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NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

Question 1.
Write in your own words two or more sentences of what you understand by the word ‘marginalization’?
Answer:
To be marginalized is to be forced to occupy the sides or fringes and thus not be at the center of things.
Or
Marginalized groups are those groups of the society which remained ignored in the past due to various social and economic causes.

Question 2.
List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised?
Answer:
Adivasis have been marginalised because:

• They live on the margins of social, economic development.
• They are poor, ‘low’ in social status.
• They are less educated.
• Most of them live in remote areas and do not have access to towns/cities.

Question 3.
Write one reason why you think the Constitution’s safeguards to protect minority communities are very important?
Answer:
The Constitution safeguards protect minority communities to protect India’s cultural diversity and promote equality as well as justice.

Question 4.
Re-read the section on Minorities and Marginalisation. What do you understand by the term minority?
Answer:
The minority is the term that means the communities which are small in number in comparison to the communities which are more in numbers.
Example: Muslims are in minority as compared to Hindus.

Question 5.
You are participating in a debate where you have to provide reasons to support the following statement: Muslims are a marginalised community.’ Using the data provided in this chapter, list two reasons that you would give.
Answer:
Muslims are a marginalised community because:

1. They do not have equal access to basic amenities such as pucca houses, electricity, piped water, etc.
2. Muslims have the lowest literacy rates as compared to other religious groups of India.

Question 6.
Imagine that you are watching the Republic Day parade on TV with a friend and she remarks, “Look at these tribals. They look so exotic. And they seem to be dancing all the time.” List three things that you would tell her about the lives of Adivasis in India.
Answer:
Adivasi community is generally shown in a particular stereotype way:

1. They are portrayed in colourful costumes, headgear, sometimes made of leaves or skin of animals.
2. They are shown dancing with spears or hunting animals. This makes people believe that they are exotic, primitive, and backward.
3. Often they themselves are blamed for their lack of advancement as they are believed to be resistant to change.
4. On the other side, Dance is a common act of most of the tribals on the occasion of:
   
   • Their festivals
   • Generally at the time of cutting crops
5. This is also their way of enjoying life.
   For poor people, this is enjoyment at no or a little cost.

Question 7.
In the storyboard, you read about how Helen hopes to make a movie on the Adivasi story. Can you help her by developing a short story on Adivasis?
Answer:
Students, you should do it yourselves. A story has been given below just for an example:
An Adivasi group lived in a village. They lived there peacefully and used to fulfill their needs from the land and the forests around them. One day a few strangers reached their village along with a government document and announced that ‘the land where Adivasis were living belonged to Mr. Chandra (an industrialist). So they will have to vacate the village because Mr. Chandra wanted to establish an industry over there.

When Adivasis did not agree to leave their land, they were humiliated and tortured. Mr. Chandra finally decided to visit the village personally and tried to settle the deal by offering some money to them. While coming to the village with his son, his car met with an accident in which he was badly injured and his son fell into the valley but was saved. When Mr. Chandra opened his eyes, he saw himself surrounded by some villagers.

He came to know that they saved the life of his son with the help of medicinal herbs available in forests. Mr. Chandra learned that those people belonged to the same Adivasis group whom Mr. Chandra wanted to abandon from their land. Finally, Mr. Chandra begged an apology from the Adivasis and withdrew his idea of locating industry in the village. He realized that it would not be justified to ruins the life of those who saved his son’s life.

Question 8.
Would you agree with the statement that economic and social marginalisation are interlinked? Why?
Answer:
Yes, economic and social marginalisation is interlinked. When Adivasis were displaced from their lands, they lost much more than a source of income. They lost their traditions and customs – a way of living and being. Destruction in one sphere impacts the other.

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need a Parliament

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need a Parliament?

Question 1.
Why do you think the nationalist movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote?
Answer:
Under colonial rule, the Indians faced the atrocities of the British government. Indians were forced to agree on many decisions taken by the Britishers. After independence, the national leaders supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote so that every adult can contribute in the formation of the government and all persons would be able to participate in making decisions. It was also important because the government can be formed of people’s choice.

Question 2.
In this 2004, map of Parliamentary constituencies, roughly identify the constituencies in your State. What is the name of the MP from your constituency? How many MPs does your state have? Why are certain constituencies coloured green while others are coloured blue?
Answer:

Question 3.
You have read in Chapter 1 that the ‘Parliamentary form of government’ that exists in India has three tiers. This includes the Parliament (Central Government) and the various State Legislatures (state governments).
Fill in the following table with information on the various representatives from your area:

Answer:
The answer will vary for each state. One example is:

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need a Parliament? help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need a Parliament? drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science.Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside

Question 1.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Growers of woad in Europe saw Indigo as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings.
2. The demand for indigo increased in late eighteenth-century Britain because of industrialization
3. The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of synthetic dyes
4. The Champaran movement was against indigo planters

Question 3.
Describe the main features of the Permanent Settlement.
Answer:
Main features of the permanent settlements:

1. Permanent Settlements benefited landlords more than the government. The Zamindars and revenue collectors were converted into numerous landlords.
2. They were not only to act as agents of the Government in collecting land revenue from the ryot but also to become the owners of the entire land in their Zamindaris.
3. Their right of ownership was made hereditary and transferable. On the other hand, the cultivators were reduced to the low status of mere tenants and were deprived of long-standing rights to the soil and other customary rights.
4. The Zamindars were to give 10/11th of the rental they derived from the peasantry to the state, keeping the only 1/11th for themselves.
5. If the rental of a Zamindar’s estate increased he would keep the entire amount of the increase. The state would not make any further demand upon him. At the same time, the Zamindar had to pay his revenue rigidly on the due date even if the crop had failed for some reason; otherwise, his lands were to be sold.

Question 4.
How was the Mahalwari system different from the Permanent Settlement?
Answer:
Difference between Mahalwari System and Permanent Settlement:

1. Under the permanent settlement, the revenue rate was fixed Permanently, not to be increased. But in the Mahalwari System, it was decided that the rate of revenue would be revised periodically.
2. Zamindars collected the revenue from peasants in Permanent Settlement and gave a fixed part to the company. In Mahalwari this work was done by village headmen.

Question 5.
Give two problems that arose with the New Munro System of Fixing Revenue.
Answer:

• The ryots were supposed to improve their lands, but they did not. The system supposed peasants to get changed into rich enterprising farmers, but this did not happen.
• The revenue officials fixed too high a revenue demand. Ryots were not able to pay this much revenue.

Question 6.
Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo?
Answer:
The reluctance of Ryots to grow Indigo:

1. The planters generally forced the ryots to sign a contract.
2. Cash advances were given at low-interest rates but that loan committed the ryots to cultivate at least 25% of holding with indigo.
3. The planter provided seed, drill, etc. and actual cultivation was done by the cultivator.
4. After the delivery of the harvested crop to the planter, a new loan was given to the ryot.
5. This way the ryot \yas trapped in a cycle of the loan. They realized that they were actually getting a low rate for their hard labour.
6. Planters forced the ryots to grow indigo on the best soils. Whereas the cultivators wanted to use that for rice.

Question 7.
What were the circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of indigo production in Bengal?
Answer:

1. The indigo cultivators in Bengal were given loans but for that, they had to grow indigo on at least 25 percent of the area under their holdings.
2. The planters provided only seed and drill. The rest of the works till the crop was harvested, was to be done by the ryots.
3. The price the ryots got for their indigo, was very low. They had to take loans to repay their previous loans. Thus, the cycle of loans was never-ending.
4. The planters usually insisted that indigo should be cultivated on the best soils in which peasants preferred to cultivate rice.
5. The indigo crops exhausted the soil rapidly. After an indigo harvest, the land could not be sown with rice. These were certain circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of indigo production in Bengal.

Question 8.
Find out more about the Champaran movement and Mahatma Gandhi’s role in it.
Answer:
Hints: Discuss the following points:

• The oppressive attitude of the British Government.
• The rebellion of the Ryot peasants.
• Gandhiji’s role in it.

Question 9.
Look into the history of either tea or coffee plantations in India. See how the life of workers in these plantations was similar to or different from that of workers in indigo plantations.
Answer:
Hints: Life in Tea Plantations of Assam:

• Estate owners
• Workers
  (a) Wages (b) Habitation (c) Facilities
• Problems.
  Life in the Indigo Fields
• Cultivators or Zamindars were the owners.
• Generally, cultivators worked in fields themselves.

Objective Type Questions

1. Match the following:

Answer:
(i)   c
(ii)  d
(iii) e
(iv) a
(v)  b
(vi) f

2. State whether True or False:

1. The demand for indigo increased in the late seventeenth century. False 
2. Revenues were fixed in the permanent settlement. True 
3. The company purchased goods in India before 1865 through gold and silver imports. True 
4. Mahalwari system came into existence in 1700. False 
5. The very high rate of revenue was the major problem of the ryotwari system. True 
6. Weekly markets were very flourishing during the economic crisis of Bengal. False 
7. The company introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793. True

3. Fill in the blanks:

1. Gomasthas were the agents of planters 
2. The Mughal emperor appointed the East India Company as the Diwan of Bengal.
3. The painter was commissioned by Clive to record memorable events of his life.
4. Ryotwari system was also known as Munro System
   
5. Ryoti is cultivation on Ryot’s lands.
6. Bigha is the unit of land measurement by the British in Bengal.

 Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer:
1. The Champaran movement was against
(a) peasants
(b) East India Company
(c) the oppressive attitude of the planters
(d) none of the above

2. The Company was appointed as the Diwan of Bengal in
(a) 1762
(b) 1763
(c) 1764
(d) 1765

3. Gandhiji visited Champaran
(a) to see the plight of Indigo planters in Champaran
(b) to see the progress of indigo plantation
(c) to see the managing system of the company
(d) none of the above

4. Who devised the new-system of revenue called Mahalwari?
(a) Queen Elizabeth
(b) Holt Mackenzie
(c) Queen Victoria
(d) Gandhiji

5. Growers of woad in Europe saw ……. crop as competition to their earnings.
(a) tea
(b) rubber
(c) indigo
(d) coffee

6. Indigo production came down in Bengal in
(a) 1850
(b) 1852
(c) 1855
(d) 1859

7. Who had developed the Munro system?
(a) Captain Alexander
(b) Holt Mackenzie
(c) Thomas Munro
(d) None of these

8. How much proportion of Indigo was imported from India by Britain in 1810?
(a) 75%
(b) 95%
(c) 90%
(d) 85%

9. Colebrook describes the conditions of the under-tenant farmers in
(a) 1800
(b) 1805
(c) 1806
(d) 1810

10. After harvest, the indigo plant was taken to the …….. in the indigo factory.
(a) dye
(b) vat
(c) farm
(d) machine

11. The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of
(a) synthetic dyes
(b) woad
(c) blue colour
(d) none of these

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside, helps you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 12 India After Independence

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 12 India After Independence

Question 1.
Name three problems that the newly independent nation of India faced.
Answer:

1. As a result of Partition, 8 million refugees had come into the country from what was now Pakistan. These people had to be found homes and jobs.
2. There was the problem of the princely states, almost 500 of them, each ruled by a maharaja or a nawab. Each of whom had to be persuaded to join the new nation.
3. The new nation had also to adopt a political system that would best serve the hopes and expectations of its population.

Question 2.
What was the role of the Planning Commission?
Answer:
Role of Planning Commission

1. Lifting India and Indians out of poverty, and building a modem technical and industrial base were among the major objectives of the new commission.
2. A broad agreement was reached on “mixed economy” model.
3. In mixed economy both the State and the private sector would play important and complementary roles in increasing production and generating jobs.
4. These roles were:
   • Which industries should be initiated by the state.
   • Which industries by the market.
   • How to achieve a balance between the different regions and states.
5. Roles of state and private sectors were to be defined by the Planning Commission.
6. To make 5-year plans.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Subjects that were placed on the Union List were Taxes, defense, and foreign affairs 
2. Subjects on the Concurrent List were forests and agriculture
3. Economic planning by which both the state and the private sector played a role in development was called a mixed economy model.
4. The death of Potti Sriramulu sparked off such violent protests that the government was forced to give in to the demand for the linguistic state of Andhra.

Question 4.
State whether True or False:

1. At independence, the majority of Indians lived in villages. True 
2. The Constituent Assembly was made up of members of the Congress party. False 
3. In the first national election, only men were allowed to vote. False 
4. The Second Five Year Plan focused on the development of the heavy industry. True

Question 5.
What did Dr. Ambedkar mean when he said that “In politics, we will have equality, and in social and economic life we will have inequality”?
Answer:

1. Dr. Ambedkar pointed out that political democracy had to be accompanied by economic and social democracy.
2. He wanted to say that giving the right to vote would not automatically lead to the removal of other inequalities such as between rich and poor, or between upper and lower castes.
3. He meant that with the new Constitution, India was going to enter into a life of contra¬dictions. In politics, we will be recognizing the principle of one man one vote and one value. While in our social and economic life, we shall, by reason of our social and economic structure, continue to deny the principle of one man one value.

Question 6.
After independence, why was there a reluctance to divide the country into linguistic lines?
Answer:
India got independence at the cost of its division. This division had been done on the basis of religion. As a result of this division, more than a million people had been killed in riots between Hindus and Muslims. In such circumstances, it was not wise to further divide the country on the basis of language. Therefore, both Prime Minister Nehru and Deputy Prime Minister Patel were against the creation of linguistic states.

Question 7.
Give one reason why English continued to be used in India after independence.
Answer:
Since a vast majority of the population of southern India did not speak Hindi but English, they could threaten to separate from India if Hindi was imposed on them.

Question 8.
How was the economic development of India visualized in the early decades after
independence?
Answer:
1. In 1956, the Second Five Year Plan
2. This plan focused strongly on the development of heavy industries like steel, and on the building of large dams.
3. These sectors would be under the control of the State.

• The focus on heavy industry and the effort at state regulation of the economy was to guide economic policy for the next few decades.
• This approach had many strong supporters, but also some vocal critics.

Question 9.
Who was Mira Behn? Find out more about her life and her ideas.
Answer:
(1) Mira Behn was an English women and her original name Was Madelene Slade. She was like a daughter of Bapu and often acted as a bridge between him and the British bureaucracy.
(2)

• Mira Behn (November 22, 1892— July 20, 1982) was the daughter of a British admiral. She left her home in England to live and work with Gandhi.
• She devoted her life to human development, the advancement of Gandhi’s principles, and the freedom struggle in India. She was awarded Padma Vibhushan in 1982.

Question 10.
Find out more about the language divisions in Pakistan that led to the creation of the new nation of Bangladesh. How did Bangladesh achieve independence from Pakistan?
Answer:
(1) When the State of Pakistan was formed in 1947, it had two wings, one to the West of India and the other to the East. The two regions were split along cultural, geographical, and linguistic lines. In 1948, the government of Pakistan ordained Urdu as a sole national language which sparked extensive protests among the Bengali-speaking majority of East Pakistan. The Bengali Language Movement of 1952 was the first sign of friction between the two wings of Pakistan. This movement was a political effort in then East Pakistan, which advocated the recognition of the Bengali language as an official language of Pakistan.

(2) Apart from linguistic discrimination, political and economic neglect led to popular agitations against West Pakistan. This led to the war of independence in 1971. With the help of Indian troops in the last few weeks of the war, East Pakistan defeated West Pakistan on December 16, 1971. This resulted in the establishment of Bangladesh. In February 1974, Pakistan also agreed to recognize the independent state of Bangladesh.

Objective Type Questions

1. Match the following:

Answer:
(i)   a
(ii)  e 
(iii) f
(iv) b
(v)  c
(vi) d

2. State whether True or False:

1. At Independence, the majority of Indians lived in cities.  False   
2. The Constituent Assembly was made up of members of the Muslim League.  False   
3. In the first national election, only men of age 30 were allowed to vote.  False   
4. The Second Five Year Plan focuses on the development of agriculture.  False   
5. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution,  True   
6. The Second Five Year Plan was formulated in 1952.  False   
7. The population of India in 1947 was 38 crore.  False   

3. Fill in the blanks:

1. Nathurain Godse assassinated Gandhiji.
2. On 26 January 1950, our Constitution was adopted.

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer:
1. How many countries of the world joined the conference of Bandung in Indonesia?
(a) 29 countries
(b) Less than 20 countries
(c) More than 100 countries
(d) 100 countries

2. Dharavi, the largest slum of the world, is situated in
(a) Calcutta
(b) Chennai
(c) Delhi
(d) Mumbai

3. The leader who went on hunger strike for Andhra Pradesh to protect the interest of Telugu speakers is
(a) Chitta Ranjan Das
(b) Potti Sriramulu
(c) Krishna Menon
(d) None of these

4. The Bhilai steel plant was set up in the year
(a) 1950
(b) 1952
(c) 1955
(d) 1959

5. How many Indians formed the Constituent Assembly?
(a) One hundred
(b) Two hundred
(c) Three hundred
(d) Four hundred

6. New state of Andhra Pradesh came into being
(a) on 1 October 1953
(b) on 15 October 1953
(c) on 1 May 1953
(d) on 15 May 1953

7. Mukti Vahini was formed by the Bengali Population under the leadership of
(a) Mira Behn
(b) Muziburr Rehman
(c) Potti Sriramulu
(d) None of these

8. Which is NOT the features of our constitution?
(а) Adoption of Universal Adult Franchise
(b) Preference to Hindu Religion
(c) Equal rights to all citizens
(d) Special privileges for the poorest and most disadvantageous Indians

9. Up to which date was many of the princely states retained as administrative units?
(a) Up to October 15, 1947
(b) Up to October 31, 1947
(c) Up to October 15, 1955
(d) Up to October 31, 1956

10. The United Nations was formed in
(a) 1940
(b) 1945
(c) 1947
(d) 1950

11. India, celebrated its 60^th year of independence
(a) on August 15, 2007
(b) on August 15, 2009
(c) on January 26, 2005
(d) on January 15, 2005

12. Pakistan was divided into two parts because of
(a) the imposition of Persian on the Bengali speaking of the east
(b) the imposition of Islamic language on the Bengali speaking of the east
(c) the imposition of Urdu on Bengali speaking population of the east
(d) none of the above

We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 12 India After Independence, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 12 India After Independence, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science. Here we have given. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

Question 1.
In a town called Peace Land, the supporters of the Fiesta football team learn that the supporters of the Jubilee football team in the nearby city about 40 km away have damaged the pound on which the Final between both teams to be held the following day. A crowd of Fiesta fans armed with deadly weapons attacks the homes of the supporters of the Jubilee football team in the town. In the attack, 10 men are killed, 5 women are gravely hurt, many homes are destroyed and over 50 people injured.

Imagine that you and your classmates are now part of the criminal justice system. First  divide the class into the following four groups of persons:

1. Police
2. Public Prosecutor
3. Defence lawyer
4. Judge

The column on the right provides a list of functions. Match these with the roles that are listed on the left. Have each group pick the functions that it needs to perform to bring justice to those who were affected by the violence of the Fiesta fans. In what order will these functions be performed?

Answer:
1. (ii), (iv), (v), (vi), (xii)
2. (viii), (x)
3. (iii), (x)
4. (i), (vii), (ix),(xi), (xiii)

Question 2.
Now take the same situation as question 1. but ask one student who is a supporter of the Fiesta Club to perform all the functions listed above.
Do you think the victims would get justice if only one person performed all of the functions of the criminal justice system? Why not?
State two reasons why you believe that different persons need to play different roles as a part of the criminal justice system.
Answer:
No, the victims will not get justice if only one person performs all the functions of the criminal justice system because of the following reasons :

1. One person can become partial.
2. If the person, who has committed the crime, belongs to majority group or has political approach, will put pressure on the single person and. can win the case.
3. It is difficult for one person to perform all the functions of police, Public Prosecutor, Defence Lawyer as well as judge.
4. If all the functions of the criminal justice system are performed by a single person, it will not remain a fair trial but a biased and partial trial.

 We hope the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System, help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.