alignment. Pt. Nehru said-as as far as possible, we do not want to associate with power groups which caused two World Wars which can take place in future also.
2. Unification of Afro-Asian Countries. Pt. Nehru tries to unite Asian and African countries to strengthen economic and political relations.

Question 6.
Highlight the contribution made by Jawaharlal Nehru to the Foreign Policy of India. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:

1. The main contribution of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru to the Foreign Policy of India is the policy of Non-Alignment.
2. Another contribution is the Principles of Panchsheel.

Question 7.
When and between whom was the Shimla Agreement signed? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside Delhi)
Answer:
Shimla Agreement was signed between Indian Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi and Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in July 1972.

Question 8.
Why did India not sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty? (CTBT)? (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside Delhi)
Answer:

1. India did not sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty because according to India, this treaty was discriminatory.
2. India’s two neighbouring countries had nuclear weapons, therefore it was necessary for India to have a minimum deterrent.

Question 10.
How did the Sino-Indian conflict affect the opposition also? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Or
How did the Sino-Indian conflict of 1962 affect the Communist Party of India? (C.B.S.E.2019)
Answer:
Sino-Indian conflict also affected the opposition in India. The growing rift between China and the Soviet Union created irreconcilable differences within the Communist Party of India (CPI). The pro-USSR faction remained within the CPI and moved towards closer ties with the Congress. The other faction was for some time closer to China and was against any ties with the Congress. In 1964, the leftist members of the Communist Party left the party and organised a separate party known as Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI (M). During the Sino- India war many leaders of CPI (M) were arrested for being pro-China.

India’s External Relations Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type (2 Marks)

Question 1.
In the formulation of foreign policy, what was Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru’s first priority?
Answer:
National interest was the first priority of Pt. Nehru.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Panchsheel? (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
The word ‘Panchsheel’ stands for five principles of conduct and behavior. India and China evolved five principles to maintain friendly ties between the two countries.

Question 3.
Give the full form of the NPT and CTBT. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
NPT-Non Proliferation Treaty. CTBT-Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.

Question 4.
Enumerate any two principles of; Nehru’s foreign policy. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:

1. Non-alignment is the basic principle of Nehru’s foreign policy.
2. Pt. Nehru has always raised his voice against caste and colour discrimination.

Question 5.
When was the first nuclear experiment undertaken by India? (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:
India first undertook a nuclear experiment in 1974.

Question 6.
Mention any two principles of India’s foreign policy. (C.B.S.E. 2009)
Answer:

1. The most important basic principles of India’s foreign policy is non-alignment.
2. The basic principle of India’s foreign policy is safeguarding national interests.

Question 7.
Which two objectives Jawaharlal: Nehru wised; to achieve through the strategy of non-alignment? (ImP) (C.B.S.E. 2010:
Answer:

1. To preserve the hard-earned sovereignty.
2. To protect territorial integrity.

Question 8.
During the Nehru era, why did: some political parties and groups in our country believe that India should be more friendly with the bloc led by the U.S.? (C.B.S.E. 2010 )
Answer:
Some political parties and group in our country believe that India should be more friendly with the bloc led by the U.S. because it supports the value of democracy.

Question 9.
How the aim of India to respect the sovereign did find an eco in the Directive Principles of the state policy? (C.B.S.E. Sample Question P. 2017)
Answer:
India as a nation born in the backdrop of the world war and shadow of the cold war decided to respect the sovereignty of other nations and believe in world peace. The aim finds an eco in the Directive Principles of the State Policy.

Choose the correct answer:

Question 10.
“The foreign policy of a country is the outcome of her economic policy” these remarks were made by:
(a) Indira Gandhi
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Morarji Desai
(d) Charan Singh.
Answer:
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru.

Question 11.
Bandung Conference was held in the year:
(a) 1954
(b) 1955
(c) 1956
(d) 1957
Answer:
(b) 1955.

Question 12.
Bangladesh emerged as an independent nation in:
(a) January 1972
(b) December 1971
(c) March 1971
(d) November 1971.
Answer:
(b) December 1971.

Question 13.
China made a sudden attack on India in:
(a) August 1962
(b) September 1962
(c) October 1962
(d) September 1965.
Answer:
(c) October 1962.

Question 14.
The Architect of Non-alignment is:
(a) Pt. Nehru
(b) Indira Gandhi
(c) Y. B. Chavan
(d) Atal Behari Vajpayee.
Answer:
(a) Pt. Nehru.

India’s External Relations Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
List any four ‘Directive Principles of State Policy’ given in the Constitution of India for the promotion y y of International Peace and security. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2010 Outside Delhi, 2013)
Answer:
Article 51 of Chapter IV of the Indian Constitution lays down certain principles which are the basis of Indian Foreign Policy. Following are the constitutional bases of the Indian foreign policy:

1. To promote international peace and security.
2. To establish just and respectable relations with various nations.
3. To foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised people with one another.
4. To encourage the settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

Question 2.
What do you understand by Panchsheel? What are its main principles?
Answer:
Pt. Nehru formulated five principles of peaceful co-existence among the nations of the world. They were accepted first by the Chinese Prime Minister Chou-En-Lie. These principles are known as Panchsheel. They are:

• To respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of each other.
• Non-aggression on each other.
• Non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
• Peaceful settlement of disputes.
• To promote world peace.

Question 3.
Assess any four principles of India’s foreign policy. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2008)
Answer:
1. Non-alignment: Non-alignment is the basic principle of India’s foreign policy. In fact, India
was the first country which initiated the policy of Non¬alignment which was adopted by most of the countries of Asia and Africa which attained independence in the post World War-II period.

2. Opposition to the Policy of Caste, Colour and Discrimination, etc. Another basic principle of India’s foreign policy is that it has always raised voice against the policy of caste, colour and discrimination.

3. Opposition to Imperialism: India has always opposed imperialism and colonialism. India regards imperialism to be injurious to world peace as it leads to war.

4. Faith in United Nations: India is a founding member of the United Nations and has full faith in the aims and principles of the United Nations. India believes that the United Nations is the only hope of world peace in the present age, so it should be strengthened.

Question 4.
Why did India distance herself from the two superpower camps? (C.B.S.E. 2018)
Answer:
1. First, India had to struggle against colonialism and imperialism. After getting freedom from imperialistic exploitations, faced the problem of economic reconstruction which could be accomplished in a peaceful atmosphere, So, India preferred not to join any group to avoid tension.

2. Secondly, India adopted the policy of non-alignment for peaceful co-existence for securing world peace and stability.

3. The policy of non-alignment was followed to elevate India’s prestige. If India gives it decision pertaining to international problems in a neutral way, both the power Blocs would respect its ideology, and the tension at the international level will lessen.

4. In order to preserve the hard-earned sovereignty, protect the territorial integrity and promote rapid economic development.

Question 5.
Suppose you are looking after the foreign policy of India. Which four values will you like to integrate into the foreign policy? (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:

1. Policy of Non-Alignment
2. Faith in the principles of U.N.O.
3. Faith in peaceful co-existence.
4. Support and promotion of Human Rights in the world.

Question 6.
Explain briefly India’s Nuclear Policy. (C.B.S.E. 2014) (Textual Question)
Or
Analyse the Nuclear Policy of India. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Or
Describe the Nuclear Policy of India, (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
India is against the policy of the nuclear experiment. In principle, India has stood for general and complete disarmament within the framework of the United Nations. Addressing the General Assembly, Mr Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister, asked nuclear powers to eliminate all nuclear weapons by the year 2010. India is the sixth country in the world enjoying atomic power by having undertaken successful atomic experiments in 1974. There are four Atomic Power Centres working in India. But this power is being utilised for peaceful and creative purpose and not for making atomic-bombs.

After India conducted nuclear tests in May 1998 the United States and other countries urged India to sign CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) unconditionally. But India reiterated its stand that since the treaty is discriminatory, it is not acceptable to the nation without any change.

Question 7.
Discuss the main irritants between India and China.
Or
Analyse any two courses of conflict between India and China. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
The following are the main irritants between China and India:

1. India and China have a controversy over the McMohan Line, the borderline between India and China.
2. China invaded India on 20 October 1962 and later unilaterally declared a ceasefire on 21 November 1962. But China was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian territory which is still under Chinese possession.
3. China entered into military alliances with Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. These agreements pose a great threat to the security of India.
4. China always supported Pakistan against India.

Question 8.
Highlight the development of India’s Nuclear Programme. (C.B.S.E. 2011, Delhi)
Answer:

1. In the late 1940s, under the guidance of Homi J. Bhabha, the Nuclear programme was initiated.
2. The first nuclear explosion was undertaken by India in May 1974.
3. The second nuclear explosion was undertaken by India in 1998.
4. India signed the Civil Nuclear Treaty with the U.S.A. in 2005.

Question 9.
Explain any two factors responsible for Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy. (C.B.S.E. 2012 Outside Delhi)
Answer:

1. The social dominance of the military, clergy and landing aristocracy is responsible for overthrowing the democratic government. Wars with India have made military rulers and pro¬military groups very powerful. In spite of the fact that democracy has not succeeded in Pakistan, there have been strong pro-democratic sentiments in the country. Moreover, America and other Western countries have encouraged military rulers for their own interests.
2. Another factor responsible for Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy is a fundamentalist element working in Pakistan.

Question 10.
Before 1971, which two reasons were the source of resentment among j the people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) against West Pakistan. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
Explain any two reasons for the j popular struggle in East Pakistan (Now Bangladesh) against West Pakistan during 1971. (C.B.S.E. 2014)
Answer:
Before 1971. following two reasons were a source of resentment among the people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) against West Pakistan.

1. East Bengal was not given fair treatment by the rulers of Pakistan and it was made virtually a colony.
2. The people of East Pakistan resented the domination of Western Pakistan and the imposition of Urdu language.
3. In an election held early in 1971 in Pakistan, Sheikh Mujibur’s Awami League got a majority in Pakistan Parliament. But he was not called to form the government and instead was arrested.

Question 11.
Describe any two major objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy.
Answer:
Following are the two major objectives of Nehru’s Foreign Policy:

1. To preserve the sovereignty of the country and protect territorial integrity.
2. To promote rapid economic development. The foreign policy of India was set by Jawaharlal Nehru. He played a significant role in the implementation of these policies from 1946 to 1964. He tried to achieve the aforementioned objectives through his policy of Non-alignment. In other words, he did not side with either power blocs like the U.S. and the former U.S.S.R.He followed the policy of peaceful coexistence. He maintained friendly relations with African countries which were newly independent. India also tried to maintain friendly and peaceful relations with its neighbours like Pakistan and China.

Question 12.
Explain the circumstances that forced the Tibetans to leave China. Highlight India’s role in helping the *• Tibetan refugees. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
India’s policy of contentment crossed its limit when India gave its extra-territorial rights enjoyed in Tibet, to China by signing a trade-agreement on 29th April 1954. Both the countries at the time of agreement expressed their faith in the principles of Panchsheel. There was an armed uprising in Tibet protest against China’s infiltration in 1958. Chinese forces suppressed the movement. In 1959, the Dalai Lama crossed over to Indian border and sought asylum under the Indian Government. A large number of Tibetans had also sought refuge in India. Hence, Tibet became an issue of tension between India and China.

India’s External Relations Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type

Question 1.
Describe any four basic postulates of India’s foreign policy. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper)
Or
Mention the main principles of India’s foreign policy. (C.B.S.E. 2005)
Answer:
The basic elements of India’s foreign policy today are the same what they were previously. The only difference is that idealism was emphasised more in the age of Nehru whereas realism got the upper hand in the Shastri-era. But a fine combination of idealism and realism in India’s foreign policy has been witnessed under the leadership of Mrs. Gandhi.
Following are the features of India’s foreign policy:
1. Non-alignment: The main characteristic of India’s foreign policy is non-alignment. India itself is a non-aligned country and so its foreign policy is also based on non-alignment.

2. Opposition to Imperialists and Colonialists: Since India itself remained a victim of British Imperialism, it has always opposed imperialism and colonialism. India regards imperialism to be injurious to world peace as it leads to war. So Indian leaders by visiting other countries and delivering speeches in the U.N. have tried to liberate slave countries from the clutches of imperialistic countries. India has always supported the national movements in the slave countries. Whenever imperialism tried to dominate, India strongly opposed it. When Holland, after the Second World War, tried to overpower Indonesia, India protested against it.

When England and France attacked Egypt to capture the Suez Canal in 1956, India sided with Egypt. In the same way, India strived to liberate countries like Malaya, Algeria, Congo and Morocco. India strongly protested against the United States of America when it tried to overpower Cuba.

3. Opposition to the Policy of Caste, Colour Discrimination, etc. India has always favoured the abolition of the caste system and it has tried to remove caste-ridden policies from the world also. India has consistently raised the question of the treatment of the people of Indian origin in the Union of South Africa and severely condemned the policy of racial segregation followed by the Government of South Africa. India also took up the cause of Negroes in the United States and the non-white population in Rhodesia.

4. Friendly Relations with other States: India is always ready to have friendly relations with other States of the world. India not only improved its friendly ties with Asian countries but with countries of the world also.

5. Unification of Afro-Asian Countries: India tries to unite Asian and African countries to strengthen economic and political relations. India believes that these countries can unitedly oppose colonialism and create an atmosphere for the freedom of other Asian and African countries.

6. Faith in Internationalism: One of the principles of India’s foreign policy is its passion for internationalism. India has full faith in all world organisations such as the U.N., UNESCO, ILO, etc.

7. Importance to the principles of the United Nations: Much importance has been attached to the principles of the United Nations in India’s foreign policy.

8. Respect for Human Rights: On December 10, 1948, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. India has full regard for Human Rights. Almost all the important Human Rights have been included in the Chapters of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.

9. India is not Neutral in International Politics: Non-alignment is the very basis of India’s foreign policy but it does not stand for India’s non-participation in international politics. Since India has not joined any group, it adopts the policy of rational judgement. In the words of Pt. Nehru, “We can’t and won’t remain neutral when the freedom is in danger, justice is challenged or invasion is in progress.”

India is partial neither to Russia nor to America. That is why India, like other non-aligned countries, blamed the Soviet Union when the Korean war took place and also held America responsible in the Vietnam war.

10. Panchsheel. Panchsheel is another important contribution of India to international politics. The five principles called ‘Panchsheel’ are as given below:

• Nations should respect each other’s territorial unity and sovereignty.
• No nation should attack another nation.
• No nation should interfere in the internal affairs of another nation.
• All the countries of the world would be considered equal irrespective of all distinctions.
• All the countries should have peaceful and harmonious co-existence.

11. National Consensus: India’s foreign policy is based on a national consensus.

12. Faith in Disarmament: India has full faith in disarmament.

Question 2.
Explain the meaning of Non-alignment and distinguish it from neutrality.
Answer:
The world was divided into two Blocs after the Second World War: One bloc was headed by the United States of America whereas the Second Bloc was led by the Soviet Union. After independence, Pt. Nehru, the architect of India’s foreign policy, adopted non¬alignment as its base. He clearly pointed out that India, because of its manifold internal problems, could not afford to snap its relations with either of the two blocs, rather it needed assistance from both the blocs. A country with newly attained freedom could not interfere in international affairs. So, the policy of non-alignment was highly useful for the interest of India.

Meaning of Non-alignment: Following are the meanings derived from the policy of non-alignment:
1. Firstly, India will remain independent by not joining any group. It will not join even an organisation formed by different countries of the world.

2. The policy of non-alignment is an independent policy. A nation, by adopting it, can evade subordination of any group, and can easily form its opinion about any problem after its thorough analysis.

3. Non-alignment is a policy of peacefulness. In Congress convention held at Jaipur in 1948, it was stated, “The permanent feature of India’s foreign policy should be to have friendly and co-operative relations with all the nations so that it may remain aloof from those agreements which divide the world into opposed Blocs and endanger world peace.”

4. Non-alignment does not mean neutrality in international affairs.

5. India’s policy of non-alignment is a positive one. India wants to bridge the gap between eastern and western ideology. According to Pt. Nehru, “India’s policy of non-alignment doesn’t mean to follow a middle path. It is a positive as well as a creative policy which aims at achieving some objectives and the elimination of hatred and enmity between other countries.”

The distinction between Non-alignment and Neutrality: Non-alignment and Neutrality are two different concepts. The term neutrality refers to a situation in which a state does not take any side in a war. The term neutrality is basically concerned with war-like situations, whereas Non-alignment is concerned with both war and peace situations.

Neutrality is a term essentially used in International Law, whereas Non-alignment is a term basically used in international relations.

Non-alignment does not mean neutrality in international affairs: Pt. Nehru made it clear that non-alignment does not stand for remaining neutral to international problems. In 1949, while addressing American Congress, Pt. Nehru said, “When the freedom could be threatened and justice would be in peril when the security of a State would be jeopardised, we cannot remain indifferent, and we will not remain different, our policy is not one of indifference. Our policy is that there should be active efforts for world-peace and it should be given a firm foundation.”

Neutrality is a concept close to isolationism: Non-alignment does not mean non-involvement. It means non-aligned nations in world affairs.

In short, neutrality is a negative concept in the sense that it helps to avoid taking sides in a war while Non-alignment is a positive concept, in the sense that it affirms positive commitment to an independent foreign policy.

Question 3.
Do you agree with the statement that the foreign policy of independent India has pursued the dream of a peaceful world”? Support your answer with any three suitable arguments. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
On the basis of the following arguments, we can say that “the foreign policy of independent India has pursued the dream of a peaceful world”.
1. Non-alignment:
Following are the meanings derived from the policy of non-alignment:

1. Firstly, India will remain independent by not joining any group. It will not join even an organisation formed by different countries of the world.
2. The policy of non-alignment is an independent policy. A nation, by adopting it, can evade subordination of any group, and can easily form its opinion about any problem after its thorough analysis.
3. Non-alignment is a policy of peacefulness. In Congress convention held at Jaipur in 1948, it was stated, “The permanent feature of India’s foreign policy should be to have friendly and co-operative relations with all the nations so that it may remain aloof from those agreements which divide the world into opposed Blocs and endanger world peace.”
4. Non-alignment does not mean neutrality in international affairs.
5. India’s policy of non-alignment is a positive one. India wants to bridge the gap between eastern and western ideology. According to Pt. Nehru, “India’s policy of non-alignment doesn’t mean to follow a middle path. It is a positive as well as a creative policy which aims at achieving some objectives and the elimination of hatred and enmity between other countries.”

2. Away from the Cold War: During the Cold War era, India’s foreign policy was based on the principle of non-alignment. It was long before India became free, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, who in charge of External Affairs in the Interim government, had declared Independent India would keep away from power blocs. In 1946, he declared again that India would follow an independent foreign policy.

He said, “We propose as far as possible, to keep away from the power politics of groups, aligned against one another, which have led in the past to world wars and which may again lead to disaster on an even wider scale.” It was, however, after the attainment of independence by India with unique historical experience, geographical situation, and two perceptions of its national interest by enlightened leadership that non-alignment as a policy came to occupy an important position in international relations.

3. Away from the military organisation: India did not join either of the two superpowers in the military organisation known as NATO and Warsaw Pact.

Question 4.
Examine the efforts taken by Jawaharlal Nehru for the promotion of Afro-Asian Unity. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
Following are the efforts taken by Jawaharlal Nehru for the promotion of Afro-Asian Unity.

1. Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru was marked by the establishment of contacts between India and newly independent states of Asia and Africa.
2. Nehru was an ardent advocate of Asian Unity and under his leadership, India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947.
3. Efforts were made by India for the freedom of Indonesia from the clutches of the Dutch regime and in support of Indonesia’s freedom, India arranged an international conference in 1949.
4. India firmly opposed racism apartheid in South Africa.
5. India participated and co-operated in Afro-Asian conference held in the Indonesian city of Bandung in 1955.
6. Pt. Nehru a co-founder of the NAM-Non Aligned Movement and its first summit was held in Belgrade in September 1961.

Question 5.
Give any three suitable arguments in favour of India being a staunch supporter of the decolonisation process and in firm opposition to racialism. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
The following argument will be given in support of India being a staunch supporter of the decolonisation process and in firm opposition to racialism:

1. Opposition to Imperialists and Colonialists.
2. The opposition of the Policy of Carte, colour discrimination etc.
3. Unification of Afro-Asian countries.

Note: For a detailed explanation,
(The basic elements of India’s foreign policy today are the same what they were previously. The only difference is that idealism was emphasised more in the age of Nehru whereas realism got the upper hand in the Shastri-era. But a fine combination of idealism and realism in India’s foreign policy has been witnessed under the leadership of Mrs Gandhi.
Following are the features of India’s foreign policy:
1. Non-alignment: The main characteristic of India’s foreign policy is non-alignment. India itself is a non-aligned country and so its foreign policy is also based on non-alignment.

2. Opposition to Imperialists and Colonialists: Since India itself remained a victim of British Imperialism, it has always opposed imperialism and colonialism. India regards imperialism to be injurious to world peace as it leads to war. So Indian leaders by visiting other countries and delivering speeches in the U.N. have tried to liberate slave countries from the clutches of imperialistic countries. India has always supported the national movements in the slave countries. Whenever imperialism tried to dominate, India strongly opposed it. When Holland, after the Second World War, tried to overpower Indonesia, India protested against it.

When England and France attacked Egypt to capture the Suez Canal in 1956, India sided with Egypt. In the same way, India strived to liberate countries like Malaya, Algeria, Congo and Morocco. India strongly protested against the United States of America when it tried to overpower Cuba.

3. Opposition to the Policy of Caste, Colour Discrimination, etc. India has always favoured the abolition of the caste system and it has tried to remove caste-ridden policies from the world also. India has consistently raised the question of the treatment of the people of Indian origin in the Union of South Africa and severely condemned the policy of racial segregation followed by the Government of South Africa. India also took up the cause of Negroes in the United States and the non-white population in Rhodesia.

4. Friendly Relations with other States: India is always ready to have friendly relations with other States of the world. India not only improved its friendly ties with Asian countries but with countries of the world also.

5. Unification of Afro-Asian Countries: India tries to unite Asian and African countries to strengthen economic and political relations. India believes that these countries can unitedly oppose colonialism and create an atmosphere for the freedom of other Asian and African countries.

6. Faith in Internationalism: One of the principles of India’s foreign policy is its passion for internationalism. India has full faith in all world organisations such as the U.N., UNESCO, ILO, etc.

7. Importance to the principles of the United Nations: Much importance has been attached to the principles of the United Nations in India’s foreign policy.

8. Respect for Human Rights: On December 10, 1948, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. India has full regard for Human Rights. Almost all the important Human Rights have been included in the Chapters of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.

9. India is not Neutral in International Politics: Non-alignment is the very basis of India’s foreign policy but it does not stand for India’s non-participation in international politics. Since India has not joined any group, it adopts the policy of rational judgement. In the words of Pt. Nehru, “We can’t and won’t remain neutral when the freedom is in danger, justice is challenged or invasion is in progress.”

India is partial neither to Russia nor to America. That is why India, like other non-aligned countries, blamed the Soviet Union when the Korean war took place and also held America responsible in the Vietnam war.

10. Panchsheel: Panchsheel is another important contribution of India to international politics. The five principles called ‘Panchsheel’ are as given below:

1. Nations should respect each other’s territorial unity and sovereignty.
2. No nation should attack another nation.
3. No nation should interfere in the internal affairs of another nation.
4. All the countries of the world would be considered equal irrespective of all distinctions.
5. All the countries should have peaceful and harmonious co-existence.

11. National Consensus: India’s foreign policy is based on a national consensus.
12. Faith in Disarmament: India has full faith in disarmament. )

Question 6.
Analyse the impact on Sino-Indian relations since 1962 onwards. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
Before the twentieth century, there was a limited political and cultural interaction between India and China. Till 1962, the relations between the two countries were not very strained. China attacked India on 20 October 1962 over a border dispute. China declared a unilateral ceasefire on 21 November 1962. By waging a war, China was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian territory which is still under Chinese possession.

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru’s policy of ‘Peace’ was badly affected: Sino-Indian war of 1962 gave a negative impact on ‘Sino-Indian relations.’ China who gave the slogan of ‘Hindi Chini Bhai Bhai’ actually stabbed in the back of India and from that day the relations between India and China got strained. India, now, no more have faith in China. On the other hand, Beijing and Karachi established diplomatic relations. 1963 Pakistan cedes the trans-Karakoram tract to China, ending border disputes. China was showing protective and co-operative attitude towards Pakistan.

However, in 1976, Indo-China relations slightly improved. In 1976, Mr K.R. Narayanan and in 1978 and 1979, Mr Atal Behari Vajpayee visited China as ambassadors of peace and friendship. In 1988, Prime Minister Mr Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to China started a new era in Indo-China relations and diplomatic visits cultural exchange, co-operation in science and technology as well as trade relations made by both the countries further improved the relations of the two countries.

Question 7.
How far has India been successful in conducting its foreign policy peacefully and avoiding international conflicts? Explain with the help of examples. (C.B.S.E. 2017)
Answer:
In 1947 India won independence and joined comity of sovereign states and thereby qualified to participate as an actor in international politics and relations. The first prime minister of India Pt. Nehru left a deep impact on the foreign policy of India. Since independence, India is trying to conducting its foreign policy peacefully and avoiding inter-national conflicts. After the second world war, the whole world was divided into two major groups.

But India tactfully refused to be the member of any group and followed the policy of Non-alignment-means not to be aligned with or against any major power bloc. India always sided with truth-it may be Afghan problem or crises of Suez Canal. Both the big bloc’s US and USSR tried to have a friendly relation with India. India co-operated with all peace-loving nations and with the United Nations to promote international peace and prosperity without exploitation of one nation by another. India also gives full support to the principle of freedom of dependent peoples and opposition to racial discrimination in any form or kind.

Question 8.
Evaluate the impact of the Chinese invasion of 1962 indenting India’s image at home and abroad both. (C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answer:
The Chinese invasion of 1962 indenting India’s image at home and abroad can be evaluated in the following way:-

1. India had to approach the Americans and the British for military assistance to tide over the crises.
2. During the conflict, the Soviet Union remained neutral.
3. No-doubt, it induced a sense of humiliation. On the other hand, it also strengthened a spirit of nationalism among Indians.
4. Some of the top army commanders either resigned or were retired.
5. Then Defence Minister V. Krishna Menon resigned from the cabinet.
6. A no-confidence motion was moved against the government for the first time. Nehru’s own stature suffered a lot as he was criticised for his defence and foreign policy.

Question 9.
Read the following passage j carefully and answer the following | questions: (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2016) j

When India conducted its first nuclear test, it was termed as a peaceful explosion. India argued that it was committed to the policy of using nuclear power only for peaceful purposes. The period when the nuclear test was conducted was a difficult period in domestic politics. Following the Arab-Israel War of 1973, the entire world was affected by the Oil Shock due to the massive hike in the oil prices by the Arab nations. It led to the economic turmoil in India resulting in high inflation.
(i) When did India conduct its first nuclear test and why?
Answer:
India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974. India argued that it was committed to the policy of using nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.

(ii) Why was the period, when the nuclear test was conducted in India, considered to be a difficult period in domestic politics?
Answer:
The period when the nuclear test was conducted was a difficult period in the domestic politics of India. Due to the Arab-Israel War of 1973, the whole world was affected by the Oil-shock, which caused the massive hike in the oil-prices by the Arab-nations. This led to the economic turmoil in India also.

(iii) Which international event of the 1970s was responsible for high inflation in India?
Answer:
The Arab-Israel War of the 1970s caused the massive hike in the oil prices by the Arab nations was responsible for high inflation in India.

Question 10.
Two development strained this relationship. China annexed Tibet in 1950 and thus removed a historical buffer between the two countries. Initially, the government of India did not oppose this openly. But as more information came in about the suppression of Tibetan culture, the Indian government grew uneasy. The Tibetan spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, sought and obtained political asylum in India in 1959. China alleged that the government of India was allowing anti-China activities to take place from within India. (Imp.) (C.B.S.E. 2016)

Read the above passage carefully and answer the following questions:

(i) What is meant by Tiistorical buffer?
Answer:
Buffer State which is weak and which is situated between two large and unfriendly nations. The function of such a buffer State is to keep the large unfriendly powers apart and thus minimise the chances of war between them.” Poland was a buffer State between Russia and Germany.

(ii) Why didn’t the Government of India oppose the annexation of Tibet by China?
Answer:
The government of India did not oppose the annexation of Tibet by China, because India government did not want to hamper its relations with China.

(iii) How far was it justified on the part of India to grant political asylum to the Dalai Lama and thousands of Tibetan refugees?
Answer:
It is justified on the part of India to grant political asylum to the Dalai Lama and thousands of Tibetan refugees because the information came in about the suppression of Tibetan culture by China.

Question 11.
Read the following passage and answer the following questions: (C.B.S.E. Sample Q.P. 2017)
Answer:
India wanted to generate atomic energy for peaceful purposes. Nehru was against nuclear weapons, so he pleaded with the superpowers for comprehensive nuclear disarmament. However, The nuclear arsenal kept rising. When Communist China conducted nuclear tests in October 1964, the five nuclear weapon powers, the USSR. USA, UK, France and Chine (Taiwan represented china) impost the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 on the rest of the world. India always considered the NPT as discriminatory and had refused to sign it. When India conducted its first nuclear test, it was termed as a peaceful explosion. India argued that it was committed to the policy of using nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.
1. What was the plea of Nehru with regard to nuclear energy?
Answer:
Nehru wanted to generate energy for peaceful purposes. He was against nuclear weapons. So he pleaded with superpowers for comprehensive nuclear disarmament.

2. when did India conducts its first nuclear test and why?
Answer:
India conducts its first nuclear test in 1974 to generate atomic energy for peaceful purpose.

3. Why India always considered the NPT as discriminatory and had refused to sign it?
Answer:
India refused to sign NPT because it is selectively applied to the Non-nuclear power and legitimised the monopoly of the five Nuclear Powers.

Question 12.
In spite of strongly Propagating for nuclear disarmament, India herself conducted a nuclear test. In 1998. Analyze the possible reasons behind such a development. Also, state any four important features of India’s Nuclear Policy. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2018)
Answer:
Reasons behind the Nuclear test.

1. India surrounded by two Nuclear states like China and Pakistan.
2. China-Pakistan friendship is a major security threat for India.

Features of India’s Nuclear Policy: India is against the policy of nuclear experiment. In principle, India has stood for general and complete disarmament within the framework of the United Nations. Addressing the General Assembly, Mr Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister, asked nuclear powers to eliminate all nuclear weapons by the year 2010. India is the sixth country in the world enjoying atomic power by having undertaken successful atomic experiments in 1974. There are four Atomic Power Centres working in India. But this power is being utilised for peaceful and creative purpose and not for making atomic-bombs.

After India conducted nuclear tests in May 1998 the United States and other countries urged India to sign CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) unconditionally. But India reiterated its stand that since the treaty is discriminatory, it is not acceptable to the nation without any change.

India’s External Relations Important Extra Questions HOTS

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term ‘Non-alignment’ in the context of India’s foreign policy? (D.B. 1991)
Answer:
The main characteristic of India’s foreign policy is non-alignment. Non-alignment means that India will remain independent by not joining any group. Non-alignment is a policy of peacefulness. Non-alignment does not mean neutrality in international affairs. India’s policy of non-alignment is a positive one. India wants to bridge the gap between Eastern and Western ideologies.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Panchsheel? (C.B.S.E. 1991)
Answer:
The word ‘Panchsheel’ stands for five principles of conduct and behaviour. India and China evolved five principles to maintain friendly ties between the two states.

Question 3.
Explain two principles on the basis of which India has established its relations with its neighbours.
Answer:

1. India has established its relations with neighbouring countries on the principles of equality.
2. India has established its relations with other countries of the world on the basis of the principle of non¬alignment and promotion of world peace.

Question 4.
Mention two points of tension in India’s relations with Pakistan.
Answer:

1. Kashmir is a major issue of conflict between India and Pakistan. Pakistan considers Kashmir a disputed area whereas India considers Kashmir a part of India.
2. Pakistan is helping the terrorists of Kashmir with arms and other materials. Even training is given to terrorists in Pakistan.

Question 5.
What was the Shimla Agreement?
Answer:
On 3rd December 1971, Pakistan attacked India. India faced it bravely and defeated Pakistan very badly. One lakh Pak-soldiers surrendered and General Niazi signed the document of surrender. But Indian Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi, without exploiting the defeat of Pakistan, held a summit conference at Shimla in June 1972 to discuss the problems of both the countries. Pak President Mr Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi participated in this conference. The agreement was reached between Mrs Gandhi and Mrs Bhutto on 3rd July 1972 which is known as the Shimla Agreement.