Meaning of Globalization

Globalization means reduction or removal of Government restrictions on the movement of goods and services, capital, technology and talent across national borders. It is the process of increasing economic interdependence between countries and their economic integration in the form of world economy. Markets become international and global firms consider the whole world as one market.

Globalization in India – Trends and Issues

The process of globalization of Indian economy began largely in 1991 due to the unprecedented balance of payments crisis. Since then the pace of globalization has gained momentum:

• Foreign Direct Investment upto 100 per cent is now permitted in specified sectors.
• Foreign investors can invest in Indian companies through GDRs without any lock-in period.
• Indian companies are allowed to get themselves listed on overseas stock exchanges.
• Guidelines for Euro issues were liberalised.
• The Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) has replaced the Foreign Exchange Regulations Act (FERA).

Impact of Globalization of Indian Economy

Globalization has made India a huge consumer market. There has been rapid increase in GDP and India’s exports. India has emerged as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Our foreign exchange reserves are now huge and there has been rapid increase in foreign direct investment (FDI).

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

Positive Effects

• Expansion of market
• Growth of independent money market
• Free flow of resources
• Advancements in technology
• Equilibrium in balance of payments
• Development of infrastructure
• Fligher living standards
• International cooperation

Negative Effects

• Cut-throat competition
• Rise in monopoly
• Increase in inequalities
• Takeover of domestic firms
• Removal of protection to domestic firms
• Affect on national sovereignty

1. A stock that provides regular dividends even during economic downturn is called
(a) Listed
(b) Crow Stock
(c) Income Stock
(d) Defensive Stock

2. Carrying forward a transaction from one settlement period to the next is known as
(a) Basket Trading
(b) Margin Trading
(c) Badla
(d) Option deal

3. Call is the opposite of
(a) Equity
(b) Bid
(c) Ask/offer
(d) Equity

4. A speculator who buys securities in anticipation of increase in prices is called
(a) Stag
(b) Bull
(c) Bear
(d) None of them

5. A bear market means
(a) A market wherein share prices are falling consistently
(b) A market wherein share prices are rising consistently
(c) A market wherein share prices are stable
(d) None of the above

6. Simultaneous purchase and sale of the same stock in two different markets is known as
(a) Basket trading
(b) Badla
(c) Arbitrage
(d) Margin Trading

7. Buying or selling all 30 scrips of sensex in pro-portion of their current weights in the sensex in one go is called
(a) Basket trading
(b) Arbitrage
(c) Badla
(d) Margin Trading

8. The relationship between the price of a share and the sensex is measurably
(a) Alfa
(b) Beta
(c) Book value
(d) Annuity

9. Combination of two or more firms into one firm is called
(a) Consolidation
(b) Yield
(c) Option
(d) None of the above

10. An option to buy a particular share at a specified price within a specified future period is known as
(a) Put option
(b) Bid
(c) Offer
(d) Case option

11. The value of a share printed on the share certificate is called
(a) Face value
(b) Market Value
(c) Future value
(d) Current value

12. Sensex is made up of how many scrips
(a) 50
(b) 30
(c) 40
(d) 20

13. Nifty consists of how many scrips
(a) 20
(b) 30
(c) 40
(d) 50

14. When a company makes first issue of shares to the general public it is called
(a) ADR
(b) GDR
(c) CD
(d) IPO

15. A textile firm enters into cement manufacturing business. It is an example of:
(a) Consolidation
(b) Diversification
(c) Liquidation
(d) Turnaround

16. The strategy used to minimize the risk and maxi-mize the return on an investment is called
(a) Hedge
(b) Index
(c) Bid
(d) Offer

17. The statistical measure of changes in prices on a stock exchange is:
(a) Dividend
(b) Index
(c) Beta
(d) Bid

18. A security whose price is derived from one or more underlying assets is a
(a) Blue Chip
(b) Derivative
(c) Hedge
(d) Index

19. Piecemeal sale of the assets of a division of the company is called
(a) Modernization
(b) Diversification

20. Total share holding of an investor is known as his/her
(a) Mutual Fund
(b) Holding Period
(c) Pastfolio
(d) Limit order

21. Dividing a share with a face value of Rs. 100 each into 10 shares with a face value of Rs. 10 each is an example of
(a) Sheet selling
(b) Liquidation
(c) Diversification
(d) Stock split

22. Paid form of non-personal promotional of ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor is called :
(a) Adventuring
(b) Sales promotion
(c) Personal Selling
(d) None of the above

23. The process of comparing the products and services with those of best in the industry to improve quality and performance is known as
(a) Advertising
(b) After-sale-Device
(c) Benchmarking
(d) None of the above

24. Commitment of customers to a particular brand is called
(a) Brand Equity
(b) Brand recognition
(c) Brand loyalty
(d) Benchmarking

25. A combination of several firms working together to build or buy something is known as:
(a) Business Modal
(b) Business Portfolio
(c) Combination
(d) Consortium

26. The values, beliefs and traditions shared by the members of a company is called
(a) Corporate culture
(b) Consortium
(c) Cross selling
(d) None of the above

27. Giving unique identity to a product to differentiate it from rival products means
(a) Direct marketing
(b) Differentiation
(c) Diversification
(d) None of the above

28. It is the process of eliciting support for a company and its activities from its employees. Name it
(a) Internal Marketing
(b) Direct Marketing
(c) Internet Marketing
(d) None of the above

29. A company created jointly by two or more companies for mutual advantage is called
(a) Consolidation
(b) Merger
(c) Joint Venture
(d) None of the above

30. Dividing the total market into several groups on the basis of consumer characteristics is known as:
(a) Market segmentation
(b) Market Development
(c) Market Research
(d) None of the above.

31. Offering existing products or their new version to a new customer group is called
(a) Market entity
(b) Market Positioning
(c) Market Development
(d) None of the above

32. Selecting the most attractive market segment for a particular product or product line is known as
(a) Market Positioning
(b) Market Entry
(c) Target Marketing
(d) None of the above

33. It is the exploitation of small market segments, name it
(a) Direct Marketing
(b) Niche Marketing
(c) Mass Marketing
(d) None of the above

34. A product’s customer benefit that no other product can claim is known as
(a) Opportunity
(b) Publicity
(c) Unique Selling Proposition
(d) None of the above.

35. The rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends, money to commercial banks for long period is called
(a) Repo Rate
(b) Goring Rate
(c) Bank Rate
(d) None of the above

36. The money deposit made by the buyer to the seller of real estate during negotiation stage is known as
(a) Earnest Money Deposit
(b) Fixed Deposit
(c) Current Deposit
(d) None of the above

37. The document issued by a bank on behalf of the importer promise to pay money for imported goods is called
(a) Letter of credit
(b) Debt Card
(c) Bank Draft
(d) None of the above

38. The rate of interest offered by the Reserve Bank of India on deposit of surplus funds by commercial banks is known as
(a) Bank Rate
(b) Repo Rate
(c) Reverse Repo rate
(d) None of the above

39. Jan Dhan Account is an example of
(a) Current Account
(b) Fixed Deposit Account
(c) Zero Balance Account
(d) None of the above

40. The rate of interest at which banks borrow money for short periods from the Reserve Bank of India is called.
(a) Bank Rate
(b) Repo Rate
(c) Reserve Repo Rate
(d) None of the above

41. Profits, people and planet together constitute a company’s
(a) Vision
(b) Mission
(c) Triple Bottom Line
(d) None of the above

42. Integration of national economies into a world economy is called:
(a) Globalisation
(b) Privatization
(c) Liberalization
(d) None of the above

43. Molasses in sugar industry is an example of
(a) Joint product
(b) Unique product
(c) Byproduct
(d) None of the above

44. Sale of public enterprises to private sector is called
(a) Globalisation
(b) Privatization
(c) Liberalization
(d) None of the above

45. Financial recovery of a loss making company is known as
(a) Turn around
(b) Privatization
(c) Liberalization
(d) None of the above

46. The roadmap of a company future is
(a) Mission
(b) Vision
(c) Business Module
(d) None of the above

47. The statement that defines what a company is and what it does is called
(a) Mission
(b) Vision
(c) Business Module
(d) None of the above

48. Activities involved in physical involvement of goods from the factory to market etc. is called
(a) Logistics
(b) Merger
(c) Mission
(d) None of the above

CA Foundation Business and Commercial Knowledge Study Material Chapter 2 Business Environment – Test Questions

1. Which of the following is a characteristic of business environment?
(a) Aggregative
(b) Dynamic
(c) Uncertain
(d) All of them.

2. Which of the following is an element of micro environment:
(a) Customers
(b) Competitors
(c) Suppliers
(d) All of them.

3. Which of following relates to population?
(a) Demographic environment
(b) Social environment
(c) Cultural environment
(d) Natural environment

4. Understanding of environment enables a business enterprise to
(a) focus on customers
(b) gain the first mover advantage
(c) become aware of impending threat
(d) All of them.

5. Demonetization and GST are examples of changes in
(a) Political environment
(b) Social environment
(c) Technological environment
(d) Global environment

6. Merger of associate banks of SBI into SBI is an example of changes in
(a) Economic environment
(b) Technological environment
(c) Social environment
(d) Demographic environment

7. Tick (✓) the correct alternative.
Demographic trends are a part of:
(a) economic environment III
(b) social environment
(c) political environment
(d) legal environment

8. State whether the following statements are True or False:
Wait and watch is a response of least resistance.
Big and powerful firms adopt the response of gaining command over the environment.
Innovative approach requires no feedback system.
Adaptation response involves anticipation of changes in business environment.

9. State whether the following statements are true or false.
Privatisation and globalisation are components of economic liberalisation.
Pressures for structural adjustments are a reason for globalisation.
Denationalisation is a form of privatisation.
Closure of small scale firms is a positive effect of economic liberalisation.

10. Fill in the blanks:

1. Business environment is the totality of …………… forces
2. Different elements of business environment are ……………
3. When business environment changes rapidly and suddenly …………… increases.
4. Industrial policy, monetary policy and fiscal policy are elements of …………… environment of business.
5. Business gets …………… from the environment and supplies …………… to the environment.

11. Match the items in column A with those in column B

12. Age, family size, sex composition and other people related elements are part of
(a) political environment
(b) economic environment
(c) demographic environment
(d) natural environment.

1. Who is the Chairman of Asian Paints Ltd. ?
(a) KBS Anand
(b) Ashwin Choksi
(c) Chimanlal Choksi
(d) Champaklal Choksey

2. Axis Bank was founded in:
(a) 1991
(b) 1992
(c) 1993
(d) 1994

3. Who is the Chief Executive of Axis Bank ?
(a) Sanjiv Misra
(b) Jairam Sridharam
(c) Chanda Cochar
(d) Shikha Sharma

4. Bajaj Auto was founded at
(a) Mumbai
(b) Kolkata
(c) Pune
(d) Bengaluru

5. Who is the Chairman of Bajaj Auto
(a) Sanjiv Bajaj
(b) Rajiv Bajaj
(c) Jamnalal Bajaj
(d) Rahul Bajaj

6. In which year Bharti Airtel was founded ?
(a) 1991
(b) 1992
(c) 1994
(d) 1995

7. Who is the Chairman of Bharti Airtel ?
(a) Deepak Mittal
(b) Navin Mittal
(c) Sunil Mittal
(d) Anil Mittal

8. Cipla operates in which industry
(a) Food
(b) Pharma
(c) Hotels
(d) All the above

9. Dr. Reddy’s laboratories was set up in
(a) 1980
(b) 1983
(c) 1984
(d) 1989

10. HDFC Bank was set up in
(a) 1991
(b) 1992
(c) 1993
(d) 1994

11. Which is India’s largest private sector hank
(a) Axis Bank
(b) SBI
(c) ICICI Bank
(d) HDFC Bank

12. Which company was formed by seven engineers with a capital of ? 10000
(a) Asian Paints
(b) Bharti Airtel
(c) Infosys
(d) None of the above

13. ITC was originally named as:
(a) Imperial Tobacco company
(b) Indian Tobacco company
(c) Indian Tea company
(d) None of the above

14. Larsen & Toubro Ltd. was founded by
(a) Indians
(b) Americans
(c) Danish
(d) Europeans

15. Reliance Industries Ltd. was founded by
(a) Anil Ambani
(b) Mukesh Ambani
(c) Akash Ambani
(d) Dhirubhai Ambani

16. State Bank of India was originally known as
(a) Centurion Bank
(b) United Bank of India
(c) Imperial Bank
(d) None of the Above

17. Which is the largest Commercial bank of India
(a) SBI
(b) ICICI Bank
(c) HDFC Bank
(d) Axis Bank

18. Which Company is the holding company of 100 independent companies of the Tata Group ?
(a) Tata Sons Ltd.
(b) TCS Ltd.
(c) Tata Steel Ltd.
(d) Tata Motors Ltd.

19. Which of the following are conglomerates
(a) Tata Sons Ltd.
(b) L&T Ltd.
(c) Reliance Industries Ltd.
(d) All of these

20. Which information technology company began as an edible oil firm
(a) Infosys
(b) Microsoft
(c) IBM
(d) Wipro

21. Wipro was founded in:
(a) 1948
(b) 1958
(c) 1945
(d) 1968

22. Which banking company is known worldwide for its credit cards
(a) Axis Bank
(b) ICICI Bank
(c) HDFC Bank
(d) American Express

23. Which company was set up in a garage
(a) Infosys
(b) HP
(c) Nestle
(d) Microsoft

24. Apple’s main business is
(a) Fruits
(b) Computers
(c) Retailing
(d) None of the above

25. IBM Corporation was founded in
(a) 1895
(b) 1911
(c) 1921
(d) 1931

26. Which global firm has an Indian as its chief executive
(a) HP
(b) IBM
(c) Microsoft
(d) None of the above

27. Good Food, Good Life is the Slogan of which company
(a) Walmart
(b) Britannia
(c) Parle
(d) Nestle

28. Which company is world’s largest retailer
(a) Shoppers Stop
(b) Smart
(c) Spencer
(d) Walmart

1. Classify the following into economic and non-economic activities.
(a) A mother cooking food for her children
(b) A teacher teaching in a coaching centre.
(c) A young boy helps an old man in crossing the road.
(d) The Chaat seller outside a school.
(e) A lady officer in Delhi Police

2. The income of a profession is called
(a) wage
(b) salary
(c) fee
(d) profit

3. In employment a person receives
(a) profit
(b) fee
(c) salary
(d) dividend

4. Income of a businessman is called
(a) wage
(b) salary
(c) fee
(d) profit

5. Which of the following is not a business activity:
(a) A housewife selling old newspapers
(b) A person selling vegetables in your locality
(c) A teacher teaching his daughter at home
(d) A painter painting houses of others

6. In which of the following occupations services of specialised nature are provided for fee
(a) Employment
(b) Business
(c) Profession
(d) Farming

7. Which of the following occupations involve maximum risk
(a) Employment
(b) Business
(c) Profession
(d) Teaching

8. Which of the following statements best describe economic activities.
(a) These activities are undertaken to earn money.
(b) These activities provide pleasure.
(c) These activities involve no risk
(d) These activities involve working outside the house.

9. The head of the joint Hindu family business is called
(a) Partner
(b) Manager
(c) Karta
(d) Member

10. The maximum number of partners in a partner-ship firm can be :
(a) 10
(b) 20
(c) 50
(d) 100

11. State whether the following statements are True or False:

(a) Taking photographs of mountains as a hobby is an economic activity.
(b) Teaching in a school is a non-economic activity.
(c) Service or employment is an economic activity.
(d) Business involves buying and selling of goods and services.
(e) Running a hair-cutting saloon is a business.
(f) Occupations of doctors, lawyers and char¬tered accountants are called professions.
(g) Economic activities are undertaken for earning a living.

12. Answer the following in Yes or No:

(a) A business activity can be carried out without sale or exchange.
(b) Business involves the creation of utilities.
(c) A business activity may be without a profit motive.
(d) Risk is an essential element of every business activity.
(e) Earning profits is the sole objective of business.
(f) Business is an economic activity.
(g) Profession involves greater risk than busi¬ness.

13. Name the following:

(a) The industry in which useful products are obtained from the earth and the sea.
(b) The trade in which goods are imported and exported to some other country.
(c) The branch of commerce which removes the hindrance of time.
(d) Buying and selling of goods in small quan-tities.

14. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Business = Industry + ………….
(b) …………. means the production of goods and services.
(c) Commerce includes ‘trade and ………….’
(d) Conversion of raw materials and component parts into finished products is known as …………… industry.
(e) Agriculture is an …………… industry.
(f) Transport removes the hindrance of ……………

15. State whether the following statements are True or False:

(a) Industry and commerce are interchangeable terms.
(b) Commerce is a wider term than trade.
(c) Trade between two countries is known as internal trade.
(d) Conversion of cotton into cloth is an example of genetic industry.

16. Match the following:

17. Answer in Yes or No:

(a) The sole proprietor is the exclusive master of his business.
(b) The liability of a sole proprietor is limited.
(c) A sole proprietorship has no legal existence apart from its owner.
(d) Sole proprietorship is the oldest form of business organisation.
(e) It is difficult to set up a sole proprietorship.

18. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Sole proprietorship is the …………… form of business enterprises, (latest/oldest)
(b) Sole proprietorship is most suitable form …………… for business, (small/large)
(c) Liability of a sole proprietor is …………… (limited/ unlimited)
(d) Sole proprietorship …………… a separate legal entity, (has/does not have)
(e) It is to set up a sole proprietorship firm, (easy/difficult)

19. Fill in the blanks:

(a) The membership of a joint Hindu family business is acquired by ……………
(b) The liability of the karta in a joint Hindu family business is ……………
(c) A member of the joint Hindu family business demand division/of …………… property.
(d) All the members of a joint Hindu family business …………… part in its man agement.
(e) A member of the j oint Hindu family business …………… call for account of past profits while leaving the business.

20. State whether the following statements are True or False:

(a) A joint Hindu family business is the result of a contract between the members of the family.
(b) Every member of a joint Hindu family business is an agent of the firm.
(c) There is no limit on the number of members in a joint Hindu family business.
(d) Female members of a family do not have a share in the joint Hindu family business.
(e) A joint Hindu family business is not dissolved on the death of a member.

21. Match the following:

22. Name the following:

(a) A partnership in which the liability of one or more partners is limited.
(b) A partnership which is set up for an indefinite period of time.
(c) The document containing the terms and conditions of a partnership.
(d) The partner who contributes capital but does not take active part in the management
(e) Person who lends his name and goodwill for the benefit of a partnership firm.

23. State whether the following statements are True or False:

(a) Registration of a partnership is legally compulsory.
(b) Limited partnership is not allowed in India.
(c) A partnership can take as many partners as it likes.
(d) A minor can become a partner.
(e) Partners may come and go but the part-nership goes on forever.
(f) A person becomes a partner on his birth in the family.

24. Name the following:

(a) The person who promotes a business.
(b) The document containing the bylaws of a company.
(c) The documents inviting subscriptions for shares and debentures.
(d) The amount of money which must be raised before allotment of share.

25. Mark the following statements True or False:

(a) A private company must file a statement in lieu of prospectus.
(b) A company which does not want to prepare its own Articles of Association can adopt Table A.
(c) A company wanting to raise capital must issue a prospectus.
(cl) A private company can start its business immediately after incorporation.
(e) Capital clause is a part of the Articles of Association
(f) The Memorandum of Association defines the relationship of a company with or out¬siders.
(g) Every company must issue a prospectus to raise share capital.

26. Fill in the blanks:

(a) A company is legally …………… from its members.
(b) Liability of every member in a company is ……………
(c) Registration of a company is ……………
(d) A company is managed by a ……………
(e) In a private company, there must be at least …………… members.
(f) A company has …………… succession.

27. Name the following:
(a) A company in which the number of members cannot exceed 50:
(b) A company having at least seven members:

28. Match the following:

29. The capital of a company is divided into number of parts, each one of which is called
(a) Dividend
(b) Profit
(c) Interest
(d) Share

30. The form of business organisation in which there is separation of ownership and management is called
(a) Sole proprietorship
(b) Partnership
(c) Company
(d) All these.

31. State whether the following statements are True or False:

(a) A joint stock company is separate legal entity.
(b) A company survives even if all its members die.
(c) A joint stock company is a voluntary association of persons.
(d) A joint stock company is less stable than a partnership.
(e) Registration of a joint stock company is optional.
(f) There can be no conflict of interest in a joint stock company.
(g) A company is an artificial legal person.

32. Fill in the blanks:

(a) The East India Company was a …………… company
(b) The Reserve Bank of India is a …………… company.
(c) Reliance Industries Limited is a …………… company.
(d) A does not have share capital.
(e) The liability of members of a company is unlimited.
(f) A company which holds 51% more of the shares of another company is called ……………
(g) Steel Authority of India Limited is a company.
(h) Coca Cola Corporation is a company.
(i) Minimum share capitalin a private company is Rs. ……………

33. State whether the following statements are True or False.

(a) There is no chartered company in India.
(h) LIC is a statutory company.
(c) At least five persons are needed to form a public company.
(d) The minimum paid up capital of a private company must be Rupees five lakh.
(e) A private company can invite public deposits.
(f) The shares of a public company are transferable.
(g) A subsidiary of a public company is also a public company.
(h) The concept of private company deemed to be public no longer exists in India.

1. Which of the following is not a regulatory body:
(a) SEBI
(b) RBI
(c) CCI
(d) SIDBI

2. Which of the following is not a development bank:
(a) IFCI
(b) IRDAI
(c) SIDBI
(d) NABARD

3. Give the full forms of the following:
(a) IFCI
(b) IRDA
(c) CCI
(d) SIDBI

4. SEBI was set up to regulate:
(a) Imports and exports
(b) Insurance Sector
(c) Capita markets
(d) Agriculture

5. Which of the following is the banker’s bank
(a) SIDBI
(b) EXIMbank
(c) IDBI
(d) RBI

6. Which of the following seeks to check monopolies
(a) RBI
(b) CCI
(c) SEBI
(d) IRDA

7. Which of the following is not a method of credit control
(a) CRR
(b) SLR
(c) Moral Session
(d) FBI

1. The process of economic liberalization in India began mainly in
(a) 1990
(b) 1991
(c) 1992
(d) 1993

2. Partial or complete sale of a public sector enter-prise is called
(a) liberalization
(b) privatization
(c) globalization
(d) none of them

3. Integration of national economies into a world economy is known as :
(a) privatization
(b) globalization
(c) liberalization
(d) all of them

4. Give the full forms of the following:
(a) ADRs
(b) GDRs
(c) FCCBs
(d) FDI

5. The initial trigger for the policy of economic liberalization in India in 1991 was
(a) foreign exchange crisis
(b) shortage of cash
(c) overpopulation
(d) none of them

6. Which of the following is an example of industrial reforms:
(a) delicensing of industry
(b) simplification of licensing products
(c) permission to public sector units to raise capital from the capital market
(d) all the above.

Every business enterprise has certain objectives which regulate and generate its activities. Objectives are needed in every area where performance and results directly affect survival and prosperity of a business. Various objectives of business may be classified into four broad categories as follows:

Economic Objectives

Business is basically an economic activity. Therefore, its primary objectives are economic in nature.

The main economic objectives of business are as follows:

1. Earning profits –
   A business enterprise is established for earning some income. It is the hope of earning profits that inspires people to start business. Profit is essential for the survival of every business unit. Just as a person cannot live without food, a business firm cannot survive without profit. Profits enable a businessman to stay in business by maintaining intact the wealth producing capacity of its resources. Profit is also necessary for the expansion and growth of business. Profits ensure continuous flow of capital for the modernisation and extension of business operations in future. Profit also serves as the barometer of stability, efficiency and progress of a business enterprise.
2. Creating customers –
   Profits are not created by God or by the force of nature. They arise from the businessman’s efforts to satisfy the needs and wants of customers. A businessman can earn profits only when there are enough customers to buy and pay for his goods and services. In the words of Drucker, “There is only one valid definition of business purpose; to create a customer. The customer is the foundation of business and keeps it in existence. It is to supply the customer that society entrusts wealth-producing resources to a business enterprise”. No business can succeed without providing customers value for their money. Business exists to satisfy the wants, tastes and preferences of customers. In order to earn profit, business must supply better, quality goods and services at reasonable prices. Therefore, creation and satisfaction of customers is an important economic objective of business. Business creates customers through advertising and salesmanship. It satisfies the needs of customers by producing the required goods and services and by creating utilities.
3. Innovations –
   Business is an organ of dynamism and change. In these days of competition a business can be successful only when it creates new designs, better machines, improved techniques, new varieties, etc. Modern science and technology have created a great scope for innovation in the business world. Innovation is not confined to the invention of a new machine. It comprises all efforts made in perfecting the product, minimising the costs and maximising benefits to customers. It involves improvements in management, production, selling servicing, methods of personnel and accounting, etc. Business firms invest money, time and efforts in Research and Development (R&D) to introduce innovations. They develop new technology, introduce new designs and new tools and processes to minimise costs and to satisfy ever increasing wants of customers. In order to create customers business has to explore new markets and attract more customers. It has also to retain old customers by providing better services to them.

Social Objectives

Business does not exist in a vacuum. It is a part of society. It cannot survive and grow without the support of society. Business must therefore discharge social responsibilities in addition to earning profits. According to Henry Ford, “the primary aim of business should be service and subsidiary aim should be earning of profit”.

The social objectives of business are as follows:

1. Supplying desired goods at reasonable prices –
   Business is expected to supply the goods and
   services required by the society. Goods and services should be of good quality and these should be supplied at reasonable prices. It is also the social obligation of business to avoid malpractices like hoarding, black marketing and misleading advertising.
2. Fair Remuneration to employees –
   Employees must be given fair compensation for their work. In addition to wages and salary a reasonable part of profits should be distributed among employees in recognition of their contributions. Such sharing of profits will help to increase the motivation and efficiency of employees. It is the obligation of business to provide healthy and safe work environment for employees. Good working conditions are beneficial to the organisation because these help to improve the productivity of employees and thereby the profits of business. Employees work day and night to ensure smooth functioning of business. It is, therefore, the duty of employers to provide hygienic working and living conditions for workers.
3. Employment Generation –
   Business should provide opportunities for gainful employment to members of the society. In a country like India unemployment has become a serious problem and the Government is unable to offer jobs to all. Therefore, provision of adequate and full employment opportunities is a significant service to society. If unemployment problem increases, the socio-economic environment cannot be congenial for the growth of business activities.
4. Fair return to investor –
   Business is expected to pay fair return to shareholders and creditors in the form of dividend and interest. Investors also expect safety and appreciation of their investment. They should be kept informed about the financial health and future prospects of business.
5. Social welfare –
   Business should provide support to social, cultural and religious organisations. Business enterprises can build schools, colleges, libraries, dharamshalas, hospitals, sports bodies and research institutions. They can help non-government organisations (NGOs) like CRY, Help Age, and others which render services to weaker sections of society.
6. Payment of Government Dues –
   Every business enterprise should pay tax dues (income tax, GST, excise duty, customs duty, etc.) to the Government honestly and at the right time. These direct and indirect taxes provide revenue to the Government for spending on public welfare. Business should also abide faithfully by the laws of the country.
   Thus, businessmen should pursue those policies and take those actions which are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of our society.

Human Objectives

Business is run by people and for people. Labour is a valuable human element in business. Human objectives of business are concerned with the well-being of labour. These objectives help in achieving economic and social objectives of business. Human objectives of business are given below:

1. Labour welfare –
   Business must recognise the dignity of labour and human factor should be given due recognition. Proper opportunities should be provided for utilising individual talents and satisfying aspirations of workers. Adequate provisions should be made for their health, safely and social security. Business should ensure job satisfaction and sense of belonging to workers.
2. Developing human resources –
   Employees must be provided the opportunities for developing new skills and attitudes. Human resources are the most valuable asset of business and their development will help in the growth of business. Business can facilitate self-development of workers by encouraging creativity and innovation among them. Development of skilled manpower is necessary for the economic development of the country.
3. Participative management –
   Employees should be allowed to take part in decision making process of business. This will help in the development of employees. Such participation will also provide valuable information to management for improving the quality of decisions. Workers’ participation in management will usher in industrial democracy.
4. Labour management cooperation –
   Business should strive for creating and maintaining cor¬dial employer-employee relations so as to ensure peace and progress in industry. Employees should be treated as honourable individuals and should be kept informed.

National Objectives

National objectives of business are as follows:

1. Optimum utilisation of resources –
   Business should use the nation’s resources in the best possible manner. Judicious allocation and optimum utilisation of scarce resources is essential for rapid and balanced economic growth of the country. Business should produce goods in accordance with national priorities and interests. It should minimise the wastage of scarce natural resources.
2. National self-reliance –
   It is the duty of business to help the Government in increasing exports and in reducing dependence on imports. This will help a country to achieve economic independence. This requires development of new technology and its application in industry.
3. Development of small scale industries –
   Big business firms are expected to encourage growth of small scale industries which are necessary for generating employment. Small scale firms can be developed as ancillaries which provide inputs to large scale industries.
4. Development of backward areas –
   Business is expected to give preference to the industriali-sation of backward regions of the country. Balanced regional development is necessary for peace and progress in the country. It will also help to raise standard of living in backward areas. Government offers specific incentives to the businessmen who set up factories in notified backward areas.
5. Control over pollution –
   Rapid industrialisation has resulted in air, water and noise pollution. Business is responsible for reducing the adverse effect of business on the quality of life. It must make proper arrangements for the disposal of smoke, effluents, wastes, etc. to protect the health and life of people, animals and birds.

BUSINESS OBJECTIVES AT A GLANCE

Economic Objectives

1. Earning Profit
2. Creating customers
3. Innovations

Social objectives

1. Quality goods at fair prices
2. Fair remuneration to employees
3. Generating employment
4. Fair return to investors
5. Social welfare
6. Payments of taxes

Human Objectives

1. Labour welfare
2. Developing Human Resources
3. Participative management
4. Labour management Cooperation

National Objectives

1. Optimum utilisation of resources
2. National self-reliance
3. Development of small scale units
4. Development of backward areas
5. Pollution control

Role of Profit in Business

Profit earning is essential in business due to the following reasons:

1. Incentive – Profit is the driving force behind every business. It inspires people to start an enterprise and to work hard for making it successful. Profit is the reward for, undertaking the risk of business.
2. Survival – Profit is essential for the survival of business and it ensures the continuity of an enterprise. In the absence of profits, an enterprise will eat up its own capital and ultimately close down. With the help of profits business can replace obsolete machinery and equipment and thereby maintain its capacity to create wealth. According to Drucker, “profit is the risk premium that covers the costs of staying in business”. Profits help business to face trade cycles and other shocks. Profits are also required to reward various factors of production.
3. Growth – Profits is the biggest source of capital for expansion and growth of business. It serves as a means of self-financing. In addition, profits enable business to attract capital from outside. Nobody likes to invest money in a loss making enterprise.
4. Measure of efficiency – Profit is considered to be the index of success in business. People judge the performance of an enterprise on the basis of profits earned by it.
5. Prestige and recognition – A loss making business enjoys no goodwill. Profits provide economic power and status to businessmen. Higher profits increase the bargaining strength and credit worthiness of business. Moreover, only a profit making business can provide service to society.

Thus, profit earning is an essential and desirable objective of every business. But mere money chasing is not business. According to Drucker, “the problem of any business is not the maximisation of profit but the achievement of sufficient profits to cover the risks of economic activity, and thus, to avoid loss. The businessmen who keep their customers, employees, investors and the society satisfied, will definitely earn good profits”. Urwick has very aptly summed up the relevance of profit motive in business as “earning of profits cannot be the objective of a business any more than eating is the objective of living”. A business cannot survive without profit just as a person cannot live without food. But profits cannot be the sole purpose of business just as eating is not the aim of life. However, profits must be earned by satisfying the wants of customers and after paying workers their dues. In the words of Arvind Mafatlal, “no business or industry is run philanthropically. It has to make a profit for further growth. But this profit cannot be at the expense of labour and the community at large”.

Economic and social objectives of business are not contradictory. They go hand in hand in the long run. No business can earn profits without satisfying customers and other sections of society.

Similarly, business cannot render service without earning profits. Thus, the real objective of business is to earn profit by serving the interests of consumers, employees, investors, Government and the society as a whole.

Objections against Profit Maximisation

Despite their indispensable role in business, profits cannot be the be-all and end-all of business.

The profit maximisation objective is undesirable on account of the following reasons:

• Profit maximisation overstresses the end result and overlooks the means employed to achieve the profits. It considers profit as the ultimate goals of business rather than a means to the real end. The ultimate aim of business should be social welfare. If profit maximisation is considered as the ultimate aim of business, businessmen might try to maximise profits by socially undesirable means such as profiteering, black-marketing, hoarding, exploitation of workers and consumers, etc.
• Profit maximisation overstresses the reward for owners and ignores the interests of other stakeholders. Profit is the reward for capital and profit maximisation gives the impression that a business concern is the domain only of owners. In reality, no business can succeed without the fullest co-operation of labour, consumers, Government and the community at large. Profit maximisation objective overlooks the stake of these groups in business.
• Profit maximisation misguides managers to the point where they may endanger the survival of the business. In order to maximise current profits, managers may undermine the firm’s future. They may ignore research and development, executive development, pushing of the most easily saleable products, and other long-term investments. Such activities threaten the long-term success of the enterprise.
• Profit maximisation has capitalistic overtones. The advocates of socialism decry the goal of profit maximisation on the ground that profit maximisation results in the exploitation of poor by the rich. It also accentuates inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth.
• Profit maximisation is inconsistent with the modern trends in business. Diffusion of share
  ownership, professionalisation of management, growth of institutional shareholding and the emergency of a distinctive technostructure are some of these trends. The main goal of the technostructure (control by managers and technologists), is survival and growth of business. Profit maximisation may endanger long term growth and, therefore, the technostructure prefers long-term growth. These professionals regard profit maximisation as unrealistic, inappropriate and even immoral.

A truly successful business can be built only if the objective of service to the society is constantly followed. If this is done profits will come automatically, but if the whole emphasis is on making money business may not survive and succeed for a long period. The guiding principle of business should be profit through service. Every business should provide a proper balance between profit motive and social service.

NATURE OF BUSINESS, PROFESSION AND EMPLOYMENT

Meaning and Nature of Business

Business is an activity, in which different persons exchange something of value, whether goods or services, for mutual gain or profit. It is an organised or systematic activity involving the satisfaction of human wants. Business involves regular or recurring purchase and sale of goods and services with the purpose of earning profits through the satisfaction of human needs. Repeated dealings rather than a single isolated transaction constitute business. Business may be distinguished from other activities by the fact that goods and services created or purchased are meant for sale and not for personal consumption.
Various experts have defined business in different ways. Some of the popular definitions of business are given below:

• L.H. Haney : “Business may be defined as human activity directed towards producing or acquiring wealth through buying and selling of goods”.
• B.O. Wheeler – “Business is an institution organised and operated to provide goods and services to society under the incentive of private gain.”
• L.R. Dicksee – “Business is a form of activity pursued primarily with the objective of earning profits for the benefit of those on whose behalf the activity is conducted.”
• James Stephenson – “Economic activities performed for earning profits are termed as Business”.
• Keith and Carlo – “Business is a sum of all activities involved in the production and distribution of goods and services for private profits”.
• Urwick and Hunt – “Business is any enterprise which makes, distributes or provides any article or service which the other members of the community need and are able and willing to pay for.”
• R.N. Owens – “Business is any enterprise engaged in the production and distribution of goods for sale in market or rendering services for a price.”

The salient features of business are given below:

1. Creation of utilities – Business makes goods more useful to satisfy human wants. It adds time, place, form and possession utilities to various types of goods. In the words of Roger, “a business exists to create and deliver value satisfaction to customers at a profit”. Business enables people to satisfy their wants more effectively and economically. It carries goods from place of surplus to the place of scarcity (place utility). It makes goods available for use in future through storage (time utility).
2. Dealings in goods and services – Every business enterprise produces and/or buys goods and services for selling them to others. Goods may be consumer goods or producer goods. Consumer goods are meant for direct use by the ultimate consumers, e.g., bread, tea, shoes, etc. Producer goods are used for the production of consumer or capital goods like raw materials, machinery, etc. Services like transport, warehousing, banking, insurance, etc. may be considered as intangible and invisible goods. Services facilitate buying and selling of goods by overcoming various hindrances in trade.
3. Continuity in dealings – Dealings in goods and services become business only if undertaken on a regular basis. According to Peterson and Plowman, “a single isolated transaction of purchase and sale will not constitute business. Recurring or repeated transaction of purchase and sale alone mean business.” For instance, if a person sells his old scooter or car it is not business though the seller gets money in exchange. But if he opens a shop and sells scooters or cars regularly, it will become business. Therefore, regularity of dealings is an essential feature of business.
4. Sale, transfer or exchange – All business activities involve transfer or exchange of goods and services for some consideration. The consideration called price is usually expressed in terms of money. Business delivers goods and services to those who need them and are able and willing to pay for them. For example, if a person cooks and serves food to his family, it is not business. But when he cooks food and sells it to others for a price, it becomes business. According to Peter Drucker “any organisation that fulfills itself through marketing a product or service is a business”.
5. Profit motive – The primary aim of business is to earn profits. Profits are essential for the survival as well as growth of business. Profits must, however, be earned through legal and fair means. Business should never exploit society to make money.
6. Element of risk – Profit is the reward for assuming risk. Risk implies the uncertainty of profit or the possibility of loss. Risk is a part and parcel of business. Business enterprises function in uncertain and uncontrollable environment. Changes in customers’ tastes and fashions, demand, competition, Government policies, etc. create risk. Food, fire, earthquake, strike by employees, theft, etc. also cause loss. A businessman can reduce risks through correct forecasting and insurance. But all risks cannot be eliminated.
7. Economic activity – Business is primarily an economic activity as it involves production and distribution of goods and services for earning money. However, business is also a social institution because it helps to improve the living standards of people through effective utilisation of scarce resources of the society. Only economic activities are included in business. Non-economic activities do not form a part of business.
8. Art as well as science – Business is an art because it requires personal skills and experience. It is also a science because it is based on certain principles and laws.

Meaning and Nature of Profession

The term profession means an occupation which involves application of specialised knowledge and skills to earn a living. The persons who are engaged in profession are called professionals. They render personal services of a specialised nature to their clients. The service is based on professional education, training and experience. Professionals receive fee for their services. Chartered Accountancy, medicine, law, tax consultancy are examples of professions. .

The main features of a profession are as follows :

1. Specialised body of knowledge – Every profession has a specialised and systematised body of knowledge. Members of the profession are required to learn this knowledge.
   Restricted entry – Entry to a profession is allowed only to those who have completed the prescribed education and have passed the specified examination.
2. Formal training – A profession provides facilities for formal education and training to those who want to acquire professional qualification.
3. Professional association – Every profession has its own association. A professional associa¬tion is a statutory body and its membership is essential. The association regulates entry in the profession, grants certificate of practice, formulates and enforces code of conduct. For example, The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) regulates the accountancy profession in India.
4. Service motive – Professionals are expected to emphasise services to their clients rather than economic gain.
5. Code of conduct – The activities of a professional are regulated by a formal code of conduct. The code is prescribed by the professional association of which he is a member.

Names of various Professions and their Respective Associations are given below:

Meaning and Nature of Employment

Employment means an economic activity, where people work for others in exchange for some remuneration. The persons who work for others are called ’employees’. The persons or organisations which engage others to work for them are called ‘employers’. The remuneration by an employer to his employee is known as wages or salary. The employee performs the work assigned to him by his employer as per the terms and conditions of employment. There is an oral or written agreement between the employer and the employee. The employee acts under the guidance and control of his employer. The employer may be a Government (department) undertaking or a private firm. Employment thus includes all types of jobs in Government offices and private enterprises. When a professionally qualified person works as an employee he is also said to be in employment. For example, a doctor may be employed in a hospital, a chartered accountant may be working as an accountant in a company and a lawyer may serve as a law officer in a bank.

The main features of employment are as follows:

• In employment, a person works for others called employer.
• An employee provides personal service.
• There is a service agreement or contract between the employee and the employer. It contains the terms and conditions of employment.
• The employee has to obey the order of the employer.
• No capital investment is made by the employee.
• The employee gets wage or salary for his/her service.

Various examples of employment are as follows:

• A teacher teaching in a school or college.
• An engineer employed in Municipal Corporation of Delhi.
• An accountant working in the accounts department of a company.
• A person working as the plant manager of a factory.
• A nurse or doctor working in a hospital.

Distinction between Business, Profession and Employment

1. Mode of establishment – A business enterprise is established when an entrepreneur takes a decision to carry on some business activity. In a profession, on the other hand, the membership or enrollment of a recognised professional association or institution is essential. In order to take up employment, a person has to enter into a contract of service.
2. Nature of work – A business exists to provide goods and services to satisfy human wants. On the other hand, a professional renders personalised service of a specialised nature to his clients. An employee performs the work assigned by the employer under the contract of service.
3. Qualifications – No formal education is compulsory in order to carry on a business. But for a profession, specialised knowledge and training are essential. Minimum educational qualifications are prescribed for every profession. In case of employment, the qualifications required depend upon the nature of the job. .
4. Main objective – In business, the basic motive is to earn profits. A professional, on the other hand, is expected to emphasise the service motive and sense of mission. That is why, a rigorous code of ethical behaviour is laid down in every profession. In case of service, the motive of an employee is to earn salary and receive other benefits.
5. Investment – Every business requires capital depending upon the nature and scale of operations. A professional also has to invest some capital to establish an office for rendering services. There is no need for capital in case of employment.
6. Risk – There is an inherent element of risk in business and profession but practically no risk is involved in case of employment. There can be loss in business but in profession and employment return is never negative.
7. Reward – Profit is the reward of a businessman while professional fee is the reward of a professional. The reward in case of employment is wage or salary. Wage/salary and fee are more regular and fixed than profits.
8. Transfer of interest – It is possible to transfer ownership interest in business. But no such transfer is possible in case of profession and employment.
9. Public advertisement – The success of a business depends upon public advertisements. But professionals are prohibited from giving public advertisements. There is no need for public advertisements in case of service.
   In spite of the above differences, there is a closed inter-relationship between business, profession and service. A large business enterprise employs a large number of persons in order to achieve its objectives. It also requires the services of professional experts such as chartered accountants, lawyers, architects, cost accountants, etc. Modern business has become very complex. Trained and experienced managers and other experts are required for efficient business operations. Professionals and other employees provide the necessary manpower for efficient running of business concerns. Thus, business, profession and employment are complementary to one another.

Every human being is busy in some activity or the other throughout the day. Every person gets up from bed in the morning, brushes his/her teeth, takes bath and eats breakfast. Then a child goes to School or College to study. An adult goes to work on the job and a housewife works at home. In the evening a person comes back home, watches television, eats dinner and goes to bed at night. All these activities in which a person engages from morning to evening are known as ‘human activities’.

ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

All human activities may broadly be classified into two categories:

1. Economic activities and
2. Non-economic activities

Economic activities are undertaken with the object of earning money and acquiring wealth. These activities result in the production of economic goods and services. Business is an economic activity but it differs from other economic activities such as those of an employee, and self employed persons like doctors, lawyers, chartered accountants, etc.

Non-economic activities are inspired by sentiments and emotions such as love for the family, desire to help the poor and love for the country. These activities are not undertaken for monetary gain but for one’s satisfaction and happiness.

Economic Activities

Economic activities refer to all those human activities which are undertaken to earn a living and thereby satisfy human wants. The main object of these activities is to earn income and create wealth. The money earned through work is used to satisfy wants. For example, a teacher teaches in a school or college, a doctor attends to patients in his clinic and a shopkeeper sells goods to his customers. Economic activities are concerned with the production, distribution and exchange of goods and services. These activities create utilities and result in the production of wealth. Economic activities are also called occupations.

The main characteristics of economic activities are as follows:

1. Economic motive – Economic activities are undertaken to earn money and acquire wealth The main motive behind these activities is to make an economic gain. These activities are performed by human beings for earning livelihood.
2. Productive – Economic activities involve production, distribution and exchange of goods and services for satisfying human wants. These activities are directly related to creation of wealth.
3. Economic resources – Economic activities make use of economic resources such as land, labour, capital, etc.
4. Rational use – Economic activities require proper allocation of scarce resources so as to obtain maximum output from them. These activities involve optimum utilisation of land, labour, capital and other factors of production. Welfare of society can be maximised when best possible use of resources is made.
5. Economic growth – Economic activities determine the level of economic development of a country and the standard of living of its citizens.
6. Legally valid – Human activities performed for economic gain are called economic activities only when they are lawful. Unlawful activities such as gambling, black marketing, theft, dacoity, smuggling etc., are opposed to public interest. Therefore, these activities cannot be called economic activities.
7. Socially desirable – Economic activities are desirable for society. They must be in accordance with the expectations and norms of society.

Examples of economic activities

• Production of goods by a manufacturer in a factory.
• Distribution of goods by a wholesaler to retailers.
• Selling of goods by a retailer to customers.
• Transportation of goods and passengers by railways/roadways/airlines/ships.
• Storage of goods by a warehouse keeper.
• Acceptance of deposits and lending of money by a banker.
• Insurance of risks by an insurance company.
• Advertising and publicity of goods by an advertising agency.
• A clinic run by a doctor.
• Legal services provided by a lawyer in a court.
• Audit services provided by a chartered accountant in his office.
• Working of a Government officer.
• Services of a teacher in a school/college.
• Working of a farmer in his fields to self his produce.
• Working of a nurse in a hospital.

Economic Activities at a Glance Characteristics

1. Economic motive
2. Productive
3. Rational use
4. Economic resources
5. Economic growth
6. Legally valid
7. Socially desirable

Examples

1. Manufacturing goods in a factory.
2. Selling goods in a shop.
3. A doctor treating patients in his clinic.
4. A lawyer providing legal advice in his own office.
5. A professor teaching in a university.
6. A clerk working in a Government office.

Non-Economic Activities

Activities which are undertaken to satisfy social, religious, cultural and sentimental requirements are called non-economic activities. The object of these activities is not to earn monetary gain or reward. People engage in non-economic activities for reasons of love, sympathy, religion, patriotism, etc. For example, a mother looks after her children, a student donates blood, an old man goes to temple daily, a rich man donates money to Prime Minister Relief Fund, a young man helps a blind girl to cross the road, etc.

It is the object of any activity that distinguishes between economic and non-economic activities. The primary objective of economic activities is to earn livelihood and create wealth. On the other hand, the main objective of non-economic activities is to get some sort of social, cultural, religious or recreational satisfaction. The output of economic activities can be measured in terms of money e.g., the salary of a teacher, the fee of a doctor and the profits of a businessman. But the result of non-economic activities cannot be measured in terms of money.

The same activity may be economic as well as non-economic. For example, a nurse attending a patient in a hospital is an economic activity as the nurse works for a salary. But when the same nurse attends to her sick mother at home it is a non-economic activity because the object is not to earn money. Thus, the activity of the same person may be economic at one-time or place and non-economic at another time or place. The dividing line is not the activity or the person who is doing it but the objective for which it is undertaken.

Thus, non-economic activities are undertaken due to the following considerations :

1. Love and affection – for example taking dinner with the family, cooking food for family.
2. Personal satisfaction – for example meditating in a park.
3. Physical needs – for example morning walk by a person.
4. Religious obligation – for example praying in a temple.
5. Social obligations – for example helping victims of an accident, flood or earthquake.
6. Patriotism – donating blood for injured army men.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN ECONOMIC AND NON-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

Economic activities are also known as ‘occupations’. Economic activities or occupations may be classified into three broad categories as follows: