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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
Discuss three factors that determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions.
Answer:
Three factors are crucial in deciding the outcome of politics of social divisions. First of all the outcome depends on how people perceive their identities. If people see their identities in singular and exclusive terms, it becomes very difficult to accommodate. As long as people in Northern Ireland saw themselves as only Catholic or Protestant, their differences were difficult to reconcile. It is much easier if the people see that their identities are multiple and are complementary with the national identity.

A majority of Belgians now feel that they are as much Belgian as they are Dutch or German-speaking.
This helps them to stay together. This is how most people in our country see their identity: they think of themselves as Indian as well as belonging to a state or a language group or a social or religious community.

Second, it depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community. The demand for ‘only Sinhala’ was at the cost of the interest and identity of the Tamil community in Sri Lanka. In Yugoslavia, the leaders of different ethnic communities presented their demands in such a way that these could not be accommodated within a single country.

Third, it depends on how the government reacts to the demands of different groups. As we saw in the examples of Belgium and Sri Lanka, if the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the country. But if they try to suppress such a demand in the name of national unity, the end result is often quite the opposite. Such attempts at forced integration often sow the seeds of disintegration.

Question 2.
When does a social difference become a social division?
Answer:
People who feel marginalized, deprived, and discriminated against have to fight against the injustices. Such a fight often takes the democratic path, voicing their demands in a peaceful and constitutional manner, and seeking a fair position through elections.

Sometimes social differences can take the form of an unacceptable level of social inequality and injustice. The struggle against such inequalities sometimes takes the path of violence and defiance of state power. However, history shows that democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity.

Question 3.
How do social divisions affect politics? Give two examples.
Answer:
Expression of various kinds of social divisions in politics often results in their cancelling one another out and thus reducing their intensity. This leads to the strengthening of democracy. But a positive attitude towards diversity and a willingness to accommodate it does not come about easily. People who feel marginalized, deprived, and discriminated against have to fight against the injustices.

Such a fight often takes the democratic path, voicing their demands in a peaceful and constitutional manner, and seeking a fair position through elections. Sometimes social differences can take the form of an unacceptable level of social inequality and injustice. The struggle against such inequalities sometimes takes the path of violence and defiance of state power. However, history shows that democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity.

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks:
___________ social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. ____________ social differences do not usually lead to conflicts.
Answer:
Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions Cross-cutting social differences do not usually lead to conflicts.

Question 5.
In dealing with social divisions which one of the following statements is NOT correct about democracy?
(a) Due to political competition in a democracy, social divisions get reflected in politics.
(b) In a democracy it is possible for communities to voice their grievances in a peaceful manner.
(c) Democracy is the best way to accommodate social diversity.
(d) Democracy always leads to the disintegration of society on the basis of social divisions.
Answer:
(d) Democracy always leads to the disintegration of society on the basis of social divisions.

Question 6.
Consider the following three statements :
A. Social divisions take place when social differences overlap.
B. It is possible that a person can have multiple identities.
C. Social divisions exist in only big countries like India. Which of the statements is/are correct?
(a) A, B, and C
(b) A and B
(c) B and C
(d) Only C
Answer:
(b) A and B

Question 7.
Arrange the following statements in a logical sequence and select the right answers by using the code given
below :
A. But all political expressions of social divisions need not be always dangerous.
B. Social divisions of one kind or the other exist in most countries.
C. Parties try to win political support by appealing to social divisions.
D. Some social differences may result in social divisions.
(a) D, B, C, A
(b) D, B, A, C
(c) D, A, C, B
(d) A, B, C, D
Answer:
(a) D, B, C, A

Question 8.
Among the following, which country suffered disintegration due to political fights on the basis of religious and ethnic identities?
(a) Belgium
(b) India
(c) Yugoslavia
(d) the Netherlands
Answer:
(c) Yugoslavia

Question 9.
Read the following passage from a famous speech of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1963. Which social division is he talking about? What are his aspirations and anxieties? Do you see a relationship between this speech and the incident in Mexico Olympics mentioned in this chapter?
‘I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character. Let freedom ring. And when this happens, and when we allow freedom ring – when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children – black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics – will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: ‘Free at last! Free at last Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!’ I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed,: “We hold these truths to be self- evident: that all men are created equal.”
Answer:
Social division: He is talking about social divisions in the USA between the Blacks and Whites, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants, and Catholics.

His aspirations and anxieties: He aspires that all human beings must be free and there should be no discrimination on the basis of color and creed. He dreams that his four children would one day live in a nation where they would not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character. He dreamt that there would be freedom for all in every village, hamlet, city, state. He hoped that the time would come when all people – Black, White, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics – without any discrimination, would join and ring the words of the old Negro spiritual: Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!” In short, he dreamt that one day all men would be treated as equal.

Relationship between the speech and the incident in Mexico Olympics: There is a relationship between the two because at the medal ceremony of the 200 meters race in the 1968 Olympics held in Mexico City, two African-Americans – Tommie Smith and John Carlos, who had won gold and bronze medals, had protested against Black poverty wearing black socks and no shoes.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 Federalism

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 Federalism.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
Locate the following States on a blank outline political map of India: Manipur, Sikkim, Chhattisgarh, and Goa.
Answer:
The states have been shown in the map on page P – 15.

Question 2.
Identify and shade three federal countries (other than India) on a blank outline political map of the world.
Answer:
Federal states — USA, Brazil, and Australia have been shown in the map on page P-16.

Question 3.
Point out one feature in the practice of federalism in India that is similar to and one feature that is different from that of Belgium.
Answer:
(1) Similar features: Distribution of powers –

In both the countries, power has been divided among the national government, state (provincial) government, and local governments (community govt, in Belgium).

• In Belgium,
  1. The regional governments have jurisdiction over transportation, public works, water policy, education, public health, and housing, etc.
  2. The community government has the power regarding cultural, educational, and language-related issues.
• In India, for example
  1. The legislative powers have been divided between the Union Govt and the State Governments.
  2. It contains three lists – Union list, State list, and Concurrent list.
  3. By the Act of 1992, the third tier e., local govts, have been granted more powers.

(2) Different features: Forms of government – In Belgium in addition to Central and State government, there is a third kind of government that is community government. This is elected by people belonging to one language community – Dutch, French, and German-speaking – no matter where they live. This government deals with cultural, educational, and language-related issues. In India, there is no such government.

In India, there is a three-tier government. The third government is the local government i.e., Panchayats at the village level and Municipalities at the town level. These bodies have been given powers by constitutional amendment in 1992.
Some of the provisions of the Act are as mentioned below :

• Mandatory to hold regular elections to local govt, bodies.
• Reservation of seats for SC/ST/OBC.
• Reservation of 1/3 seats for women.
• State Election Commission to hold elections.
• State govt, to share some powers.

Question 4.
What is the main difference between a federal form of government and a unitary one? Explain with an example.
Answer:
Under the federal system, generally, there are two sets of government i.e., national and state. Powers are divided between the two. For example in India, there are three lists – Union list, State list, and Concurrent list. The central or national government makes laws on the subjects in the Union List. These are subjects of national importance such as defense, foreign affairs and currency.

The state governments enact laws on the subjects included in the state list. These subjects are of state and local importance such as police, trade, agriculture and irrigation. Both the governments can enact laws on the subjects included in the concurrent list which includes subjects of common interest. These are education, forest, trade unions, and marriage etc.

On the other hand, under the unitary system, there is only one level of government at the national level. There are no provincial or state governments as we have in India. There is, therefore, no division of powers. The units or provincial government if any, are subordinate to the central government or national government as in England. The central or national government has all the powers.

Question 5.
State any two differences between the local government before and after the Constitutional amendment in 1992.                                                                                      ,
Answer:
A major step towards decentralization was taken in 1992. The Constitution was amended to make the third-tier of democracy more powerful and effective. Now it is constitutionally mandated to hold regular elections to local government bodies. Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.

At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women. An independent institution called the State Election Commission has been created in each State to conduct panchayat and municipal elections. The State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies. The nature of sharing varies from State to State.

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks :

Since the United States is a (1)_________________________ type of federation, all the Constituent States have equal powers and States are (2)________________________ vis-a-vis the federal government. But India is a (3)_____________________ type of federation and some States have more power than others. In India, the (4)_______________________ govern­ment has more powers.
Answer:
(1) coming together (2) strong (3) holding together (4) central

Question 7.
Here are three reactions to the language policy followed in India. Give an argument and an example to support any of these positions.
Sangeeta: The policy of accommodation has strengthened national unity.
Arman: The language-based States have divided us by making everyone con­scious of their language.
Harish: This policy has only helped to consolidate the dominance of English over all other languages.
Answer:
The position held by Sangeeta that the policy of accommodation has strengthened national unity is correct. The Central Government agreed to continue the use of English along with Hindi for official purposes to avoid the Lankan kind of situation. Otherwise, the move­ment against Hindi would have taken a more ugly turn. The promotion of Hindi continues to be the official policy of the Government of India. Promotion does not mean that the Central Government can impose Hindi on states where people speak a different language. The flexibility shown by our leaders helped our country avoid the kind of situation that Sri Lanka finds itself in. Thus the policy of accommodation has strengthened national unity. Hindi is being used along with English for official purposes.

Question 8.
The distinguishing feature of a federal government is :
(a) National government gives some powers to the provincial government.
(b) Power is distributed among the legislature, executive, and judiciary.
(c) Elected officials exercise supreme power in the government.
(d) Governmental power is divided between different levels of government.

Question 9.
A few subjects in various Lists of the Indian Constitution are given here. Group them under the Union, State, and Concurrent Lists as provided in the table below :
Defence; B. Police; C. Agriculture; D. Education; E. Banking; F. Forests;  G. Communications; H. Trade; I. Marriages.

Answer:

1. Union List: Defence, Banking and Communications.
2. State List: Police, Agriculture and Trade.
3. Concurrent List; Education, Forests and Marriages.

Question 10.
Examine the following pairs that give the level of government in India and the powers of the government at that level to make laws on the subjects mentioned against each. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched ?

Answer:
(d) Local governments — Residuary powers. It is not correctly matched because the residuary powers have been given to the Central Government.

Question 11.
Match List I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists :

Answer:
(c) A, C, D, B.

Question 12.
Consider the following statements:

(a) In a federation, the powers of the federal and provincial governments are clearly demarcated.

(b) India is a federation because the powers of the Union and State Govern­ments are specified in the Constitution and they have exclusive jurisdiction on their respective subjects.

(c) Sri Lanka is a federation because the country is divided into provinces.

(d) India is no longer a federation because some powers of the States have been devolved to the local government bodies.

Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) A, B, and C
(b) A, C, and D
(c) A and B only
(d) B and C only

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 Federalism help you. If you have any query regarding Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
What are the different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies? Give an example of each of these.
Answer:
(i) Power-sharing among the different organs of government (Horizontal power-sharing). In a democracy, power is shared among the different organs of the government such as the legislature, executive, and the judiciary. This is called the horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of the government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Under this kind of power-sharing arrangement, one can exercise unlimited powers. Each organ has its own powers, and it can also check the powers of others. So this results in a balance of power among the various institutions.

(ii) Power-sharing among governments at different levels: Under this, people choose separate governments at separate levels, for example, a general local government for the entire country and local governments at the provincial, sub-national or regional levels. Such a general government for the entire country is usually called a Federal government.

(iii) Power-sharing among different social groups: In a democracy, especially, in a multi-ethnic society, power is also shared
among social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. In some countries, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and the administration.

(iv) Power-sharing among political parties, pressure groups, and movements : In a democracy, power is also shared among different political parties, pressure groups, and movements. Democracy provides citizens with a choice to choose their rulers. This choice is provided by the various political parties, who contest elections to win them. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.

Question 2.
State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power-sharing with an example from the Indian context.
Answer:
(1) Prudential reason:

1. Power-sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups,
2. Social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power-sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order,
3. Imposing the will of the majority community over others undermines the unity of the nation as has happened in Sri Lanka,
4. The tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the majority, it often brings ruin to the majority as well. For example, in India seats in the assemblies and parliament have been reserved. This arrangement is meant to give space in the government and administration to diverse social groups. In addition to this minorities have been granted special fundamental rights.

(2) Moral reason:

1. In a democracy, power-sharing is necessary. Since all the people are affected by the policies of the government, they should be consulted in the governance of the country,
2. They should be allowed to participate in the decision-making process,
3. It is the basis of democracy. It is its very spirit.
4. A legitimate government is one where citizens participate and acquire a stake in the system. Thus, moral reasons emphasize the very act of power-sharing as valuable. In India, people elect their representatives every five years or earlier. People have also been granted the right to information.

Question 3.
After reading this chapter, three students drew different conclusions. Which of these do you agree with and why? Give your reasons in about 50 words.
Thomman — Power sharing is necessary only in societies which have religious, linguistic or ethnic divisions.
Mathai — Power sharing is suitable only for big countries that have regional divisions.
Ouseph — Every society needs some form of power-sharing even if it is small or does not have social divisions.
Answer:
Every society needs some form of power sharing even if they are small or do not have social divisions because :
(i) Some power-sharing is always needed to give voice to all, and representation to all the members of the country.
(ii) Power-sharing solutions are adopted to maintain stability in the system, and peace among various groups to ensure the smooth functioning of the system, irrespective of the size of the country.

Question 4.
The Mayor of Merchtem, a town near Brussels in Belgium, has defended a ban on speaking French in the town’s schools. He said that the ban would help all non-Dutch speakers integrate into this Flemish town. Do you think that this measure is in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power-sharing arrangements? Give your reasons in about 50 words.
Answer:
No, the measure taken by the Mayor of Merchtem is not in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power sharing arrangements. As 59 per cent of the population in the Flemish region speaks Dutch, the ban on speaking French in the town’s schools would prevent French and Dutch speakers to mingle with each other, and also create feelings of distrust and suspicion. The ban ignores the regional differences and cultural diversities. It is against the spirit of accommodating every linguistic group, and creating a right environment for everyone to live. The ban, rather, makes the ground for a civic strife, and a possible division of the community on linguistic lines.

Question 5.
Read the following passage and pick out any one of the prudential reasons for power sharing offered in this :
“We need to give more power to the panchayats to realise the dream of Mahatma Gandhi and the hopes of the makers of our Constitution. Panchayati Raj establishes true democracy. It restores power to the only place where power belongs in a democracy – in the hands of the people. Giving power to Panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency. When people participate in the planning and implementation of developmental schemes, they would naturally exercise greater control over these schemes. This would eliminate the corrupt middlemen. Thus, Panchayati Raj will strengthen the foundations of our democracy.”
Answer:
“Giving power to Panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption and increase adminis¬trative efficiency. When people participate in the planning and implementation of developmental schemes, they would naturally exercise greater control over these schemes. This would eliminate the corrupt middlemen. Thus, Panchayati Raj will strengthen the foundations of our democracy.” In this way power sharing will help to reduce the possibility of conflicts among different social groups in the village. There will be no violence and political stability will be established. As a result of it there will be peace and the village may make progress in different fields.

Question 6.
Different arguments are usually put forth in favour of and against power-sharing. Identify those which are in favour of power-sharing and select the answer using the codes given below. Power-sharing :
A. reduces conflict among different communities.
B. decreases the possibility of arbitrariness.
C. delays the decision-making process.
D. accommodates diversities.
E. increases instability and divisiveness.
F. promotes people’s participation in government.
G. undermines the unity of a country.

Answer:
(a) A, B, D, F.

Question 7.
Consider the following statements about power-sharing arrangements in Belgium and Sri Lanka :
A. In Belgium, the Dutch-speaking majority of people tried to impose their domi¬nation on the minority French-speaking community.
B. In Sri Lanka, the policies of the government sought to ensure the dominance of the Sinhala-speaking majority.
C. The Tamils in Sri Lanka demanded a federal arrangement of power-sharing to protect their culture, language and equality of opportunity in education and jobs.
D. The transformation of Belgium from a unitary government to a federal one prevented a possible division of the country on linguistic lines.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) A, B, C, and D
(b) A, B, and D
(c) C and D
(d) B, C, and D
Answer:
(d) B, C, and D.

Question 8.
Match List I (forms of power-sharing) with List-II (forms of government) and select the correct answer using the codes given below in the lists :

Answer:
(c) B, D, A, C.

Question 9.
Consider the following two statements on power-sharing and select the answer using the codes given below :
A. Power sharing is good for democracy.
B. It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
Which of these statements are true and false?
(a) A is true but B is false (b) Both A and B are true
(c) Both A and B are false (cl) A is false but B is true

Answer:
(b) Both A and B are true.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.

1. Which are the extreme locations connected by the East-West Corridor?
2. Which mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays?
3. State two states which are connected with the HVJ pipeline.
4. Which port is the deepest land-locked and well-protected port along the east coast?
5. Which is the most important mode of transportation in India?
6. Which term is used to describe trade between two or more countries?

Answer:

1. Silchar and Porbandar.
2. Pipeline.
3. Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh.
4. Vishakhapatnam.
5. Railways.
6. International trade.

Question 2(1).
Answer the following questions in about 30 words :
(1) State merits of roadways.
Answer:
(1) Merits of roadways: India has one of the largest road networks in the world. It is about 2.3 million km at present. In India roads were built earlier than the railways which were started in 1853.

The merits of roadways are as mentioned below :

1. The construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines,
2. Roads can traverse dissected and undulating topography and
3. Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes. and as such can traverse mountains such as the Himalayas.

Question 2(2).
Where and why is rail transport the most convenient means of transportation?
Answer:
Railways make it possible to conduct different activities like business, sightseeing, and pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances. Apart from an important means of transport, the Indian Railways have been a great integrating force for more than 150 years. Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of the industry and agriculture.

Question 2(3).
What is the significance of the border roads?
Answer:
The Roads Organization, (a Government of India undertaking) constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. This organization was established in 1960 for the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and north-eastern border areas. These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in the economic development of these areas.

Question 2(4).
What is meant by trade? What is the difference between international and local trade?
Answer:
The exchange of goods among people, states, and countries is referred to as a trade. The market is the place where such exchanges take place. Trade between the two countries is called international trade. It may take place across the sea, air or land. While local trade is carried on in cities, towns, and villages, state-level trade is carried between two or more states.

Question 3.
Answer the following questions in about 120 words :
(1) Why are the means of transportation and communication called the lifelines of a nation and
its economy?
(2) Write a note on the changing nature of international trade in the last fifteen years.
Answer:
(1) The means of transportation and communication are called the lifelines of a nation and its economy due to reasons as mentioned below :

1. The transport system helps in the movement of goods and services from their supply locations to demand locations.
2. The means of transport provide an important link between the producers and consumers
   of goods/products.
3. They help in the development of agriculture and industry by providing raw materials and
   distributing finished goods.
4. A well-built transport system brings people from different regions within the country and world closer to one another. This promotes interdependencies between them.
5. With the development of science and technology, the area of influence of trade and transport has expanded far and wide. Different countries, geographically far from each other, are now engaged in trade relations.
6. With the advanced system of communication, India is connected with the rest of the world. Its flourishing international trade has added vitality to its economy and enriched the lives of the people by raising their living standards.
7. Transport like railways helps us in conducting various activities like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage, and transportation of goods over longer distances.
8. Pipelines are used for transporting crude oil and natural gas to refineries and factories.
9. Waterways provide the cheapest means of transport.
10. Air transport provides the fastest, most comfortable mode of transport.A dense and efficient network of transport and communication are pre-requisites for fast development as well as national and global trade of today. Thus modem means of transport and communication serve as lifelines of our nation and its modern economy.

(2) India has trade relations with all the major trading blocks and all geographical regions of the world. Among the commodities of export, whose share has been increasing over the last few years till 2004-05 are, agriculture and allied products (2.53 percent), ores and minerals (9.12 percent), gems and jewellery (26.75 percent), chemical and allied products (24.45 percent), engineering goods( 35.63 percent) and petroleum products (86.12 percent) The commodities imported to India include petroleum, petroleum products (41.87 percent), pearls, precious stones (29.26 percent), inorganic chemicals (29.39 percent), coal, coke, briquettes (94.17 percent), machinery (12.56 percent).

Bulk imports as a group registered a growth accounting for 39.09 percent of total imports. This group includes fertilizers (67.01 percent), cereals (25.23 percent), edible oils (7.94 percent), and newsprint (5.51 percent). International trade has undergone a sea change in the last fifteen years. The exchange of commodities and goods have been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge. India has emerged as a software giant at the international level. It is earning large foreign exchange through the export of information technology.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

l. Very Short Answer Questions :

Question 1.
(a) Which industry uses limestone as a raw material ?
(b) Which agency markets steel for the public sector plants ?
(c) Which industry uses bauxite as a raw material ?
(d) Which industry manufactures telephones, computer etc.
Answer:

(a) Cement.
(b) Sail.
(c) Aluminium.
(d) Electronic industry.

Question 2.
Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words :

1. What is manufacturing?
2. Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.
3. Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.
4. What are the basic industries? Give an example.
5. Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement?

Answer:

1. Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more
   valuable products is called manufacturing. For example, the paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane and steel from iron ore, and aluminium from bauxite.
2. Three physical factors for the location of the industry are as given below :
   • Near to the raw material.
   • Nearness to power i.e., sources of power generation.
   • Climate particularly in the establishment of agro-based industries like cotton and jute textile.
3. Three human factors for the location of an industry are as mentioned below :
   • Labour – It may be skilled or unskilled.
   • Transport facilities – Good transport is needed to bring the raw material to the industries as well as to take finished goods to the market.
   • Demands for goods – There should be demands for goods so that the goods may be purchased and consumed. Some goods may ribbed to the good purchasing power of the people around the industries.
4. Basic industries are those industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g., iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium smelting industries.
5. The important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement are limestone, silica, alumina, and gypsum.

Question 3.
Write the answers to the following questions in 120 words :
(1) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in production capacity?
(2) How do industries pollute the environment?
(3) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry? [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
(1)

1. Integrated steel plants are large.
2. They handle everything in one complex – from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping.
3. These plants manufacture everything from alloy to steel.

(2) Mini Steel Plants :

1. Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron.
2. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well,
3. They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications.

(3) The following problems are being faced by this industry —

1. High costs and limited availability of coking coal,
2. Lower productivity of labour
3. Irregular supply of energy and
4. Poor infrastructure.

(4)

(1) Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment have led to a rise in the production capacity of steel industry. Efforts of private entrepreneurs have given a boost to the industry. However, there is a need to allocate resources for research and development to produce steel more competitively.

(2) Industries have increased pollution and degraded environment. Industries create four types of pollution, namely, air, water, thermal and noise. These are explained as given below :

1. Air pollution :
The smoke emitted by til’s industries pollute air and water badly.

1. Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
2. Air borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles such as dust, sprays mist and smoke.
3. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
4. The gas leaks can be very hazardous with long term effects. For example, Bhopal Gas tragedy killed hundreds of people and adversely affected human health, animals, plants etc. as a whole.

2. Water pollution :

1. The industrial effluents, both organic and inorganic, are discharged into rivers. They pollute the water.
2. Coal dyes, soaps, pesticides, fertilisers are some common pollutants of water.
3. The main industries that pollute water are paper, pulp, textiles, chemical, petroleum and electroplating.
4. These industries let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides into the water bodies.
   Fly ash, phospho-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.

3.Thermal pollution :

1. Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into the rivers and ponds before cooling.
2. Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages.
3. Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial affluents, packagings, salts and garbage renders the soil useless.
4. Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the groundwater also gets contaminated

4. Noise pollution :

1. Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and other equipment make a lot of noise which have bad effects on human beings.
2. It can cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects.
3. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress.

(3) Steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by the industry. Some suggestions to minimise environmental degradation are given below :

1. To minimise use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
2. Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
3. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
4. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases as given below :
   1. Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
   2. Secondary treatment by biological process.
   3. Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of waste water.
5. There should be careful planning, siting of industries, better design equipment and better operation of the equipment.
6. Overdrawing of groundwater reserves should be regulated legally.
7. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
8. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
9. Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.
10. Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce
    noise.
11. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.

Question 4.
Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.

Answer:

(i) Power
(ii) Worker
(iii) Market
(iv) Retailer
(v) Product
(vi) Manufacture
(vii) Pollution.

Question 5.
Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers.
1. Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials from agriculture are called.
2. The basic raw material for sugar industry.
3. This fibre is also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’.
4. Iron-ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry.
5. A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.
6. Railway diesel engines are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh at this place.

Answer:

1. Agro-based
2. Sugarcane
3. Jute
4. Iron Steel
5. Bhilai
6. Varanasi.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.