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Here we are providing Class 12 Sociology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Social Movements. Sociology Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 8 Important Extra Questions Social Movements

Social Movements Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is a socio-reform movement?
Answer:
A movement that started to remove the existing social evils and ills of the society is known as socio-reform movements.

Question 2.
What is the main aim of the socio-reform movement?
Answer:
The main aim of the socio-reform movement is to remove the existing social evils from society and to make social life progressive.

Question 3.
Why were tribal movements started in India?
Answer:
Tribal movements were started to save the tribal cultures so that they could not be mixed with the cultures of other societies.

Question 4.
What is Social Reform?
Answer:
When people of the society start a movement against the existing evils of the society and tries to remove those evils then it is known as social reform.

Question 5.
Why is mobility present in social reform?
Answer:
Mobility is present in social reform because the social reforms are not the same in all ages and all societies. That’s why it is mobile.

Question 6.
What is social welfare?
Answer:
All those organized social efforts are included in social welfare with the help of which, all the members of the society receive facilities to develop themselves in a proper way. Lower and backward classes especially care in the works of social welfare so that all-round development and welfare of the whole society could take place.

Question 7.
What are the two objectives of social welfare?
Answer:

1. the First objective of social welfare is that the needs of members of the society could be fulfilled.
2. To establish those social relations with which people should be able to develop their abilities.

Question 8.
What is the difference between social welfare and social reform?
Answer:
In social welfare, the work is done for the all-around development of the lower classes and backward classes but in social reform, efforts are made to change the society by removing social evils from the society.

Question 9.
What is a Political Movement?
Answer:
The movement which aimed at achieving a political objective is called a political movement. For example, the freedom movement of India.

Question 10.
What is Cultural Movement?
Answer:
The movement which aims at the protection of its own culture is called a cultural movement. For example, tribal movement.

Question 11.
Why were caste-based movements started before independence?
Answer:

1. Before independence, caste-based movements were started to oppose the supremacy of Brahmins over the other castes.
2. To uplift the social status of our own caste in a caste hierarchy.

Question 12.
Why are reform movements known as social movements?
Answer:
The main objective of reform movements was to remove social and religious evils from society and that’s why they are known as social movements.

Question 13.
What is meant by Resource Mobilisation?
Answer:
Resource mobilization is a method in which any social movement gets strength
by its political influence, wealth, reach of media, and cooperation of the people.

Question 14.
What is meant by Redemptive Social Movement?
Answer:
A redemptive social movement is a movement that aims to bring about a change in the personal consciousness and actions of its individual members. For example, Narayana Guru led the people of the Ezhava community in Kerala to change their social practices.

Question 15.
What is meant by the Reformist Social Movement? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
A reformist social movement is a movement that wanted to change the existing social and political systems through gradual and incremental steps. For example, the 1960’s movement for the reorganization of the Indian states on a linguistic basis and the recently launched Right to information campaigns.

Question 16.
What is meant by Revolutionary Social Movement? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
This is a type of social movement which attempts to radically transform social relations, generally by capturing state power. For example, the French revolution in 1789 and the Russian revolution of 1917.

Question 17.
What is the theory of relative deprivation of social movement?
Answer:
According to the theory of relative deprivation, social conflict arises when a social group feels that its condition is worse than that of the others around it. Such conflict is likely to result in a successful collective protest.

Question 18.
Why were Ecological movements started?
Answer:
More stress is being laid on the development in the modem age because of which there was an unchecked use of natural resources. It was a matter of concern and that’s why ecological movements were started.

Question 19.
Why were peasant movements started before independence?
Answer:
The nature of every peasant movement was different which was started before independence, but their main demand was the removal of economic exploitation of farmers by the moneylenders.

Question 20.
Why were worker’s movements started during colonial rule?
Answer:
Labour, during the early age of colonial rule, was very less because the colonial government hardly made any laws regarding the wages and working conditions of laborers. That’s why the worker’s movement was started to save laborers from exploitation from their owners.

Question 21.
What does the theory of resource mobilization tell us about social movements? (C B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
This theory was given by McCarthy and Zald. They argued that a social movement’s success depends on its ability to mobilize resources or means of different types. If a movement can muster resources and can use them within the available political structure, it is more likely to be effective.

Question 22.
Name any two women’s organizations of the early 20th century. (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:

1. The Women’s India Association (WIA)-1917
2. All India Women’s Conference (AIWC)-1926

Question 23.
Explain the theory of relative deprivation. (C B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
According to this theory, social conflict arises when a social group feels that it is worse off than others around it. Such conflict is likely to result in a successful and collective protest. This theory emphasizes the roles of psychological factors like resentment and rage in inciting social movements.

Question 24.
What are distinctive modes of protest? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
What are distinct modes of protest? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Candle and torchlight processions, use of black cloth, street theatres, songs, poetry, and Gandhian ways like ahimsa picketing, use of Charkha and Satyagraha are few modes of protest.

Question 25.
What were the main concerns of social reformers in the 19th century? (C.B.S.E. 2013, 2017 (D))
Answer:

• The Muslim social reformers discussed a great deal about the meaning of purdah and polygamy.
• The injustice suffered by the fourth caste and the issue of gender oppression.

Question 26.
Distinguish between social change and social movement. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Social movements are directed towards specific goals and these movements involve long and continuous social efforts and activities of the people.

Social change is a continuous and ongoing process that is sum total of countless individuals and collective action gathered across time and space.

Question 27.
In what ways do reformist and redemptive movements differ? (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
The reformist movement wants to change the existing social and political arrangement through gradual incremental steps such as the RTI campaign. Redemptive movement brings about a change in the personal consciousness and action of its individual members.

Question 28.
What are counter-movements? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Counter Movements – Counter movements arise in defense of the status – quo when a social movement seeks to bring in a social change.
Example-
The role of Dharma sabha as a counter to Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s campaign against Sati.

Social Movements Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
Which changes could be brought with the help of socio-reform move¬ments?
Answer:
India is a welfare state in which everyone gets equal opportunities. The main objective of the welfare state is to make the life of the people happy. But this is possible if all the existing beliefs and evils of society are removed. Only socio-reform movements can remove them. But nothing can be obtained only by making law. For this, reform is necessary for society. For example, laws are present for child marriage, dowry system, child labor, etc., but these things are common in our country. All these things are obstacles to our country’s growth. If we want to develop our society then socio reform movements are necessary. That’s why socio reform movements are necessary to bring changes in our society.

Question 2.
Give four features of social movements.
Answer:

1. Social movements are always anti-social.
2. Social movements are always planned and deliberate efforts.
3. Their main objective is to bring about reforms in society.
4. Collective efforts are required because one person cannot bring changes in society.

Question 3.
What is the nature of social movements?
Answer:

1. Social movements are not institutions because institutions are permanent and traditional and are considered as a necessary aspect of the culture. These movements come to an end after the achievement of their objective.
2. Social movements are not associations, because associations have their own constitutions. This movement is generally informal, unorganized, and is against traditions.
3. Social movements are neither pressure nor sectional group because these movements demand changes in social norms.

Question 4.
Why were socio-reform movements started in India?
Answer:
Socio reform movements were started in India due to the following reasons:-

1. Social evils of Indian society were attached to religion.
2. Society was divided on the basis of caste and caste was made on the basis of religion. Breaking caste rules was considered a sin.
3. The status of women was very low because of which they had no importance in society.
4. The Indian society was full of illiterate people.
5. Many social evils were present in the Indian society like caste system, Sati system, child marriage, child infanticide, restriction on widow remarriage, etc.

That’s why social reformers decided to bring reforms in the society and social reform movements were started in India.

Question 5.
Why were tribal movements started?
Or
Write a note on tribal movement with special reference to Jharkhand. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
Hundreds of tribes live all over India. They have their own specific living style. They also have very limited needs. They are very conscious about maintaining their culture and tribal identity. If the tribal people observe that their culture is being interfered with or their demands are overlooked or if there is any danger in maintaining their tribal identity, then they generally take the path of movement. Except this, the tribal people also go for movement for a definite type of change due to the impact of the other communities, religions, and classes. For example, the tribal movement was started on the issue of the creation of a separate state of Jharkhand for the tribals. Birsa Munda of the Munda tribe started a movement against Christianity. Birsa was known as the Birsa God in his Munda tribe. Just because of his efforts, converted Christians of the Munda tribe came back into the Hindu religion and started to perform Hindu practices and customs.

Question 6.
What were the main features of social movements that started before independence?
Answer:

1. the Main feature of social movements started before independence was to re¬establish Hinduism rationally because it took severe blows from Muslim rulers and Britishers.
2. To uplift women, Harijans and exploited classes so that they could also live a better life like other classes.
3. These movements wanted to remove the traditional ideology and wanted to establish a new system.
4. These movements wanted to break the chains of the caste system and establish the feeling of equality and brotherhood among the people.
5. These movements wanted to develop feelings of sympathy, tolerance, brotherhood, etc. among the Indian masses.

Question 7.
What are the features of Revolutionary movements?
Answer:

1. Revolutionary movements wanted to establish a new system by removing the existing system.
2. Violent and suppressive measures are used in revolutionary movements.
3. Revolutionary movements are initiated at a time when there is a need to remove social evils.
4. Revolutionary movement always aimed at ending the rule of the autocratic ruler.

Question 8.
What are the features of Reformist movements?
Answer:

1. The reformist movement wanted to bring reforms to the old social system.
2. The speed of the reformist movement is always slow.
3. Peaceful methods are used in reformist movements and they are initiated for peaceful changes in society.
4. They generally exist in democratic countries.

Question 9.
Distinguish between New social movement and the Old social movement.
Or
In what way the new social movements are different from the old social movements. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:

1. The old social movements functioned within the frame of political parties but the new social movements were not aimed at changing the distribution of power in the society as they were about the quality of life issues like having a clean environment.
2. Old social movements wanted to remove evils from society and wanted to remove exploitation, but new social movements were started with an aspiration of better living standards.
3. In the old social movements, the role of political parties was central but modem movements are left away by the formal political systems and they put pressure on the state from the outside.

Question 10.
Explain something about the Chipko Movement.
Answer:
Chipko movement started in the hilly areas of Uttrakhand (U.P. at that time) in 1070. Forests in those areas were the means of livelihood for people living there. People used to collect things from forests to live their lives. The Government gave these forests to private contractors to earn revenue. When the people went to the forests to collect wood and other things they were stopped by contractors as they also wanted to earn money from these forests. People of many villages stood against this and collectively started to struggle against this. When the contractors came to cut down the trees, villagers stepped forward to hug the trees to prevent them from being felled. Women and children actively participated in it. Prominent Environmentalist Sundra Lai Bahuguna also joined the struggle. As people used to hug the trees, this movement came to be known as the Chipko movement. In the end, the movement was successful and the government banned the cutting of forests of the Himalayan region for 15 years.

Question 11.
What were the issues against which the leaders of the Jharkhand movement were agitating? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Or
Mention the issues which agitated the Jharkhand leaders. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (O.D.))
Answer:
The issues against which the leaders of the Jharkhand movement agitating were:

1. Acquisition of land for large irrigation projects and firing ranges,
2. Survey and settlement operations, which were held up, camps closed down, etc.,
3. Collection of loans, rent, and cooperative dues, which were resisted,
4. Nationalization of forest produce which they boycotted.

Question 12.
Bring out the differences between social change and social movement. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (OD))
Answer:
Difference between social change and social movements-

1. Social change is continuous and ongoing.
2. Sum total of countless individual and collective actions gathered across time and space.
3. Social movements are directed towards some specific goals.
4. Involves long and continuous social effort and action by people.

Question 13.
State the features of new farmer’s movements. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (OD))
Answer:
Features of New farmer’s movements

1. Movements were regionally organized
2. Involved farmer rather than peasants
3. Not involved with any party
4. The basic ideology of the movements was strongly “anti-state and anti-urban”
5. Demands were “price and related ‘issues”
6. Novel methods of agitation were used e.g., road and railway blocks, refusing entry of politicians/bureaucrats, etc.

Social Movements Important Extra Questions Essay Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by Social Movement? Explain its different types.
Answer:
When people of any society are dissatisfied with the prevailing social circumstances of society and they want to bring about change in it, then social movement comes into being. Social movement always starts with an ideology. Sometimes social movement develops to oppose any change. Earlier, sociologists used to think that social change is an effort to bring change but modern sociologists think that movement either brings social change or stops any change. Different thinkers gave their views about social movement and these are given below:

According to Merril and Eldridge, “Social movement is more or less a conscious effort for change in the society.” According to Hurston and Hunt, “Social movement is the collective effort for bringing change or opposing in the society or in its members.”

According to Herbert Blunder, “Social movement can be called as the collective effort to establish a new system of life.”

So on the basis of these views of different scholars, we can say that social movement is the collective behavior of the members of society, whose aim is to either change the prevailing culture and social structure or to oppose that change. So social movement can be understood in the form of the effort of social action and collective effort.

Types of Social Movements: Hurton and Hunt were of the view that the classification of social movement is not easy work. It is seen because of the different nature of different movements. Different scholars gave different classifications and the main types of social movements are given ahead:
1. Special Social Movements: Objectives of special social movements are pre¬determined and are pre-organized. These movements are controlled by experienced leaders. Revolutionary and Reformist movement come under this category.

2. General Social Movements: General Social movements are related to the prevailing cultural values of the society. This type of movement develops due to those slow changes which are included in cultural values. It is also because the changed values, ideas, and beliefs are not clear when they are in their earliest stage. Feminist movements and scheduled caste movements come under this category.

3. Expressive Movements: The main objective of expressive social movement is to express collective disagreement on any subject. Herbert Blumer had divided these types of movements into two parts and these are religious movements and linguistic movements. ‘

4. Resistance Movements: Resistance movements are exactly opposite to revolutionary movements. The main objective of the resistance movement is to stop or remove change but the main aim of the revolutionary movement is to bring change. Many types of resistance movements took place in India during the 20th century.

5. Utopian Movements: Those movements come under utopian movements that were started by great scholars or thinkers to make an imaginative and ideal society. The Socialist movement of Karl Marx and the Bhoodaan movement of Vinoba Bhave come under this category.

6. Migratory Movements: Migratory movements occur due to war, flood, famine, or any disease. People migrate from one place to another under this type of movement. When people of one area or country collectively decide to live in another country then this type of movement takes place.

7. Revolutionary Movements: The main objective of the revolutionary movement is to overthrow the existing system out of power and to establish a new system. These are of two types-violent and non-violent. These movements start due to dissatisfaction, which prevails in society. The main feature of revolutionary movements is their pace and violence. But many times non-violence is also present.

8. Reformative Movements: The main objective of reformative movements is to bring reforms in the society by removing evils from the existing social system. Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, and Prarthna Samaj come under this category. They can develop only in a democratic set up because the government, in democracy, itself is interested in bringing reforms in the society.

Question 2.
What were the conducive conditions in India to start Social reform movements?
Answer:
1. Western Education: When the Britishers started to rule over India, then they started to spread western education. When Indians came in contact with western education, they came to know about science and reasoning. They came to know that the prevailing customs of Indian society were useless and baseless. That’s why enlightened Indians started social movements.

2. Development of means of transport: Britishers developed means of transport for their own convenience but Indians took maximum advantage of these means. With the advent of means of transport, Indians came in contact with each other. Enlightened and educated Indians reached different parts of the country and explained to the people that the prevailing customs are useless for them. People . were already fed up with these customs. They gave a good response to these requests and conditions became conducive with the development of means of transport.

3. Advent of Indian Press: Press started in India after the advent of the British organizers of movements started to publish small newspapers and magazines so that Indians could read them and should understand that these evils are very harmful to the society. It is necessary for them to overthrow these evils from society. In this way, Indians came to know that it is necessary for them to remove these social evils.

4. Increasing impact of Missionaries: When the Britishers came to India Christian missionaries also came with them. They were given help by the Britishers. The function of these missionaries was to propagate Christianity but their way of propagating was somewhat different. First of all, they worked for social welfare. They solved the problems of the people and then used them to propagate their religion. Gradually, people started to adopt Christianity. When Indian social reformers came to know about this thing, they also started reform movements in India. In this way, these movements were started due to the impact of Christian missionaries.

5. Evils of Indian Society: Most of the social reform movements were started to remove the social evils of the society. Sati Pratha, child marriage, restriction on widow remarriage, dowry system, untouchability, etc. are examples of some of the social evils of Indian society. People were fed up with social evils. When these movements started the movement was welcomed with open hands. That’s why these movements got what conducive environment and social reform movements became successful.

Question 3.
What changes in Indian society due to social movements? Explain them.
Answer:
1. End of Sati Pratha Place: Sati System prevailed in Indian society from the very beginning. Widows had to die with the death of her husband. She had to sit alive on the funeral pyre of her husband. This inhuman custom was started by higher castes. Due to social movements, the British government started to oppose this system and it passed a law called ‘Sati Prohibition Act’ in 1829. This law declared Sati Pratha as illegal. In this way, the custom of ancient times came to an end. All this happened due to social movements.

2. End of Child Marriage: Child marriages were prevailing in Indian society. Due to child marriage, parents used to marry their children at the age of 4-5 years. It hardly mattered to them whether the child even knew the meaning of marriage or not. The British government fixed the minimum age of child marriage due to social movements. British Government made a law in 1860 and fixed a minimum age of 10 years for marriage.

3. Widow Remarriage: Widows in our society were not allowed to remarry and this custom was going on from the very beginning. They were not allowed to take part in family functions. They had no right to live a happy life. Due to the efforts of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, the British Government passed an act in 1856 called the ‘Widow Remarriage Act, 1856’ with which widows got permission to remarry. In this way, they got the legal right to remarry and to live a happy life.

4. End of Purdah System: Purdah system prevailed among Muslims. Females always had to live behind purdahs. They were not allowed anywhere. Gradually, this system spread all over the country. Social reformers raised their voice against the purdah system. Even Sir Syed Ahmed Khan also raised his voice against this system. In this way, this system started to decrease and with the passage of time, it came to an end.

5. Change in Customs of Dowry System: Dowry is that which is given by the father of the bride at the time of her marriage according to his wish. But many problems also cropped up along with it. Parents of the bridegrooms started to demand dowry because of which parents of the girls had to face a number of problems. Many movements were started against this. That’s why the British government and later on in 1961, the Indian Government declared it illegal.

6. End of Untouchability: The custom of untouchability was prevalent in Indian society from the ages. In this, lower castes were not allowed to touch the people of higher castes. So the voice was raised in social movements against untouchability. That’s why an atmosphere was created for declaring it illegal. After independence, the Indian government passed an act with which it was declared illegal.

7. Intercaste marriages: Intercaste marriages were not allowed in Indian society. But inter-caste marriages were encouraged by these social movements and they also received legal permission after independence.

8. Caste System: The caste system was one of the important bases of Indian society. But the caste system was weakened by these movements. Almost all the movements raised their voices against the caste system. Gradually, the caste system lost its importance and it is now on the verge of its end.

9. Women Education: Almost all the social movements agreed on one thing and that was women’s education. The status of women was very low in our society. They had no rights. All the social movements worked for women’s education with which women’s education got encouragement. That’s why now she is standing side by side with her husband.

So we can say that social movements were started in the 19th century in India and many changes came in the Indian society due to these movements.

Question 4.
Explain the peasant movements that started in India.
Answer:
Peasant movements are associated with the relations between farmers and agricultural activities. When there is a lack of coordination between agricultural workers and landowners, then workers take the path of movement and peasant movement starts to take place. Actually, these movements start because of the exploitation of farmers. Its main base is class struggle and it is different from worker’s movement. The important base of these movements is the agricultural system. A different type of structure has been developed among the agricultural classes due to agriculture relations and the diversity of land systems. This structure is different in different areas. Agricultural classes of India can be divided into three parts-

1. Owner
2. Farmer
3. Laborer.

The owner is also known as a landowner. This class is the owner of the whole land on which agricultural work takes place. Farmers come after landowners. Small marginal farmers are the owners of small pieces of land. They used to till their land themselves. The third class is of laborers who earned money by working in the agricultural field. They are generally landless and very poor.

Peasant movements started because of different causes. As the earning of agricultural laborers is affected by industrialization, they opposed it with a movement. Except this, there are certainly other reasons for initiating peasant movements, like the demand for more value of their produces, their exploitation by the officials, bonded laborers, opposition of reducing farming subsidies, etc.

Beginning of Peasant Movement: These movements started in the 19th century when the British government associated itself with the agricultural system. The Santhal revolt took place in the 19th century against the British. In 1875, riots of money lenders, Awadh revolt, and farmer’s opposition of money lenders in Punjab took the form of the peasant movement. Gandhiji adopted the way of nonviolence for farmers and workers in 1917-18. Farmer’s organization and peasant labor unions were formed in 1923.

Farmer’s association was developed in Uttar Pradesh, Bengal, and Punjab. The struggle between farmers and laborers started in Gujarat during 1928-29 and 1930-31. The first struggle was started under Sardar Patel and the government was forced to accept their demands. Many movements started from 1937 till 1946 against zamindars, landlords, and landowners. Peasant movements of Mysore and Travnkor were started against kings and local landlords. In the same way, the movements of Odisha, Udaipur, Gwalior, and Jaipur were important in the history of the Indian Peasant Movement.

Even after independence, there was no reduction in the problems of peasants and agricultural laborers and that’s why the number of farmer movements increased all over the country. The main objective of all these movements was the protection of the interests of farmers. These movements also aimed at removing farmer’s exploitation and providing socio-economic justice to the farmers.

Here we are providing Class 12 Sociology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Mass Media and Communications. Sociology Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 7 Important Extra Questions Mass Media and Communications

Mass Media and Communications Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
In how many parts can the means of mass communication be divided?
Answer:
Means of mass communication can be divided into three parts:

1. Printed Communication
2. Electronic Communication
3. Audio-visual Communication.

Question 2.
What is meant by mass communication?
Answer:
The word ‘Mass Communication’ is made up of two words. ‘Mass’ means the masses of people, and ‘Communication’ means the process of giving and receiving information. In this way, mass communication is that process in which information is being given to the people through modern means like satellite, computer, television, radio, etc. The feedback is also received from the audience in the form of complaints and appreciation.

Question 3.
What is cultural modernisation?
Answer:
The process of bringing change in culture is known as cultural modernisation. We can see changes everywhere, i.e., in our ways of living, eating habits, clothes, family and institution. All this is cultural modernisation because all these are a part of our culture.

Question 4.
What is Local Culture?
Answer:
A culture belonging to one definite territory. If any culture spreads within a definite geographical area then it is known as local culture.

Question 5.
What is included in Print Media?
Answer:
Newspapers, Magazines, Journals, etc. are included in print media.

Question 6.
What are the important means of electronic media?
Answer:
Akashvani and Doordarshan are important means of electronic media. Radio, internet and television are included in it.

Question 7.
What are the important means of motion pictures?
Answer:
Films are important means of motion pictures whether it is feature films or documentary films.

Question 8.
What is the main function of mass media?
Answer:
The main functions of mass media are broadcasting of information.

Question 9.
Name a few means of mass communication.
Answer:
Radio, television, newspapers, magazines, internet, telephone, etc., are a few means of mass media.

Question 10.
Name the first newspaper published in India.
Answer:
Bombay Samachar in 1882.

Question 11.
What is Entertainment revolution?
Answer:
The revolution that came in the field of entertainment because of a revolution in information technology, is known as an entertainment revolution. Now people are associated with television, computer, internet, etc. and this process has changed their fives.

Question 12.
What are the advantages of radio for rural people?
Answer:
Many radio programmes are broadcasted for rural people in which they are told about scientific methods of animal husbandry, irrigation system, new methods of agriculture and new methods of storage and distribution. They are advised to use this method to improve their farm production.

Question 13.
What type of programmes are broadcasted on television?
Answer:
Programmes of national level, regional level and local level are broadcasted on television.

Question 14.
What is the impact of the internet on the field of journalism?
Answer:
The world of journalism has shrunk due to the internet. News of one part of the world can be easily sent to other parts of the world within a few seconds only because of the internet. Journalists can talk to anyone directly through internet and can even organize Seminars.

Question 15.
Name 10 main newspapers being published in India.
Answer:

1. Punjab Kesari
2. Dainik Bhaskar
3. Nav Bharat Times
4. Hindustan Times
5. Amar Ujala
6. Hindustan
7. The Tribune
8. Times of India
9. Dainik Jagaran
10. Economic Times.

Question 16.
In what ways have Trans-national television companies adapted to the Indian audience? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:

1. Trans-national television companies started to produce programmes in Hindi and other regional languages.
2. Star television adopted the concept of localisation and started producing a chain of programmes in Hindi. It transformed itself completely into a Hindi channel. In the same way, other channels also did the same.

Question 17.
Why did Nehru call media as a watchdog of democracy? (C.B.S.E. 2012, 2013)
Answer:
The media was expected to spread the spirit of self-reliance and national development among the people. That’s why the first prime minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, called upon media as a watchdog of democracy.

Question 18.
What were the reasons for the amazing growth in Indian language newspapers? (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:

1. There is a rise in the number of literate people who are migrating to cities.
2. The needs of the readers in small towns and villages are different from that of the cities and the Indian language newspapers cater to those needs.

Question 19.
What is meant by the term infotainment? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Or
Write the meaning of term infotainment. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Meaning of the term infotainment is a combination of information and entertainment to keep the interest of readers. Generally, newspapers advocate this term of infotainment.

Question 20.
How is mass media a part of our everyday life? (C.B.S.E. 2013, 2017 (D))
Answer:

1. Mass media has become an essential part of our daily life as it plays a very important role in making our views.
2. Mass media acts as an effective link between the state and the market. It establishes a close relationship with readers and audience.

Question 21.
How mass-media is a part of our everyday life? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Mass media as part of everyday life-
Reading of newspaper Watching television/films etc.
Listening to the radio
Use of mobile phones
Use of Internet / social networking sites

Question 22.
What changes have been brought by technology in the newspaper industry? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
The technological changes brought about in the Newspaper industry are –
A network of a personal computer (PC)
Local area networks (LAN)
Use of newsmaking software, Newsmaker etc.
Mini tape recorders, a laptop,
Mobile or satellite phone Other accessories like modem etc.

Question 23.
In what way have TNCs adapted to the Indian audiences? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (OD))
Answer:
NCs adapted to the Indian audience
-Introduced a segment of Hindi language programming/MTV India
– Introduced entire new Hindi channels
– Dual commentary on star Sports and ESPN
– Regional language-based programmes/separate channels

Mass Media and Communications Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What are the functions of mass media?
Answer:

1. Media provides all the information to the people about events which occur in the world.
2. Information related to administration reaches the people through media.
3. Media provides all the information of functions done by the Parliament and legislative assemblies.
4. Television spreads ways of living, eating habits and ways of behaviour of people of different cultures.
5. Media also teaches the people about their rights and duties.

Question 2.
What are the wrong impacts of mass media over the general masses?
Answer:

1. Companies are using vulgar scenes of females through means of mass communication to sell their products.
2. Sometimes, mass communication doesn’t show the actual picture of any event to the people.
3. Means of mass communication takes the young people in a world of dreams and takes them away from reality.

Question 3.
What is the contribution of means of mass media in the field of education?
Answer:
There is a great contribution to mass communication in the field of education. U.G.C. always runs its programmes on Delhi Doordarshan through which children and young ones are given an education. Except this, educational programmes for children are always being produced. U.G.C. always arranges programmes of higher education so that young people could be given information.

All these programmes are being telecast on Doordarshan. Except for Doordarshan, many other educational channels are running their programmes like the Discovery Channel, National Geographic Channel, History Channel, Animal Planet channel, etc. The History channel always telecasts programmes related to the history of different parts of the world and these are very useful for children. Newspapers and magazines are helpful in increasing the knowledge of children. In this way, there is a great contribution to the means of mass communication in the field of education.

Question 4.
Explain the means of mass communication.
Or
Discuss different aspects of mass media. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Means of mass communication plays a very important role in providing information and entertaining the people. They also play a very important role in starting a movement in the country. Means of mass media are divided into three categories-print media, electronic media and audio-visual-communication. Newspapers and magazines are included in print media. Radio and television are included in electronic media. We can listen and watch the news on them. Films are included in audio-visual communication which not only entertains the people but they also provide knowledge to the people. They are the most important means of creating public opinion. They can also topple the government if they want.

Question 5.
What is the mass media expected to do in order to function as the “watchdog of democracy”? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
In independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister, called upon the media to function as the watchdog of democracy. The media was expected to spread the spirit of self-reliance and national development among the people. The media is seen as a means to inform the people of the various developmental efforts. The media is also encouraged to fight against social evils like untouchability, child marriages, ostracism of widows, as well as beliefs of witchcraft and faith healing. It is the duty of media to create awareness among the people on different issues. With this, it can function as the watchdog of democracy.

Question 6.
What strategies have been used to make the Indian language newspapers popular? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (OD))
Answer:
Strategies for making Indian language newspapers popular – Indian language newspapers have adopted advanced use of printing technologies.

1. Provide supplements, pull- out and literary booklets
2. Consumer contact programmes e.g. by Dainik Bhaskar group
3. Door to door surveys and research
4. Glossy magazine supplements
5. National dailies publish regional editions in regional language.

Mass Media and Communications Important Extra QuestionsEssay Answer Type

Question 1.
Discuss the means of Electronic Mass Media.
Answer:
The meaning of Electronic is anything which runs with electricity. The meaning of electronic mass media are those means of mass media which run with the help of electricity; There are two most important means of electronic mass media and these are Radio and television. Their brief description is given below:-
1. Radio (AIR): First radio programme was transmitted in India in 1924 by ‘Radio Club of Bomba/. In 1927, private transmitters also started their broadcast. The government took all these private transmitters in its hands and started to run them under the name of ‘Indian Broadcasting Service’ in 1936. It was given the name of All India Radio in 1957. Right now AIR broadcasts its programmes in 24 Indian languages.

The main objective of AIR is to entertain the people. Right now 208 Radio stations are working in India. Many FM stations also have been established in India in recent years. 98% of Indian population listens to the programmes broadcasted by AIR. In 1966, the Green Revolution took place in India. That’s why AIR started to broadcast rural programmes through its various stations. It also broadcast women and children-oriented programmes. It has been expected from Radio to bring changes in rural areas and the process of change is underway.

2. Doordarshan (Television): First television in India was started in ‘Aakashvani Bhavan’ in 1959 as an experiment. Service of Doordarshan, which is being provided by the Indian government, is one of the largest services of mass media in the world. In its earlier phase, it was being broadcasted thrice a week. But later on, it started to broadcast its programmes daily. The first satellite experiment in India was carried out in 1975-76. It was the first step to give social education with the help of technology.

The second television centre, in the country, opened in 1972. Many other centres started in 1973 in the country. In 1976, Doordarshan was separated from AIR and made as a new department. Colour television started in 1982 during the Asian Games at Delhi. D.D. Metro was combined with Delhi Doordarshan in 1984. Initially, D.D. Metro was broadcasting in Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras but later on, the telecast spread to the whole country. D.D. sports, a sports channel was started in 1999 to telecast different sporting events on television.

Now television is available to more than 10 crore people in the country. 87% population is within the reach of it and television covers 78% area of the country. Doordarshan has production studios in 49 cities of the country. Doordarshan telecast many educational, and entertainment programmes. Doordarshan rims many educational programmes with the help of U.G.C. and IGNOU.

Except these, hundreds of private channels broadcast their programmes to entertain the masses. Sony, Zee, Starplus, Max, ESPN, Star Sports, Ten Sports and many news channels telecast their programmes round the clock and are entertaining the people.

So we can say that electronic mass media has been improved to a great deal in the country. Not only Doordarshan but hundreds of private channels are there with which people are being entertained to a great deal.

Question 2.
Explain different agencies of printed mass media.
Answer:
Printed mass media is one of the important means of mass media. Printed mass media is also known as the Press. Different newspapers and magazines come under it. According to the Annual report of Press Registrar of2001, 51960 newspapers and magazines are published in the country. Out of these, 5638 are daily, 348 are published twice or thrice a week, 1858 are weekly, 6881 are bi-monthly, 14634 are monthly, 3634 are quarterly, 469 are annual and 1774 are others which are being published in the country.

Most numbers of newspapers and magazines are published in Hindi. Newspapers are published in all the major Indian languages except Kashmiri. Uttar Pradesh publishes around 8400 newspapers. Uttar Pradesh is also number one from the point of view of daily newspapers. Oldest newspaper is ‘Bombay Samachar’ in the Gujarati language which is being published since 1882.

Many news agencies played an important role in encouraging printed mass media in the countries and these are:
1. Press Trust of India (PTI): It is the largest news agency of India which provides news to different newspapers with the help of Teleprinter. It was established in 1947 but it started to work from February 1949. It provides its services in both Hindi and English. Now it has its own satellite system, with which it provides news to different newspapers.

2. The Registrar of Newspapers in India (RNI): Newspapers are allotted paper to print their news and this allotment is being done through this agency. It was established in 1956. It is necessary for all the newspapers and magazines to register themselves with RNI so that they could be allotted the paper from the government quota. In this way, this agency plays a very important role.

3. United News of India (UNI): United News of India was established in 1961. This agency has its stations all over the world. It has 76 news Bureaus because of which it is one of the largest news agency in Asia. It started its news agency in Hindi in 1981. It also started its Urdu service for Urdu newspapers in 1991 with the help o a Teleprinter.

4. Press Information Bureau (PIB): It is one of the important agencies which provides information on the government’s policies, achievements, programmes, etc. It has 9 centres including the headquarters. Delhi is its main centre and rest of the centres are situated at Mumbai, Chennai, Chandigarh, Lucknow, Kolkata, Guwahati, Bhopal and Hyderabad. Every type of facility of mass media is available in all of these centres.

5. Press Council of India (PCI): Press Council was established for the security of freedom of newspapers, to maintain some quality of news and to bring some improvement in them. It received 1250 complaints in 2000-01 out of which 1175 were solved.

Question 3.
How is our culture affected by means of Mass Media?
Answer:
Indian culture is based upon ancient traditions, customs and some of its other aspects. We can find shadows of ancient culture over our modem culture. But the different means of mass media have brought a revolutionary change in our culture. We can say that today’s culture is influenced by means of mass media. We can see the impact of mass media on different aspects of our culture. Our culture, values, traditions, etc. are changing rapidly. Changes are taking place in both the aspects of our culture i.e., material and non-material culture. Very quick cultural changes are occurring with the help of mass media.

Mass media is one of the features of social change of the modern world. Press collects every type of information and passes it to the general masses. Today, newspapers are a very important part of our life. Newspapers are not only popular in cities but are popular in villages as well. These are printed everywhere in the world. They can also be called as the guard of democracy. People express their opinion with the help of mass media. Newspapers play a very important role in forming public opinion.

Press and television not only raise their voice against corruption but they perform constructive work for the society as well. They perform welfare works at the time of any natural calamity. Mass Media informs the people about the equal status of both males and females. Newspapers and magazines also entertain people. We generally read new stories, jokes, news, etc., in them. We can enjoy serials, films, news, games, etc. on television.

Modern means of mass media gave rise to new cultural challenges. They help in bringing cultural changes. The middle class has emerged in the country due to mass media. Now backward classes are conscious about their rights. Now scheduled castes are raising their voice against the exploitation by higher classes. Means of mass media help in exchange of culture of different groups. We can observe and adopt other culture only because of the means of mass media. So we can say that our culture has been greatly affected by the mass media.

Question 4.
What are the evil consequences of Television in our society?
Answer:
Our life is influenced by means of mass media. Television not only entertains us, but it also influences the thinking and living style of the people. Their ways of living and eating habits are affected by television. This process of influencing is more in cities as compared to villages. In this age of globalisation, the evil consequences of television are emerging in front of us. Television not only changes our culture but it affects our culture as well, television spreads wrong messages of western culture, with which our cultural values are deteriorating day by day. Television exerts a wrong impact on our children although this is one of the important means of mass media.

When television came to India, then it was seen just to spend some time but now children spend a lot of time watching television. They hardly care about their study. Children tend to become violent if they watch any violent scenes on television. Young people start to imitate their ideal heroes and like to five their fives according to their characters of the film. Young people adopt the wrong path of success only because of mass media.

Mass media plays a very important role in the maintenance and continuation of the culture. Culture fives itself only because of cultural continuation. Increasing globalisation has greatly affected cultural globalisation instead of economic and political globalisation. Now people like to adopt the culture of other countries. Indian classical music has lost its importance because of hip-hop and pop songs. People hardly like our traditional dances. Different companies are using obscene scenes of women to sell their products. In this way, television has exerted a wrong impact on our life and culture.

Question 5.
What is meant by Mass Communication? What are its positive and negative impacts on society?
Answer:
Science and technology were developed right from the beginning of the 19th century. From that time onwards, means of mass media also increased. With this, the political and economic position of the Indian Society has also changed. Diversities in the Indian Society has decreased in modern times through means of mass communication and mass media.

Meaning of Mass Media: The word mass in ‘mass media’ is used for any community, group or general people of the country. On the basis of this, we can say that mass communication is different from other types of communication because it is related to the whole population. The meaning of mass communication is to provide information to the public through a number of means. In simple language, the meaning of mass communication is the means of printed and electronic media like newspapers, magazines, radio, Doordarshan, films, etc., with which information is provided to the people.

Indian Society and Mass Media: Mass communication has played many important roles as a means of collecting information in Indian society. These functions of communication have brought many changes in many sectors of society. Functions of communication can be divided into positive and negative classes.

Positive Impacts: Positive impacts of functions of communication are:
1. Entertainment Functions: Entertainment is the most important function of communication. People not only enjoy films but they also get knowledge from information provided by the mass media. Mass communication also helps people in giving information on different subjects like sports, crime, health, etc. Most people entertain themselves by watching television shows, programmes, serials, news, matches, etc.

2. Helpful in the process of Socialisation: Socialisation is a process of learning. Communication, in modem times, also plays a very important role in the socialisation of the children. Family, neighbourhood, peer groups, schools, etc. play their own role in the socialisation of the child. But mass communication also affects the behaviour of the child to a great deal.

3. Helpful in Cultural Continuity: Mass communication is the base of Indian culture. It is that means on the basis of which our culture is living in the modern age. Our traditional cultural elements are losing their importance due to the changed circumstances and due to western culture. These traditional elements are being shown to people through different programmes like many programmes of classical music and religious epics are being telecast through radio and television. Many programmes on the basis of Ramayana, Mahabharta Vishnu Purana are being telecasted. It is a different effort to establish continuity between tradition and modernity. In this way, mass communication helps in cultural continuity.

4. Helpful in providing Information of day to day events: People come to know about the day to day events through means of mass communication. They come to know about local, national and international events. With this, they also come to know about climate, political events, natural calamities corrupt and violent activities. People of cities and metro’s are influenced by events through means of mass media and get information about them.

Negative function or Dysfunction: Mass communication is a mean to provide information to the people. But many scholars have expressed that mass communication has many dysfunctions and they have criticised the means of mass communication.

1. Mass Communication is a means to provide information to the people but many times, wrong information is being given to the people which are far from reality. It means that means of mass communication portrays the wrong picture of reality which has a negative impact on the people.
2. People forget about his likings and dislikings in mass communication. He forgets about his personal interests and moves towards cultural unity.
3. Mass Communication also encourages people to migrate to other areas.
4. Producing hatred ness among people is also considered as one of the negative impacts of mass communication.
5. Females are used in a vulgar way by companies to sell their products.

Question 6.
How has mass media helped in cultural change?
Answer:
The modern age is the age of change. Change in any society and country depends upon social development and changes in means of information technology. Development and change in any country depend upon the change in ideas and point of views. Information is considered as necessary for bringing about change in society. According to a survey conducted by U.N.O., 70% population of the world is unable to get complete information, i.e., they are deprived of their right to vote. One ideology is developing in modern times that increases in production require knowledge, technology, intelligence and changes in ideas.

Means of mass communication like newspapers, magazines, etc. have greatly affected our social and cultural sectors. Social, cultural, political and economic consciousness has been aroused in rural areas just because of these means. Newspapers not only provide information to the people but is a very popular means of conveying people’s grievances to the leaders and government. Not only print media but electronic media as well, like radio and television has also influenced the Indian civilisation and culture. Information is provided to both rural and urban areas through television and radio. Farmers in villages can get information about new agriculture technology, new seeds and fertilizers. People listen to information about the forecast and programmes of public welfare. They also watch other programmes on television.

Cinema has greatly influenced Indian Culture. These days, films are made on the issues of social problems. A number of Indian films are based on social problems like caste system, exploitation of lower classes, child marriages, exploitation of women, poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, terrorism, etc. They clearly give the message that these problems should be rooted out of society. In this way, Indian cinema has greatly affected both rural and urban areas.

Yet, mass media is an important means of providing information but people are still unable to take complete advantage out of these. Only a very few educated people take advantage of these means. Most of the newspapers are of national or international level and local people are hardly interested in them. Films shown are from reality. Advertisements attract only higher or upper-middle classes in society.

Cultural values are also influenced by mass media. Mass media has given speed to the process of social change. Now people are receiving information about new subjects and places and that’s why new cultural elements are developing in their cultures. Daily ways of living, behaving, etc. are changing day by day. Now we are adopting western culture only because of the influence of mass media. It gave birth to many cultural challenges. Many people are associating themselves with their old traditions and the problem of imbalance has occurred between the new and old traditions. The association of old and new traditions has been made possible by mass media. So mass media helped a great deal in the cultural change of the country.

Here we are providing Class 12 Hindi Important Extra Questions and Answers Aroh Chapter 6 उषा. Important Questions for Class 12 Hindi are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

उषा Class 12 Important Extra Questions Hindi Aroh Chapter 6

प्रश्न 1.
सूर्योदय से उषा का कौन-सा जादू टूट रहा है? (C.B.S.E. 2011, Set-I)
उत्तर
उषा काल में सूर्योदय आकर्षक होता है। प्रात:काल नीले गगन में सूर्य की फैलती प्रथम सफ़ेद लाल किरणें हृदय को बरबस अपनी ओर आकृष्ट कर लेती हैं। उसका बरबस आकृष्ट करना ही जादू है। सूर्य उदित होते ही यह भव्य प्राकृतिक दृश्य सूर्य की तरुण . किरणों में आहत हो जाता है। उसका सम्मोहन और प्रभाव नष्ट हो जाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
भोर के नभ को ‘राख से लीपा हुया चौका’ क्यों कहा गया है?
उत्तर
भोर के नभ का रंग नीला होता है, पर साथ ही उसमें सफ़ेदी भी बिखरी होती है। राख से लीपे हुए चौका भी जब तक गीला होता है वह मटमैला-सा प्रतीत होता है मैं उसमें नीलिमा अथवा श्यामलता के साथ सफ़ेदी का मिश्रण होता है। यही कारण है कि कवि ने भोर के नभ को राख से लीपे चौके की संज्ञा दी है। राख के ताजे लीपे चौके में नमी भी होती है। भोर के नभ में भी यह गीलापन है।

प्रश्न 3.
‘उषा’ कविता में प्रातःकालीन आकाश की पवित्रता, निर्मलता और उज्ज्वलता के लिए कवि दवारा प्रयुक्त निम्नलिखित कथनों को यथाक्रम लिखिए
(क) काली सिल जरा-से लाल केसर से कि जैसे धुल गई हो
(ख) राख से लीपा हुआ चौका
(ग) नील जल में किसी की गौर, झिलमिल देह जैसे हिल रही हो।
उत्तर :
पवित्रता-राख से लीपा हुआ चौका।
निर्मलता-काली सिल जरा-से केसर से कि जैसे धुल गई हो।
उञ्चलता-नीले जल में किसी की गौर, झिलमिल देह जैसे कि हिल रही हो।

प्रश्न 4.
कविता में प्रयुक्त उपमा और उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार छाँटिए।
उत्तर
उपमा-

• बहुत नीला, शंख जैसे।
• बहुत काली सिल जरा-से लाल केसर से कि जैसे धल गई हो।

उत्प्रेक्षा-

• स्लेट पर या लाल खड़िया चॉक मल दी हो किसी ने।
• नीले जल में या किसी की गौर झिलमिल देह जैसे हिल रही हो।
• स्लेट पर या लाल खड़िया चाक मल दी हो किसी ने।

प्रश्न 5.
‘उषा’ कविता में प्रातःकालीन आकाश में पवित्रता, निर्मलता और उज्ज्वलता के लिए प्रयुक्त कथनों को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
पवित्रता-जिस स्थान पर मंगल कार्य करना हो, उसे राख से लीप कर पवित्र बना लिया जाता है। लीपे हुए चौके के समान ही प्रात:कालीन आकाश भी पवित्र है। निर्मलता-कालापन मलिन अथवा दोषपूर्ण माना जाता है। उसको निर्मल बनाने के लिए उसे जल आदि से धो लेते हैं। जिस प्रकार काली सिल पर लाल केसर रगड़ने से तथा बाद में उसे धोने से उस पर झलकनेवाली लालिमा उसकी निर्मलता की सूचक बन जाती है, उसी प्रकार प्रात:कालीन आकाश भी हलकी लालिमा से युक्त होने के कारण निर्मल दिखाई देता है। उचलता-जिस प्रकार नीले जल में गोरा शरीर उज्ज्वल चमक से युक्त तथा मोहक लगता है उसी प्रकार प्रात:कालीन आकाश भी उज्ज्वल प्रतीत होता है।

प्रश्न 6.
‘उषा’ कविता के आधार पर प्रातःकालीन सौंदर्य पर प्रकाश डालिए।
अथवा
सूर्योदय से पहले आकाश में क्या-क्या परिवर्तन होते हैं?
अथवा
उज़ा कविता के आधार पर भोर के नभ का चित्रण अपने टाब्दों में लिखिए। (C.B.S.E 2017 Set-III)
उत्तर
प्रात:काल का दृश्य बड़ा मोहक होता है। उस समय श्यामलता, श्वेतिमा तथा लालिमा का सुंदर मिश्रण दिखाई देता है। रात्रि की नीरवता समाप्त होने लगती है। प्रकृति में नया निखार आ जाता है। आकाश में स्वच्छता, निर्मलता तथा पवित्रता व्याप्त दिखाई देती है। सरोवरों तथा नदियों के स्वच्छ जल में पड़नेवाले प्रतिबिंब बड़े आकर्षक तथा मोहक दिखाई देते हैं। आकाश लीपे हुए चौके के समान पवित्र, हलकी लाल केसर से युक्त सिल के समान तथा जल में झलकनेवाली गोरी देह के समान दिखाई देता है।

प्रश्न 7.
‘उषा’ कविता के आधार पर अपनी कल्पना में संध्या के सौंदर्य का चित्रण कीजिए।
उत्तर
सूर्योदय से पूर्व के आकर्षक दृश्य की तरह संध्या के समय सूर्य के डूबने से पूर्व का दृश्य भी बड़ा मोहक होता है। पक्षी अपने पंख फैलाकर अपने-अपने नीड़ों की ओर उड़े जा रहे होते हैं। चरवाहे अपने पशुओं को लेकर घरों को लौट रहे होते हैं। उस समय आकाश में श्वेतिमा, लालिमा तथा श्यामलता का मिश्रण दिखाई देता है। संध्या का क्षण-प्रतिक्षण परिवर्तित होनेवाला यह आकर्षण दर्शक की दृष्टि को बाँध लेता है। कुछ ही क्षणों के बाद यह दृश्य समाप्त हो जाता है और चारों ओर हलका-हलका अँधेरा छाने लगता है।

प्रश्न 8.
इन पंक्तियों का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
प्रातः नभ था बहुत नीला, शंख जैसे
भोर का नभ, राख से लीपा हुआ चौका
(अभी गीला पड़ा है।)
बहुत काली सिल ज़रा से लाल केसर से
कि जैसे धुल गई हो
स्लेट पर या लाल खड़िया चाक
मल दी हो किसी ने
उत्तर
प्रस्तुत काव्यांश में कवि ने प्रातःकालीन सुंदरता को बड़े आकर्षक रूप में चित्रित किया है। कविता में कल्पना तत्व की प्रधानता है। कवि ने सूर्योदय से पूर्व वातावरण में व्याप्त नीलिमा को उभारने के लिए विभिन्न उपमाएँ दी हैं। उन्होंने प्रात:काल के क्षणिक सौंदर्य को अपनी तीव्र अनुभूति के माध्यम से सरल, सरस तथा चित्रात्मक भाषा में व्यक्त किया है। उपमा तथा उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकारों का प्रयोग किया है। प्रभातकालीन आकाश का सहज चित्रण किया गया है।

प्रश्न 9.
निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए
नील जल में या किसी की
गौर झिलमिल देह
जैसे हिल रही हो।
और ……….
जादू टूटता है इस उषा का अब
सूर्योदय हो रहा है।
उत्तर
इन पंक्तियों में कवि ने सूर्योदय से पूर्व के आकाश की शोभा के चित्रण में बड़ी सूक्ष्म दृष्टि तथा मौलिक कल्पना का परिचय दिया है। आकाश में उभरनेवाले क्षणिक रंग का बड़ा सजीव चित्रण है। नीले जल में झिलमिलाती गोरी देह का शब्द-चित्र पाठक पर जादू का-सा प्रभाव डालता है। उत्प्रेक्षा तथा अनुप्रास अलंकारों का प्रयोग है। सरस तथा मधुर शब्दावली का प्रयोग है। नीला जल नीले आकाश का तथा झिलमिल देह उगते सूर्य का प्रतीक है। नीले आकाश की उज्ज्वलता का भी भावपूर्ण चित्रण है।

प्रश्न 10.
सिल और स्लेट का उदाहरण देकर कवि ने आकाश के रंग के बारे में क्या कहा है?
उत्तर
कवि ने आकाश के रंग के बारे में सिल का उदाहरण देते हुए स्पष्ट किया है कि यह आकाश ऐसा लगता है जैसे किसी काली सिल पर केसर धुल-सी गई हो। स्लेट का उदाहरण देते हुए कहा गया है कि आकाश ऐसा लगता है जैसे किसी ने स्लेट पर लाल रंग की खड़िया मिट्टी मल दी हो। इस उदाहरण द्वारा कवि ने श्वेतिमा तथा कालिमा के समन्वय का वर्णन कर आकाश की शोभा का वर्णन किया है।

प्रश्न 11.
‘उषा’ नामक कविता के माध्यम से प्रयोगवादी काव्य का शिल्प किस प्रकार प्रकट हो पाया है? स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
शमशेर बहादुर सिंह की कविता में प्रयोगवादी काव्य का शिल्प अति सजीवता से प्रकट हो पाया है। इसमें नए बिंब, नए प्रतीक और नए उपमान कविता के साधन बने हैं। पुराने उपमानों को भी कवि ने नया रंग देने का प्रयत्न किया है। प्रकृति में होनेवाला परिवर्तन मानव जीवन का सजीव चित्र बनकर प्रकट हुआ है। कवि ने प्रात:कालीन आसमान को धरती के साथ जोड़ने में सफलता प्राप्त की है।

सूर्य : उगते ही अपनी जिन रंगीन-छटाओं को प्रस्तुत करता है उन्हें कवि ने गाँव के सजीव वातावरण से जोड़ दिया है। आसमान में जैसे-जैसे रंग बदलते दिखाई दिए हैं वैसे-वैसे गाँव के घर में भी प्रकट हुए हैं। वहाँ भी सिल है, राख से लीपा हुआ चौका है, स्लेट की कालिमा है और रंग-बिरंगे चॉक को थामनेवाले अदृश्य हाथ भी हैं। कविता में प्रयोगवादी काव्य का शिल्प अनूठे ढंग से अभिव्यक्त हो पाया है।

प्रश्न 12.
प्रातःकालीन आसमान को देखता हुआ कवि मन में कहाँ पहुँचा हुआ प्रतीत है? लिखिए।
अथवा
सिद्ध कीजिए कि ‘उषा’ कविता गाँव की सुबह का गतिशील चित्रण है। (C.B.S.E 2014 Set-I, II, III, Outside Delhi 2017 Set-I)
उत्तर
कवि प्रात:कालीन आसमान के रंगों को देखते हुए धरती के हलचल भरे जीवन से जुड़ा हुआ है। वह किसी गाँव की सुबह को अपनी मन की आँखों से देख रहा है जहाँ सूर्य उदित होने से पहले की सुबह का अँधेरा काली सिल के समान है और कुछ समय बाद वही राख से लीपे हुए चौके की तरह है। वही स्लेट के काले रंग-बिरंगे चॉक के समान है। कवि के मन में भविष्य का वह छिपा हुआ उजाला जो रात के अंधेरे को चीरकर उजाले की ओर आगे बढ़ने का अहसास-सा करता है।

प्रश्न 13.
कवि की बिंब-योजना की विशिष्टता क्या है ? लिखिए।
उत्तर
कवि की बिंब-योजना गतिशील है और उसमें प्रकृति की गति को शब्दों में बाँधने की अद्भुत क्षमता है। चाक्षुक बिंब-रचना में कवि को विशेष निपुणता प्राप्त है, इसी के माध्यम से उसने प्रभावपूर्ण रंग-योजना की सृष्टि की है।

प्रश्न 14.
‘स्लेट पर लाल खड़िया चॉक मलने की कल्पना अद्भुत है’ टिप्पणी कीजिए।
उत्तर
स्लेट के काले रंग पर नमी से युक्त लाल खड़िया चॉक मल देने से वह भोर के समय पूर्व दिशा के समान दिखाई देता है जिसमें सूर्य अभी प्रकट हो रहा होता है। कवि ने प्रकृति की सुंदरता और रंग-योजना को प्रस्तुत कर अद्भुत कल्पना की हैं।

प्रश्न 13.
कवि की बिंब-योजना की विशिष्टता क्या है? लिखिए।
उत्तर
कवि की बिंब-योजना गतिशील है और उसमें प्रकृति की गति को शब्दों में बाँधने की अद्भुत क्षमता है। चाक्षुक बिंब-रचना में कवि को विशेष निपुणता प्राप्त है, इसी के माध्यम से उसने प्रभावपूर्ण रंग-योजना की सृष्टि की है।

प्रश्न 14.
‘स्लेट पर लाल खड़िया चॉक मलने की कल्पना अद्भुत है’ टिप्पणी कीजिए।
उत्तर
स्लेट के काले रंग पर नमी से युक्त लाल खड़िया चॉक मल देने से वह भोर के समय पूर्व दिशा के समान दिखाई देता है जिसमें सूर्य अभी प्रकट हो रहा होता है। कवि ने प्रकृति की सुंदरता और रंग-योजना को प्रस्तुत कर अद्भुत कल्पना की है।

प्रश्न 15.
निम्नलिखित काव्यांष्ठा को पढ़कर पूछे गए प्रष्ठनों के उत्तर दीजिए : (Outside Delhi 2017 Set-II)
भोर का नभ राख से लीपा हुआ चौका (अभी गीला पड़ा है) बहुत काली सिल जरा से लाल केसर से कि जैसे धुल गई हो। स्लेट पर भी लाल खडिया चाक मल दी हो किसी ने
(क) काव्याष्ठा के भाव संदर्भ पर टिप्पणी कीजिए।
(ख) काव्यांष्ठा की अलंकार-योजना का सौंदर्य समझाइए।
(ग) काव्यांष्ठा की भाजा की दो विष्ठोजाएं लिखिए।
उत्तर
(क) काव्यांष्ठा में कवि ने प्रात:कालीन सौंदर्य का बड़ा आकर्जक चित्रण किया है। कवि ने सूर्योदय से पूर्व वातावरण में व्याप्त नीलिमा का चित्रित करने हेतु अनेक उपमाएं प्रदान की हैं।
(ख) काव्यांष्ठा में ‘राख से लीपा हुआ चौका’ में उत्प्रेक्षा तथा ‘बहुत काली सिल जरा से लाल केसर से कि जैसे धुल गई हो’ पंक्ति में उपमा की छटा है।
(ग) भाजा सरल एवं सहज है। चित्रात्मकता विद्यमान है।

सप्रसंग व्याख्या, अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

1. प्रातः नभ था बहुत नीला शंख जैसे
भोर का नभ
राख से लीपा हुआ चौका
(अभी गीला पड़ा है।)
बहुत काली सिल ज़रा से लाल केसर से
कि जैसे धुल गई हो
स्लेट पर या लाल खड़िया चाक
मल दी हो किसी ने। (C.B.S.E. Delhi 2008, C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2013, Set-I)

शब्दार्थ चौका-जमीन पर बैठकर खाना बनाने का स्थान। सिल-चपटा पत्थर, जिस पर मसाले, चटनी आदि पीसते हैं।

प्रसंग प्रस्तुत काव्यांश हमारी पाठ्यपुस्तक ‘आरोही-2’ में संकलित कविता ‘उषा’ से उद्धृत है। इसके कवि शमशेर बहादुर सिंह जी है। इन पंक्तियों में कवि ने उषा काल के नभ का शब्द-चित्र प्रस्तुत किया है।

व्याख्या नीले आकाश में सफेद रंग की झलक भी थी। इस प्रकार सूर्योदय से पूर्व के आकाश ने आकर्षक रूप धारण कर लिया था। आकाश की नीलिमा में बिखरी सफ़ेदी के कारण उसका सौंदर्य शंख के समान बन गया था। नीले आकाश में सफ़ेद रंग की हलकी चमक को देखकर कवि को लगा-जैसे किसी गृहिणी ने सुबह होते ही राख से चौका लीप रखा है, जो अभी गीला पड़ा है अथवा ऐसा लगता है जैसे लाल केसरवाली सिल को धो दिया गया है लेकिन उस पर केसर की आभा दिखाई दे रही हो अथवा ऐसा लगता है जैसे स्लेट पर लाल खड़िया चाक मल दिया गया हो। अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. प्रातःकालीन आकाश कैसा था?
2. कवि ने भोर के नभ की क्या-क्या विशेषताएं बताई हैं?
3. उपर्युक्त काव्यांश के कवि तथा कविता का नाम बताएँ।
4. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. प्रात:कालीन आकाश बहुत नीले शंख के समान था जिसमें सफेद रंग की आभा भी झलक रही थी।
2. कवि ने भोर के नभ की निम्नलिखित विशेषताएँ बताई हैं

• नभ राख से लीपे हुए गीले चौके के समान प्रतीत होता है।
• वह लाल केसर से धुली हुई काली सिल जैसा दिखाई देता है।

3. उपर्युक्त काव्यांश के कवि का नाम शमशेर बहादुर सिंह है तथा कविता का नाम ‘उषा’ है।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• यहाँ कवि ने उषा काल का बड़ा सूक्ष्म चित्र अंकित किया है। सूर्योदय से पूर्व का दृश्य भले ही क्षणिक होता है पर अपने आकर्षण से दर्शक की दृष्टि को बाँध लेता है।
• प्रयोगवादी कविता का शिल्प द्रष्टव्य है।
• अभिधात्मक प्रयोग किया गया है।
• अनुप्रास, उपमा, उत्प्रेक्षा, पदमैत्री, स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों की छटा अनुपम है।
• कोमलकांत पदावली की योजना है।
• तत्सम एवं तद्भव शब्दों का प्रयोग है। दृश्य बिंब है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

2. नीला जल में या किसी की
गौर, झिलमिल देह
जैसे हिल रही हो।
ओर…..
जादू टूटता है इस उषा का अब
सूर्योदय हो रहा है। (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012, Set-1)

शब्दार्थ : गौर-गोरा रंग। सूर्योदय-सूर्य का निकलना। देह-शरीर।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत काव्यांश शमशेर बहादुर सिंह द्वारा रचित ‘उषा’ नामक कविता से अवतरित है। सूर्योदय से पूर्व का समय उषा काल कहलाता है। उस समय आकाश विशिष्ट रूप में दिखाई देता है। प्रस्तुत कविता में उषाकालीन आकाश की शोभा का अनेक रूपों में चित्रण है।

व्याख्या : नीला आकाश मानो नीला जल है। सूर्य का आकाश में प्रकट होना ऐसा लगता है मानो कि सुंदरी नीले जल से बाहर आती हुई रह-रहकर अपने गोरे रंग की आभा बिखेर रही है। अब सूर्य प्रकट होने के कारण उषा का जादू के समान यह सौंदर्य समाप्त हो रहा है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. कवि के अनुसार भोर का नभ कैसा प्रतीत होता है?
2. उषा का जादू कब टूटता है?
3. कवि ने नील जल में झिलमिलाती देह की तुलना किससे की है?
4. उपर्युक्त अवतरण का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. कवि के अनुसार भोर का नभ देखकर ऐसा प्रतीत होता है जैसे नीले जल में किसी सुंदर नायिका का गौर वर्ण झिलमिला रहा हो।
2. उषा का जादू सूर्योदय होने पर टूटता है।
3. कवि ने नीले जल में झिलमिलाती देह की तुलना भोर के नभ से की है।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• उषाकालीन आकाश का मनमोहक शब्द-चित्र प्रस्तुत किया गया है।
• चाक्षुक बिंब-योजना है।
• अभिधा शब्द-शक्ति का प्रयोग किया गया है।
• माधुर्य गुण-संपन्न है।
• अनुप्रास, उपमा अलंकारों की अनुपम छटा है।
• तत्सम एवं तद्भव शब्दों का प्रयोग है।
• कोमलकांत पदावली की योजना है।

Here we are providing Class 12 Sociology Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Globalisation and Social Change. Sociology Class 12 Important Questions are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 6 Important Extra Questions Globalisation and Social Change

Globalisation and Social Change Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by World Trade Organisation?
Answer:
World Trade Organisation is an international organization which was established by member states of the United Nation in 1955. This organization regulates international trade and services through different laws, rules and policies. Its headquarter is in Geneva.

Question 2.
What is meant by the Synthesis of Culture?
Answer:
This is the age of globalization in which the living style of the people across the globe is the same. Due to this product of their consumption are also the same. This is known as a synthesis of culture.

Question 3.
What is meant by a Globalised village?
Answer:
Transnational companies, these days, are establishing different companies in different countries to increase their trade and relations. It has changed the world into a global village. It has been given the name of the globalized village, as the world is now just like a village.

Question 4.
What are the views of people about Globalisation?
Answer:
There are two types of views of the people about globalization. Some are of the view that the world will be changed into*a better world through globalization. But some people are of the view that it provides profit to the rich people and the condition of the poor will deteriorate further.

Question 5.
What is the impact of globalization on the social sector?
Answer:
Globalization has greatly affected social relations and religious identity. It has greatly affected fashion, eating habits, nature of consumption, and the living styles of the people. Now everything in one part of the world is available in another part of the world.

Question 6.
What is meant by the culture of consumption?
Answer:
These days, the culture of consumption is increasing in the world due to globalization. Today’s modern society is the society of consumption and everyone consumes the same type of things. This culture of consuming society is known as the culture of consumption.

Question 7.
What is meant by the policy of Liberalisation? (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Removal of unnecessary restrictions of a controlled economy is known as liberalization. Removal of unnecessary restrictions from industries and trade is liberalization so that the economy can become more competitive, progressive and open. It is an economic process in society.

Question 8.
What is meant by Economic Reforms?
Answer:
The steps or reforms taken for the liberalization of the economy is known as economic reforms. These reforms occurred in all the major sectors of the Indian economy.

Question 9.
What are Transnational Companies?
Or
State the features of transnational corporations. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Transnational companies are companies that produce goods or market services in more than one country. These may be relatively small firms with one or two factories or could be huge international ones whose operation criss-cross the globe.

Question 10.
Give two assumptions of Globalisation.
Answer:
(i) Opening up of the country’s economy for foreign trade because it permits free trade among different countries.
(ii) Custom duty is reduced to such an extent so that foreign-made foods are not costlier than local goods.

Question 11.
What is Corporate Culture? (C.B.S.E. 2010, 2011)
Answer:
Corporate culture is a branch of management theory that seeks to increase productivity and competitiveness through the creation of a unique organizational culture involving all members of a firm.

Question 12.
What is meant by the globalization of finance? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Globalization of finance has been made possible due to the information technology revolution. Globally integrated financial markets undertake billions of dollars worth of transactions within seconds in the electronic circuits.

Question 13.
What was the significance of the Silk Route? (C.B.S.E. 2010)
Answer:
Centuries ago, Silk Routes connected India to the great civilisations which existed in China, Persia, Egypt, and Rome. With the help of these routes, people from different parts came here, sometimes as traders, conquerors, migrants, etc. These routes helped in the trade between different countries.

Question 14.
Name any two INGO’s. (C.B.S.E. 2012, 2013)
Or
Give examples of INGO’s. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Some of the best known INGO’s are Greenpeace, The Red Cross, and Amnesty International Medecins Sans Frontiers, etc.

Question 15.
Mention any two adverse impacts of liberalization. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:

1. Small and local industry/manufacturers exposed to MNCs and could not compete.
2. Some sectors like automobiles and electronics did not benefit from the policy of liberalization as they cannot compete with foreign products.

Question 16.
Differentiate between Fordism and Post-Fordism. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
The meaning of Fordism is the mass production of goods at a centralized location and is popularized by Henry Ford. Whereas the meaning of post-Fordism is a system of flexible production at dispersed locations.

Question 17.
In what way advertisement in technology led to revolutionary changes in global communities. (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
The scope of the answer to WHAT is asked in the question is VERY LARGE. The question requires a connection between “advertisement in technology” LEADING TO” revolutionary changes “IN” global communities”.

Question 18.
How were silk spinners and twisters of Bihar affected by globalization? (C.B.S.E. 2017 (D))
Answer:
Affect of globalization on silk spinners and twisters of Bihar

1. Lost their jobs because of Chinese / Korean silk yarn that entered the market.
2. Preference of the Chinese / Korean silk yarn, as it is somewhat cheaper and has a shine.

Globalisation and Social Change Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is meant by Liberalisation?
Or
Explain the economic policy of Liberalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2012)
Answer:
Removing of unnecessary restrictions of the controlled economy is known as liberalisation. Removing of unnecessary restrictions from trade and industries, so that the economy can become more competitive, progressive and open, is called liberalisation. It is a process in which different countries of the world are motivated to provide such facilities with which free trade could develop among them. One of its main objectives is to reach the objective of a better international economic relation. This policy increases the working capacity of the economy and private companies have the ability to give better results than public enterprises.

Question 2.
Explain the process of Globalisation. (C.B.S.E. 2011)
Answer:
Globalisation is that process in which the economy of one country is attached with economies of other countries. The unrestricted exchange of goods, services, capital and labour of one country with another country is known as globalisation. There is an open and free exchange of trade between different countries. In this way, the unification of world economies is called globalisation. The world has become a village due to globalisation.

Question 3.
How electronic economy underpins economic globalisation?
Answer:
The electronic economy is one of the major factors which underpins economic globalisation. Banks, corporations, fund managers and individual investors just click the mouse to transfer funds internationally or anywhere in the world. Yet, this quick move of electronic money has certain risks as well. In India, this is generally discussed with reference to rising share markets and also quick dips because of foreign investors buying stocks, making a profit and then selling them off. This type of transaction can happen only because of the communication revolution.

Question 4.
What is the relation of globalisation with employment?
Answer:
One of the major issues of globalisation and labour is the relationship between employment and globalisation. Here we can see the impact of globalisation. Globalisation and IT revolution have opened up new career opportunities for the middle-class youth of urban areas. They are learning computer languages at computer institutes rather than routinely picking up B.Sc. / B.A. / B.Com degree from college and are taking up jobs at call centres or at BPO companies. They are also working as a salesperson in shopping malls and are working at different restaurants that have opened up. But many times, globalisation becomes one of the reasons for the loss of employment of people of lower classes.

Question 5.
What do you know about Trans-national companies?
Or
Write two features of Transnational Corporations. (C.B.S.E. 2011, 2012)
Or
Write about the features of transnational corporations. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:
Transnational companies are those companies which produce goods or market services in more than one country. TNC’s could be small firms with one or two factories outside their native countries or could be gigantic international ones which operate across the globe. Coca-Cola, General Motors, Pepsi, Colgate, Palmolive, Kodak, Mitsubishi and a number of others are some of the examples of multi-national companies. They are oriented global markets and take in global profits even if they have a clear national base. Some Indian corporations like Tata, Infosys, Reliance, etc. are also becoming transnational.

Question 6.
Why is the number of cellphones continually increasing in India?
Answer:
Cellphones in India were started in 1995. At that time, mobile service was quite costly and it was not possible for everyone to buy this service. But gradually, this service became cheap. Later on, new mobile service providers came into the market and as a result, the competition started between them. The Telecom department has made a regulatory authority called TRAI which has kept control over these companies. First of all, incoming calls became free and later on, outgoing calls became quite cheap. Now the customer is required to pay only 1 paisa per second on outgoing calls. The monthly rental has reduced a lot. Mobile companies are giving new interesting schemes so that the customers are satisfied. That is why now everyone has a mobile. Even rickshaw puller have mobiles. This is the reason because of which cellphones are continuously increasing in India.

Question 7.
Differentiate between Fordism and Post-Fordism. (C.B.S.E. 201S, 2015)
Answer:
Fordism-It is a system of production, made popular by the American industrialist in the early part of the 20th century. He popularized the assembly line method of mass production of cars. This age also led to the payment of better wages to workers and social welfare policies were being executed by both the state and industrialists.

Post-Fordism-It refers to the method of flexible production adopted by multinational companies who either off-shore their production units or outsource the whole process of production and distribution it to the third world countries because of availability of cheap labour. This period is also known as the growth of the financial sector and the growth of the culture.

Question 8.
Discuss the changes that have emerged in Indian industries after globalization and liberalization. (C.B.S.E. 2015)
Answer:
Globalization and liberalization have brought many changes in Indian industries such as:

1. Private companies especially foreign firms are encouraged to invest in sectors earlier reserved for government.
2. Now there is no need for licenses to open industries.
3. Government is selling out public sectors or government companies.
4. Now Indian companies are becoming multinational companies and are selling their products all over the world.

Question 9.
“Globalisation affects different people differently.” Explain.
Answer:
Globalisation affects different people differently:

1. Products from outside countries flooded the markets which affected the people.
2. Industries, farmers, small manufacturers, traders etc. face tough competition from foreign agencies/countries.
3. The gap between rich and poor increasing.
4. Impact on fishermen, weavers, traditional craftsmen etc.
5. Cheaper foreign products replace the indigenous product e.g. gum from Sudan replaces gum from Gujarat etc.
6. Entertainment explosion replaced traditional entertainers and techniques.

Globalisation and Social Change Important Extra Questions Essay Answer Type

Question 1.
What is Globalisation? Explain in brief.
Answer:
The process of Globalisation is a wide economic process which has spread in all the societies and countries. Different countries have free trade and economic relations in this process. Every country is inter-dependent on other countries to fulfil their basic needs. It is because of this mutual dependence, mutual relations developed between different countries and one idea come into being to increase relations of free trade in each other’s country. This idea of increasing economic relations and free trade is given the name of Globalisation. The concept of Globalisation is the concept of liberalisation in which different countries are opening their doors for other countries to have duty free trade relations among them.

This concept of Globalisation is not very old. It is 10-15 years old which has taken the whole world in its fold. That’s why the world is shrinking these days. We can get foreign-made goods while living in our small town or city. We can look at any part of the country. For example, many foreign cars like Mercedes, General Motors, Rolls Royce, Ferrari, Honda, Mitsubishi, Hyundai, Skoda, Toyota, etc. came to India, which were not available in the decade of 1980s.

It is happening because of Globalisation and liberalisation because of which market of our country has been opened up for foreign companies. In this way, a lot of foreign-made goods and Indian goods are present in our country. It is due to Globalisation that different countries are opening their doors for foreign companies and are encouraging free trade. These days, the world is shrinking and now it is just like a small village or town. Government is increasing Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) in every sector. This is called Globalisation.

Question 2.
What are the basic principles of Globalisation?
Answer:
1. World Trade: The first and necessary condition of Globalisation is world trade. It is the main base of business of the world. It unites the people of different sectors living in different countries and gives them business. For example, India has a surplus of tea. That’s why different countries of the world are importing tea from India. In the same way, almost all the countries of the world depend upon Arabian countries for crude oil. In this way, with the exchange of goods and because of trade, they are coming closer to each other. People of India depend upon Arabian people and they depend upon us. That’s why world trade and Globalisation has increased.

2. Economic Globalisation: Globalisation has established a new economy in the world. Now the economy of one country depends upon the economy of another country. That’s why the concept of world economy came into being. Different countries unite with each other because of the economy and the exchange of cultural traits starts to take place between them. Investment, exchange of division of labour, specialisation, production, consumption, etc. have an important role in this trade. Economic Globalisation has encouraged capitalism. Now people are thinking about the international economy and structure.

3. Globalisation of Market: Globalisation has increased the market to a great extent. Now Globalisation of the market is not being done only on the basis of production but also on the basis of consumption. Now companies are producing things while keeping in mind the market of other countries or the international market. Even some countries depend on others for consumption. In this way, production and consumption depend upon the foreign market. With this, the business with other country increases and foreign exchange enters the country. In this, the way the market depends upon foreign countries. We can find a number of foreign goods in our market. Even eatable things are available in a can In this way, the market is has expanded with globalisation.

4. Division of Labour: Globalisation has encouraged the division of labour. Now people are trying to be placed in foreign countries. For example, people are doing a number of computer courses so that they can earn money in foreign countries. We see many types of advertisements in newspapers that specialists in different countries are required. Division of labour is encouraged because specialists are in great demand in different countries. It is the feature of globalisation that it has encouraged the division of labour.

5. Migration of Labourers to Another country: Another feature of globalisation is the migration of workers from one country to another country in search of work. Generally, people, specialists in different sectors from South Asian countries are going to western countries for work because they think that they can earn more in western countries. Workers from different countries are working in different countries and are earning money. In this way, because of globalisation people from different countries are able to migrate to other countries.

6. World Economy: Another feature of globalisation is the encouragement of world economy. Now the economy of one country is not restricted only to that country because its economy is affected by the economies of other countries. With the increase in business, economies depend upon each other. In this way, because of interdependence, the world economy and world trade have increased.

Question 3.
What was the impact of Globalisation on the Indian Economy?
Answer:
1. Increase of Indian Share in world export: With the process of globalisation, the Indian share in world export has increased. Indian goods and services in India for the decade 1990-2000 has increased by 125%. In 1990, the Indian share in the world’s export of goods and services was 0.55% which increased up to 0.75% in 1999.

2. Foreign investment in India: Foreign direct investment is an important feature of globalisation because foreign investment increases the capacity of production of any economy. Foreign investment in India is continuously increasing. From 1995-96 up to 2000-01, it has increased by 53% and during this time, 500 crores annually have been invested in India.

3. Foreign Exchange Reserves: Foreign exchange is necessary for import. In June 1991, foreign exchange reserves in India was 1 Billion Dollars which was enough to fulfil the needs of the country for only two weeks. After this, India adopted new economic policies, Globalisation and liberalisation were encouraged because of which foreign exchange reserve increased very quickly. Now our foreign exchange reserve in near to 350 Billion Dollars.

4. Growth of Gross Domestic Product: Because of globalisation, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country has increased. In 1980, it was 5.63% which increased to 5.80% in 1990. At present, it is around 7%.

5. Increase in unemployment: Because of globalisation, unemployment in India has increased. During the decade of 1990-2000, the economic problem came in Mexico, South Korea, Thailand, Singapur, Indonesia, Malaysia and it come because of globalisation. That’s why millions of people lost their jobs and they had to live below the poverty line. At the start of 1990s, the rate of unemployment was 6% which increased up to 7% in 2000.

6. Impact on Agriculture: The share of agriculture and its related activities in the Gross Domestic Product of the country is 29%. But it is 2% in the U.S.A., 55% in Japan and France. If we look at the labour force then India’s 69% labour force is related to agricultural functions but the labour force in the agricultural sector in the U.S.A. and the U.K. is only 2.6%. In the near future, it is necessary for India to open its market for world companies in the agricultural sector which is in agreement with W.T.O. This time will be challenging for India.

7. Educational and technical development: Globalisation and Liberalisation have put a great effect on the education and technology sector which has seen a revolution. The world has shrunk due to the means of transport and communication. Internet and computer have brought a revolution in this sector.

Question 4.
What are the impacts of globalisation on our local culture?
Answer:
Local culture is that culture which is restricted only to one country, society or geographical area. Yet many cultural groups exist in one country and they live with each other peacefully like in India. It has been said that India is a museum of many races, meaning many cultures live here. Unity and diversity can be seen here. So the traditional culture of a country or society is its local culture. It can also be called as the sub-culture.

Globalisation affects all those traditional cultures of societies or countries which come in contact with modern culture due to commercial relations. Because modern or western culture is developed in developed countries, that’s why English is the language of this culture. Globalisation exerts its impact on local culture and these impacts are given below:

Adopting Some Aspects of External Culture:
It has been said that wherever globalised culture has reached, the culture of that country has adopted some features of western culture according to their needs. For example, the general usage of the English language has increased in our country. Our ways of living, eating habits has also changed due to western culture. Even rural areas came under the impact of globalisation.

But one thing should be kept in mind, that although people have adopted the Western culture they still have maintained their own culture, customs, traditional ways of living, etc. So we can say that a globalised culture and local culture both are maintained side by side. We can give four steps to this:
1.People of the local culture are associated with their people on a community basis and they have emotional relations with the people of their regional community. That’s why people of local culture hardly adopt each and everything of external culture.

2. The main feature of local culture is that it is flexible and permanent. Local people are generally deeply associated with their own values, beliefs, traditions, languages, etc. That’s why people of the local culture are unable to adopt the external culture.

3. Humans are the result of different sub-cultures. That’s why a person is unable to mix himself with the globalised culture because people believe that they might become a slave of globalised culture. That’s why complete uniformity with the globalised culture cannot be established.

4. Many people give respect to cultural diversity for themselves. They like new ideas, new ways of living, etc. because they want some change in life and change is the law of nature. That’s why people of the local culture are unable to leave their old culture.

Question 5.
How communication system has been affected by globalisation?
Answer:
Revolutionary changes come in global communication due to advances in technology and the world’s telecommunication infrastructure. In house and offices, we have multiple links to the outside world which include telephones, mobiles, fax machines, digital and cable T.V., internet and e-mail. In the world, there are a number of places which were unknown to us before the advent of communication systems. This is indicative of a digital divide. Despite this digital divide, these forms of technology do facilitate the compression of time documents to each other with the help of satellite technology.

These days, mobile phones are a part integral of the middle-class youth of urban areas as cellular telephony has grown enormously. There has been tremendous growth in the usage of mobile phones and a marked change in how its use is seen.

Question 6.
What type of change has emerged in the political scenario due to globalisation?
Answer:
U.S.S.R. disintegrated in 1990 which was one of the largest change in itself. This event hastened the process of globalisation. It gave a specific economic and political approach to economic policies which encourage globalisation. These changes are also known as neo-liberalisation economic measures. Some concrete steps were taken in

India under the policy of liberalisation. Broadly speaking, these policies reflect a political vision of free enterprise which believes that a free reign to market forces will be both fair and efficient. That’s why it criticises both state subsidies and state regulations. In this sense, the existing process of globalisation doesn’t have a political vision as much as economic vision. However, the possibilities of different globalisation do exist. We thus have the concept of inclusive globalisation which includes all sections of the society.

One of the other major political development which accompanies globalisation is the growth of international and regional mechanisms for political collaboration. The European Union (EU), The Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and South Asian Federation of Trade Association (SAFTA) are some of the examples which showed the increasing role of regional associations.

Another political dimension which came in front due to globalisation is the rise of International Governmental Organisations (IGO’s) and International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGO’s). An inter-governmental organisation is a body which is founded by participating member governments and is given the responsibility of regulating a specific domain of activity whose scope is transnational. W.T.O. is one of its examples which rules and governs the trade practices across the globe.

Here we are providing Class 12 Hindi Important Extra Questions and Answers Aroh Chapter 5 सहर्ष स्वीकारा है. Important Questions for Class 12 Hindi are the best resource for students which helps in class 12 board exams.

सहर्ष स्वीकारा है Class 12 Important Extra Questions Hindi Aroh Chapter 5

प्रश्न 1. काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए
इसलिए कि जो कुछ भी मेरा है या मेरा जो होता-सा लगता है, होता-सा संभव है
सभी वह तुम्हारे ही कारण का घेरा है, कार्यों का वैभव है।
उत्तर

• प्रस्तुत काव्यांश ‘आरोह भाग-2’ में संकलित कवि गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध द्वारा रचित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता से अवतरित है।
• इस काव्यांश में कवि ने जीवन में अपना सब कुछ असीम सत्ता को समर्पित किया है।
• खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग है।
• रहस्यात्मक भावना दृष्टिगोचर होती है।
• मुक्तक छंद का प्रयोग है।
• इन पंक्तियों में प्रसाद गुण है।
• अनुप्रास, संदेह, उपमा, पदमैत्री, स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों की छटा दर्शनीय है।
• बिंब-योजना अत्यंत सार्थक एवं सटीक है।
• भावपूर्ण शैली का प्रयोग है।

प्रश्न 2.
‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता के माध्यम से कवि ने क्या प्रेरणा प्रदान की है?
उत्तर
‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध द्वारा रचित है। इसके माध्यम से कवि ने मानव को जीवन में सुख-दुःख, संघर्ष-अवसाद, उठा-पटक, हर्ष-विषाद, राग-विराग आदि भावों को सहर्ष से स्वीकार करने की प्रेरणा दी है।

प्रश्न 3.
‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता का मूलभाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध द्वारा रचित ‘भूरी-भूरी खाक धूल’ संग्रह में संकलित है। इसमें कवि ने जीवन के सभी सुख-दुःख, हर्ष-विषाद, संघर्ष-अवसाद, राग-विराग आदि के सम्यक-भाव से अंगीकार करने की प्रेरणा दी है। ‘मनुष्य को इन्हें खुशी-खुशी स्वीकार कर लेना चाहिए। इसके साथ-साथ यह कविता हमें उस विशिष्ट व्यक्ति या सत्ता की ओर भी संकेत करती है जिसने कवि को जीवन में प्रेरणा प्रदान की है। जिसकी प्रेरणा से उसने समस्त भावों को सहर्ष भाव से खशी-खुशी स्वीकार कर लिया है।

प्रश्न 4.
कवि के प्रिय को उनका क्या-क्या प्यारा लगता है?
उत्तर
कवि के प्रिय को उनके जीवन के समस्त भाव बहुत प्रिय लगते हैं। कवि की गर्वयुक्त गरीबी, गंभीर अनुभव, विचार-वैभव, दृढ़ता, आंतरिक सरिता, सभी भाव उनके प्रिय को प्यारे लगते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
कवि ने प्रिय के चेहरे की उपमा किससे की है? कैसे?
उत्तर
कवि ने प्रिय के चेहरे की उपमा आकाश में मुसकराते चंद्रमा से की है। जिस प्रकार मुसकराता चंद्रमा सारी रात अपनी शीतल चाँदनी धरा पर बिखेरता रहता है उसी प्रकार विशिष्ट प्रिय का चेहरा कवि के प्रति खिलता रहता है।

प्रश्न 6.
कवि किससे दंड की कामना करता है और क्यों?
उत्तर
कवि अपने विशिष्ट प्रिय से दंड की कामना करता है। वह इसलिए इस दंड की कामना करता है क्योंकि वह अपने प्रिय के विस्मृत करने की भूल कर बैठा है।

प्रश्न 7.
कवि को पाताली अंधेरे की गुफाओं में भी किसका सहारा प्रतीत होता है और क्यों?
उत्तर
कवि को पतली अँधेरे की गुफाओं में अपनी विशिष्ट सत्ता या प्रिय का सहारा ही प्रतीत होता है। क्योंकि उसके जीवन में जो कुछ भी उसका है या उसका होना संभव है वह सब उसके विशिष्ट प्रिय के कारण ही है। वह सब उसके प्रिय के कारण ही उसे प्राप्त है।

प्रश्न 8.
‘ममता के बाद की मँडराती कोमलता भीतर पिराती है’ भाव-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
यह अवतरण गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध द्वारा रचित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ नामक कविता से अवतरित है। कवि अपने विशिष्ट प्रिय को संबोधन कर कह रहा है कि अब उसके जीवन का वह पड़ाव आ पहुँचा है कि जो ममता रूपी कोमलता कभी उसके हृदय को स्पर्श करते ही आनंद विभोर कर देती थी, जिसमें डूबकर वह आनंदमग्न हो सब कुछ विस्मृत कर देता था। अब वह भी उससे सहन नहीं होती। वह उसके हृदय को आनंद की अपेक्षा पीड़ा पहुँचाती है। वह उसे बादलों के मँडराने के समान कठोर प्रतीत होती है।

प्रश्न 9.
‘बहलाती-सहलाती आत्मीयता बरदाश्त नहीं होती है’-काव्य-पंक्ति में निहित व्यंजना का भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
आत्मीयता वह भाव होता है जो हृदय को स्पर्श कर उसे आनंद एवं खुशी प्रदान करती है किंतु यहाँ कृषि के जीवन में वे प्रतिकूल परिस्थितियाँ पदार्पण कर गई हैं कि उसे आत्मीय जन भी अच्छे नहीं लगते और न ही उनकी बहलाने-सहलाने वाली आत्मीयता उन्हें भाती है। अब कवि को केवल अपने प्रिय को अंगीकार करना चाहता है। वह उसमें सम्मिलित होने की कामना करता है।

प्रश्न 10.
कवि पाताली अँधेरे की गुफाओं में लापता क्यों होना चाहता है?
उत्तर
कवि पाताल की अंधेरी गुफाओं और गड्ढों में अदृश्य हो जाना चाहता है क्योंकि वह धुएँ के बादलों में पूर्ण रूप से छिप जाना चाहता है जिससे उसके विशिष्ट प्रिय अतिरिक्त कोई अन्य उसे पहचान न सके।

सप्रसंग व्याख्या, अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

1. जिंदगी में जो कुछ है, जो भी है
सहर्ष स्वीकारा है।
इसलिए कि जो कुछ भी मेरा है
वह तुम्हें प्यारा है।
गरबीली गरीबी यह, ये गंभीर अनुभव सब
यह विचार-वैभव सब
दृढ़ता यह, भीतर की सरिता यह अभिनव सब
मौलिक है, मौलिक है
इसलिए कि पल-पल में
जो कुछ भी जाग्रत है अपलक है
संवेदन तुम्हारा है। (C.B.S.E. Model Q.Paper 2008, A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012, Set-I, C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2013; Set-II, 2014 Set-I, II, III)

शब्दार्थ : सहर्ष-खुशी-खुशी, हर्ष पूर्ण से। गरबीली-गर्वीली, गर्व से युक्त । भीतर की सरिता-आंतरिक नदी। जाग्रत-जागा हुआ, सचेत, सावधान । संवेदन-सुख-दुख की अनुभूति स्वीकारा-ग्रहण किया। विचार-वैभव-विचार रूपी ऐश्वर्य। मौलिक-मूल रूप में,वास्तविक, अनिवार्य। अपलक-अदृश्य, नदी।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत काव्यांश हिंदी की पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘आरोह भाग-2’ में संकलित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ नामक कविता से अवतरित किया गया है। इसके रचयिता ‘गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध’ जी हैं जो नई कविता के बेजोड़ एवं प्रमुख कवि माने जाते हैं। इस काव्यांश में कवि ने जीवन में सुख-दुख, संघर्ष-अवसाद, उठा-पटक आदि को सम्यक भाव से अंगीकार करने की प्रेरणा दी है। कवि असीम सत्ता को संबोधन करते हुए कहते हैं जिनसे उन्हें जीवन में प्रेरणा प्राप्त हुई है।

व्याख्या : कवि असीम सत्ता को संबोधन करते हुए कहते हैं कि हे प्रभु! मेरी जिंदगी में जो सुख-दुख, राग-विराग, आशा-निराशा, उठा-पटक आदि सम्मिलित हैं उनको मैंने सहर्ष भाव से खुशी-खुशी स्वीकार किया है। अर्थात मेरे जीवन में जो और जैसी भी परिस्थितियाँ आईं उनको मैंने प्रसन्नता से ग्रहण किया है। कवि उसी सत्ता को संबोधन कर कहते हैं कि इस जीवन में जो कुछ भी मेरे पास है वह सब तुम्हें प्यारा लगने वाला है अर्थात कवि कहते हैं कि मैंने अपने जीवन में वही संचित किया है जो आपको प्रिय लग सके।

मेरे जीवन में सब कुछ मूलभूत एवं अनिवार्य है। यह गर्व से युक्त गरीबी, ये जीवन के गंभीर अनुभव, विचार रूपी ऐश्वर्य, श्रेष्ठ विचार, दृढ़ता, नवीन आंतरिक सरिता सब कुछ मौलिक है। इसमें बनावटीपन या गढ़ा हुआ कुछ भी नहीं है। कवि कहते हैं कि हे प्रभु! इस जगत में प्रतिपल जो कुछ भी दिखाई देता है, जो कुछ भी प्रकाशित होता है। वह वास्तव में अदृश्य रूप में तुम्हारा ही संवेदन है। तुम्हारे ही सुख-दुख की अनुभूति है जो दृश्य रूप में प्रतिक्षण आँखों के समक्ष रहती है। हे प्रभु! यह गोचर जगत आप ही द्वारा निर्मित है जिसमें प्रतिपल आप अदृश्य रूप में विराजमान रहते हो।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. इस अवतरण के कवि तथा कविता का नाम लिखिए।
2. कवि ने अपने जीवन में क्या-क्या स्वीकार किया है?
3. कवि को गरीबी कैसी लगती है और क्यों?
4. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. इस अवतरण के कवि का नाम गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध हैं तथा कविता का नाम ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ है।
2. कवि ने अपने जीवन में गर्वयुक्त गरीबी, गंभीर अनुभव, विचार-वैभव, दृढ़ता आदि को प्रसन्नतापूर्वक स्वीकार किया है।
3. कवि को गरीबी गर्वीली लगती है क्योंकि उसे गरीबी भी उसके प्रेरणास्रोत प्रभु द्वारा प्राप्त हुई है।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

•  रहस्यवादी भावना का चित्रण हुआ है।
• खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग है।
• संस्कृत के तत्सम, तद्भव और विदेशी भाषा के शब्दों का प्रयोग है।
• शांत रस की प्रधानता है।
• अनुप्रास, पदमैत्री, रूपक, स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों की छटा दर्शनीय है।
• बिंब-योजना अत्यंत सरल है।

2. जाने क्या रिश्ता है, जाने क्या नाता है
जितना भी उँडेलता हूँ, भर-भर फिर आता है
दिल में क्या झरना है ?
मीठे पानी का सोता है
भीतर वह, ऊपर तुम
मुसकाता चाँद ज्यों धरती पर रात-भर
मुझ पर त्यों तुम्हारा ही खिलता वह चेहरा है!! (C.B.S.E. Delhi 2008, C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi, 2013, Set-I)

शब्दार्थ : उँडेलता हूँ-बिखेरता हूँ, खाली करता हूँ। मुसकाता-मुसकराता। सोता-जल की निरंतर बहनेवाली छोटी धारा, झरना, नदी की शाखा।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ ‘आरोह भाग-2 में संकलित कवि ‘मुक्तिबोध’ द्वारा रचित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ नामक कविता से अवतरित हैं। इनमें कवि ने रहस्यवादी चेतना का परिचय देते हुए मनुष्य और परमात्मा के अटूट संबंध का चित्रांकन किया है।

व्याख्या : कवि प्रभु को संबोधन करते हुए कहते हैं कि हे प्रभु! मैं नहीं जानता कि मेरा आपके साथ क्या रिश्ता-नाता है। मेरा आपसे क्या संबंध है ? इस बारे में मुझे कुछ भी नहीं पता। दिल में न जाने कौन-सा प्रेम रूपी झरना मौजूद है। मैं इस झरने को जितनी बार भी खाली करता हूँ यह बार-बार अपने-आप ही भर जाता है। कवि का अभिप्राय है कि आपके प्रति मेरे हृदय में प्रेम रूपी झरना प्रवाहित है। मैं बार-बार प्रयास करके इसे खाली करना चाहता हूँ परंतु यह फिर भर जाता है।

मैं आपके प्रति अपने हार्दिक प्रेम को कम करना चाहता हूँ लेकिन यह कम होने की अपेक्षा और बढ़ता ही जाता है। हे असीम सत्ता! मेरे भीतर तो मीठे पानी का स्रोत या झरना मौजूद है और बाहर तुम विराजमान हो। कवि का कथन है कि जिस प्रकार रात्रि में मुसकराता, खिलता हुआ चंद्रमा मौजूद रहता है उसी प्रकार हे प्रभु! मेरी आत्मा पर आपका ही चेहरा या स्वरूप खिलता रहता है। मेरी आत्मा में सदैव आपका स्वरूप छाया रहता है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. ‘जाने क्या रिश्ता है, जाने क्या नाता’ पंक्ति में कवि किससे, किस रिश्ते और नाते की बात करता है?
2. झरने का पानी कैसा है?
3. कवि ने प्रभु के खिलते चेहरे की तुलना किससे की है?
4. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर
1. इस पंक्ति में कवि प्रभु से अपने अर्थात मानव के रिश्ते और नाते की बात करता है।
2. झरने का पानी एक मीठे पानी के स्रोत के समान है।
3. कवि ने प्रभु के खिलते चेहरे की तुलना रात्रि में धरती पर मुसकराते चंद्रमा से की है।
4. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• कवि ने मनुष्य और असीम सत्ता के अटूट संबंध का चित्रण किया है।
• अनुप्रास, पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश, रूपक, उपमा, मानवीकरण, उदाहरण अलंकारों की छटा दर्शनीय है।
• मुक्तक छंद का प्रयोग है।
• शांत रस प्रधान है।
• संस्कृत के तत्सम और तद्भव शब्दों का प्रयोग हुआ है।
• मुक्तक छंद है।
• खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग है।

3. सचमुच मुझे दंड दो कि भूलूँ मैं भूलूँ मैं
तुम्हें भूल जाने की
दक्षिण ध्रुवी अंधकार-अमावस्या
शरीर पर, चेहरे पर, अंतर में पा लूँ मैं
झेलूँ मैं, उसी में नहा लूँ मैं
इसलिए कि तुमसे ही परिवेष्टित आच्छादित
रहने का रमणीय यह उजेला अब
सहा नहीं जाता है। (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2016)
नहीं सहा जाता है।
ममता के बादल की मंडराती कोमलताभीतर पिराती है
कमज़ोर और अक्षम अब हो गई है आत्मा यह
छटपटाती छाती को भवितव्यता डराती है
बहलाती सहलाती आत्मीयता बरदाशत नहीं होती है! (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2009, 2010 Set-III, 2011 Set-III, 2012 Set-1)

शब्दार्थ : अंतर-हृदय। आच्छादित-ढका हुआ। अक्षम-असमर्थ, क्षमता रहित, अशक्त। भवितव्यता-होनी, शक्ति अवश्यंभावी।

बरदाश्त-सहन, सहनशीलता। परिवेष्टित-घिरा हुआ। रमणीय-सुंदर। छटपटाना-पीड़ा के कारण हाथ-पैर मारना या आर्थिक दुखों से परेशान होना। आत्मीयता-अपनापन।

प्रसंग : यह पद्य मुक्तिबोध द्वारा रचित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ नामक कविता से अवतरित किया गया है। इसमें कवि ने मनुष्य को यह प्रेरणा दी है कि जीवन में हमें आनेवाले पलों को स्वीकारना चाहिए।

व्याख्या : कवि उस असीम सत्ता को संबोधन करते हुए कहता है कि हे प्रभु, आपको भूलकर जो मैंने अपराध किया है उसका मुझे अवश्य दंड मिलना चाहिए। अत: आप मुझे दंड दें। मैं दक्षिण ध्रुव पर विराजमान अँधेरे से परिपूर्ण अमावस्या को अपने हृदय में प्राप्त कर लूँ तथा उसे अपने शरीर और चेहरे पर झेलूँ और मैं उसी में डूबकर स्नान कर लेना चाहता हूँ क्योंकि आपसे घिरे तथा ढके हुए रहने का यह सुंदर प्रकाश अब मुझसे सहन नहीं होता। कवि का कहना है कि हे प्रभु! आपसे ढके हुए रहने का यह रमणीय प्रकाश मुझसे और ज्यादा सहन नहीं होता इसलिए मैं अब अँधेरी अमावस्या में डूब जाना चाहता हूँ।

अब तो स्थिति यह हो गई है कि जो ममता के बादल मेरे चारों ओर मँडराते रहते हैं, अब इन ममता के बादलों की मँडराती कोमलता मेरे हृदय को पीड़ा देने लगी है। जिन ममता रूपी बादलों को देखकर मैं पहले आनंदित हो जाया करता था अब वही ममता रूपी बादल मुझे पीड़ादायक प्रतीत होते हैं। अब मुझमें और अधिक कष्ट सहने की शक्ति नहीं रही। अब तो मेरी आत्मा कमजोर और शक्तिहीन हो गई है।

मेरी छाती निरंतर दुखों के कारण परेशान रहती है इसलिए वह होनी को देखकर भयभीत रहती है। होनी मेरी कमज़ोर और शक्तिहीन छाती तथा हृदय को डराती रहती है। कवि कहते हैं कि अब तो स्थिति इतनी नाजुक हो गई है कि मुझे देखकर लोग सांत्वना देते हैं, सहानुभूति प्रकट करते हैं तथा दुखों को सहलाने का प्रयास करते हैं लेकिन अब तो मन बहला देनेवाली तथा दुखों को सहला देनेवाली आत्मीयता भी सहन नहीं होती। अपनापन भी अच्छा नहीं लगता।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तर

प्रश्न
1. कवि के भीतर कौन पीड़ा पहुँचाती है?
2. कवि की आत्मा कैसी हो गई?
3. अब कवि को क्या बरदाश्त नहीं होती?
4. कवि किससे दंड की प्रार्थना करते हैं और क्यों?
5. इस उपर्युक्त काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
6. कवि के व्यक्तिगत संदर्भ में किसे ‘अमावस्या’ कहा गया है?
7. ‘अमावस्या’ के लिए प्रयुक्त विशेषणों का भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
8. ‘रमणीय उजेला’ क्या है और कवि उसके स्थान पर अंधकार क्यों चाह रहा है?
9. ‘तुम से ही परिवेष्टित आच्छादित’ – यहाँ ‘तुम’ कौन है? आप ऐसा क्यों मानते हैं?
उत्तर
1. कवि के भीतर ममता के बादल की मँडराती हुई कोमलता पीड़ा पहुँचाती है।
2. कवि की आत्मा कमज़ोर और अक्षम हो गई है।
3. अब कवि को बहलाती, सहलाती आत्मीयता बरदाश्त नहीं होती।
4. कवि प्रभु से दंड की प्रार्थना करते हैं क्योंकि उन्होंने अपने जीवन में उन्हें भूलने की भूल की है।
5. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• आत्माभिव्यंजना का सजीव चित्रांकन हुआ है।
• खड़ी बोली का प्रयोग है।
• मुक्तक छंद का प्रयोग है।
• तत्सम, तद्भव एवं विदेशी शब्दावली का प्रयोग है।
• अनुप्रास, रूपक, पदमैत्री अलंकारों का प्रयोग हुआ है।
• बिंब-विधान अतीव सुंदर एवं सटीक है।

6. कवि के व्यक्तिगत संदर्भ में प्रतिकूल परिस्थितियों एवं पीड़ा को अमावस्या कहा गया है। कवि के जीवन में अपार दुख एवं समस्याओं ने उसे चारों तरफ से घेर लिया था।
7. दक्षिणध्रुवी से तात्पर्य जीवन के अंतिम पड़ाव से है। अंधकार से तात्पर्य दुखों, पीड़ाओं एवं समस्याओं से है।
8. रमणीय उजेला से तात्पर्य प्रिय की कृपा का प्रतिफल है जो सुख, आनंद से परिपूर्ण है।
9. यहाँ तुम कवि का प्रिय है। कवि ने कविता अपने प्रिय को संबोधित करके कही है।

4. सचमुच मुझे दंड दो कि हो जाऊँ
पाताली अंधेरे की गुहाओं में विवरों में
धुएँ के बादलों में
बिलकुल मैं लापता
लापता कि वहाँ भी तो तुम्हारा ही सहारा है!!
इसलिए कि जो कुछ भी मेरा है
या मेरा जो होता-सा लगता है, होता-सा संभव है
सभी वह तुम्हारे ही कारण के कार्यों का घेरा है, कार्यों का वैभव है
अब तक तो जिंदगी में जो कुछ था, जो कुछ है
सहर्ष स्वीकारा है
इसलिए कि जो कुछ भी मेरा है
वह तुम्हें प्यारा है।

शब्दार्थ : गुहाओं-गुफ़ाओं। लापता-खोया हुआ। स्वीकारा-स्वीकार किया, ग्रहण किया। विवरों में-छिद्रों में, बिलों में।

प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पद्यांश ‘आरोह भाग-2′ में संकलित कवि मुक्तिबोध’ द्वारा रचित ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ कविता से लिया गया है। इसमें कवि ने अपना सब कुछ उस विशिष्ट या असीम सत्ता के प्रति समर्पित किया है।

व्याख्या : कवि विशिष्ट सत्ता को संबोधन करते हुए कहते हैं-हे प्रभु ! आप मुझे वास्तव में दंड दें जिससे मैं पाताल लोक की अँधेरी गुफ़ाओं, बिलों और धुएँ के काले बादलों के बीच में बिलकुल गुम हो जाऊँ। मैं इन गुफाओं, बिलों और बादलों में इतना गुम हो जाऊँ कि कोई मुझे ढूँढ़ न सके। फिर वहाँ तो आपका ही सहारा है। वहाँ भी आप ही की सत्ता है। कवि कहते हैं कि जीवन में जो कुछ भी मेरे पास है या मेरा होनेवाला है, वह सब कुछ तुम्हारे ही कारणों का चक्र है और तुम्हारे ही कार्यों का ऐश्वर्य है।

मेरे संपूर्ण जीवन पर आपका ही अधिकार है। जो कुछ भी मेरे पास है वह सब कुछ आपकी ही देन है। आपके कार्यों का ही परिणाम है। कवि का कथन है कि अब तो मेरी जिंदगी में जो कुछ राग-विराग, सुख-दुख, आशा-निराशा, हर्ष-विषाद आदि था और जो कुछ है वह सभी कुछ मैंने खुशी-खुशी स्वीकार किया है अर्थात मेरे जीवन में जो कुछ है जो था उसको मैंने निर्विवाद रूप में इसलिए स्वीकारा है क्योंकि जो कुछ भी मेरा है।

मेरे जीवन में मेरे पास है वह सब तुम्हें प्यारा है। मेरे जीवन में जो हर्ष-विषाद, सुख-दुख, राग-विराग, आशा-निराशा आदि है वह सब तुम्हें प्रिय लगने वाला है। वह सब आपकी देन है जिसे मैंने खुश होकर अंगीकार किया है।

अर्थग्रहण एवं सौंदर्य-सराहना संबंधी प्रश्नोत्तरी

प्रश्न
1. कवि किस दंड की कामना करता है?
2. कवि प्रभु के प्रति क्या समर्पित करता है?
3. इस काव्यांश के कवि तथा कविता का नाम लिखिए।
4. ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ पंक्ति में निहित भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
5. इस काव्यांश का काव्य-सौंदर्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उन्तर
1. कवि पाताली अंधेरे की गुफाओं, बिलों में तथा धुएँ के बादलों में बिलकुल लापता हो जाने के दंड की कामना करता है।
2. कवि का मानना है कि जीवन में उसने जो कुछ भी प्राप्त किया है, जो कुछ भी उसका होनेवाला है वह सब प्रभु को प्यारा है। वह अपना सबकुछ ईश्वर को समर्पित करता है।
3. इस काव्यांश के कवि का नाम गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध है तथा कविता का नाम ‘सहर्ष स्वीकारा है’ है।
4. इस पंक्ति का भाव यह है कि उस प्रभु ने जीवन में जो कुछ भी सुख-दुख प्रदान किए हैं, उन्हें कवि ने सहर्ष भाव से खुशी-खुशी स्वीकार किया है।
5. काव्य-सौंदर्य

• कवि ने जीवन में सुख-दुख, राग-विराग, आशा-निराशा आदि भावों को सहर्ष स्वीकार करने की प्रेरणा दी है।
• अनुप्रास, उपमा, पदमैत्री, स्वरमैत्री अलंकारों का स्वाभाविक प्रयोग है।
• तत्सम, तद्भव तथा विदेशी शब्दावली है।
• खड़ी बोली का सहज, सरस प्रयोग हुआ है।
• मुक्त छंद का प्रयोग है।
• बिंब-योजना अत्यंत सुंदर एवं सटीक है।