CBSE Class 7

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Geography Chapter 6 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 6 SST Natural Vegetation and Wild Life will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Class 7 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 6

CBSE Class 7 Geography Chapter 6 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. As we go higher and higher places, we can see the changes in the landform and natural vegetation.

2. On the higher places we find tall trees with thin pointed leaves and cone-shaped canopies which are called coniferous trees on the mountain slopes.

3. With the change in height, the climate changes and that changes natural vegetation.

4. The growth of vegetation depends on temperature and moisture. It also depends on factors like slope and thickness of soil.

5. Natural vegetation is generally classified into three broad categories:

• Forests
• Grasslands and
• Shrubs.

6. Tropical Evergreen Forest is also called tropical rainforests. These are thick forests occurring in the regions near the equator and close to the tropics.

7. Tropical Evergreen Forests are found in the regions which are hot and receive heavy rainfall throughout the year. As there is no particular dry season, the trees do not shed their leaves. This is the reason they are called evergreen. These are dense and do not allow the sunlight even in the day time. Hardwood trees like rosewood, ebony, mahogany are common here.

8. Tropical Deciduous Forests are the monsoon forests which are found in the large part of India, northern Australia and in Central America.

9. These regions experience seasonal changes. Trees shed their leaves in the dry season to conserve water. Sal, teak, neem and shisham are trees found in these regions.

10. Temperate Evergreen Forests are located in the mid-latitudinal coastal region. These are found in south­east USA, South China and in South-east Brazil. They comprise both hard and softwood trees like oak, pine, eucalyptus etc .

11. Temperate Deciduous Forests are found in the north-eastern part of USA, China, New Zealand, Chile and also found in the coastal regions of Western Europe. These are found towards higher latitudes. The trees shed their leaves in the dry season. The common trees are oak, ash, beech, etc. Deer, foxes, wolves are the animals commonly found. Birds like pheasants, monals are also found here.

12. The west and south-west margins of the continents have Mediterranean vegetation. It is mostly found in the areas around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. These regions are marked for hot dry summers and mild rainy winters. Citrus fruits such as oranges, figs, olives and grapes are commonly cultivated here.

13. Coniferous Forests are found in the higher latitudes of Northern hemisphere. These are also called as Taiga. The trees found here are tall, softwood evergreen trees. Silver fox, mink, polar bear are the common animals found here.

14. Tropical grasslands occur on either side of the equator and extend till the tropics. This vegetation grows in the areas of moderate to low amount of rainfall. The grass can grow very tall, about 3 to 4 metre in height. Savannah grasslands of Africa are of this type. Elephants, zebras, giraffes, deer, leopards are common in tropical grasslands.

15. Temperate grasslands are found in the mid-latitudinal zones and in the interior part of the continents. Wild buffaloes, bisons, antelopes are common in the temperate region.

16. Thorny bushes are found in the dry desert-like regions. These are located on the western margins of the continents.

Notes of Geography Class 7 Chapter 6 Important Terms

Forests: Where trees grow in plentiful.

Grassland: These are lands full of grasses.

Natural vegetation: These grow naturally.

Anaconda: A type of snake which is the largest snake found in the tropical rainforest.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Geography Chapter 5 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 5 SST Water will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Water Class 7 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 5

CBSE Class 7 Geography Chapter 5 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. The sun’s heat causes evaporation of water vapour. When the water vapour cools down, it condenses and forms clouds.

2. The process by which water continually changes its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land is known as the water cycle.

3. The same water that existed centuries ago still exists today.

4. The major sources of fresh water are the rivers, ponds, springs and glaciers.

5. The water of the oceans is salty or saline as it contains large amount of dissolved salts. Ocean water is 97.3% of total water available on the earth.

6. A part of the earth surface is covered by water.

7. Ocean water keeps moving continuously, it is never still.

8. The movements that occur in oceans can be broadly categorized as: waves, tides and currents.

9. When the water on the surface of the ocean rises and falls alternately, they are called waves.

10. During a storm, the winds blowing at very high speed form huge waves.

11. An earthquake, a volcanic eruption or underwater landslides can shift large amounts of ocean water. This results in a huge tidal wave called tsunami, that may be as high as 15 m.

12. The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day is called a tide. When water covers much of the shore by rising to its highest level it is called high tide. It is low tide when water falls to its lowest level and recedes from the shore.

13. The strong gravitational pull exerted by the sun and the moon on the earth’s surface causes the tides.

14. During the full moon and new moon days, the sun, the moon and the earth are in the same line and the tides are the highest. These tides are called spring tides.

15. When the moon is in its first and last quarter, the ocean waters get drawn in diagonally opposite direction by the gravitational pull of sun and earth resulting in low tides. These tides are called neap tides.

16. Ocean currents are streams of water flowing constantly on the ocean surface in definite directions. The ocean currents may be warm or cold.

17. Generally the warm ocean currents originate near the equator and move towards the poles.

18. The cold currents carry water from polar or higher latitudes to tropical or lower latitudes.

19. The ocean current influence the temperature conditions of the area. Warm currents bring about warm temperature over land surface.

20. The areas where the warm and cold currents meet provide the best fishing grounds of world.

21. The areas where a warm and cold current meet also experience foggy weather making it difficult for navigation.

Notes of Geography Class 7 Chapter 5 Important Terms

Evaporation: A process through which water turns into vapour.

Tide: Rise and fall of ocean water.

Waves: Alternatively normal rise and fall of ocean water.

Tsunami: Huge tidal waves.

Ocean currents: Streams of water flowing constantly on the ocean surface in definite directions. Terrarium: An artificial enclosure for keeping small house plants.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Geography Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 4 SST Air will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Air Class 7 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 4

CBSE Class 7 Geography Chapter 4 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. All living beings depend on the atmosphere, use the air for breath and protect us from the harmful effects of the sun’s rays.

2. Air makes the temperature on the earth livable. Without this, during the day time we feel heat and get frozen during night.

3. The air which we breathe is mixture of many gases. The constituents of air are Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, Carbon dioxide mainly.

4. Apart from these gases, tiny dust particles are also present in the air.

5. Nitrogen is the most plentiful gas (78%) in the air. In the air, Oxygen, Argon and Carbon dioxide are 21%, 93% and 0.03% respectively.

6. Plants need nitrogen for their survival. They cannot take nitrogen directly from the air. Bacteria that live in the soil and roots of some plant take nitrogen from the air and change its form so that plants can use it.

7. Oxygen that is taken by human and animals as breathe is produced by plants during photosynthesis. In this way oxygen content in the air remains constant. If we cut trees then this balance gets disturbed.

8. Green plants use carbon dioxide to make their food and release oxygen. The amount of carbon dioxide released by humans or animals seems to be equal to the amount used by the plants which make a perfect balance. However, the balance is upset by burning of fuels.

9. Our atmosphere is divided into five layers starting from the earth’s surface.

10. The first layer is the Troposphere whose average height is 13 km.

11. The second layer is the Stratosphere which extends upto the height of 50 km.

12. The third layer is Mesosphere which extends upto the height 80 km.

13. The fourth layer is Thermosphere which extends upto height of 80 to 400km.

14. The fifth and uppermost layer is Exosphere. This layer has very thin air. Light gases like helium and hydrogen float into the space from here.

15. Weather is this hour-to-hour, day to day condition of the atmosphere. A hot or humid weather may make one irritable. A pleasant, breezy weather may make one cheerful and even plan for an outing.

16. The average weather condition of a place for a longer period of time represents the climate of a place.

17. The degree of hotness and coldness of the air is known as temperature. The temperature of the atmosphere changes between day and night and also season to season. Summers are hotter than winters.

18. An important factor that influences the distribution of temperature is insolation. The amount of insolation decreases from the equator towards the poles. Therefore, the temperature decreases in the same manner.

19. Air pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by the weight of air on the earth’s surface.

20. Horizontally, the distribution of air pressure is influenced by temperature of air at a given place. Wherever, pressure of air is low, the air is cold. Likewise, if pressure is high, the air becomes warmer.

21. The air always moves from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas.

22. Winds can be broadly divided into three types: Permanent winds, Seasonal winds and Local winds.

23. Permanent winds blow constantly throughout the year in a particular direction.

24. Seasonal winds change their direction in different seasons.

25. Local winds blow only during a particular period of the day or year in a small area.

26. When water evaporates from land and different water bodies, it becomes water vapour. Moisture at any time is known as humidity.

27. When the water is full of water vapour we call it a humid day. On a humid day, clothes take longer to dry and sweat from our body does not evaporate easily.

Notes of Geography Class 7 Chapter 4 Important Terms

Atmosphere: Huge blanket of air which surrounds the earth.

Thermometer: An instrument used in measuring temperature.

Barometer: An instrument used in measuring air pressure.

Rain Gauge: An instrument used in measuring the amount of rainfall.

Humidity: Moisture in the air.

Moisture: Water vapour present in the atmosphere.

Temperature: The degree of hotness and coldness of the air.

Climate: The average weather condition of a place.

Global warming: Increased temperature of the earth.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Geography Chapter 3 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 SST Our Changing Earth will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Our Changing Earth Class 7 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 3

CBSE Class 7 Geography Chapter 3 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. The lithosphere is broken into a number of plates known as the Lithospheric plates.

2. Movement of the molten magma inside the earth occurs thereby the Lithospheric plates are moved very slowly just a few millimetres each year.

3. movement of these plates causes changes on the surface of the earth.

4. The forces that act in the interior of the earth are called endogenic forces, while the forces that work on the surface of the earth are called exogenic forces.

5. Endogenic forces sometimes produce sudden movements and at the other times produce slow movements. Sudden movements like earthquakes and volcanoes cause mass destruction over the surface of the earth.

6. A volcano is a vent (opening) in the earth’s crust through which molten material erupts suddenly.

7. Vibration in the surface of earth is called earthquakes. The place in the crust where the movement starts is called the focus and the place on the surface above the focus is called the epicentre.

8. Greatest damage is usually closest to the epicentre and the strength of the earthquake decreases away from the centre.

9. Although earthquake cannot be predicted but impact can be minimized. Recognizing safe spot, staying away from fire places, chimneys, windows etc., are the measures which may be helpful as safeguards.

10. The landscape is being continuously worn away by two processes—weathering and erosion.

11. The running water in the river erodes the landscape. Due to continuous erosion and deposition along the sides of the meander, the ends of the meander loop come closer and closer.

12. As the river approaches the sea, the speed of the flowing water decreases and the river begins to break up into a number of streams called distributaries. Each distributary forms its own mouth. The collection of sediments from all the mouths forms a delta.

13. The erosion and deposition of the sea waves gives rise to coastal landforms. From the striking of sea waves to the rocks, hollow like caves are formed in the rocks which are called sea caves. When these cavities become bigger and bigger only the roof of the caves remains, thus forming sea arches.

14. Glaciers are rivers of ice which erode the landscape by bulldozing soil and stones to expose the solid rocks below.

15. The material carried by the glaciers, such as rocks, sand and silt gets deposited. These deposits form gla­cial moraines.

16. An active agent of erosion and deposition in the deserts is wfind. It makes rocks in shape of a mushroom called mushroom rocks.

17. When the wind stops blowing, the sand falls and gets deposited in low hill like structures. These are called sand dunes.

18. When the grains of sand are very fine and light, the wind can carry it over long distances, when such sand is deposited in large areas, it is called loess.

Notes of Geography Class 7 Chapter 3 Important Terms

Focus: A place of movement inside the earth.

Epicentre: A place on surface above the focus.

Meander: In the plains, large bends of rivers.

Distributary: When river streams form new stream.

Erosion: Corrosion of earth due to water, wind and ice etc.

Waterfall: When the river tumbles at steep angle over very hard rocks or down a steep valley side it forms a waterfall.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Geography Chapter 2 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 2 SST Inside Our Earth will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Inside Our Earth Class 7 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 2

CBSE Class 7 Geography Chapter 2 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. The earth is a dynamic planet. It is constantly undergoing changes inside and outside.

2. The uppermost layer over the earth’s surface is called the crust. It is the thinnest layer and its depth is about 40 km its range is about 35 km on the continental masses and only 5 km. on the ocean floors.

3. The earth’s crust is made up of various types of rocks. Any natural mass of mineral matter that makes up the earth’s crust is called a rock. Rocks can be of different colour, size and texture.

4. The main mineral constituents of the continental mass are silica and alumina. It is called ‘sial’. The oceanic crust mainly consists of silica and magnesium. It is therefore called ‘sima’.

5. Below the crust is the mantle which extends up to a depth of 2900 km.

6. In the earth, the innermost layer is the core with a radius of about 3500 km. It is mainly made up of nickel and iron and is called ‘nife’. The core has very high temperature and pressure.

7. There are three major types of rocks: igneous rocks or primary rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.

8. Igneous rocks further can be classified as Intrusive rocks and Extrusive rocks.

9. Rocks roll down, crack, and hit each other and are broken down into small fragments. These smaller par­ticles are called sediments. These sediments form sedimentary rocks.

10. Rocks are very useful to us. The hard rocks are used for making roads, houses and buildings.

11. Under certain conditions, one type of rock changes to another type in a cyclic manner. This process of transformation of the rock from one to another is known as the rock cycle.

Notes of Geography Class 7 Chapter 2 Important Terms

Fossils: The remains of the dead plants and animals trapped in the layers of rocks are called fossils.

Core: Innermost layer of the earth.

Rocks: Natural masses of mineral matter.

Sediments: These are small fragments of rocks.

Rock cycle: The process of transformation of rock from one to another.

Igneous: This is a Latin word which meant fire.

Metamorphic: Change of form.