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Here we are providing Class 12 Sociology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Change and Development in Industrial Society. Sociology Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 5 Important Extra Questions Change and Development in Industrial Society

Change and Development in Industrial Society Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by unorganised or informal sector?
Answer:
People in an unorganised or informal sector do not enjoy most of the benefits as given to the employs of the public sector such as permanent employment, fixed wages, recreational benefits, gravity, medical benefits, etc. Around 90% of the Indian population is engaged in the unorganised sector.

Question 2.
What is meant by small scale industry?
Answer:
Government has defined small scale industry according to the investment of capital made in it. These days, that industry is known as small scale industries in which capital of up to Rs. 1 crore is invested. This limit was Rs. 5 Lakh in 1950.

Question 3.
How small scale industries are encouraged by the Government?
Answer:

1. Small scale industries are given loans on less rate of interest and on easy instalments.
2. Things produced by these industries are kept in a tax-free zone.
3. Focal points in different cities are established to develop small scale industries.

Question 4.
What is meant by the condition of alienation in the industrial sector?
Or
According to Marx, what is alienation or alienated labour? (C.B.S.E. 2010, 2013)
Answer:
Industrialisation involves a detailed division of labour. People often do not see the end result of their work because they are producing only one small part of a product. The work is often repetitive and exhausting. Yet, even this is better than being unemployed. Marx called this situation alienation, when people do not enjoy work, and see it as something they have to do only in order to survive, and even that survival depends upon whether the technology has room for any human labour.

Question 5.
What was the impact of industrialisation on mutual relations?
Answer:
People left their families in villages and move towards cities to work in industries. After settling there and after they got a job, they called their families and settled in big towns and cities permanently. It leads to the disintegration of joint families and nuclear or small families came up.

Question 6.
On which assumption, the policy of protection is based?
Answer:
There is one assumption that local goods would not be able to compete with foreign goods. That is why protection should be given to local industries so that they could compete with foreign-made goods. Thus, they are protected and the policy of protection is based on this assumption.

Question 7.
What is meant by disinvestment?
Answer:
There are certain public sector undertakings in a mixed economy which are under the direct control of the government. When the government sells its equity of public enterprise to any private industry, then, it is known as disinvestment. For example, NALCO, IPCL, VSNL, etc.

Question 8.
What is meant by Labour Union?
Answer:
When all the labourers of any industry or factory come together and form a union or organisation to protect their interests then this union is known as a labour union. All the labourers working in the industry are its members.

Question 9.
What is meant by outsourcing service?
Answer:
When any multinational company gives some of its work to smaller companies of developing countries so that it could be done at cheaper rates then it is known as outsourcing service. Many multi-national companies are outsourcing their work to smaller Indian companies.

Question 10.
Differentiate between Strike and a Lockout. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
In response to harsh working conditions, sometimes workers use a method against mill owners which is known as strike so that their demands could be met. But lockout is a method used by management against the strike in which they shut the gate and prevents workers from coming in the factory.

Question 11.
Write a note on the home-based industry with suitable examples. (C.B.S.E. 2010, 2013)
Answer:
The home-based industry is an important part of the economy. This work is mainly done by women and children. Homeworkers are paid on a piece-rate basis, depending on the number of pieces they make. We can take the example of carpets, zari or brocade, bidis, Agarbatis etc.

Question 12.
How did the planters live? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:

1. The planters are in huge bungalows, set on sturdy wooden stills to save and guard the inmates against wild animals. They lived in luxury and comforts.
2. A number of bars his, malis and bearers were trained by the planters to serve them to perfection.

Question 13.
In an industrial set-up, how can a manager make the workers produce more? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (O.D.))
Answer:
There are two ways of making workers produce more:

1. To extend the working hours
2. To increase the amount that is produced within a given time period

Question 14.
How does industrialisation lead to de-industrialisation? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Industrialization led to de-industrialisation in India

1. Industrialisation leads to setting up of factories in Britain – the emergence of machine production.
2. De-industrialisation – unlike Britain, traditional manufacture and export declined in India and people turned to agriculture.

Change and Development in Industrial Society Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What are the impacts of industrialisation on society?
Answer:

1. Division of labour. Division of labour occurred due to industrialisation by which things were produced in stages. Every person does a different type of works.
2. Development of means of transport. Means of transport were developed due to this. These means were developed to bring raw material and to take a furnished product to the market.
3. Increase in production. Production reached factories from homes because of the use of machinery. Machines are producing finished products very quickly with which production increases.
4. The decline of the Caste system. People in industries work with each other which faded away from the caste system.

Question 2.
Explain the phase of industrialisation during the early years of India’s Independence.
Answer:
First modem industries of India were cotton, jute, coal mines and railway. After Independence, the government stressed on the progress of the economy. Defence, transport and communication, power, mining and other projects were under the control of the government while others were open to private sectors. The government in its mixed economic policy tries to determine through licensing policy that industries should develop in different regions. After Independence, places like Baroda, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Pune, Rajkot and Faridabad became important industrial centres. The government also tried to encourage small scale industries through special assistance and incentives. Many items like stationery, paper and wood products, glass and ceramics were reserved for the small scale sector. In 1991, 72% of people were employed in small scale and the traditional industry as compared to 28% in large scale industries.

Question 3.
What were the changes that came in Indian industries due to globalisation and liberalisation?
Or
Discuss the changes that have emerged in Indian industries after globalisation and liberalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (O.D.))
Answer:

1. Indian industries were made open for foreign investment and foreign companies started to undertake Indian industries.
2. Foreign-made goods were now easily available on Indian shops which were not available earlier.
3. The government started to disinvest public sector companies by selling them to private companies. Private owners started to scrutinise and retrenching government officials.
4. Most of the companies started to scrutinise their permanent workers and outsourced their work to smaller companies at cheaper rates.

Question 4.
What is Taylorism or Industrial Engineering?
Answer:
In this system, all work was broken down into the smallest repetitive elements and divided between workers. Workers had to complete work in the fixed time limit. A stopwatch was also used for this purpose. Production was further speeded up by the introduction of the assembly line. Each worker sat along a conveyor belt and assembled only one part of the final product. The speed of the work could be set by adjusting the speed of the conveyor belt. In the 1980s, attempts were made to shift from this system of direct control to indirect control, where workers were supposed to monitor and motivate themselves. But, generally, we find the old Taylorist processes survive.

Question 5.
What is the negative impact of industrialisation on labourers?
Or
Highlight the condition of migrant workers in industries by giving suitable examples. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
Answer:

1. Very few people are given work in more mechanised industries. Whatever the number of people works in it, have to work like machines which alienate them from their work.
2. Very less time for rest is given to workers during their working hours. That is why they become frustrated when they reach the age of 40 and take voluntary retirement.
3. Companies outsource their work to smaller companies. This brings forward the situation of alienation when the workers are involved in monotonous and exhausting jobs.
4. Late supply leads to late production. It creates problems among workers and management.

Question 6.
Explain the division of Indian industries.
Answer:
According to the Indian Industrial Policy 1956, Indian industries are divided into three following categories:

1. Primary Category: Industries related to defence, railway, post, production and control of nuclear power falls under this category. Central government regulate and control them.
2. Secondary Category: 12 industries like machines tools, pharmaceuticals, rubber, water transport, fertiliser, road transport, etc. were kept in this category. Government has more share in these.
3. Tertiary Category: All those industries were included in it which were kept for the private sector. Although, the private sector develops these industries the government can also establish them.

Question 7.
How labourers are exploited in mines?
Or
What are some of the problems faced by the mineworkers? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:

1. Rules are not followed in smaller mines and quarries. Labourers are kept under a contractual system and are not given proper wages.
2. Many contractors do not maintain proper registers of workers, thus, avoiding any responsibility for accidents and benefits.
3. Labours have to work under the earth in mines because of which labourers have to face many breathing problems.
4. The rate of mining accidents in India is higher but labourers are hardly compensated.

Question 8.
The more mechanised and industry gets, the fewer people are employed. Explain by giving a suitable example. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
The more mechanised and industry gets, the fewer people are employed, but these people too have to work at the pace of the machine. For example, in Maruti Udyog Ltd. two cars roll off the assembly line every minute. Workers get only 45 minutes rest in the entire day – two tea breaks of 7.5 minutes each and one lunch break of half an hour. Most of them are exhausted by the age of .40 and take voluntary retirement. While production has gone up, the number of permanent jobs in the factory has gone down. The firm has outsourced all services like cleaning and security, as well as the manufacture of parts. The parts suppliers are located around the factory and send the parts every two hours or just-in-time. Outsourcing and just in time keep cost low for the company, but the workers are very tense because if the suppliers fail to arrive, their production targets get delayed and when they do arrive they have to run to keep up. No wonder they get exhausted.

Question 9.
Explain the circulation of labourers. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:

1. Seasonal agricultural labourers are in great demand in prosperous agricultural regions.
2. Higher wages in prosperous agricultural regions attract labour from less developed regions.
3. Migrant labourers mainly are from drought-prone areas – “footloose labour” (cheapest and easily exploited).
4. The local labourers move out to big towns.
5. There is the feminisation of agricultural force.

Question 10.
Discuss the changes that the Trade Unions bring out in the lives of workers. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Trade union play an important role in the welfare of workers:

1. In some cases, trade unions have been striving to overcome problems such as regionalism and casteism.
2. Trade unions take up a number of issues pertaining to workers such as better wages, working conditions etc.
3. It can also help to break strikes/lockouts.
4. A forum to bring workers together.
5. Act as a pressure group to make Govt, note their demands. Helps in resolving medical and accident claims/issues.

Change and Development in Industrial Society Important Extra Questions Essay Answer Type

Question 1.
Read the given accounts of the 1982 strike, held at Bombay, answer the questions given below.

Jayprakash Bhilare, ex-millworker, General Secretary of the Maharashtra Girni Kamgar Union: Textile workers were getting only their basic wage and DA, and no other allowance. We were getting only five days of Casual Leave. Other workers in other industries had started getting allowances for travelling, health benefits etc. and 10-12 days Casual Leave. This agitated the textile workers… On 22 October 1981, the workers of Standard Mills marched to the house of Dr Datta Samant to ask him to lead them. At first, Samant declined, saying the industry was covered by the BIRA and he did not know enough of the textile industry. These workers were in no mood to take no for an answer. They kept a night-long vigil outside his home and in the morning Samant finally relented.

Lakshmi Bhatkar, a participant in the strike: I supported the strike. We would sit outside the gate every day and discuss what was to be done. We would go for the morchas that were organised from time to time the morchas were huge – we never looted or hurt anybody. I was asked to speak sometimes but I was not able to make speeches. My legs would shake too much! Besides I was afraid of my children- what would they say? They would think here we are starving at home and she has her face painted in the newspapers There was a morcha to Century Mills showroom once. We were arrested and taken to Borivali. I was thinking about my children. I could not eat. I thought to myself that we are not criminals, we were mill workers. Fighting for the wages of our blood.

Kisan Salunke, ex-millworker, Spring Mills: Century Mills was opened by the RMMS barely a month-and-half after the strike began. They could do this because they had the full backing of the state and the government. They brought outsiders into the mill and they kept them inside without letting them out at all Bhonsle (Chief Minister of Maharashtra then) offered a 30-rupee raise. Datta Samant called a meeting to discuss this. All the leading activists were there. We said, ‘No, we don’t want this. If there is no dignity, if there is no discussion with the strike leaders, we will not be able to go back to work without any harassment.”

Datta Walker, President of the Mill Chawls Tenant Association: The Congress brought all the goondas out of jail to break the strike like Babu Reshim, Rama Naik and Arun Gawli. They started to threaten the workers. We had no alternative but to beat up strikebreakers. It was a matter of life and death for us.

Bhai Bhonsle, General Secretary of the RMMS during 1982 strike: We started getting people to work in the mills after three months of the strike Our point was, if people want to go to work let them, in fact, they should be helped About the mafia gangs being involved, I was responsible for that These Datta Samant people would wait at convenient locations and lie in wait for those going to work. We set up counter groups in Parel and other places. Naturally, there were some clashes, some bloodshed

When Rama Naik died, Bhujbal who was Mayor then had come in his official car to pay his respects. These forces were used at one time or other by many people in politics.

Kisan Salunke, ex-millworker: Those were very difficult times. We had to sell all our vessels. We were ashamed to go to the market with our vessels so we would wrap them in gunny bags and take them to the shop to sell… There were days when I had nothing to eat, only water. We bought sawdust and burnt if for fuel. I have three sons. Sometimes when the children had no milk to drink, I could not bear to see them hungry. I would take my umbrella and go out of the house.

Sindu Mariane, ex-millworker: The RMMS and goondas came to me too, to force me back to work. But I refused to go There were rumours going around as to what happened to women who went to stay and work in the mills. There were incidents of rape.

After reading these accounts of the 1982 strike answer the questions given below.
1. Describe the 1982 textile strike from the different perspectives of those involved.
Answer:
Labourers of a Cloth Mill did strike in 1982 by taking up the issues of pay, bonus, holidays, etc. According to Jay Prakash Bhilare, the mill workers got their basic wages and DA but no other benefits related to health and travelling, Lakshmi Bhatkar was fighting for wages, Kisan Salunke was fighting for the dignity of mill workers, and for Datta Walker, it was a matter for life and death.

2. Why did the workers go on strike?
Answer:
Workers of Mill were on strike on the demand of pay, dearness allowance, other resources and perks.

3. How did Datta Samant take up the leadership of the strike?
Answer:
When labourers stressed a lot then Datta Samant took up the leadership of the
strike.

4. What was the role played by strike-breakers?
Answer:
Strike-breakers played a great role in it. They had the support of government and the state and they forcibly opened the mill.

5. How did the mafia get a foothold in these areas?
Answer:
The government freed many goondas of mafia from jail like Baba Rashim, Rama Nayak and Arun Gavi. All of these pressurised the others and made their foothold at these areas.

6. Who were women affected and what were their concerns during the strike?
Answer:
Women were disrespected, they were sent to jail for taking out a procession. The main objective of women was to earn bread respectfully by doing labour.

7. How did workers and their families survive the period of a strike?
Answer:
The period of the strike was very difficult. During this period, they sold utensils of houses, sold other things so that their families could survive.

Question 2.
Read the following extract taken from the book and answer the given questions:

Gandhi on Machinery, in Hind Swaraj 1924: “What I object to is the craze for machinery, not machinery as such. The craze is for what they call labour-saving machinery. Men go on ‘saving labour’ till thousands are without work and thrown on the open streets to die of starvation. I want to save time and labour, not for a fraction of mankind, but for all. I want the concentration of wealth, not in the hands of the few, but in the hands of all.”1934: “When as a nation we adopt the spinning-wheel, we not only solve the question of unemployment but we declare that we have no intention of exploiting any nation, and we also end the exploitation of the poor by the rich.”
(i) Give an example of how machinery creates a problem for workers.
Answer:
It is a fact that machinery creates a problem for workers. We can take the example of a cottage industry of earlier times in which a number of family members were required to make a piece of cloth. Even then it required a lot of time to make a small piece of cloth. But when machines were invented then machines started to make cloth with great speed, in less time and with less cost. In this way work of cottage industry went over to machines of a textile mill and thousands of workers had to change their occupations.

(ii) What alternative did Gandhi have in mind?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi was against the use of machines. He was of the view that labour oriented modern industries should be set up in India.

(iii) How does adopting the spinning wheel prevent exploitation?
Answer:
If we will adopt the spinning wheel then everyone can spin cotton. We can weave cloth for our personal requirements. We can also spin cloth for the market. If everyone will adopt the spinning wheel then the production of the mechanical industry will be of no use. Everyone will get work at home and no one will be able to exploit others.

Question 3. Give the main features of Liberalisation.
Or
Explain the economic policy of Liberalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
New economic policy was implemented in India in 1991. Liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation were the main features of this policy. Process of liberalisation was started at the end of the 20th century. In India, liberalisation is an ongoing process from three decades but its policies and speed keep on changing due to change of government. Main aspects and features of liberalisation are given below:

1. Making industries free from the licencing system so that more and more people could develop industries by investing their money.
2. Reducing unnecessary restrictions on industries so that no one should hesitate while establishing any industry and industries could be developed very quickly.
3. To encourage foreign direct investment so that more and more foreign capital and industries could come to India.
4. Not keeping restriction on the production of anything so that no company should keep its monopoly over any product and prices of commodities should remain within reach.
5. Giving permission to produce things according to the ability of industry and demand of the market.
6. Making industries free of clutches of bureaucracy because it creates many obstacles in their way. The industry would develop quickly without any obstacles.
7. To reduce government control over the economy so that people should come forward to establish an industry.
8. Reduction of customs duty so that export and import could be encouraged. Increase in import will check price rise and increase in export will develop the internal business of the country.
9. To lift unnecessary restriction from export-import of things and services so that business could be encouraged.
10. Changing public enterprises into private enterprises because there is a lot of governmental control on public enterprises and they have less profit-making ability. But when this enterprise will go in private hands then its profit-making ability will increase. Private sector always takes care of earning more profit.

Question 4.
What was the impact of Globalisation on Indian Economy?
Answer:
Economic reforms in India were started in 1991 and the process of globalisation and Indian economy was encouraged. Effects of globalisation on different sectors of the Indian economy are given below:
1. Increase of Indian share in world export. With the process of globalisation,
the Indian share in world export has been increased. Indian goods and services, in the decade of 1990-2000, has been increased by 125%. In 1990, Indian share in the world’s export of goods and services was 0.55% which was increased up to 0.75% by 1999.

2. Foreign investment in India. Foreign direct investment is an important feature of globalisation because foreign investment increases the capacity of production of any economy. Foreign investment in India is continuously increasing. From 1995-96 to 2000¬01, it has been increased by 53% and during this time 500 crores have been invested in India annually.

3. Foreign Exchange Reserves. Foreign exchange is necessary for import. In June 1991, foreign exchange reserves in India was 1 Billion Dollars which was enough only to fulfil the needs of only two weeks of the country. After this, India adopted new economic policies, globalisation and liberalisation were encouraged because of which foreign exchange reserve was increased very quickly. Now, the foreign exchange reserve in nearly 350 Billion Dollars.

4. Growth of Gross Domestic Product. Because of globalisation, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country has been increased. In 1980, it was 5.63% which was increased to 5.80% in 1990. Now, it is around 7%.

5. Increase in unemployment. Because of globalisation unemployment in India has been increased. During the decade of 1990-2000, the economic problem came in Mexico, South Korea, Thailand, Singapur, Indonesia, Malaysia and it was because of globalisation. That is why millions of people lost their jobs and they had to live below the poverty line. At the start of the 1990’s decade, the rate of unemployment was 6% which was increased up to 7% by 2000.

6. Impact on Agriculture. The share of agriculture and its related activities in the Gross Domestic Product of the country is 29%. But it is 2% in the U.S.A., 55% in Japan and France. If we look at the labour force then India’s 69% labour force is related to agricultural functions but the labour force in the agriculture sector in the U.S.A. and the U.K. is only 2.6%. In the near future, it is necessary for India to open its market for world companies in the agricultural sector which is in agreement with W.T.O. This time will be a challenging one for India.

7. Educational and technical development. Globalisation and liberalisation have put a great effect on the education and technology sector which has brought about a revolution. The world has been shrunk due to means of transport and communication. Internet and computer brought many changes.

8. Change in the form of classes. Globalisation has changed the form of different classes. In the 20th century only three main classes, i.e., higher class, middle class and lower class were there but now the number of classes has been increased.

9. Privatisation. One of the good effects of globalisation can be seen in the form of privatisation. Many Public Sector Undertakings (P.S.U.’s) like V.S.N.L., I.P.C.L., NALCO are now in the hands of private parties because of which they are earning more profits.

10. Development of industries. Foreign direct investment is very helpful in achieving a higher rate of economic development. It gives not the only advantage to industries but consumers are getting products of better quality and better technology. It gives motivation to Indian industries to compete with foreign companies in the international market.

Thus, the process of globalisation is very good in bringing social change and giving good quality products to consumers.

Question 5.
Throw light on the role of a labour union in India and discuss any longest strike of Indian industry.
Or
What were the demands of workers in the Bombay textile strike of 1992? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Many labour unions work in our country for the interests of labourers but many labour unions are facing problems of regionalism and casteism. Many a time, workers go for a strike due to improper working conditions. They do not go to work, in case of a lockout, owners shut the gate and prevent workers from coming. To call a strike is a difficult decision as managers may try to use substitute labour. Workers also find it hard to sustain themselves without wages.

Here, we can discuss one famous strike, the Bombay Textile strike of 1982.

Dr Datta Samant led this strike who was the leader of a trade union. It affected around a quartet of a million workers and their families. This strike lasted for around two years. The demand of the workers was the right to form their union and they wanted better wages. According to the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, a union had to be approved if it has gone up the idea of strikes. The Congress-led Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh (RMMS) was the only approved union and it helped in breaking the strike as it brought workers from outside. The Government hardly listened to the demands of workers. Gradually, after two years, people started going back to work as they were desperate. Around one lakh workers lost their jobs. They either went back to their villages or took up casual labour. Some of them moved to smaller towns like Malegaon, Bhiwandi and Icchalkaranji, to work in the power loom sector.

Here we are providing Class 12 Sociology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Change and Development in Rural Society. Sociology Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 4 Important Extra Questions Change and Development in Rural Society

Change and Development in Rural Society Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is the main occupation of rural people?
Answer:
The main occupation of rural people is agriculture. Production through the land is their main source of income. 70% of the Indian population directly or indirectly depends upon agriculture.

Question 2.
What is required to increase farm production?
Answer:
Farm production can be increased by many land reforms, use of new technology, new machines, new seeds, new chemical fertilizers, etc.

Question 3.
How rich farmers got more advantage from the Green revolution?
Answer:
New technology, seeds, and fertilizers were used during Green Revolution and it was possible for rich farmers to buy these costly things. That is why the rich farmers took maximum advantage of it.

Question 4.
Give two reasons for bringing land reforms.
Answer:

1. The first reason for bringing land reforms was to increase productivity in the agricultural sector.
2. The second reason was to stop the exploitation of poor farmers by eliminating intermediaries so that farmers could get land.

Question 5.
What is meant by the consolidation of land?
Answer:
If any farmer has agricultural land in different villages then the government allowed him the same size of land in one place, thus, organized his land. It is known as the consolidation of land.

Question 6.
What is Co-operative Farming?
Answer:
The meaning of co-operative farming is that when some farmers, with a smallholding of land, come closer to each other to do joint agriculture on a co-operative basis. They do not only share the income according to their share of the land but they also share the labor required for agriculture. A person remains the owner of his land.

Question 7.
Why North Indian states got more advantage from Green Revolution?
Answer:
North Indian states got more advantage from Green Revolution because these states have good fertile land and more means of irrigation.

Question 8.
What is economic development?
Answer:
When all the necessary means of living the good life are available, such as education health, per capita income, etc., then, we can say that economic development has taken place.

Question 9.
How production can be increased?
Answer:

1. Production can be increased by using seeds of high yield.
2. Production can also be increased by using-chemical fertilizers and new technology.

Question 10.
When was Zamindari System eliminated in India?
Answer:
Zamindari System was there in India before Independence. But this system was eliminated after 1950. Most of the Indian states made laws against this system and it came to an end.

Question 11.
What is Green Revolution?
Answer:
An increase in agricultural production, due to high yielding variety of seeds (HYV), fertilizers, new technology, and irrigation methods is termed as Green Revolution. It took place in the 1970s and later period in India.

Question 12.
How economic development of a country depends upon agriculture!?
Answer:
India’s economic development depends upon agriculture in the way that 70% of the Indian population depends upon agriculture and related occupations. These people directly or indirectly depend upon agriculture for their income. If we want to develop the country then the development of these people is necessary. So if these 70% people would progress then country will develop.

Question 13.
What was the situation in India, before the Green Revolution, in the field of grain production?
Answer:
Before Green Revolution, India was unable to produce the required grains and it imported grains to meet its needs.

Question 14.
Why caste is changed into class?
Answer:
There were many restrictions in the caste system regarding marriage, eating habits, social interaction, etc. The caste system has been weakened due to urbanization, industrialization, westernization, etc. and the caste system is being replaced by the class system.

Question 15.
What is an Elite Group?
Answer:
The meaning of elite is special, and it refers to the one who has some special or higher status in the society. In this way, an elite group is a group that has some special position or status in society.

Question 16.
Who are gentlemen farmers?
Answer:
Gentleman group of farmers who get retired from their government, non-governmental, military, or civil services. They invest their money in agricultural farms and develop them in an efficient way.

Question 17.
Who are middle caste farmers?
Answer:
This type of farmer belongs to the group of middle castes. They are neither very rich poor. That is why they are also known as middle-class farmers.

Question 18.
Who are Capitalist farmers?
Answer:
Capitalist farmers belong to that group of farmers who invest their capital in agricultural works, to earn more profit. They use loans, grants, markets, means of transport and communication, cheap labor, new technology, etc. to increase their agricultural production.

Question 19.
What is Liberalisation?
Answer:
Liberalization is removing certain restrictions in a controlled economy, so that economy could become more competitive, open, and progressive.

Question 20.
What is Globalisation?
Answer:
Globalization is that process in which the economy of one country is attached to the economies of other countries. It means the unrestricted exchange of things, services, capital, and labor of one country with other countries.

Question 21.
What are the two reasons for liberalization?
Answer:

1. To develop more means of employment.
2. To produce more and more competition among industries so that consumers should get more and more benefit.

Question 22.
What is Privatisation?
Answer:
Socialist and democratic countries have mixed type of economy. This type of economy has public enterprises that are under the direct control of the government. Sometimes government sells these public enterprises to private parties and this process is known as privatization.

Question 23.
What is meant by Zamindari System?
Answer:
This settlement of land was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal. According to this system, zamindars were considered as the owners of land and the government fixed their land revenue. Zamindars further gave their land on rent to small farmers and started collecting land revenue according to their wish. It led to the exploitation of small farmers by zamindars.

Question 24.
What is meant by Mahalwari System?
Answer:
This system was started by the British at the beginning of the 19th century. It started to consider the whole community of the village as the owner of the land and fixed its land revenue. One individual of the community used to collect the fixed land revenue from all the houses of the village and deposit it to the government. But the fixed land revenue was very high in this system.

Question 25.
What is meant by Ryotwari System?
Answer:
The meaning of ‘Ryot’ was a farmer. This system was started by Lord William Bentinck in which the government had a direct contract with farmers or Ryot. The revenue of every Ryot was fixed and they used to pay revenue directly to the government. Land revenue in this system was also very high.

Question 26.
What is a proprietory caste group? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
A proprietary caste group, in most regions of the country, is that group that owns most of the resources in a village and which can command labor to work for them.

Question 27.
In what ways are agriculture and culture linked? (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:

1. Cultural practices and patterns can be traced to our agrarian backgrounds such as Baisakhi, Ugadi, etc.
2. Celebration of new year festival in different regions of India – Pongal, Bihu, Onam, etc.

Change and Development in Rural Society Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What are the main objectives of liberalization?
Answer:

1. the Main objective of liberalization is to create more opportunities for employment.
2. To attract foreign investment to create employment opportunities.
3. Making Indian companies competitive in the Indian market.
4. To give more and more freedom to the private sector.
5. To increase the production capacity of the country.

Question 2.
Give some features of liberalization policy.
Answer:

1. Except for few things, the policy of taking licenses was eliminated so that all the industries could develop very easily.
2. Privatization of public enterprises was started so that the deficit making enterprises could turn into profit-making enterprises.
3. Very few industries were left for the public sector so that all the industries could
   be encouraged.
4. The limit of foreign direct investment has been increased. In some sectors it is up to 51%, in some, it is 74% and in many sectors, complete investment has been permitted.

Question 3.
Give some characteristics of Globalisation.
Answer:
United Nation development program has given four characteristics of globalization and these are:

1. New tools and things have come for people in globalization because large companies of the world are going in every country.
2. New markets have been opened for companies because, in globalization, companies can do free trade in any country.
3. New organizations are coming forward to do work for Red Cross, World Trade Organisation, etc.
4. New laws and rules are coming forward due to globalization like jobs on contract instead of permanent jobs.

Question 4.
In how many phases process of liberalization in India can be divided?
Answer:
The process of liberalization in India can be divided into 4 phases:

1. First Phase of 1975-1980
2. The second phase of 1980-1985
3. The third phase of 1985-1991
4. The fourth phase of 1991 onwards.

Question 5.
Give four principles of Globalisation.
Answer:

1. The opening up of the economy of the country for foreign investment.
2. To reduce custom duty up to a maximum extent.
3. Disinvestment of public enterprises.
4. To encourage investment in the private sector.

Question 6.
What was the Zamindari system?
Answer:
Zamindari System was there in our country before Independence. Around one-fourth of the total agricultural land was under Zamindari System before Independence. This system was started by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. According to this system, Zamindar was made the owner of the land but it was not necessary that he should till the land himself. He used to give the whole of his land to farmers. He used to collect tax from farmers and paid a fixed amount of tax to the government. This system was popular in Bengal, U.P., Rajasthan, M.P., Bihar, and Madras.

Question 7.
Give features of the Zamindari system.
Answer:

1. Zamindar was the owner of the land.
2. Zamindar used to give land to marginal and landless farmers to till.
3. Marginal farmers used to pay tax to zamindar.
4. Zamindar used to pay tax to the government.

Question 8.
What was the Ryotwari system?
Answer:
Around 36% of total agricultural land was under Ryotwari System at the time of Independence. William Bentinck started this system to remove shortcomings of the Zamindari System. According to this system, that person or family will pay tax to the government which holds and till the land. The meaning of ‘Ryot’ is farmer or tiller. After giving taxes to the government for a definite time period, he becomes the owner of the land. That Ryot or farmer was free to give his land to other farmers on rent.

Question 9.
What was the Mahalwari system?
Answer:
Mahalwari was another important system of the land. Under this system ownership of land was with the whole of the village. Land under the control of the village was known as Shamlat land. This land was further divided among different families who used to pay definite tax. Lambardar used to collect taxes from the village and used to get a 5% commission of the total. After this, the village used to pay fixed tax to the government. Farmers, in this system, also had no direct contact with the government.

Question 10.
What were the features of the abolition of Zamindari?
Answer:

1. Barron land and pastorals of the village came under the possession of the government.
2. The land was taken away from zamindars and compensation was given to them.
3. Some states gave this compensation in cash or installments.
4. Only that land remained with the zamindars from which they themselves used to earn their livelihood.

Question 11.
What was Green Revolution? What is its importance in India?
Answer:
Agricultural production increased by making Five Year plans in India and it led to great output in the field of production. This surplus growth in the field of agricultural production is known as Green Revolution. In this way word, Green Revolution is used for that quick change that came in the field of the production of eatable things. There is a great importance of the green revolution in India because this revolution has made India self-reliant in the field of the production of food items. Before 1965, India had to import its food items but after this Green Revolution came and India became self-reliant.

Question 12.
What were the land reforms that took place in India after Independence?
Answer:

1. Zamindari system was abolished.
2. The ceiling on landholding by any person was kept.
3. Consolidation of land was implemented.
4. Many tenancy reforms were introduced.
5. New records of land and co-operative farming were maintained.

Question 13.
What is meant by the Ceiling of land? How reforms were brought into it?
Answer:
The meaning of ceiling of land is that in which an individual should possess cultivable land according to a prescribed limit and not more than that. Before this limit, many individuals had thousands of acres of land, and the majority of people had no land. That is why, to provide cultivable land for all, this ceiling was fixed and it came to be known as ceding of land. Many laws were made regarding this. After 1973, this limit was fixed at 18 acres in Haryana and 27 acres in Punjab. If anyone possessed more land than the ceiling, then it was taken away from him and was distributed among landless farmers.

Question 14.
Why land reforms were introduced in India?
Answer:

1. Many farmers of India had hundreds of acres of land and some had none. So land reforms were introduced to provide land to landless farmers.
2. After independence, political leaders felt that there should not be economic inequality in the society and wanted to establish socio-economic equality, hence, land reforms must be introduced.
3. The biggest reason for the lower status of farmers was the existence of intermediaries between the government and small farmers. So, the government thought that abolition of intermediaries is necessary to improve the economic status of farmers and this was the main objective of land reforms.
4. At the time of Independence, India was forced to import grains to meet its needs. The government implemented land reforms to fulfill the local needs.

Question 15.
Highlight the advantages and disadvantages of contract farming. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Advantages of contract farming:

1. The company provides technical know-how and working capital.
2. Farmer is assured of a market that his product will be sold.
3. The company guarantees that it will purchase the product at a pre-determined fixed price.
4. Financial security is there for farmers and company identified the crop to be grown.

Disadvantages:

1. Farmers become dependent on companies for their livelihood – insecurity.
2. It makes indigenous knowledge of agriculture irrelevant.
3. It only caters to the production of elite items.
4. Crops require high doses of fertilizers and pesticides – not ecologically sustainable.

Question 16.
Explain contract farming and also highlight its advantages. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Contract farming – explanation and advantages.

1. The farmer enters into a contract with a company.
2. The company identifies the crop to be grown.
3. The seeds are provided by the company.
4. The know-how, and many times the working capital is also provided by the company.
5. The assurance to the farmer that his produce will be bought at a predetermined price is given by the company.
6. Commonly practiced for special products like grapes, figs, pomegranates, cotton, etc.

Change and Development in Rural Society Important Extra Questions Essay Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you know about Zamindari System? Give its meaning, features, and demerits.
Answer:
Zamindari System was there in our country, before Independence, in the field of agriculture. Around one-fourth of the total agricultural land was under the Zamindari system. This system was started by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. According to this System, Zamindar was made the owner of the land but it was not necessary that he should till the land himself. He used to give the whole of his land to the farmers to till. He used to collect tax from the farmers and used to pay a fixed tax of his land to the government.

The British government gave ownership of a large area of land to Zamindars so that they could get definite income from Zamindari in the form of taxes. It was very easy to keep in contact with fewer Zamindars. Generally, Zamindars gave their land to other land tillers practice agriculture and even those tillers give land again to other persons. In this way, the land was divided between tillers and sub-tillers. Everyone had to pay a definite amount of tax to Zamindar and Zamindar had to pay a fixed tax to the government. This system prevailed in Bengal, U.P., Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Madras State.

Features of Zamindari System: Features of the Zamindari System are given below:

1. the First feature of the Zamindari System was that ownership of land remained with Zamindar yet it was given to tillers or sub tillers on rent.
2. Zamindars were not used to till the land themselves but it was given further to small marginal farmers to do agriculture.
3. Marginal farmers used to give tax to the Zamindars.
4. Many times, tillers used to give land further to sub-tillers to do agriculture.
5. Zamindar used to collect tax from the tillers.
6. There was no direct relationship between the actual tiller and the government. That is why Zamindar used to play the role of mediocre between them.
7. There was a lot of difference between tax collected from the farmers and tax paid to the government as the Zamindar had to pay a fixed amount to the government. They used to collect a lot of tax from actual tillers of the land.
8. Farmers in this system were very much exploited by the Zamindars because they were forced to pay heavy taxes to the Zamindars.
9. There was a lack of any security for tillers from Zamindars or the Government in case of a situation like a flood, epidemic, drought, etc. It was so because Zamindars and the government were only concerned about tax.
10. Tillers hardly cared about increasing the productivity of land because they were aware of the fact that the land did not belong to them.
11. There were many drawbacks in the Zamindari system because the Zamindars started to use the money to live a life of luxury.

Demerits of Zamindari System

1. One of the major demerits of the Zamindari system was a division of land into small parts because it was divided into tillers and sub-tillers.
2. There was no security of land of the tiller because they were aware of the fact that this land did not belong to them and it belonged to someone else.
3. There were no rules in the collection of taxes. Zamindars used to collect tax according to their wish. Many a time the was half of the total produce.
4. Actual tillers of the land were very much exploited because most of the part of their produce was taken away by the Zamindars.
5. The tillers had no ownership right of land because it was given to them on rent and it could be taken away from them at any time.
6. The government had no direct contact with actual tillers because Zamindars used to pay the required amount of tax to the government.
7. Zamindars used to collect heavy taxes from farmers. Many a time it was two-thirds part of the total production of farmers.

Question 2.
What were the problems that originated with the advent of the Green Revolution? Explain them.
Or
What were the adverse effects of the Green Revolution? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
1. Limited States: The first problem which came with Green Revolution was that it came in some states and not in the entire country. Punjab and Haryana had very good means of irrigation and that is why it brought a revolutionary change in these states. But most of the other states remained unaffected by the Green Revolution. There was a lot of economic inequality due to this. For example, small states like Punjab became one of the richest states in the country. In this way agriculture developed only in those states which had developed agricultural means, Backward states remained backward.

2. Limited Crops: Another problem that came with Green Revolution was that it was limited only to very few crops. That is why the production of only rice, paddy, wheat, Jowar, etc. was increased. There was no increase in the production of commercial crops like cotton, tea, jute, etc. Their situation remained as it was. In this way, it was unable to bring revolution in other sectors.

3. More Profit to Rich Farmers: Another problem that arose with Green Revolution was that rich farmers got more profit from it. The condition of poor farmers remained miserable. For Green Revolution, high yielding variety of seeds, fertilizers, improved means of irrigation, etc. were needed. Money was required for all these things and money was with rich farmers. Farmers, who had landed more than 10-15 hectares, took maximum advantage of it. But the situation of farmers with small pieces of land worsened. In this way, it became a revolution of big farmers but became a curse for small farmers.

4. Increase in Economic Inequality: Green revolution increased economic inequality in society. Big farmers were able to spend a lot of money and they spent. But small farmers were unable to take advantage out of it and their situation remained as it was. This brought economic inequality in the society.

Question 3.
What were the land reforms that were introduced after Independence? (C.B.S.E. 2010, 2013)
Answer:
India was an underdeveloped country at the time of Independence. Industries were not developed. Technology and science lagged behind. The main source of income for people was agriculture. More than 80% of the total population was living in rural areas were involved in agriculture and related occupations. The situation of people, in villages, was pitiful. So, governmental and non-governmental steps were necessary to bring reforms in agriculture. The government made certain laws to bring reforms that were implemented. Some of the land reforms are given below:
1. Consolidation of Land: Land of lakhs of farmers was scattered in the country. Fields were at far off places. They were provided the same area of land in one place so that they could be able to till their land easily.

2. To encourage Cooperative Farming: Cooperative farming was encouraged in different Five Year planer. That is why lakhs of members are doing cooperative farming on land under cooperative societies.

3. Abolition of Intermediaries: The government made certain laws for the abolition of intermediaries between farmers and the state after Independence. The custom of intermediaries was very complex in West Bengal in the form of Zamindars and absentee Landlordism. Zamindari Abolition Act was first passed in this state. Zamindars were compensated when their land was taken away by the government.

4. Records of Land Ownership: The government started to keep records of land ownership. Himachal Pradesh has made farmer books, in 2000-2001, in which complete information of their land is given. Nowadays, computerized records are maintained.

5. Ceiling of Holdings: The government has kept a ceiling on landholdings. Two stages were made in different states regarding this ceiling. The first one was before 1972 and the second one was made after 1973. Punjab and Haryana have kept a ceiling of 27 hectares for irrigated land and 100 hectares for non-irrigated land in the stages before 1972. But this ceiling was reduced to 18 hectares and 27 hectares after 1973. In Himachal Pradesh, this ceiling was kept at 10 hectares and 15 hectares.

6. Reforms in Tenancy System: Before Independence, actual tenants had to pay around half of their products in the form of taxes. But the first Five Year plan has suggested that it should not exceed 20-25% of total production. That is why many states have passed many laws related to this. Tenants were given ownership and security of land.

Question 4.
What is Green Revolution? On what basis it was implemented.
Answer:
Green Revolution is a planned and scientific way to increase the production of agriculture. After analyzing Five Year plans, it became clear that if we want to become self-dependent in food production then we have to use new ways and technology related to production. So, technical changes were brought in agriculture, in 1966-67, keeping this aim in mind. New experiments were started to bring new seeds for more productivity especially wheat and rice. New means of irrigation, pesticides, and fertilizers were also used for this. The use of developed means in agriculture was given the name of the Green Revolution.

Here, the word ‘Green’ was used for the green fields of farmers, and the word ‘Revolution’ was used for wide change. Intense agriculture district programs were started in which only three districts were included, but later, 16 districts participated. Selected districts were provided developed means of farming, seeds, and means of irrigation. This program was also called a package program. The program was also started in other parts of the country by 1967-68, but it could not reach a higher level. During this program, farmers were given knowledge of new technology, and new means of production so that agricultural output could be increased.

Main bases of Green Revolution
1. Determination of price of produce: The government gave a guarantee of a good price of produce to farmers to give them security from the fluctuation of price and to save them from exploitation. A commission was made to regulate the price of different crops. This commission gave its recommendations from time to time for minimum support price of crops.

2. Development of Animal Husbandry: Enough importance, was given to the development of dairy farming, poultry, piggery, sheep rearing, developing a new breed of cows and buffaloes, etc. India is an agricultural country where there is a great relation between agriculture and animal husbandry. Agricultural productivity can be increased if our animal husbandry could be based on developed means So, to increase rural employment and dairy development, a technological mission was established in 1988 for dairy development. That is why milk production was 6.8 crore tonnes during 1966-1967 but it increased to 7.2 crore tonnes in 1997-98.

3. Establishment of Corporation: Government has formed an Agricultural Industrial Corporation for the development of agricultural tools, machines, and arrangement of godowns. In 1953, the government started the National Government Development Corporation for the sale, processing, and collection of produced things of agriculture. National Seed Corporation was also established for the sale of a high yielding variety of seeds. Different states also started their seed corporations.

4. Use of Insecticides: It was believed that one-fourth of total produce gets destroyed by rats and other animals. It was very necessary to save this much of production from animals. For this, the use of insecticides was necessary so that production could be saved. Farmers started to use medicines, insecticides, and pesticides.

5. Multicrop Programme. Only those crops are sowed in multi-crop programs which could be riped in less duration of time like vegetables, com, Jowar, etc. Short term cropping pattern was followed in Green Revolution. New methods for crops were used with which production was increased. Today, this program is going on 930 lakh hectares of land and positive results are seen.

Question 5.
Explain the social and economic consequences of the Green Revolution.
Or
What were the social consequences of the Green Revolution? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Or
Highlight the social consequences of the Green Revolution? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
1. Class Struggle: Class system of villages was changed due to Green Revolution. Many small and marginal farmers became rich. This has changed the traditional class system of villages. Now, lower classes and small farmers started attaining power which was only confined to higher castes in earlier times. Green Revolution was one of the reasons for the class struggle in villages.

2. Increase in the price of food grains: Farm production was increased due to the Green Revolution. But the cost of agricultural production was also increased due to costly fertilizers, seeds, and machines. That is why small and marginal farmers were unable to use these methods and big farmers drew maximum profit from these methods. Expensive agriculture technology increased the cost price of food grains.

3. Agriculture laborers became poor: Many scholars are of the view that unemployment has been increased due to the impacts of the Green Revolution. The actual wages of agricultural laborers were reduced. Some scholars are of the view that the Green Revolution has lowered the social status of laborers.

4. Political impact: Rich farmers became more powerful due to Green Revolution. Rich farmers created obstacles in various land reforms. That is why the government had to face many problems to implement laws regarding land reforms. Even farmers of the middle class raised their income by using new technology and they became more powerful politically.

5. Advance Technology was out of reach for small farmers: Social and economic status of poor farmers and landless agricultural laborers became weak due to Green Revolution. New technology, developed seeds, pesticides, means of irrigation, etc. are very expensive and that is the reason it remained out of reach of small and marginal farmers. It created a gap between marginal and rich farmers.

6. Increase in Economic Inequality. Green Revolution developed inequality in the income of different sectors. Its reason is that seeds of more yield were used in certain areas of the country. But most of the other parts of the country are using traditional methods of agriculture. That is why inequality in production developed. Thus, Green Revolution encouraged economic inequality in the country.

Question 6.
What was the type of classes that existed in the rural areas? Explain them.
Answer:
India’s economic progress was quick after Independence. Planned efforts are put for economic development and that is why new groups and classes emerged in rural areas. Some of these main classes are given below:

1. Landowner farmers: Steps were taken, after Independence, to change the existing systems related to land. The land was taken away from Zamindars by making laws and was distributed between lakhs of landless farmers. Every landless farmer was given the land of one hectare free of cost. That is is how the landless farmers became landowners. Before this, they used to do agriculture on the land of Zamindars.

Now, they started practicing agriculture on their own land. 50 lakh hectares of land was given to 50 lakh people till 1992. They began to take interest in agricultural works on their land. Production on their land was increased after Green Revolution with which their economic condition improved. They started to invest money in developed seeds, fertilizers, agricultural tools, and means of irrigation. Now, even small farmers could afford tractors of their own.

2. Gentleman Farmers: Gentleman farmers were also a class of landowner farmers. They did not have much of the land like zamindars. Those farmers were included in this group who either got land from their ancestors or have bought that land themselves. Many of those people are included in this group who were retired from their government jobs or military or non-military services. Gentlemen farmers sow traditional crops like wheat, rice, maize, fruits, vegetables, etc. They use developed seeds, fertilizers, mechanical tools, new means of irrigation, thrasher, etc. with which production increased.

3. Middle caste and Middle-class farmers: Powerful middle caste and middle-class farmers emerged in rural areas after Independence. They are known as middle caste because their position was lower than higher castes and higher than the lower castes in the caste hierarchy. This class is also known as the middle class because they are neither zamindar and nor landless farmers. Many landlords and big farmers of higher castes migrated towards urban areas to take advantage of industrialization and urbanization. They started to invest their money in industries. Under these circumstances, middle caste and middle-class farmers emerged in rural areas.

4. Capitalist Farmers: Capitalist farmer class is that class that invests their capital in agricultural works to take maximum advantage of it. This class was different from the zamindar class because Zamindars served as the link between the government and farmers. It had done nothing to increase production and productivity. But capitalist class used many means to increase its profit like taking loans to increase production, food technology, markets, means of transport and communication, and cheap labor. The capitalist farmer class is a very small portion of the total population of the country but this class plays an important role in the local consumption and production of food grains for export.

Question 7.
What are the changes or transformations that came in rural society after Independence? Explain them.
Answer:
Many changes took place in the rural areas, after Independence, especially in those areas where Green Revolution was implemented. These included:

1. Growth of intensive farming.
2. A shift from payment in kind or grain to payment in cash,
3. Changes in the traditional relation between farmers, land-owners, and agricultural workers.
4. Rise of free wage laborers.

Sociologists have described changes in the nature of the relationship between farmers and agricultural workers. These changes came in all those areas where commercialization of agriculture took place, i.e., where crops were grown to be sold in the market. Some scholars are of the view that this change in labor relations helped capitalist agriculture. Production in a capitalist system is based on the separation of means of production from laborers and the use of free wage labor. These days, farmers of developed areas are producing for the market. Rural areas are becoming integrated with the wider economy due to the commercialization of agriculture.

That is why the investment of capital in villages has increased and chances of trade and employment have also been increased. But one thing should be kept in mind that these changes in the rural economy were started during colonial rule. In the 19th century, the British produced cotton on large pieces of land in Maharashtra and integrated its farmers directly into the world market. It spread after Independence because the government provided many modern facilities to rural areas to increase agricultural production. The government provided roads, facilities of irrigation, and cooperative societies. Government efforts for rural development not only transformed the rural economy and agriculture but also changed the agrarian structure and rural society itself.

The green revolution came in the decades of 1960 and 1970 and rich farmers invested in the agricultural field and became richer. Farmers of dominant castes of Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and central Gujarat invested the profit of the agricultural field into another type of trades. With this, new entrepreneurial groups emerged who migrated from rural areas towards towns. It led to the rise of new regional elite groups that became economically and politically powerful. This change in class structure led to the opening of higher education institutions in rural areas and rural people started to educate their children. Most of them joined professional or white-collar occupations or started businesses which led to an expansion of urban classes.

Question 8.
What was the impact of Globalisation and liberalization on rural society?
Answer:
India has been following the policy of liberalization since the late 1980s and has had a great impact on agriculture and rural society.
1. The policy of globalization means participation in a world trade organization, whose objective is to establish a free international market. The Indian market was a* closed market but it was ready to compete with the international market after globalization. There are many things, like many types of fruits and other food items, which were not available in the local market due to restrictions on import. India was self-dependent in the field of foodgrains. Thus, rural society started competing with the international market due to globalization.

2. Agriculture has been incorporated in the wider international market due to globalization and it directly influenced the farmers and rural society. For example, farmers of Punjab and Karnataka made contracts with multinational companies (like Coke, Pepsi) to produce fixed crops (like Tomato, Potato). These companies then buy their produce for processing or export.

In this way, companies ask to produce a particular crop in contractual farming. They provide seeds and other things in the form of investment. They also provide information and often also working capital. In return, the company guarantees that it will purchase the product at a predetermined fixed price. Flowers, grapes, figs, pomegranates, cotton, and oilseeds are the main crops of contractual farming. Contract farming diverts many people from the production process to other areas. Moreover, more fertilizers and pesticides are used to produce these crops which is not good for the environment.

3. Another aspect of globalization of agriculture is the entry of multinational companies into this sector as sellers of seeds, pesticides, and fertilizers. Over the last decade, agricultural agents were replaced by seed, fertilizer, and pesticide companies. These agents provided knowledge to farmers about seeds and agriculture and these agents wanted to sell their goods. That is why farmers are forced to use expensive fertilizers and pesticides. The farmers were caught in the debt trap which led to ecological crises in rural areas.

Here we are providing Class 12 Hindi Important Extra Questions and Answers Aroh Chapter 4 कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज. Important Questions for Class 12 Hindi are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

कैमरे में बंद अपाहिजClass 12 Important Extra Questions Hindi Aroh Chapter 4

प्रश्न 1.
जब शारीरिक चुनौती का सामना कर रहे व्यक्ति से उसके दुख के विषय में पूछा जाता है तो वह अपने दुख को क्यों नहीं बता पाता?
उत्तर
जब शारीरिक चुनौती का सामना कर रहे व्यक्ति से उसके दुख के विषय में पूछा जाता है तो वह अपने दुख के विषय में नहीं बता पाता क्योंकि वह अपनी शारीरिक दुर्बलता को लोगों के सामने प्रकट नहीं करना चाहता। वह नहीं चाहता कि लोग उसे दुर्बल और शक्तिहीन समझें तथा किसी कार्य को करने में असमर्थ कहें वह इस भय से लोगों की हँसी का पात्र भी नहीं बनना चाहता कि कहीं वह कुंठित न हो जाए, उसमें साहस की कमी न होने लगे।

प्रश्न 2.
काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए
उससे पूछेगे तो आप क्या अपाहिज हैं?
तो आप क्यों अपाहिज हैं?
आपका अपाहिजपन तो दुख देता होगा देता है?
(कैमरा दिखाओ इसे बड़ा-बड़ा) हाँ
तो बताइए आपका, दुख क्या है
जल्दी से बताइए वह दुख बताइए
बता नहीं पाएगा।

• प्रस्तुत काव्यांश ‘आरोह भाग-2’ में संकलित कवि रघुवीर सहाय द्वारा रचित ‘कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ नामक कविता में अवतरित है।
• इस काव्यांश में कवि ने अपंग व्यक्तियों के प्रति संवेदना व्यक्त की है।
• भाषा खड़ी बोली सरल, सरस है।
• तत्सम, तद्भव और विदेशी शब्दावली का प्रयोग हुआ है।
• अनुप्रास, प्रश्नालंकार, पदमैत्री, स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों का प्रयोग है।
• बिंब-योजना अत्यंत सार्थक एवं सटीक है।
• भावपूर्ण शैली का प्रयोग है।
• करुण रस का प्रयोग हुआ हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
‘कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ कविता की व्यंजना स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
‘कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ कविता अपनी व्यंजना में ऐसे व्यक्तियों की ओर इशारा करती है, जो अपने दुख-दर्द, यातना-वेदना को बेचना चाहते हैं। उनकी स्थिति महामारी की कामना करनेवाले चिकित्सक के समान होती है।

प्रश्न 4.
‘कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ कविता का मुख्य भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
“कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ रघुवीर सहाय विरचित ‘लोग भूल गए हैं’ काव्य-संग्रह से ली गई है। इसमें कवि ने शारीरिक चुनौती को झेलते लोगों के प्रति संवेदनशील दृष्टिकोण अपनाने की प्रेरणा दी है। इसमें यह भी स्पष्ट किया गया है कि कैमरे के सामने अपने कार्यक्रम को सफल बनाने हेतु ऐसे लोगों से बेतुके सवाल पूछे जाते हैं कि इसमें कवि ने एक तरह से पीड़ा के साथ दृश्य-संचार माध्यम के संबंध को रेखांकित किया है जो दिखाता है कि किस तरह करुणा जगाने के मकसद से शुरू हुआ कार्यक्रम किस तरह क्रूर बन जाता है। यह कविता ऐसे लोगों की तरफ संकेत करती है जो अपने दुख-दर्द, वेदना-यातना को बेचना चाहते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
इस कविता की बिंब-योजना पर प्रकाश डालिए।
उत्तर
यह कविता रघुवीर सहाय द्वारा रचित है। इसकी बिंब-योजना सार्थक एवं सटीक है। इसमें कवि ने दृश्य-श्रव्य बिंबों को अपनाया है। उनके बिंब सामाजिक चेतना से युक्त हैं जो सरलता एवं स्पष्टता से समन्वित हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
अपाहिज कैमरे के सामने क्यों रो पड़ता है?
उत्तर
अपाहिज कैमरे के सामने इसलिए रो पड़ता है क्योंकि संचार माध्यमवाले लोग उसकी भावनाओं एवं संवेदनाओं के साथ खिलवाड़ करते हैं। कारोबारी दबाव के कारण उनका रवैया संवेदनहीन बन जाता है, जिससे उनका कार्यक्रम रोचक एवं प्रभावशाली बन सके। इस उद्देश्य के लिए वे मानवता को भी तार-तार कर देते हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
संचार माध्यम किन्हें एक साथ रुलाना चाहता है और क्यों?
उत्तर
संचार माध्यम अपाहिज एवं दर्शकों को एक साथ रुलाना चाहता है। वह ऐसा इसलिए चाहता है ताकि उसका कार्यक्रम अत्यंत रोचक, प्रभावशाली एवं सफल बन सके। उसकी इच्छित धन-पिपासा शांत हो सके। उसका अहं पूर्ण हो जाए।

प्रश्न 8.
‘हम दूरदर्शन पर बोलेंगे
हम समर्थ शक्तिवान
हम एक दुर्बल को लाएँगे
एक बंद कमरे में इस काव्यांश का भाव-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
भाव-सौंदर्य-यह अवतरण ‘रघुवीर सहाय’ द्वारा ‘कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ नामक कविता से अवतरित है। इसमें कवि ने टेलीविजन कैमरे के सामने अपने कार्यक्रम को सफल बनाने के लिए शारीरिक अपंग मनुष्य के प्रति संवेदनशील भाव को प्रकट किया है। हम दर्शकों के सामने दूरदर्शन पर स्वयं को समर्थ एवं शक्तिशाली बताएँगे। अपना गौरवगान स्वयं करेंगे ताकि हमारा कार्यक्रम अधिक सफल बन सके। इसीलिए किसी कमजोर, असहाय व्यक्ति को हम एक बंद कमरे में कैमरे के साथ प्रस्तुत करेंगे।

काव्य-सौंदर्य-इस अवतरण में रघुवीर सहाय ने टेलीविजन कैमरे के सामने किसी अपंग मनुष्य के प्रति संवेदनशील रवैये का चित्रण किया है। भाषा सरल एवं स्पष्ट है। तत्सम एवं तद्भव शब्दावली है। शैली मर्मस्पर्शी एवं भावपूर्ण है। करुण रस है। प्रसाद-गुण संपन्न है। अभिधात्मकता का समावेश है। अनुप्रास एवं पदमैत्री अलंकारों का प्रयोग है।

सप्रसंग व्याख्या, अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

1. हम दूरदर्शन पर बोलेंगे
हम समर्थ शक्तिवान
हम एक दुर्बल को लाएँगे
एक बंद कमरे में
उससे पूछेगे तो आप क्या अपाहिज?
तो आप क्यों अपाहिज हैं?
आपका अपाहिजपन तो दुख देता होगा
देता है?
(कैमरा दिखाओ इसे बड़ा-बड़ा)
हाँ तो बताइए आपका दुख क्या है
जल्दी बताइए वह दुख बताइए
बता नहीं पाएगा

शब्दार्थ : दुर्बल-कमजोर। अपाहिज-शारीरिक रूप से कमजोर।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत काव्यांश हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘आरोह भाग-2’ में संकलित, रघुवीर सहाय द्वारा रचित कविता ‘कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ से अवतरित है। इसमें कवि ने एक ऐसे शारीरिक रूप से कमजोर व्यक्ति का चित्रण किया है जिससे टेलीविज़न कैमरे के सामने कार्यक्रम को सफल बनाने के लिए अनेक प्रकार के सवाल पूछे जाएंगे।

व्याख्या : कवि का कथन है कि हम टेलीविज़न पर अपने को समर्थ शक्तिवान बताएँगे तथा अपने कार्यक्रम को सफल बनाने के लिए कैमरे के सामने एक अपाहिज व्यक्ति को लाएँगे। उसे एक बंद कमरे में बिठाकर उससे अनेक प्रकार के प्रश्न पूछेगे। हम उससे पूछेगे कि क्या आप अपाहिज हैं ? यदि हैं तो क्यों हैं? आपकी शारीरिक कमजोरी आपको कष्ट देती होगी। तो आपको यह कमजोरी दुःख देती है,

फिर उसके समक्ष अपने कैमरे को बढ़ा करके दिखाते हैं ताकि उसे बड़ा दिखाया जा सके। फिर इसी तरह उससे पूछेगे कि आप हमें अपना दुख बताएँ, जल्दी बताएँ। कवि कहता है कि इस प्रकार टेलीविज़न कैमरे के सामने शारीरिक दुर्बलता से युक्त व्यक्ति से अनेक प्रश्न पूछे जाएंगे लेकिन वह अपने दुखों को बता नहीं पाएगा। वह अपनी संवेदना को इनके समक्ष नहीं रख पाएगा।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. हम दूरदर्शन पर क्या बोलेंगे?
2. इस काव्यांश में निहित व्यंग्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
3. हम कैमरे के सामने अपाहिज से क्या प्रश्न पूछेगे?
4. अपाहिज क्या नहीं बता पाएगा?
5. उपर्युक्त काव्यांश के काव्य-सौंदर्य को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. हम दूरदर्शन पर बोलेंगे कि हम समर्थ और शक्तिवान हैं।
2. इस काव्यांश में कवि ने सिनेमा जगत तथा उन असमर्थ व्यक्तियों पर व्यंग्य किया है जो अपनी दिव्यांगता को बेचना चाहते हैं।
3. हम कैमरे के सामने अपाहिज से यह प्रश्न पूछेगे

• आप कैसे अपाहिज हुए?
• क्या आपका अपाहिजपन आपको दुख देता है ?

4. अपाहिज व्यक्ति अपने दुख को नहीं बता पाएगा। वह अपनी संवेदना को इनके समक्ष नही रख पाएगा।
5. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• कवि ने शारीरिक रूप से दुर्बल व्यक्ति के प्रति संवेदना व्यक्त की है।
• खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग किया गया है। भाषा सरल, सरस है।
• तत्सम, तद्भव और विदेशी शब्दों का प्रयोग है।
• अनुप्रास, पदमैत्री एवं स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों की छटा है।
• बिंब योजना अत्यंत सार्थक है।
• मुक्तक छंद का प्रयोग हुआ है।

2. सोचिए
बताइए
आपको अपाहिज होकर कैसा लगता है
कैसा
यानी कैसा लगता है
(हम खुद इशारे से बताएंगे कि क्या ऐसा?)
सोचिए
बताइए
थोड़ी कोशिश करिए
(यह अवसर खो देंगे?)
आप जानते हैं कि कार्यक्रम रोचक बनाने के वास्ते
हम पूछ-पूछकर उसको रुला देंगे
इंतजार करते हैं आप भी उसके रो पड़ने का
करते हैं?
यह प्रश्न पूछा नहीं जाएगा।

शब्दार्थ : अपाहिज-शारीरिक रूप से दुर्बल। कोशिश-प्रयास। वास्ते-के लिए। खुद-स्वयं, अपने आप। रोचक-मज़ेदार। इंतजार-प्रतीक्षा।

प्रसंग : इंतज़ार-प्रतीक्षा। यह पद्यांश ‘आरोह भाग-2′ में संकलित ‘कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ कविता से लिया गया है। इसके कवि रघुवीर सहाय हैं जो समकालीन हिंदी कविता के प्रसिद्ध कवि हैं। इस पद्यांश में कवि ने उन शारीरिक रूप से कमजोर व्यक्तियों के प्रति गहन संवेदना व्यक्त की है जिनसे टेलीविज़न-कैमरे के समक्ष दूरदर्शनवाले अनेक प्रश्न करते हैं।

व्याख्या : कवि कहता है कि टेलीविज़न कैमरे के सामने अपाहिज व्यक्ति से पूछेगे कि ज़रा सोचकर बताइए कि उसे एक अपाहिज होकर कैसा लगता है, वह कैसा महसूस करता है। बार-बार पूछकर हम कैमरेवाले इशारे करके उसको अपाहिज होकर बताते हैं कि उसे ऐसा लगता है। बार-बार हम उस अपाहिज से ऐसे ही सवाल करते हैं। बार-बार कोशिश करने की सिफारिश करते हैं कि वह हमें सोचकर बताए कि उसे अपाहिज या शारीरिक रूप से दुर्बल होकर कैसा लगता है या वह कैसा महसूस करता है।

कवि दूरदर्शनवालों पर कटाक्ष करते हुए कहते हैं कि हम टेलीविज़न-कैमरेवाले ऐसे अपाहिज की भावनाओं को नहीं समझते और हम अपने कार्यक्रम को अत्यधिक मनोरंजनपूर्ण या चुटीला बनाने के लिए बार-बार अपाहिज व्यक्ति से प्रश्न पूछ-पूछकर उसे रुला देते हैं और फिर दर्शकगण भी मनोरंजन करने के लिए उस अपाहिज व्यक्ति के रोने की प्रतीक्षा करते हैं। कवि का कथन है कि आपसे यह प्रश्न नहीं पूछा जाएगा कि आप उसके रो पड़ने का इंतजार क्यों करते हैं ?

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. हम अपाहिज व्यक्ति को किसलिए रुला देते हैं?
2. अपाहिज से कौन-सा प्रश्न पूछा नहीं जाएगा?
3. ‘यह अवसर खो देंगे?’ इस पंक्ति में निहित भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
4. इस काव्यांश के कवि तथा कविता का नाम बताइए।
5. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. हम अपने कार्यक्रम रोचक को बनाने के लिए अपाहिज व्यक्ति से प्रश्न पूछ-पूछकर उसे रुला देते हैं।
2. अपाहिज से यह प्रश्न पूछा नहीं जाएगा कि क्या दर्शक भी उसके रोने का इंतजार करते हैं।
3. इस पंक्ति का भाव है कि सिनेमा-जगत अपनी स्वार्थपूर्ति के लिए किसी अपाहिज को अपने कैमरे के सामने प्रस्तुत करता है तथा बार बार उससे अनेक संवेदनशील प्रश्न पूछता है। उसे अवसर खोने का डर दिखाकर उसकी आत्मा को दर्शकों के सामने खोलने का प्रयास करते हैं।
4. इस काव्यांश के कवि रघुवीर सहाय जी हैं तथा कविता का नाम ‘कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज’ है।

Here we are providing Class 12 Hindi Important Extra Questions and Answers Aroh Chapter 3 कविता के बहाने, बात सीधी थी पर. Important Questions for Class 12 Hindi are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

कविता के बहाने, बात सीधी थी पर Class 12 Important Extra Questions Hindi Aroh Chapter 3

प्रश्न 1.
कविता में कौन-कौन से उपकरण विद्यमान हैं?
उत्तर
कविता में जड़-चेतन के वे सभी उपकरण विद्यमान हैं जो अतीत, वर्तमान और भविष्य को आपस में जोड़ते हैं। इन्हीं से मनुष्य की अपार संभावनाएँ प्रकट होती हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
‘बात सीधी थी पर’ कविता में निहित संदेश स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
‘बात सीधी थी पर’ कविता के माध्यम से कवि कुँवर नारायण ने उन रचनाकारों पर व्यंग्य किया है जो अपनी भावनाओं को अभिव्यक्ति प्रदान करने के लिए भाषा के साथ खिलवाड़ करते हैं। वे अपनी रचना में शब्दों का जाल रचकर पाठकों को भ्रमित करते हैं तथा आडंबरपूर्ण शब्द-योजना से उनकी वाह-वाही लूटते हैं, चाहे उनकी रचना का कथ्य पाठकों अथवा श्रोताओं की समझ में आया हो या नहीं।

कवि चाहता है कि रचनाकार को अपनी बात अत्यंत सहज तथा स्पष्ट शब्दों में कहनी चाहिए। कथ्य और भाषा का सही सामंजस्य बना रहना चाहिए, जिससे पाठक अथवा श्रोता तक उसकी बात सहज रूप से पहुँच सके।

प्रश्न 3.
कवि के अनुसार कोई बात पेचीदा कैसे हो जाती है? (C.B.S.E.Delhi 2017 Set-I)
उत्तर
कवि का मानना है कि जब अपनी बात को सहज और स्पष्ट रूप से न कह कर तोड़-मरोड़, उलट-पुलट अथवा घुमा-फिरा कर _कहते हैं तो कही हुई बात उलझती चली जाती है। ऐसी उलझन-भरी बात श्रोता अथवा पाठक समझ नहीं पाता। वह सोचता ही रह जाता है कि कहने वाला कह क्या रहा था? इस प्रकार की उलझी हुई बात प्रभावहीन हो जाती है।

प्रश्न 4.
बात ने, जो एक शरारती बच्चे की तरह
मुझसे खेल रही थी,
मुझे पसीना पोंछते देखकर पूछा
“क्या तुमने भाषा को
सहूलियत से बरतना कभी नहीं सीखा ?” इन पंक्तियों का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
इन पंक्तियों में कवि ने बात का मानवीकरण किया है। कवि काव्य-रचना में भाषा के सहज तथा प्रभावशाली प्रयोग पर बल दे रहा है। खड़ी बोली में रचित इन पंक्तियों की भाषा विदेशी, देशज तथा तद्भव शब्दों से युक्त है। छंद-मुक्त रचना है। मुहावरे का सहज रूप से प्रभावशाली प्रयोग किया गया है। अनुप्रास, मानवीकरण, उत्प्रेक्षा आदि अलंकार हैं। लाक्षणिकता एवं बिंब-विधान ने कथन को सुंदरता प्रदान की है।

प्रश्न 5.
कविता एक खिलना है फूलों के बहाने
कविता का खिलना भला फूल क्या जाने।
बाहर भीतर
इस घर, उस घर
बिना मुरझाए महकने के माने
फल क्या जाने? अवतरण का भाव सौंदर्य एवं काव्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
भाव सौंदर्य-यह अवतरण कुँवर नारायण विरचित ‘कविता के बहाने’ नामक कविता से अवतरित है। इसमें कवि ने बताया है कि फूल के खिलने के साथ-साथ उसकी परिणाति भी सुनिश्चित है क्योंकि फूल कुछ समय खिलने के पश्चात मुरझा अवश्य ही जाता है, जबकि कविता यहाँ-वहाँ सब ओर खिलकर अपनी शोभा बिखेरती रहती है और वह कभी मुरझाती नहीं। काव्य-सौंदर्य प्रस्तुत अवतरण में कुँवर नारायण के फूल के विकास के साथ उसकी परिणाति का चित्रण किया है।

• भाषा सरल, सरस एवं भावपूर्ण है।
• तद्भव शब्दावली की अधिकता है।
• मुक्तक छंद का प्रयोग है।
• प्रसाद गुण एवं शांत रस है।
• अनुप्रास एवं उपमा अलंकार हैं।
• शैली सुरुचिपूर्ण एवं चित्रात्मक है।

प्रश्न 6.
‘कविता के बहाने’ कविता का केद्रीय भाव स्पष्ट करें।
उत्तर
कविता के बहाने’ कुँवर नारायण के ‘इन दिनों’ संग्रह से ली गई है। कविता के बहाने कविता में कवि ने चिड़िया तथा फूल से लेकर बच्चे तक की यात्रा है। एक तरफ प्रकृति है तो दूसरी तरफ भविष्य की ओर कदम बढ़ाता हुआ बच्चा है। यह स्पष्ट है कि चिड़िया के उड़ान की एक सीमा है।

फूल के खिलने के साथ ही उसकी परिणति निश्चित है लेकिन बच्चे के सपने असीम हैं। बच्चों के खेल में किसी भी प्रकार की सीमा का कोई स्थान नहीं है। कविता भी शब्दों का एक खेल है जिसमें जड़-चेतन, अतीत, वर्तमान और भविष्य साधन मात्र हैं। अत: जहाँ कहीं रचनात्मक ऊर्जा होती है वहाँ सीमाओं के बंधन स्वयं ही टूट जाते हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
बच्चा सब घर एक कैसे कर देता है?
उत्तर
बच्चा अत्यंत कोमल, निचेष्ट एवं चंचल होता है। उसे अपना-पराया, ईर्ष्या-द्वेष, अहं आदि का बोध नहीं होता। वह केवल अपनी मस्ती में मदमस्त होकर यहाँ-वहाँ खेलता रहता है। उसके खेल के सामने किसी भी घर की कोई सीमा बाधा उत्पन्न नहीं करती और वह सभी के आँगन को अपनी चंचलता एवं उमंग से देता है। इस प्रकार बच्चा अपने खेल एवं बाल क्रीड़ाओं से सब घर एक कर देता है।

प्रश्न 8.
कवि किस पाने का प्रयास कर रहा था और क्यों?
उत्तर
कवि सरल एवं स्पष्ट बात को कठिन एवं पचोदी भाषा के चंगुल से बाहर निकालकर उसे पुराने रूप में पाने का प्रयास कर रहा था। वह बात सरल एवं सीधी होने पर भी कठिन भाषा के चक्कर में टेढ़ी होकर फँस गई थी।

प्रश्न 9.
कवि किसकी वाह-वाही में डूब गया था? उसका क्या प्रभाव हुआ?
उत्तर
कवि तमाशबीनों की वाह-वाही में डूब गया था? उसके प्रभाव से कवि द्वंद्व में पड़ गया और उसने मुश्किल भरे धैर्य से समझे बिना ही बात को सहज और स्पष्ट करने की अपेक्षा कठिन क्ष के चक्कर में ही उलझा दिया। अंत में वह सरल, सीधी बात प्रभावहीन एवं अर्थहीन हो गई।

प्रश्न 10.
कवि के साथ बात किसके समान खेल रही थी? उसने कवि पर क्या व्यंग्य किया?
उत्तर
बात कवि के साथ एक नटखट एवं शरारती बच्चे के समान खेल रही थी। उसने कवि पर व्यंग्य करते हुए कहा कि आपको भाषा का सहज एवं सरल रूप से प्रयोग करना नहीं आता।

प्रश्न 11.
कविता के लिए शब्दों का संबंध किससे और कैसे है?
उत्तर
कविता के लिए शब्दों का संबंध सारे जड़-चेतन से है। यह अतीत, वर्तमान और भविष्य से जुड़ी हुई है। इसकी व्यापकता अपार है। इसकी कोई समय सीमा नहीं है। यह किसी बंधन में नहीं बँधती। इसके लिए न तो समय का बंधन है न तो भाषा का कोई बंधन है।

प्रश्न 12.
कविता का खिलना फलों के खिलने स श्रेष्ठ कैसे है?
उत्तर
कविता का खिलना फूल के खिलने का बहाना तो हो सकता है, पर फूल का खिलना कविता जैसी नहीं हो सकता। फूल खिलता है किंतु कुछ समय पश्चात वह मुरझा जाता है लेकिन कविता तो भावों की महक के लिए रहती है और बिना मुरझाए सदा प्रभाव डालती रहती है।

प्रश्न 13.
कवि ने ‘कविता के बहाने’ कविता को किसके समान और क्यों माना है?
उत्तर
कवि ने कविता को बच्चों के खेल के समान माना है। कविता की अपनी कोई सीमा नहीं होती है। इसी प्रकार बच्चों के खेल और सपनों की भी कोई सीमा नहीं होती है। वे अपने भावी जीवन की ओर उड़ान भरते हैं। कविता भी शब्दों का ऐसा अनूठा खेल है, जिस पर किसी का कोई बंधन नहीं है।

प्रश्न 14.
कवि ने कविता की तुलना फूलों से न करने की बात क्यों कही है?
उत्तर
फूल खिलते हैं, कुछ देर में मुरझा भी जाते हैं अर्थात वे सूखकर मिट जाते हैं, जबकि कविता में व्यप्त मधुर भाव कभी समाप्त नहीं होते। वे मधुर भाव तो सब जगह व्याप्त रहते हैं। वे सभी के हृदय में जीवन जीने की चाह उत्पन्न करते हैं। फूलों की महक और सुंदरता की तुलना किसी भी प्रकार की कविता से नहीं जा सकती।

प्रश्न 15.
‘कविता के बहाने’ कविता का प्रतिपाद्य लिखिए।
उत्तर
‘कविता के बहाने’ कुँवर नारायण की एक उद्देश्यपूर्ण कविता है। वैसे तो कुँवर की यह कविता एक यात्रा है जो चिड़िया, फूल एवं बालकों के खेल तक जाती है। कवि ने एक ओर जहाँ चिड़िया की उड़ान की सीमा को निश्चित माना है, फूलों की सुगंध एक समय सीमा तक मानी है, वहीं दूसरी ओर कविता में व्याप्त भावों की गति को अत्यंत व्यापक बताया है।
कवि के अनुसार कविता अपनी रचनात्मक ऊर्जा से घर, समय, भाषा एवं स्थान की सभी सीमाओं का तोड़ देने की प्रबल क्षमता रखती है।

प्रश्न 16.
कवि ने कविता और बच्चों में क्या समानता बताई है?
अथवा
‘कविता के बहाने’ कविता में कविता और बच्चे को समानांतर रखने के क्या कारण हो सकते हैं? (C.B.S.E. 2018)
उत्तर
कवि ने कविता और बच्चों में समानता बताई है कि कविता और बच्चे दोनों ही ऊँच-नीच, छोटे-बड़े, अपने-पराए, जात-पात आदि का भेदभाव नहीं जानते। ये दोनों सभी के हृदय में प्रेम-भाव समान रूप से उजागर करते हैं। कविता के भाव और बालकों के खेल अपनी ओर सभी को आकर्षित कर लेते हैं।

प्रश्न 17.
‘बात सीधी थी पर’ कविता में कवि ने मुख्य रूप से क्या कहना चाहा है?
उत्तर
‘बात सीधी थी पर’ कविता में कवि में कवि ने कथ्य और माध्यम के द्वंद्व को प्रस्तुत करते हुए कथ्य को स्पष्ट करने के लिए आडंबरपूर्ण शब्दावली के स्थान पर भाषा के सहज प्रयोग पर बल दिया है।

प्रश्न 18.
कवि कुंवर नारायण की भाषा-शैली पर प्रकाश डालिए।
उत्तर
कवि ने ‘कविता के बहाने’ और ‘बात सीधी थी पर’ अपनी इन दोनों कविताओं में सामान्य बोलचाल की भाषा खड़ी बोली का सहज प्रयोग किया है। कवि ने अपनी दोनों कविताओं में तत्सम, तद्भव-युक्त शब्दावली का प्रयोग किया है।

कवि ने प्रसाद गुण का सहज स्वभाविक प्रयोग किया है। इसी कारण उनकी भाषा सरल, सहज एवं भावानुकूल बन पड़ी है। कवि ने दोनों ही कविताओं को छंद-रहित लिखा है। प्रतीकात्मकता एवं व्यंजनात्मकता सर्वत्र विद्यमान है। कवि ने दोनों ही कविताओं को उपदेशात्मक शैली में लिखा है।

प्रश्न 19.
कविता ‘बात सीधी थी पर’ में कवि की बात कहाँ और कैसे फंस गई?
उत्तर
‘बात सीधी थी पर’ कुँवर नारायण की एक उद्देश्यपूर्ण कविता है। कवि ने अपनी इस कविता में अपनी सीधी, सरल एवं आसान बात को प्रकट करके सभी लोगों से प्रशंसा पानी चाही है। लेकिन प्रशंसा पाने के चक्कर में उसे शब्दों का झूठा जाल भी बुनना पड़ा, जिस जाल में वह स्वयं फंसता चला गया। इसी कारण वह अपनी बात को कहने के लिए बनाए गए शब्द-जाल में फंस कर रह गया।

सप्रसंग व्याख्या, अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

1. कविता एक उड़ान है चिड़िया के बहाने
कविता की उड़ान भला चिड़िया क्या जाने
बाहर भीतर
इस घर, उस घर
कविता के पंख लगा उड़ने के माने
चिडिया क्या जाने? (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper) (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi, 2013, Set-1)

शब्दार्थ : माने-मायने, अर्थ।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ आरोह भाग-2 में संकलित कविता ‘कविता के बहाने’ से ली गई हैं जिसके रचयिता श्री कुँवर नारायण हैं। कविता को मन की उड़ान स्वीकार किया जाता है। कोई चिड़िया भी उड़ती है पर चिड़िया और कविता की उड़ान एकसमान नहीं है। इन दोनों में बहुत बड़ा अंतर है।

व्याख्या : कवि कहता है कि कविता एक उड़ान है। वह किसी चिड़िया की उड़ान के बहाने व्यक्त तो हो सकती है लेकिन कविता में निहित भावों की उड़ान में जो गुण और व्यापकता विद्यमान है, वह भला चिड़िया की सीमित उड़ान में कैसे संभव हो सकती है।

चिड़िया तो एक घर से दूसरे घर, बाहर से भीतर या भीतर से बाहर ही उड़ान भरती है। उसकी उड़ान की सीमा बँधी रहती है लेकिन कवि के मन में उत्पन्न होने वाले भावों की कोई सीमा नहीं है। भावों के पंख तो असीम दूरी तथा अनंत ऊँचाई तक उड़ान भर सकते हैं। कविता के द्वारा पंख लगाकर उड़ने का अर्थ तो किसी भी सीमा में न बँधना है। भला एक चिड़िया क्या जाने कि कविता की उड़ान में कितनी व्यापकता है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. इस अवतरण के कवि तथा कविता का नाम लिखिए।
2. ‘कविता एक उड़ान है’ पंक्ति में निहित भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
3. कविता पंख लगाकर कहाँ-कहाँ उड़ सकती है?
4. ‘चिड़िया क्या जाने?’ में निहित व्यंग्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
5. इस अवतरण का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
6. कविता की तुलना चिड़िया से क्यों की गई है? (Delhi C.B.S.E. 2016)
7. चिड़िया कविता की उड़ान को क्यों नहीं समझ सकती?
उत्तर
1. इस अवतरण के कवि का नाम श्री कुँवर नारायण तथा कविता का नाम ‘कविता के बहाने’ है।
2. इस पंक्ति का भाव यह है कि कविता एक उड़ान की तरह समकालीन समाज का यथार्थ चित्रण करने के लिए अपनी उड़ान भरती रहती है।
3. कविता पंख लगाकर आंतरिक मन, बाह्य समाज, परिदृश्य तथा इस घर से उस घर तक उड़ सकती है।
4. कवि का कथन है कि जो उड़ान कविता भर सकती है तथा जिस स्थान पर वह जा सकती है, उस स्थान पर चिड़िया कभी नहीं जा
5. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• कवि ने कविता में अपार संभावनाओं को प्रकट किया है। कवि की कल्पना सीमा-रहित हो सकती है। तभी तो कहा जाता है-जहाँ न पहुँचे रवि, वहाँ पहुँचे कवि।
• मुक्त छंद का प्रयोग है पर कवि ने तुक का प्रयोग कर लय उत्पन्न करने का प्रयत्न किया है।
• प्रश्न शैली ने नाटकीयता की सृष्टि की है।
• खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग है जिसमें तद्भव शब्दावली की अधिकता है।
• प्रसाद गुण की प्रधानता है।
• शांत रस विद्यमान है।
• लाक्षणिकता के प्रयोग ने कवि के कथन को गहनता प्रदान की है।
• अनुप्रास और मानवीकरण अलंकारों का सहज प्रयोग किया गया है।

6. कविता की तुलना चिड़िया से इसलिए की गई है क्योंकि कविता और चिड़िया में कुछ-न-कुछ समानता होती है। चिड़िया हवा में उड़ान भरती है और कविता कवि की कल्पना में उड़ान भरती है। उड़ती चिड़िया आँखों को लुभाती है और सुनाई गई कविता इनसानी मन-मस्तिष्क को अच्छी लगती है।
7. चिड़िया कविता की उड़ान को इसलिए नहीं समझ सकती क्योंकि चिड़िया की उड़ान सीमित होती है।

2. कविता एक खिलना है फूलों के बहाने
कविता का खिलना भला फूल क्या जाने के
बाहर भीतर
इस घर, उस घर
बिना मुरझाए महकने के माने
फूल क्या जाने? (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper)

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक आरोह भाग-2 में संकलित ‘कविता के बहाने’ से ली गई हैं जिसके रचयिता श्री कुंवर नारायण हैं। कवि का मानना है कि कविता का विषय चाहे कोई हो, पर कविता हर विषय से बढ़कर होती है। कविता में चाहे फूलों के खिलने का वर्णन हो पर कविता तो उससे बढ़कर ही होती है।

व्याख्या : कवि कहता है किसी कविता में सुंदर फूलों के खिलने का वर्णन हो सकता है, उनकी शोभा का उल्लेख हो सकता है पर वास्तव में कविता की सुंदरता को फूलों का खिलना नहीं समझा जा सकता। फूल खिलते हैं, कुछ देर महकते हैं और फिर मुरझा जाते हैं। वे सूख कर मिट जाते हैं पर कविता के मधुर भाव तो कभी नहीं मुरझाते।

वे मधुर भाव तो बाहर-भीतर, इस घर में, उस घर में, सब जगह व्याप्त रहते हैं। सब के हृदय में जीने की चाह उत्पन्न करते हैं। फूलों की महक और सुंदरता की तुलना किसी भी प्रकार कविता से नहीं की जा सकती।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. कविता क्या है?
2. फूल क्या नहीं जानता?
3. उपर्युक्त पद्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
4. कविता के खिलने और फूलों के खिलने में क्या साम्य-वैषम्य है? (Delhi C.B.S.E. 2016)
5. काव्यांश के आधार पर कविता के दो लक्षणों को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. कविता की रचना ठीक वैसे ही जैसे फूलों का खिलना।
2. फूल कविता का खिलना नहीं जानता। उसे हर जगह कविता की तरह प्रवेश करना तथा बिना मुरझाए महकना नहीं आता।
3. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• कवि ने कविता की व्यापकता और महत्व का प्रतीकात्मक प्रस्तुतीकरण किया है।
• मक्त छंद का प्रयोग है। कवि ने तक का प्रयोग किया है।
• अनुप्रास और मानवीकरण अलंकारों का सहज-स्वाभाविक प्रयोग किया गया है।
• प्रसाद गुण विद्यमान है।
• लाक्षणिकता ने भावों को गहनता प्रदान की है।
• शांत रस है।
• खड़ी बोली के प्रयोग में तद्भव शब्दावली की अधिकता है।
• प्रश्न-शैली ने नाटकीयता की सृष्टि की है।

4. कविता का खिलना असीमित होता है। कविता एक बार खिलकर बिना मुरझाए सदैव महकती है जबकि फूल का खिलना सीमित है। यह सूर्योदय के समय खिलता और सूर्यास्त के समय मुरझा जाता है।

5. कविता की उड़ान असीमित होती है। कविता बिना मुरझाए महकती रहती है।

3. कविता एक खेल है बच्चों के बहाने
बाहर भीतर
यह घर, वह घर सब घर एक कर देने के माने
बच्चा ही जाने। (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper)

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत अवतरण श्री कुँवर नारायण द्वारा रचित कविता ‘कविता के बहाने’ से अवतरित किया गया है जिसे हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक आरोह भाग-2 में संकलित किया गया है। कविता की रचना कवि के हृदय की कोमल पुकार होती है। वह अपने आप में एक नया संसार होता है। वह छोटे बच्चों के खेल की तरह होती है जो किसी बंधन में बंधी हुई नहीं होती। उसका संबंध तो सबसे होता है, हर काल से होता है, हर स्थान से होता है।

व्याख्या : कवि कहता है कि कविता को किसी बहाने की आवश्यकता नहीं होती। वह तो बच्चों के खेल की तरह है जो कभी भी, कहीं भी, किसी भी स्थान पर प्रकट हो जाती है। बच्चे अपने खेल में मग्न हो बाहर-भीतर की परवाह नहीं करते। वे इस घर से उस घर में, हर घर में अपने खेल का स्थान ढूँढ़ लेते हैं, उसी प्रकार कविता अतीत के, वर्तमान के, भविष्य के प्रसंगों को प्रकट कर लेती है।

वह हर समय के भावों को व्यक्त कर लेती है। कविता की रचनात्मकता में तो अपूर्व ऊर्जा छिपी हुई है। वह किसी भी बंधन में बँधती नहीं है। वह बच्चों के खेल की तरह बेपरवाह है। वह बच्चे के खेल की तरह किसी एक स्थान से बँधी हुई नहीं है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. कविता क्या है?
2. सभी घरों को एक समान करने के बहाने कौन जानता है?
3. इस काव्यांश के कवि तथा कविता का नाम बताएँ।
4. उपर्युक्त काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. कविता एक खेल है।
2. सभी घरों को एक समान करने के बहाने बच्चा ही जानता है।
3. इस काव्यांश के कवि का नाम श्री कुँवर नारायण है। इस काव्यांश की कविता का नाम ‘कविता के बहाने’ है।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• कवि ने कविता की रचनात्मक व्यापकता को प्रकट किया है जो किसी भी सीमा में बँधकर नहीं रहती।
• खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग किया गया है जिसमें सामान्य बोल-चाल के शब्दों की अधिकता है।
• प्रसाद गुण है।
• लक्षणा शब्द-शक्ति ने कवि के कथन को गहनता-गंभीरता प्रदान की है।
• प्रतीकात्मकता विद्यमान है।
• अनुप्रास का प्रयोग है।
• मुक्त छंद का प्रयोग है पर कवि ने लयात्मकता हेतु तुक का प्रयोग भी किया है।
• शांत रस है।

4. बात सीधी थी पर एक बार
भाषा के चक्कर में
ज़रा टेढ़ी फंस गई।
उसे पाने की कोशिश में
भाषा को उलटा-पलटा
तोड़ा मरोड़ा घमाया फिराया
कि बात या तो बने
या फिर भाषा से बाहर आए
लेकिन इससे भाषा के साथ-साथ
बात और भी पेचीदा होती चली गई। (C.B.S.E. Delhi 2008,C.B.S.E. Sample Paper-1, 2010 Set-1, 2011 Set-III)

शब्दार्थ : सीधी-सरल, सहज। पेचीदा-कठिन, मुश्किल।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ कुँवर नारायण द्वारा रचित कविता ‘बात सीधी थी पर’ से ली गई हैं। इस कविता में कवि ने कथ्य और माध्यम के वंद्व को प्रस्तुत करते हुए भाषा के सहज प्रयोग पर बल दिया है।

व्याख्या : कवि कहता है कि जब भी कवि अपनी सीधी-सादी भावनाओं को व्यक्त करना चाहता है तो भाषा के चक्कर में फंसकर वह अपनी बात को सहज रूप से कह नहीं पाता जिससे उसकी बात बिगड़ जाती है। वह फिर से कोशिश करता है और भाषा के नए-नए शब्दों को उलट-पुलट और तोड़-मरोड़ कर प्रयोग करता है अर्थात भाषा में अनेक प्रकार के परिवर्तन करता है कि किसी प्रकार से उसकी बात बन जाए परंतु भाषा के आडंबरपूर्ण प्रयोगों से उसकी बात स्पष्ट न होकर और अधिक उलझती गई तथा उसे समझना और भी अधिक कठिन हो गया। वह कथ्य को जितना अधिक सहज बनाना चाहता था, भाषा के जाल में उलझ कर वह और भी अधिक असहज हो गई।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. बात किसके चक्कर में कैसे फैंस गई?
2. यहाँ कवि किसको पाने की कोशिश करता है?
3. बात को प्राप्त करने के लिए कवि को क्या करना पड़ा?
4. बात बाहर निकलने की बजाय कैसी हो गई?
5. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. बात भाषा के चक्कर में टेढ़ी फँस गई।
2. यहाँ कवि टेढ़ी फँसी हुई बात को पुनः पाने की कोशिश करता है।
3. बात को प्राप्त करने के लिए कवि ने भाषा को उलटा-पलटा, उसे तोड़ा-मरोड़ा तथा अनेक तरह से घुमाया-फिराया।
4. बात बाहर निकलने की अपेक्षा और अधिक पेचीदा हो गई।
5. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• कवि का मानना है कि जब कोई रचनाकार अपनी बात को चमत्कारपूर्ण शब्दावली के माध्यम से व्यक्त करना चाहता है तो उसकी बात स्पष्ट होने के स्थान पर और भी अधिक उलझती जाती है।
• सहज, सरल, व्यावहारिक, प्रवाहमयी भाषा है।
• अनुप्रास तथा पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश अलंकार है।
• मुक्त छंद की रचना है।
• मुहावरे का सहज भाव से प्रयोग किया गया है।
• लाक्षणिकता का गुण विद्यमान है।

5. सारी मुश्किल को धैर्य से समझे बिना
मैं पेंच को खोलने के बजाए
उसे बेतरह कसता चला जा रहा था
क्योंकि इस करतब पर मुझे
साफ़ सुनाई दे रही थी
तमाशबीनों की शाबाशी और वाह वाह!
आखिरकार वही हुआ जिसका मुझे डर था
जोर जबरदस्ती से बात की चूड़ी मर गई (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper-I)
और वह भाषा में बेकार घूमने लगी।  (A.I. C.B.S.E. 2009, 2010 Set-1, 2011 Set-III, 2012 Set-1)

शब्दार्थ : मुश्किल-कठिनता। बेतरह-अनुचित रूप से। पेंच-ऐसा कौल जिसके आधे भाग पर चूड़ियाँ बनी होती हैं; घुमाव, चक्कर, उलझन। धैर्य-धीरता, चित्त को स्थिर रखना। करतब-कार्य, करामात।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ कुँवर नारायण द्वारा रचित कविता ‘बात सीधी थी पर’ से ली गई हैं। इस कविता में कवि ने कथ्य और माध्यम के वंद्व को प्रस्तुत करते हुए कथ्य को स्पष्ट करने के लिए भाषा के सहज प्रयोग पर बल दिया है।

व्याख्या : कवि कहता है कि वह जब भी कोई बात कहने लगता है शब्द-जाल में उलझकर उसकी बात और भी उलझ जाती है। अपने कथ्य की विभिन्न कठिनाइयों को धीरता से समझे बिना वह उलझन को और अधिक उलझाता जाता है। जैसे कि किसी पेंच को जबरदस्ती कसा जाए और वह ढीली पड़ जाएँ।

मेरे इस प्रकार के भाषा के प्रयोगों पर मुझे सुनने वाले मेरे कथ्य को समझे बिना ही मेरे शब्द-चयन पर ही मुझे शाबाशी देने लगते हैं तथा मेरे शब्दाडंबर की प्रशंसा करने लगते हैं। इससे यही होता है कि जैसे पेंच के साथ ज़बरदस्ती करने से उसकी चूड़ियाँ समाप्त हो जाती हैं, उसी प्रकार से मेरी जो बात है उसका प्रभाव समाप्त हो जाता है और वह मात्र शब्दों का जाल बनकर रह जाती है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. इस काव्यांश के कवि तथा कविता का नाम बताएँ।
2. कवि क्या करतब कर रहा था?
3. कवि को करतब करते समय कौन लोग और क्या दे रहे थे?
4. कवि के करतब में आखिरकार क्या हुआ? (Delhi C.B.S.E. 2016)
5. उपर्युक्त काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. इस काव्यांश के कवि का नाम श्री कुँवर नारायण है तथा कविता का नाम ‘बात सीधी थी पर’ है।
2. कवि सारी मुश्किलों को समझे बिना पेंच को बेतरह कसता चला जा रहा था।
3. कवि को करतब करते समय तमाशबीन लोग अपनी शाबाशी और वाह-वाही दे रहे थे।
4. कवि के करतब में आखिरकार बात के साथ जोर जबरदस्ती करने से उसकी चूड़ी मर गई और वह भाषा में बेकार घूमने लगी।
5. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• कवि का मानना है कि जब अपनी बात को सहज भाव से व्यक्त नहीं किया जाता तो वह बात प्रभावहीन हो जाती है।
• भाषा सहज, सरल, तद्भव तथा विदेशी शब्दों से युक्त है।
• अनुप्रास तथा पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश अलंकार हैं।
• मुक्त छंद की रचना है।
• लाक्षणिकता विद्यमान है।
• बिंब विधान के द्वारा कथन में वक्रता उत्पन्न की गई है।

6. हार कर मैंने उसे कील की तरह
उसी जगह ठोंक दिया।
ऊपर से ठीक ठाक
पर अंदर से
न तो उसमें कसाव था
न ताकत।
बात ने, जो एक शरारती बच्चे की तरह
मुझसे खेल रही थी,
मुझे पसीना पोंछते देखकर
पूछा”क्या तुमने भाषा को
सहूलियत से बरतना कभी नहीं सीखा?” (C.B.S.E. Delhi 2008,A.L.C.B.S.E. 2009, 2011 Set-III, 2012 Set-I,A.L.C.B.S.E. 2016,C.B.S.E.Outside Delhi 2013, Set-1)

शब्दार्थ : कसाव-कसने का भाव, खिचाव, गहराई, गठन। बरतना-व्यवहार में लाना। सहूलियत-सहजता।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ कुँवर नारायण द्वारा रचित कविता ‘बात सीधी थी पर’ से ली गई हैं। इस कविता में कवि ने कथ्य और माध्यम के द्वंद्व को प्रस्तुत करते हुए कथ्य को स्पष्ट करने के लिए आडंबरपूर्ण शब्दावली के स्थान पर भाषा के सहज प्रयोग पर बल दिया है।

व्याख्या : कवि कहता है कि जब उससे उसकी बात स्पष्ट न हो सकी तथा और भी अधिक उलझती गई तो उसने उसे उसी स्थान पर वैसे ही छोड़ दिया जैसे पेंच की चूड़ियाँ मर जाने पर उसे कील की तरह उसी स्थान पर ठोंक दिया जाता है। ऐसी स्थिति में ऊपर से सब कुछ सुंदर और आकर्षक लगता है परंतु उसमें सहज रूप से कसाव और ताकत नहीं आ पाती। आडंबरपूर्ण शब्दावली से वाह-वाही तो मिल जाती है परंतु बात स्पष्ट नहीं हो पाती।

इसलिए जब मैं अपनी बात को स्पष्ट न कर सका तो एक शरारती बच्चे के समान मुझसे खेलने वाली बात ने मुझे पसीना पोंछते देखकर मुझसे पूछा कि क्या मैंने भाषा को सहजता से व्यवहार में लाना नहीं सीखा है? वह जानना चाहता था कि मैं शब्दजाल में फंस कर क्यों अपनी बात को उलझाता गया जबकि सहज, सरल भाषा में अपनी बात कहकर मैं सबको अपनी बात समझा सकता था।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. कवि किससे हार गया और उसने क्या किया?
2. बात का स्वरूप कैसा था?
3. बात कवि के साथ कैसे खेल रही थी?
4. बात ने कवि से क्या पूछा?
5. इस अवतरण के काव्य-सौंदर्य पर प्रकाश डालिए।
6. बात की चूड़ी मरने का भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
7. ‘बात को कील की तरह ठोंकना’ क्या है? ऐसा क्यों किया जाता है?
8. टिप्पणी कीजिए कि बात और भाषा परस्पर जुड़े होते हैं।
9. भाषा में कसाव न हो तो क्या परिणाम होगा?
उत्तर
1. कवि बात से हार गया। उसने हारकर उसे एक कील के समान उसी जगह ठोंक दिया।
2. बात ऊपर से तो ठीक-ठाक थी लेकिन अंदर से न तो उसमें कसाव था और न ही ताकत थी।
3. बात कवि के साथ एक शरारती बच्चे के समान खेल रही थी।
4. बात ने कवि से यह पूछा कि क्या तुमने भाषा को सहूलियत से बरतना कभी नहीं सीखा।
5. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• कवि का मानना है कि अच्छी कविता की रचना करने के लिए आडंबरपूर्ण शब्दावली को चुनने की आवश्यकता नहीं होती बल्कि सहज भाषा के प्रयोग से ही अच्छी कविता की रचना होती है।
• भाषा सहज, सरल, भावपूर्ण तथा तद्भव और विदेशी शब्दों से युक्त है।
• मानवीकरण और अनुप्रास अलंकार हैं।
• मुक्त छंद की रचना है।
• लाक्षणिकता का गुण विद्यमान है।
• आकर्षक बिंब विधान की योजना की गई है।
• मुहावरों का सहज रूप से प्रभावशाली प्रयोग किया गया है।

6. इस कथन का भाव है-बात का प्रभावहीन हो जाना। बार-बार परिवर्तन से बात प्रभावहीन हो जाती है।
7. बात में कसावट अथवा गंभीरता न होना। ऐसा इसलिए किया जाता है कि बात की कसावट कम हो जाती है।
8. बात को प्रकट करने के लिए भाषा की आवश्यकता पड़ती है। बिना भाषा के बात अधूरी बनकर रह जाती है। इस प्रकार बात और भाषा का अनूठा संबंध है।
9. भाषा में कसाव न हो तो वह आपका उद्देश्य पूर्ण नहीं कर पाएगी वह प्रभावहीन, कमजोर, व्यर्थ और निरर्थक बन जाएगी।

Here we are providing Class 12 Sociology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 3 The Story of Indian Democracy. Sociology Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 3 Important Extra Questions The Story of Indian Democracy

The Story of Indian Democracy Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Which type of state in India?
Answer:
India is a welfare state whose main aim is to work for the welfare of the people.

Question 2.
What is a Constitution?
Answer:
The constitution is a legal book or document in which ways and systems to administer the country are written.

Question 3.
What is a State?
Answer:
The state is that group in which different legislative institutions running in that society, are known by their name and has a definite territory in which it has complete right to use the physical aspect of power.

Question 4.
Who becomes the chairman of the Planning Commission?
Answer:
As per the Constitution of India, every Prime Minister of India becomes the Chairman of the Planning Commission.

Question 5.
What is the main aim of the Five Year Plans?
Answer:
The main aim of the Five Year Plans is to carry out all-round development of the country and give money to the states according to their expenditure for development works. It leads to the social and economic development of the country.

Question 6.
What is a welfare state?
Answer:
A welfare state is a that state which takes the responsibility for the welfare of the citizens.

Question 7.
Which type of role is played by the welfare state?
Answer:
The welfare state plays an important role in the welfare of the people of the country. It works for the economic development of weaker sections and backward classes of the country. It makes laws for women and children so that no one gets exploited.

Question 8.
What is Planning?
Answer:
Planning is a system on the basis of which steps are being taken for the achievement of personal or social objectives.

Question 9.
What is Social Planning?
Answer:
Social Planning is that system or method with the help of which steps are taken for the solution of different types of social and cultural problems of the society.

Question 10.
What is Economic Planning?
Answer:
It is that plan or program in which steps are being taken for the development of an economic aspect of all the sectors like agriculture, business, communication, transport, etc.

Question 11.
What is the need for Social Planning in our country?
Answer:
People of many religions and castes live in our country. Social planning is very much necessary to bring them closer to each other and to solve those problems which arise from their conflict of interests.

Question 12.
When did the Indian Constitution come into force?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution came into force on 26th January 1950 when our country became a Republic.

Question 13.
Who was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee.

Question 14.
How many fundamental rights are given to the Indian citizens?
Answer:
Six fundamental rights are provided to the citizens of India.

Question 15.
What is the difference between State and Government?
Answer:
The state is permanent and no one can overturn it whereas government is temporary which comes into power only for five years. There are certain objectives of the state and the government is a means to achieve those objectives.

Question 16.
What is meant by Panchayati Raj?
Answer:
Panchayat means a group of paths or the association of five persons. The meaning of Panchayati Raj can be understood on the basis of the administration of five persons. It is also known as the local self-government.

Question 17.
State the three levels of Panchayati Raj.
Answer:
Panchayati Raj has three levels:

1. Panchayat at the village level
2. Panchayat Samiti at the block level
3. Zila Parishad at the district level.

Question 18.
What is Law?
Answer:
That system of rules which is implemented by the government on the citizens of the country is known as the law.

Question 19.
Who makes laws for the country?
Answer:
Parliament makes laws for the country and State Legislative assembly makes laws for the state.

Question 20.
When was Panchayati Raj System implemented in India?
Answer:
Panchayati Raj System was implemented in India in 1959.

Question 21.
Which problems were there in the ancient Panchayati Raj System?
Answer:

1. There was a lack of regular elections.
2. Panchayats had no financial means.
3. People had no interest in these institutions.
4. These institutions were under the complete control of government officials.

Question 22.
How many types of laws are there?
Answer:
Laws are of two types:

1. Civil laws
2. Criminal laws.

Question 23.
What is Gram Sabha?
Answer:
Gram Sabha is formed at the village level and is the base of Panchayati Raj. All the adult males and females of the village are the members of Gram Sabha and these people or members of Gram Sabha from the Panchayat.

Question 24.
Name three sources of income for Panchayats.
Or
What are the main sources of income for Panchayat? (C.B.S.E. 2012, 2013)
Or
What are the sources of revenue for panchayats? Give examples. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (O.D.))
Answer:

• Grants are given by the government.
• Income from the tax imposed on residents.
• Income from the land of Panchayat.

Question 26.
Give four functions of Village Panchayat.
Answer:

1. Arrangement of clean and pure drinking water for the village.
2. Building roads for the village.
3. Arrangement of the cleanliness of the village.
4. Arrangement of electricity for the village.

Question 27.
Give three means of income of Panchayat Samiti.
Answer:

1. Grants are given by the government.
2. Income from fairs arranged by it.
3. Income from markets arranged by it in its area.

Question 28.
Give two functions of Panchayat Samiti.
Answer:

1. Making plans for the development of its area and applying those plans.
2. Checking the functioning of Panchayats falling in its jurisdiction.

Question 29.
State two means of income of Zila Parishad.
Answer:

1. Grants are given by the government.
2. Income from its property.
3. A portion of taxes collected from its area.

Question 30.
Give two functions of Zila Parishad.
Answer:

1. Checking the functions of all Panchayat Samitis falling in its area.
2. Checking the developmental works of the area.

Question 31.
Give any three functions of Panchayati Raj institutions.
Answer:

1. Arrangement of clean drinking water and electricity.
2. Development of poultry, piggery, fishing in its area.
3. Arrangement of roads, bridges, etc., in its area.

Question 32.
What is the term of Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
According to the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, Gram Panchayat is elected for five years.

Question 33.
How many members of Gram Panchayat are there?
Answer:
There is no definite number of members of Gram Panchayat. Their number is different in different states. For example, the number of members of Gram Panchayat is from 6 to 20 in Haryana.

Question 34.
How are the members and chairman of Gram Panchayat elected?
Answer:
A direct election system exists in India to elect the representatives of the people. In this way, Panch and Sarpanchs are also directly elected by the people.

Question 35.
Who implements plannings made by Panchayat Samiti?
Answer:
Plannings of Panchayat Samiti are implemented by the Block Development Officer.

Question 36.
What is the qualification to become a member of Gram Panchayat?
Answer:

1. A person should be not less than 21 years of age.
2. He should be a citizen of India.
3. He should not hold any office of profit and should not be declared bankrupt.

Question 37.
What is Liberalisation?
Answer:
Removing certain restrictions from a controlled economy is known as liberalization. This makes the economy more competitive, open, and progressive.

Question 38.
What is Privatisation?
Answer:
Socialist and democratic countries have a mixed economy. This type of economy has public enterprises that are under the direct control of the government. Sometimes, the government gives control of these public enterprises to private parties so that they can earn more and more profit. This process is known as privatization.

Question 39.
What is meant by Fundamental rights?
Answer:
Indian citizens are provided with certain basic rights by the Constitution and these rights are known as fundamental rights. These rights are a must for a person to live a better life which is why they are known as fundamental rights.

Question 40.
Name the six fundamental rights provided to the Indian citizens.
Answer:

1. Right to Equality
2. Right to Freedom
3. Right against Exploitation
4. Right to Religious Freedom
5. Cultural and Educational Rights
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Question 41.
What is the Right to Constitutional Remedies?
Answer:
Every citizen has the right to go directly to the Supreme Court for the protection and application of his fundamental rights. If anyone thinks that either the government or anyone else is taking away his fundamental rights then he can go to the court to protect the same. It is known as the Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Question 42.
What are Interest Groups?
Answer:
These are organized or unorganized groups that try to influence government policies and promote its interests. They have some of the objectives and exert pressure on the government to achieve these objectives. They never contest the elections but always control the power indirectly.

Question 43.
“In Indian nationalism, the dominant trend was marked by an inclusive and a democratic vision.” What do you understand by the words ‘inclusive’ and ‘democratic’ in this statement? (C.B.S.E. (O.D.))
Answer:
In the above statement “inclusive” and “democratic” means

1. Inclusive because it recognized diversity and plurality.
2. Democratic because it sought to do away with discrimination and exclusion and bring forth a just and equitable society.

The Story of Indian Democracy Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
State the main features of the Panchayati Raj system.
Answer:

1. Panchayati Raj system has a three-tier structure.
2. Gram Sabha plays the most important role in it.
3. Members of its institutions are elected directly by the people.
4. Some seats of its institutions are reserved for scheduled castes, tribes, and women.
5. The financial powers and functions of Panchayati Raj institutions are distributed.

Question 2.
Name the types of laws given by Maclver.
Answer:

1. National Law
2. International Law
3. Constitutional Law
4. Ordinary Law
5. Public Law
6. Private Law
7. General Law
8. Administration Law.

Question 3.
What is the importance of Decentralisation in India?
Answer:
Decentralization refers to the distribution or division of powers from top to bottom. Decentralization is of great importance in India because India is a democratic country. One of the important conditions of democracy is the people’s participation in politics and it is only possible when there will be elections at every level. Representatives will be elected by the people through these elections. If elected, they will need powers. They will get the powers from the top which is possible if there is the decentralization of powers instead of centralization. Our country is facing many types of problems and these could be solved if power is given to concerned people of local areas.

Question 4.
Give any four features of a Decentralised system.
Answer:

1. The administrative system becomes popular in this system because this system gives equal chances to everyone to gain power. People’s participation is possible with the spread of democracy.
2. Decisions are taken very quickly in a decentralized system. In the absence of this system, the decision-making process will take a lot of time. On the other hand, decentralization hardly requires higher officials to make decisions as the powers are distributed to the lower levels as well.
3. There is flexibility in administration through this process. Officials have complete freedom in their jurisdiction. They work for the people and take decisions on the spot.
4. There is hardly any pressure of work on the officials. If this process is absent then higher officials will be burdened and lower officials would remain without any work. So this process divides all the functions at different levels.

Question 5.
Give four demerits of a decentralized system.
Answer:

1. This system lacks uniformity in administration. Higher officials give directions of work to lower officials who change it according to time and needs which is why differences arise in their work.
2. Another demerit of this system is that it increases expenditure. The government will have to bear all the expenses of officials, their pay, workplace, offices, etc., which sums up to a hefty amount.
3. It is a danger for national interests. Officials start to solve and think about local problems and hardly care about the national interests.
4. This system lacks control of the center. Officials work in their own way and many a time, they go beyond the policies of the central government.

Question 6.
What provisions are kept for women in the Constitution?
Answer:
Women constitute half of the total population of our country. Their status remained lower for ages and were considered as slaves of the house. That is why special provisions are kept in the Constitution for their welfare. Article 15 states that the state shall take care of the interests and security of women and shall provide special facilities to them. Article 39 states that males and females shall be given equal pay for equal work. Article 42 states that the state shall arrange for maternity help of women. Article 51 states that it is the duty of every Indian to give up those traditions which are against the dignity of women. By the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, one-third of the total seats are kept reserved for women in municipalities and Panchayati Raj institutions.

Question 7.
What provisions have been made for children in the Constitution?
Answer:
Children are also given special attention to different articles of the Constitution. Article 15 states that the state shall specially arrange for the security of the interests of children. It can provide them special facilities. Article 39 states that children should not do those works, due to economic problems, which could have an adverse impact on their age and health. That is why Government should make such a policy with which children could be protected from exploitation and moral and physical degradation. Article 45 states that the state shall arrange for free and compulsory education for children up to the age of 14 years.

Question 8.
What provisions have been made for scheduled tribes in the Constitution?
Answer:

1. Article 275 of the Constitution states that the state shall provide special grants for tribal welfare.
2. Article 325 has given the universal adult franchise to all the citizens of the country including the tribal people.
3. According to Article 330 and 332, 41 seats of the Lok Sabha and 527 seats of the state legislative assemblies are reserved for tribal people.
4. According to Article 335, 7.5% of the total seats in government jobs are reserved for tribal people.

Question 9.
What were the objectives of the First Five Year Plan?
Answer:
When the first five-year plan was started in 1951, India was facing economic problems due to the division of the country and the Second World War. That is why the following objectives were made in it:

1. The agricultural system of the country should be strengthened.
2. Agriculture of the country should be developed so that country should become self-dependent in food production.
3. To make more and more programs of social welfare.
4. To increase industrial development.
5. To concentrate on employment giving sectors.
6. To work for the rehabilitation of people.

45% of the total amount of the budget of this plan (1,960 crores) was spent on agriculture. The growth rate of this plan was projected at 2.2% but it reached the level of 3.7%.

Question 10.
Give some features of the 73rd Amendment of the Constitution.
Or
Give salient features of the Amended Act of 1992.
Answer:
In 1992, the 73rd Amendment of the Constitution was passed and some provisions were made in it for local governments. Some features or provisions of this amendment are given below:

1. Now there will be a three-tier system in the Panchayati Raj system and these are Panchayat for village level, Block Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level.
2. Now it has become mandatory to hold regular elections in all the local governments after every five years.
3. One-third of the total seats in local governments will be kept reserved for women.
4. Seats for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and other backward classes will be kept reserved in local governments according to the ratio of their population in that area.
5. An independent constitutional body, i.e., State Election Commission will conduct fair elections in all the local bodies.

Question 11.
Explain the three-tier system of Panchayati Raj.
Or
How Local Self Government works at the village level?
Answer:
73rd Amendment of the Constitution has provided the three-tier system for Panchayati Raj. At the village level, the basic unit of democracy is Gram Sabha which is the sabha of all the adults of the village. This Gram Sabha elects the Panchayat and Sarpanch of a village. Panchayat looks after the needs of the village. The Second level is the Block Samiti at the block level and all the panchayats of the block are its members. It looks after the work done by the Panchayats in the block. It has one chairman as well as many elected and ex-officio members. The third level of Panchayati Raj is Zila Parishad at the district level. All the Block Samitis of one district are its members. M.P., M.L.A., Commissioner, etc., are its ex-officio members. It also has some elected members. Zila Parishad looks after the work done by Panchayats and Block Samiti in the district.

Question 12.
What is Gram Sabha? What are its functions?
Answer:
Gram Sabha is a Sabha of the adults of the village and it elects the Sarpanch and Gram Panchayat by exercising its right of universal adult franchise. Gram Sabha does a number of functions like:

1. Gram Sabha elects Sarpanch, Panchayat, and its members.
2. Sarpanch produces the budget of Panchayat in Gram Sabha. It discusses that budget.
3. It decides on the developmental work done in the village.
4. It can ask questions to the members of Panchayat about any issue of village importance. ‘

Question 13.
What is the importance of Local Self government?
Answer:
In a democratic country like India, where a number of linguistic, ethnic, and religious groups live together, the local self-government is very important due to the following reasons:

1. The matters of local interest like water supply, cleaning, and lighting of streets, maintenance of drainage system, etc., are better understood by the local residents. Hence, there is a need for local self-government.
2. The knowledge gained in running the administration of local affairs proves to be a training ground for self-government.
3. Local functions are performed better by the local bodies at a low cost.

Question 14.
Write the functions of Panchayat.
Or
What powers and responsibilities have been delegated to the Panchayats? (C.B.S.E. 2011)
Or
What are the social welfare responsibilities of the Panchayats? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Or
State the social welfare responsibilities of panchayats. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:

1. An important function of Gram Panchayat is to uplift the social and economic life of the people.
2. Village panchayat tries to open schools in the village and motivates the people to send their children to schools.
3. Gram Panchayat also arranges for the means of recreation like films, festivals and opening up of library in the village.
4. Panchayat educates the people about new techniques of agriculture and it arranges for new seeds and developed fertilizers.
5. For the industrial development of the village, it also tries to establish any small- scale or college industry in the village.

Question 15.
What is Nyaya Panchayat? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
What are Nyaya Panchayats? What authority do they possess? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
The nature of two persons is not the same. That is why problems may arise between them. In this way, problems between villages may arise from time to time. Nyaya Panchayat stops and solves these problems. One Nyaya Panchayat is generally formed for 5-10 Gram Sabhas. Its members are elected and Sarpanch makes a committee consisting of 5 members. They have the right to ask questions to the Panchayat.

Question 16.
What is Panchayat Samiti or Block Samiti?
Answer:
Panchayats, coming in one block, are the members of Panchayat Samiti and Sarpanchs of these Panchayats are its members. Members of Panchayat Samiti are also elected. Panchayat Samiti takes care of the functions of the Panchayats which are coming in its area. It checks the developmental functions of the village and directs the Panchayat for the welfare of the village. It is the second level of Panchayati Raj.

Question 17.
What is Zila Parishad?
Answer:
The highest level of Panchayati Raj is Zila Parishad which takes care of the functions of the Panchayats which exist in its district. It is an executive institution. Chairman of Panchayat Samiti, elected members, members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and Legislative Assemblies are the members of Zila Parishad. All these take care of the developmental functions done in the villages of the district. Zila Parishad does many functions like improvement of agriculture, improvement of land, irrigation, rural electrification, the arrangement of seeds and fertilizers, education, industries, etc.

Question 18.
Write about the problems faced by the Panchayati Raj.
Answer:

1. People of villages are backward and believe in superstitions. They never accept change very quickly which is the biggest obstacle in the way of the Panchayati Raj institutions.
2. Villages lack good leaders. The elected leaders are generally dishonest. They only take care of their own development and hardly care about the development of the village.
3. Rural people are related to different religions, castes, etc. Members of Panchayat never take care of the whole village but they only think about the development of their own caste and religion which can be biased.
4. Good literate people shift to the cities to live due to which villages are lacking good literate leaders.
5. Government officials, Panchs, and Sarpanchs indulge in corrupt practices and hardly take care of the development of the villages.

Question 19.
What is a Sarpanch?
Answer:
The Head of the Gram Panchayat is known as Sarpanch or Chairperson. He is known by different names in different states like President, Sarpanch, Mukhiya, Pradhan, Sabhapati, etc. Sarpanch is directly elected in most of the states. It means that the voters of the village, who elect the members of the Panchayat, elect the Sarpanch of the village as well. Sarpanch presides over the meetings of Panchayat. He uses the money given by the government for the welfare of the village and tries for the all-round development of the village.

Question 20.
What are the sources of income of Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
1. Taxes. The first source of income of Panchayat is tax. It can collect only those taxes which are sanctioned by the government like property tax, animal tax, occupational tax, token tax, road tax, octroi tax, etc.

2. Fees and Fine tax. The second source of income of Panchayat is the fine and fees imposed by it. For example, fees for the use of Panchayat’s rest house, tax of lighting of streets and markets, water tax, etc. These are imposed only by those Panchayats which give these facilities.

3. Government Grants. The main source of income of Panchayats is the grants given by the government. The government gives different types of grants to apply the plans related to development made by them. Generally, some part of the land tax collected by the government is given to Panchayats like 15% in Punjab, 12.5% in U.P., etc. Panchayats of Bihar, Maharashtra, and Gujarat even collect land revenue on behalf of the government.

4. Mixed Sources. There are many other sources of income of Panchayats like income by selling waste of the village, income from panchayat land (hamlet), income from fairs, income from the property of the village, etc. Panchayats have a special source of income from a fishery in Andhra Pradesh and Punjab.

Question 21.
In a democratic form of government, political parties are key actors. Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:

1. There is no denying the fact that in a democratic form of government, political parties are key actors and they play the most important role in democracy.
2. Political parties could.be defined as the organizations oriented towards getting legitimate control of the government through the electoral process.
3. We cannot imagine democracy in the absence of political parties. It means that political parties are the backbone of democracy.
4. In a democratic system, political parties bring the interests of different groups in front so that their interests could be protected.

Question 22.
Could the RTI be a means of forcing the state to respond to the people of India? Elaborate. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Yes, RTI is a means of forcing the state to respond to the people of India in the following ways:

1. RTI enacted by the Parliament in India in 2005 gives the right to any citizen to seek information from a public authority.
2. Public authority should disseminate information as it leads to transparency.
3. One can get information about spending of government funds.
4. Citizens have a right to inspect documents, works, and records on public issues.

Question 23.
How is inequality a hurdle in the working of a democratic institution? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (O.D.))
Answer:
Inequality is a hurdle in the working of a democratic institution because :

1. Democratization is difficult to achieve in a society that is plural/diverse.
2. Certain members belonging to a particular group are included.
3. Decisions in developmental activities are made by a few leaving the rest.
4. Democratic measures do not work out in practice because inequality is a result of the structural features of the society.

The Story of Indian Democracy Important Extra Questions Essay Answer Type

Question 1.
Give main features of Panchayati Raj System according to the 73rd Constitutional Amendment.
Answer:
The new Panchayati Raj System was started in India. A bill of 73rd Constitutional Amendment was introduced in the Parliament to bring uniformity in the Panchayati Raj institutions of the whole of the country. It was passed by Lok Sabha on 22nd December 1992 and by Rajya Sabha on 23rd December 1992. It was also signed by the President of India on 23rd April 1993. The main features of new Panchayati Raj institutions are given below:
1. Three-Tier Structure. A three-tier structure of Panchayat was proposed for the whole country through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment. These three tiers are:
(a) Gram Panchayat (at village level)
(b) Panchayat Samiti (at block level)
(c) Zila Parishad (at district level)

2. Composition. Members of all three levels of the Panchayati Raj institution shall be determined by the state legislative assembly. Gram Panchayat, at the village level, shall have one Sarpanch and other members. The number of Panchs depends upon the state government. This number is different in different states.

3. Gram Sabha (Gram Sabha). All the adults of the villages are members of Gram Sabha which comes under one Panchayat. All these collectively form the Gram Sabha. Population for the establishment of Gram Sabha is different in different states.

4. Qualification of Members. Minimum age of 21 years is necessary to contest the election of Panchayati Raj institutions. Except this, the person should be eligible to contest the election of the State Legislative Assembly.

5. Direct Election. Members of Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad are directly elected by electorates through the election. The minimum age to give a vote is 18 years.

6. Election of Chairperson and Vice-Chairpersons. The Chairperson of Gram Panchayat (Sarpanch) is directly elected by the people through direct election. But chairperson and vice-chairpersons of Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad are indirectly elected. It means that the chairmen of Zila Parishad and Panchayat Samiti are elected by members of these institutions.

7. Tenure. The tenure of every level of Panchayati Raj institution is 5 years. This tenure starts with the first meeting of Panchayat.

8. Function and Powers. A number of functions are given to all three levels of Panchayati Raj and these functions are generally related to the overall development of their respective areas. Certain judicial powers are also given to them.

9. Reservation. Some seats are reserved for scheduled castes, tribes, and for women. Seats for scheduled castes and tribes at all levels are reserved according to their proportion of the population in that particular area. One-third (1/3) of the total seats are reserved for women (including S.C.’s and S.T.’s). Reserved seats are changed by state from time to time. Laws of reservation are also applicable to the posts of chairperson and deputy chairpersons.

Question 2.
What do you know about Gram Sabha? Explain it.
Answer:
Gram Sabha is the foundation of the new Panchayati system. A minimum of 18 years of age is required to become the members of Gram Sabha. All adults of the village, whose names are there in the voter list, are automatic members of Gram Sabha. Different states have made laws and fixed the number of members of Gram Sabha. A number of members of few states are given below:

1. Himachal Pradesh – 1500-4500
2. Haryana – 500-4500
3. Punjab – 200-4500

Session. It is necessary to call two sessions of Gram Sabha in one year. But when these should be called, this is determined by every state. For example, the session of Gram Sabha in Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan is called in summer and winter. Except for this special session of Gram Sabha can be called if one-fifth of the total members demand so. A quorum of sessions is one-tenth of the total members. That is why one-tenth of the total members are necessary for the session of Gram Sabha. The session is presided by the chairperson of Gram Panchayat and the chairperson of Gram Sabha is Sarpanch.

Functions of Gram Sabha. Its function is given below:

1. Gram Sabha passes its yearly budget according to its income.
2. One copy of the expenditure of Panchayat is being given to Gram Sabha so that it could be discussed in its session.
3. Gram panchayat can impose some sort of taxes but they should be sanctioned by Gram Sabha.
4. Gram Sabha elects Sarpanch of village panchayat and members of village panchayat as well,
5. Gram Sabha can remove Sarpanch from its post.

Except these, making plans for the development of its area, collection of money for public welfare works are some of its other functions.

Question 3.
What do you know about Gram Panchayat? Give briefly.
Or
What are Panchayats? What are some of their powers and responsibilities? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Gram Panchayat is at the lowest level of the three-tier structure of Panchayati Raj.
1. Composition. There is one Sarpanch and 5-13 members of Gram Panchayat and these members are known as Panch. The number of members of the Panchayat is determined according to the population of that state and it is determined by the state.

2. Direct Election. Sarpanch and panch of village panchayat are elected by members of Gram Sabha and they are elected through the process of direct election. All the members of panchayat are elected for the tenure of 5 years.

3. Reservation. Some seats of the total seats of Panchayat are reserved for scheduled castes and tribes and this number is according to their proportion of the population. Except this, one-third of the total seats are reserved for women.

4. Tenure. Tenure of Gram Panchayat is fixed for 5 years by the 73rd Constitutional amendment. But if the government thinks that any panchayat is not working properly then it can dissolve that panchayat. But re-election within six months is necessary.

5. Qualifications. Following qualifications are necessary to become a member of Gram Panchayat:
(а) He should be a citizen of India.
(б) His age should be more than 21 years.
(c) He should not be declared insane or bankrupt.
(d) He should not be on any governmental post.

Every Gram Panchayat has a Sarpanch who is elected directly by members of Gram Sabha. Sarpanch presides over the meetings of Panchayat and checks the developmental functions of the village.

6. Meetings. Two meetings in a month are necessary. But it can be called by the majority if it is required.

7.Functions of Gram Panchayat. Gram Panchayat has to do the following functions:
(a) It makes the budget of Panchayat and presents it to Gram Sabha.
(b) It encourages dairy farming and poultry farming.
(c) It tries to plant more and more trees on both sides of the roads.
(d) It encourages cottage industry in rural areas.
(e) It arranges for drinking water for the village.
(f) It builds new bridges and repairs the old ones.
(g) It takes care of funeral places (cremation grounds).
(h) It takes care of wells and ponds of the village.
(i) It arranges for fairs and markets.
(j) It maintains the roads in the villages.

Question 4.
What do you know about Panchayat Samiti? Write briefly.
Answer:
Panchayat Samiti is at the 2nd level of the three-tier system of the Panchayati Raj. All the Panchayats, which come in the area of a block, are the members of Panchayat Samiti and the Sarpanchs of these Panchayats are its members.
1. Composition. According to the new Panchayati Raj, Panchayat Samiti can be established at the block level and it has the following members:
(a) Directly elected members of Panchayat Samiti.
(b) Members of Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly who are related with that
area.
(c) One-fifth of the total Sarpanchs of that block.
(d) Members of Rajya Sabha.

2. Tenure. Like Village Panchayat, the tenure of Panchayat Samiti is also 5 years but if the government wants it can dissolve it even before the completion of its tenure.

3. Reservation. Some seats are reserved in Panchayat Samiti for S, C.’s, and S.T.’s but the reservation is according to their proportion in the total population. Except this, one-third of the total seats are also reserved for women.

4. Election of Chairman and Deputy Chairman. After taking the oath of the office, all the members of Panchayat Samiti elect one Chairman and one Deputy Chairman out of them.

5. Qualifications. Following qualifications are required to become a member of Panchayat Samiti:
(a) He should be a citizen of India.
(b) He should not be declared as mad or bankrupt.
(c) His age should be more than 21 years.
(d) He should not hold any office of profit under the government.

6. Functions of Panchayat Samiti. Panchayat Samiti has to do the following functions:
(а) Developing different arts, cottage industries, etc., in its area so that industrial development of the area can take place.
(b) Implementing developmental plans in its area and try to produce more opportunities for employment.
(c) Checking the functions done by Panchayats of its area and also to check their budget and expenditure.
(d) Making arrangements for the establishment of health centers and maternity centers.
(e) Arranging for drinking water and to make roads of its area.
(f) Working for an arrangement of fairs and markets.

7. Meetings. At least two meetings should be held of Panchayat Samiti in a year. Not more than 6 months gap should be there between two meetings. But if any need arises, the majority of members can call a meeting before the scheduled time.

Question 5.
What do you know about Zila Parishad? Explain briefly.
Answer:
Zila Parishad is the Panchayati Raj Institution at the district level. Every district has one institution of Zila Parishad. The whole of the area of the district, except the area of the municipality, is included in the area of Zila Parishad.
1. Composition of Zila Parishad. Every Zila Parishad has the following members:
(a) Directly elected adult members of Zila Parishad.
(b) Member of Lok Sabha of district and M.L.A’s of that district.
(c) That member of Rajya Sabha whose name is included in the voter list of the district.
(d) All the chairmen of Panchayat Samitis of the district.

2. Reservation. Like lower levels, this level also has some reserved seats for S.C.’s and S.T.’s and this reservation is according to their proportion in the total population. One-third of the total seats are reserved for women as well.

3. Meetings. At least four meetings of Zila Parishad should be held in a year and there should be a gap of not more than three months between two meetings. Chairman presides over the meetings of Zila Parishad and in his absence, Deputy Chairman presides over the meetings. An emergency meeting can also be convened on the demand of one-third members of Zila Parishad.

4. Tenure. Basically, the tenure of Zila Parishad is fixed at 5 years by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment. But it can be dissolved by the State government before the completion of its term on the basis of charges of corruption or inability.

5. Functions of Zila Parishad. Zila Parishad does the following functions in its area:
(a) Its main function is to check the functions done by Panchayat Samiti of its area. With this, it also tries to maintain a balance between functions of all the Panchayat Samitis.
(b) It makes development plans for Panchayat Samitis and tries to apply those plans.
(c) It checks the budgets of Panchayat Samitis and gives its approval to them.
(d) Government gives many powers and responsibilities to the Zila Parishad.

Question 6.
What is the importance of Panchayati Raj? Write in detail.
Answer:
1. Rule of the People. Panchayati Raj System can be called the rule of the people because people play the most important role at every level of Panchayati Raj. At the time of the election, everything is in the hands of the people who elect the representative of their choice. Those elected representatives will have to work to solve the problems of the people. Every level of Panchayati Raj will have to provide basic facilities of drinking water, electricity, health, education, etc., to the people. Elected representatives know about the fact that if they do not take care of the problems of the people then they will not be re-elected. In this way, the elected representatives will have to work for the welfare of the people and therefore the rule is always in the hands of the people.

2. Democracy. Panchayati Raj gives strength to democracy. The meaning of democracy is the rule of the people and Panchayati Raj has been made with the purpose that they should rule over themselves. People themselves elect their representatives and can meet them at any time and call for the solution of their problems. Gram Sabha exists at the village level whose members are all the adults of the village. It has to meet at least twice a year in which discussion takes place about the functions, planning, budget, and expenditure of the Panchayat. In this way, people come to know about the identity of their representatives which is a symbol of democracy.

3. To make the people self-reliant. Another important objective of Panchayati Raj is to make villages self-dependent. While making laws related to this, every care must be taken that all the levels of Panchayati Raj should get powers according to their needs. Every Panchayat has been given enough rights for the solution of the problems of the village. A village panchayat makes a number of developmental plans for the village and presents them before the Gram Sabha. The local self-government collects taxes from the village and uses them for the village’s development. In this way, the village becomes self-dependent.

4. Knowledge of Rights and Duties. Through Panchayati Raj System, people come to know about their rights and duties towards their village. Knowledge about their rights as voters and as members of Gram Sabha is known at the time of the election and at the meetings of Gram Sabha. If Gram Sabha imposes any taxes on the village then the villagers pay it willingly as they know that money will be used for the development of the village.

5. Development of Agriculture. Panchayati Raj has played an important role in the development of agriculture. One of the important functions of Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad is that they work for the development of agriculture and increase production in their respective area. They have many government officials at their disposal whose main work is to give information on new seeds, machines, urea, etc., to the people so that they could increase their production.

Apart from this, Panchayati Raj institutions also arrange for new seeds and fertilizers for their respective areas. With this, the country becomes self-dependent in the field of food production and people also develop economically. In this way, Panchayati Raj Institutions play an important role in the economic development of the people.

Question 7.
Which changes came in society due to different laws? Explain.
Answer:
1. Change in the Status of Women. The social status of women has been improved due to these laws. Females had very limited right over their husband’s property but after the Hindu Succession Act of, 1956 they got equal right in husband’s property. Widows got the right to remarriage under the Widow Remarriage Act. They got the right to adopt any child. Dowry Prohibition Act was made. Some seats have been kept reserved for them in Panchayati Raj Institutions. That is why many changes came in the status of women due to these laws.

2. Change in the forms of Marriage. Many customs of marriage prevailed in Indian Society for ages, like polygamy, polygyny, polyandry, etc. By Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 polygamy was declared illegal. Monogamy was given legal sanction and court marriage was also given legal sanction.

3. Decline in obsolete Conventions. Many social evils prevailed in Indian society like Sati Pratha, Dowry, Child marriage, Untouchability, etc., Sati Pratha has been declared illegal through Sati Prohibition Act. This Pratha has been eliminated from society. Taking and giving dowry has been declared as a crime through Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 and 1986. Child marriage has been banned and the legal age of marriage has been fixed for boys and girls. Untouchability has also been eliminated through the Untouchability Offenses Act, 1955, and Civil Rights Protection, 1976.

4. Change in Inter-Caste Relations. Inter-caste relations have also been changed through social laws. Inter-caste marriages have been sanctioned through Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. The government is giving encouragement to such types of marriages. Untouchability has been declared illegal. That is why interaction between all the classes has increased and they are living with each other with peace and harmony.

5. Change in Rules of Marriage. Traditionally, Hindu marriage has been considered a religious sacrament. But due to certain laws, it has been changed into a social contract. Other rules related to marriage have also been changed. Inter-caste marriage has been sanctioned by law and the minimum age for the marriage has also been fixed.

Question 8.
What can be done to bring reforms in Panchayati Raj?
Answer:
1. People of rural areas should know about their rights and duties to bring reforms in Panchayati Raj. If rural people become conscious about their rights then they will be able to participate in Gram Sabha which in turn will enable them to know about some of their other rights.

2. Another necessary step is that all the levels of Panchayati Raj should be given complete freedom so that they could be able to work for the development of their respective areas. The government should not interfere in their function so that they could work for their areas, without any fear.

3. Government should not keep unnecessary control over the functions of these institutions and on them as well. Control results in a decline of work and officials are unable to work in a proper way.

4. Government officials and members related to these institutions should be given training from governmental and non-governmental institutions so that they can work for the people. The advantage of this training should reach directly to the people so that they could use it on their agricultural land.

5. Officials working in these institutions should be given good salaries so that they work wholeheartedly for the development of the village and do not become corrupt.

6. There should be a good balance between all the three levels of Panchayati Raj so that they can develop in their respective areas in a proper way.

7. Gram Sabha should be made more powerful by giving more rights to it so that it can check the functioning of Panchayat and people’s participation could be increased.

8. Educated candidates should be appointed at those posts which are related to the institutions of Panchayati Raj so that they could be able to understand the problems of the villages.

9. These institutions should be given more grants by the state and central governments so that they can do their work without any problem of finance.

Question 9.
What are the advantages of Planned development?
Answer:
1. Saving of time. Time can be saved if development is done with planning. It is quite possible that time and resources could be wasted in the absence of planning and we can move away from our objectives. With planning, we know of the fact that in a direction in which we have to work. It not only saves time but saves our resources as well.

2. Achievement of objective in less duration. Some objectives are always determined while making the plan of any work. Even planners fix the time to achieve those objectives. If no plan is made then they will keep on working without any direction and may get distracted from their objective. Therefore, objectives can be achieved in less duration only through planned development.

3. All-round Development. If the work is done in a planned way then all the sectors can develop in a better way. If the work is done without proper planning, then it may happen that one sector can develop completely and the other sector remains undeveloped. Therefore, planned work is necessary for the development of any sector. That is why the whole area is taken as a unit and all of its sectors are kept in mind.

4. Industrial Development. If industries of our country are required to be developed then proper planning is necessary. We need planning to establish any industry. Capital required to establish industry, the raw material to manufacture goods, labor to make goods, the arrangement of the market to sell goods, etc., needs a lot of planning. The industry cannot run in a proper way in the absence of planning. If more capital will be required, if more raw material will be required, if goods will not be sold then what will happen? These are some of the questions which require planning. Therefore, planned development can lead to the industrial growth of the country.

5. For Agricultural Development. Agricultural development also requires proper planning. Arrangement of good seeds, urea, to arrange for good technology, to increase and sell the produce, etc., needs a lot of planning. Non-planning of one sector may spoil
the entire work. Therefore, planned development is essential for the development of the agricultural sector as well.

6. Development of Lower Classes. The lower classes of our country have been exploited for ages. So proper planning was required to uplift their status. The plan was made and a reservation was kept for them in the Constitution. Five Year Plans have also done a lot for their welfare. Today, lower castes people are standing with higher castes people and their status has improved a lot. All this has happened due to proper planning.

Question 10.
In what ways do pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics?
Or
What role do pressure groups play in Indian democracy? (C.B.S.E 2017, (D)
Answer:
Pressure groups are organized and unorganized groups that try to influence governmental policies and promote their interests. Movements also try to influence politics but they both did not take part in direct elections. They both try to influence politics in one way or the other. They affect politics in the following ways:

1. These pressure groups and movements start to campaign on any particular issue so that public support could be gained. Both of them take the help of mass media so that more public attention could be given to them.
2. They generally call for a strike, march, or protest and try to disrupt the governmental programs. They often call for strikes and dharnas to raise their voice. Most of the federations and unions used to take this route to influence governmental policies.
3. Generally, business groups form a lobby of the people with common objectives so that the government could be pressurized to change its policies.

Question 11.
Describe the forms of relationship between pressure groups and political parties.
Answer:
Generally, pressure groups are those groups of people who try to influence governmental policies. They make their aims and try to achieve those aims by exerting pressure on the government. Their main aim is to influence governmental policies. Generally, the members of these groups are those people who have some of their common interests, goals, aims, etc. They never try to contest the elections but form their own ideology. The forms of relationship between pressure groups and political parties are given below:

1. In many cases, these pressure groups are formed or led by political parties. These pressure groups act as extended arms of those political parties. For example, labor unions formed by different political parties.
2. Many a time, movements give birth to political parties. If the struggle of aims becomes too long then at times, it takes the form of a political party. For example, the roots of DMK and AIADMK can be seen from the movements.
3. Generally, political parties and interest groups stand against or in front of each other. Their relations are not direct but dialogue and negotiations are there. Their views and ideas are usually opposite to each other.

Question 12.
Explain how the activities of pressure groups are useful in the functioning of a democratic government.
Or
Is the influence of pressure groups and movements healthy for democracy? Comment.
Answer:
A pressure group is a group of people which tries to achieve its aims by influencing governmental policies. People with common aims, occupations, etc., form these groups. At the start, it seems that these pressure groups are not good for democracy because they try to influence the governmental policies to achieve the aims of one particular group. In a democracy, the government has to take care of the interests of all sections of society. Another factor against it is that these groups are trying to get powers but without taking any responsibility.

Like political parties, these groups are not bound to face the people in elections and are not accountable to anyone. They do not get any support or money from the masses. Many a time, due to their wealth, but little public support, they try to gain public sympathy in favor of their narrow agenda.

But on the other hand, pressure groups and movements are very much necessary for democracy. If everyone in the country is getting equal opportunity then it is not unhealthy for society. Generally, the government comes under pressure from these rich and influential people. Movements and public interest groups can play a useful role to reduce this undue control and they can tell the government about the needs of the ordinary people from time to time.

Every pressure group and interest group is generally associated with a political party. These groups help the political parties wholeheartedly at the time of elections so that their objectives could be achieved after elections.

Whenever any bill is introduced in Parliament then that bill is sent to permanent committees of the Parliament so that they could study the merits and drawbacks of that bill. These pressure groups influence the members of these committees so that the main features of this bill could be changed according to their interests.

Even different sectional interest groups can play an important role in it. If any interest group tries to influence the government to achieve its aims, then another interest group can also counterattack on the first group and can create hurdles in the desires of the first group. From this, the government can come to know about the needs of the people and can accommodate all of them with conflicting interests.

Question 13.
What is the difference between a pressure group and a political party?
Answer:
A pressure group can be an organized and unorganized group that tries to influence governmental policies and tries to promote its interests. They have some of their aims and they try to achieve those aims by exerting pressure on the government. Generally, the members of these groups are those people who have some of their common interests. They try to control the power with their influence.

But the political party is an organized body that tries to attain the political power of the country by contesting direct elections and by winning the majority. Members of one political party have their common goals and a common ideology.

The main difference between pressure groups and political parties is that pressure groups never try to contest the elections but they want to control the powers indirectly. On the other hand, the political party directly contests the elections to take power into its hands. A pressure group can be organized as well as unorganized but a political party is always an organized group.

Question 14.
What is Democracy? Explain its characteristics, merits, and demerits.
Answer:
Democracy is a form of government in which the people are supposed to govern. In it, the representatives of the people are elected by the voters on the basis of a universal adult franchise. It believes in the concepts like liberty, equality, and fraternity and these are its functional bases. In it, there should be maximum scope for the individual and collective development of society and personality. It has the following characteristics:

1. Rule of the people. Administration in a democracy is directly or indirectly run by the people and every decision in a democracy is taken by the majority.
2. The interest of the people. In a democracy, the administration is run in the interest of the people, and the interest of the weaker sections are properly taken care of by the government.
3. Principle of Equality. The basic principle of democracy is the principle of equality. In a democracy, every person is considered equal. No discrimination is done on the basis of birth, education, wealth, etc. All the citizens are given equal political rights. Every person has been given the right to vote through the universal adult franchise.
4. Rule of Majority. Democracy is the rule of the majority. Every decision in a democracy is taken by the majority. That party forms the government which gets a majority in elections.

Merits of Democracy-Democracy, in modern times, is considered as the best rule. That is why most of the countries have adopted this concept of democracy. It has certain merits which are given below:
1. It is based on public opinion. Democracy is that system of rule which is based on public opinion and the rule is being run according to the wishes of the people. No importance is given to public opinion in a monarchy and dictatorship and laws are also formed according to public opinion.

2. It is based on the principle of equality. All humans in a democracy are considered equal. No one gets special privileges on the basis of birth, caste, religion, sex, and wealth. General masses are given the right to take part in the decision-making process. All are considered equal.

3. Responsible government. Governments in monarchy and dictatorship are not responsive to anyone but the government in a democracy is responsive to people and the Parliament. Government has to work according to public opinion and cannot work against it as people can remove it from power in the next elections.

4.(iv) Strong and efficient government. The government in a democracy is strong and efficient. The administration is run by the representatives of the people who have the support of the public. Rulers are encouraged by the support of people with which they apply their decisions with full strength. Rulers are controlled by public opinion and they are responsive to the people for their decisions. In this way, it works in an efficient way.

Demerits of Democracy: After looking at the merits of democracy, it seems that this rule is the best but it is not so. This system also has certain demerits which are given below:
1. Principle of equality is unnatural. The main base of democracy is the principle of equality but critics say that equality is unnatural. Even nature has not kept equality among humans. Some are fools, some are wise, some are powerful and some are weak. If nature has kept this type of discrimination then how social, economic and political equality can be kept. This is the biggest demerit of equality that all are given equal rights.

2. Gives importance to quantity than quality. Quantity is given more importance than quality in democracy. In other words, every decision in a democracy is taken by the people. If 100 fools will say anything is right and 99 wises will say this is wrong then the decision of 100 fools will be considered. Representatives of the people are also elected by the majority. Every fool and wise has the right to vote and any wrong person can become the representative of the people.

3. It does not establish a responsive government. The government in a democracy is responsive to people but practically it is not. Leaders hardly care about the people after elections and come back to the public only at the time of the next elections. The majority party hardly cares about the opposition or minority parties.

4. Unstable and weak government. The government in a democracy is unstable and weak. Governments change frequently in a multi-party system. In the absence of a majority, many parties come together to make the government. This type of mixed government can be broken at any time. At the time of a problem, democratic governments prove to be weak. Decisions take a lot of time to be implemented.

Question 15.
What is meant by Political Party? Explain with definitions.
Answer:
Political parties have come to stay in every form of government. Their role is very significant in democracies, as compared with every other form of government. The scholars have attempted definitions of a political party in their own way but each good political party is required to have certain features or characteristics. Similarly, each political party is expected to perform some basic functions without which it cannot maintain its existence. Efforts have also been made to classify political parties but without much success. There are different types of party systems and each type has its own advantages as well as disadvantages.

Political parties have become an essential feature of every form of government. Being a link between the government and the people, these have assumed great significance. There are ideologically strong political parties that observe strong discipline. Although entry into such parties is difficult, those who once join it do not wish to leave it. On the other hand, ideologically weak political parties also exist whose members are not well disciplined.

Members can leave the party at any time. Whereas in some cases it is easy to enter a political party and rise as well, the reverse is the case in other systems. In some countries, there is a single-party system. In it, only one party dominates, and no other political party is allowed to be formed, whereas in other societies, there is the multi-party system and in still others, there is a mushroom of political parties.

The strength and Weakness of a political party, however, depends on the active participation and strength of its members. Its legitimacy depends on the way by which it has come to power. In a democracy, its popularity and mass base is reflected by the number of votes polled at the time of elections.

Definitions
Each political party consists of persons who have a common program on political issues to which they have agreed and are prepared to implement that on a common line of action. Each political party tries to seek political power either single-handedly or in cooperation with any other political party or parties.

1. According to Burke, “It is a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavors the national interests upon some political principles in which they all are agreed.”
2. According to Gilchrist, “It is an organized group of citizens who profess to share the same political views and who by acting as a political unit try to control the government.”
3. According to Finer, “A political party is an organized body with voluntary membership its concerted energy being employed in the pursuit of political power.”
4. According to G. C. Field, “A political party is nothing else but a voluntary association of people for the purpose of attaining political power.”
5. According to Prof. Gettel,” A political party consists of a group of citizens more or less organized who act as a political unit and who by the use of their voting power aim to control the government and carry out their general policies.”

In this way on the basis of these definitions, we can say that a political party is an organized group that is tied with certain rules. Its membership is optional and can be attained or left at any time. It is the association of the people whose only aim is to obtain political power because of which they collectively make some efforts. Views of its members are common because they all belong to one party.

Question 16.
Explain certain features of the political party.
Answer:
1. In a democracy, every political party wants to create its own identity among other political parties of the country.

2. Since the Political interests and views of the members differ, therefore, policies and programs of each political party also differ. Each party separates itself from the other on the basis of its political program. The aim of each political party is to capture the power and if already in power, to retain it.

3. A political party should be well organized and its members should gladly accept the codes of conduct of the party. The members should keep party discipline above everything else.

4. Another characteristic of a political party is that its members should believe in some common program to which they have already agreed. They uphold the soundness of that at every stage.

5. It should have continuity in its activities and programs. It should organize itself on the basis of some programs because if the charisma of the leader is the basis of a party then it cannot remain in existence for long. It will end as soon as the charisma of the leader fades away.

6. The members of a good party should be agreeable on some common line of action for the implementation of their agreed programs. If that is not the case, then conflicts are bound to arise which can lead to its disintegration.

7. It should be prepared to shoulder responsibilities and should not be satisfied by having been in the opposition or by criticizing the party in power. It should be prepared to form the government either on its own or in coalition with other like-minded political parties. Not only this but it should use all legal means to capture the power and by all means try to convince the electorates that its programs are not only mere theories but if given a chance, these can be put into practice as well.

8. A political party should try to have the mass base or popular support because without that the electorates will never return it to power and it shall not be in a position to implement its political programs.

9. It should try to protect national over regional or local interests and for this purpose, it should try to get the support of citizens and not involve the foreigners or those who are anti-national. It is, however, left to each political party to identify the areas of national interest and fix its priorities.

10. It should always have faith in constitutional means a political party that beliefs in extra-constitutional means will never be allowed to function in any form of government and its activities will immediately be banned.

Question 17.
Explain different functions of political parties.
Answer:
1. Formation of Public Opinion. The electorates usually cannot have the same opinion. These may have constructive individual opinions that are of no use to the nation. It is the function of the political parties to consolidate public opinion and give that a constructive shape. If political parties do not come to the front there will be a multitude of opinions without any channels of expression. It is only through the change of these parties that multitudes of these ideas are molded, formulated, and given a definite and clear shape.

2. To Impart Political Education. The people are usually busy and have no resources to get proper political education. With ever-growing economic needs, the people are forced to devote much of their time and attention to solve their economic problems. It is only at the time of elections that the political parties organize vast and large-scale meetings, seminars, etc., by which the people get very much politically educated. They come to know about the various aspects of the problems facing the nation only through political parties.

3. Link between the Elected and Electorates. Political parties act as a link between the elected and the electorates. Without these parties, the elected have no methods of knowing the feeling of the electorates. Similarly, the electorates have no method to tell their grievances to the elected without this channel. The members of political parties always remain in close touch with the electorates, know their feelings, ideas, views, and opinions, and convey them on to their party leaders. Thus, they are a useful link between the elected and electorate.

4. Help in the Selection of Candidates. Political parties help in the selection of candidates at the time of general elections. The voters personally do not know the candidates and their views and ideas about political problems. Without them, it would have been rather impossible to select suitable candidates. It is through these parties that the candidates can most conveniently be selected. A candidate is known by the label of this political party. In fact, he is not voted for his individual views but for the views of his political party. He is responsible to the political party for all his deeds and misdeeds.

5. Help in Redressing the Grievances of the People. Each political party helps in getting the grievances of the people redressed. Parties try their best to see that the people do not feel very much hard-pressed about their problems. They also see that through their agency, the difficulties are redressed so that all credit goes to them. More particularly, the political party in power is very much careful about this. It knows completely well that even a little slackness on its part can result in the dissatisfaction of people who may not vote for them at the time of the next general elections, thereby unseating it from power and authority.

Similarly, parties in opposition are also careful in this regard. They are well aware that active work on their part can bring satisfaction to the people who will vote for them at the time of general elections and thus can bring them in power and authority.

6. These are responsive to Public Opinion. Political parties make the party in power responsive to public opinion. The party clearly knows that it must respect the sentiments of the public and its wishes if it is to enjoy the confidence of the masses. Any failure in this regard can result in serious troubles and consequences.