CBSE Class 7

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Civics Chapter 7 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 7 SST Markets Around Us will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Markets Around Us Class 7 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 7

CBSE Class 7 Civics Chapter 7 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. Man has many needs. These needs can be fulfilled from the markets.

2. There are many kinds of markets such as weekly market, a large shopping complex, perhaps even a mall; that we may visit for our everyday needs.

3. A weekly market is so-called because it is held on a specific day of the week. Weekly markets do not have permanent shops. Next day they set up their shops at next place. There are thousands of such markets in India. People come here for their everyday requirements.

4. In the weekly markets, the things are available on cheaper rates. This is because when shops are located in permanent buildings, they incur a lot of expenditure—rent, electricity, helper’s wage etc.

5. In the weekly market, a variety of goods are sold in a small area. Therefore, all the things can be pur­chased here on cheaper rates. Comparison of cost and quality can be made very easily.

6. There are many shops that sell goods and services in our neighbourhood. We may buy milk, groceries, stationery, medicines, eatables etc., from shops. Many of these are permanent shops, while others are roadside stalls such as vegetable hawker, the fruit vendor etc.

7. Shops in the neighborhood are useful in many ways. They are near to our home and we can go there on any day of the week. These shops also provide goods on credit.

8. In the urban areas, there are shopping complexes that have many shops with variety of things. There are also large multi-storeyed air-conditioned buildings with shops on different floors, known as malls.

9. In these urban markets, you get both branded and non-branded goods. Branded goods are expensive, often promoted by advertising and claims of better quality. As compared to non-branded goods, fewer people can afford to buy branded ones.

10. Goods are produced in factories, on farms and in homes. The wholesale trader first buys goods in large quantities. These will then be sold to other traders. The trader, who finally sells this to the consumer, is the retailer.

11. city has areas for wholesale markets. This is the place where goods first reach and are then supplied to other traders. The city wholesale trader would have bought a large quantity of plastic items from the factory and stored them in a godown. In this way, a chain of markets is set up.

12. All these markets are located in a specific locality and work in a particular manner and time. You can place orders for a variety of things through the phone and these days through the internet, and the goods are delivered at home.

13. All markets work in a space in a particular manner and time.

14. There are even markets we may not be aware of. This is because a large number of goods that we don’t use directly are also bought and sold.

Markets Around Us Class 7 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Market: Market is a place where things are sold.

Weekly market: It is held on a specific day of the week.

Mall: Malls are the commercial buildings with many floors that have shops, restaurants and at times even a cinema theatre.

Wholesale: When the products are bought and sold in large quantities it is called wholesale.

Retailer: The trader, who finally sells products to the consumer, is called retailer.

Chain of markets: A series of markets that are connected like links in a chain because products pass from one market to another.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Civics Chapter 1 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 SST On Equality will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

On Equality Class 7 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 1

CBSE Class 7 Civics Chapter 1 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. The key elements of a democratic government include people’s participation, the resolution of conflict, and equality and justice.

2. Equality is a key feature of democracy and influences all aspects of its functioning.

3. Universal adult franchise is an essential aspect of all democracies. The idea of universal adult franchise is based on the idea of equality because it states that every adult in a country, irrespective of their wealth and the communities she/he belongs to, has one vote.

4. One of the more common forms of inequality in India is the caste system. Caste system can be seen clearly in the rural areas while is hidden in the cities.

5. The term Dalits’ is used for the so-called lower castes people. Dalit means ‘ broken’.

6. Ompraksh Valmiki was being treated unequally on the basis of differences of caste whereas Mr Ansari on the basis of religion.

7. The Indian Constitution recognizes every person as equal. This means that every individual in the country is recognized equal irrespective of castes, religion, or any background.

8. This recognition of equality includes some of the provisions in the Constitution-

• Every person is equal before the law;
• No person can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, race, caste, place of birth or whether they are female or male;
• Every person has access to all public places including playgrounds, hotels, shops, markets, wells, roads and bathing Ghats and
• Untouchability has been abolished.

9. There are several laws in India that protect every person’s right to be treated equally. There are two ways whereby the Government tries to implement the equality-(i) through laws; and (ii) through government programmes or schemes to help disadvantaged communities.

10. In addition to laws, the government has also set up several schemes to improve the lives of communities and individuals who have been treated unequally for several centuries including mid-day meal scheme. This scheme was very first time started in the State of Tamil Nadu in the year 2001.

11. In many democratic countries around the world, the issue of equality continues to be the key issue including USA, where the Civil Rights Act was enacted in 1964 after a long Civil Rights Movement.

On Equality Class 7 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Universal Adult Franchise: This is called right to vote to all adults irrespective of their social or

economic backgrounds.

Constitution: A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state is governed. These rules together make up constitution.

Dalit: It means broken.

Civil Rights Movement: A movement of USA for equal rights.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Civics Chapter 5 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 5 SST Women Change The World will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Growing Up as Boys and Girls Class 7 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 5

CBSE Class 7 Civics Chapter 5 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. Many people believe that women make better nurses because they are more patient and gentle.

2. It is believed that science requires a technical mind and girls and women are not capable of dealing with technical things.

3. Many people believe in stereotypes and many girls do not get the same support that boys do to study and train to become doctors and engineers. In most families, once girls finish school, they are encouraged by their families to see marriage as their main aim in life.

4. In the story of Laxmi Lakra who belonged from a poor tribal family of Jharkhand became first engine driver in Northern Railways. She was girl and also poor but she got diploma in electronics and then passed the railway board exam in first attempt.

5. All children of our society face pressures from the world around them.

6. It is difficult for us to imagine that school and learning could be seen as “out of bounds” or not appropriate for some children.

7. In the past, the skill of reading and writing were known to only a few. Most children learnt the work their families or elders did.

8. In communities that taught sons to read and write, daughters were not allowed to learn the alphabet. Even in the families where skills like pottery, weaving and craft were taught, the contribution of daughters and women was only seen as supportive.

9. Earlier, there was lots of opposition to educating girls. But in the nineteenth century, many new ideas about education and learning emerged, school became more common and those whose ancestors never learnt reading and writing have started sending their children to school.

10. Rashundari Devi was a housewife from a rich landlord’s family. At that time, it was believed that if a woman learnt to read and write, she would bring bad luck to her husband and become a widow. About 200 years ago, at the age of 60, she wrote her autobiography in Bangla. Her book titled Amar Jiban is the first known autobiography written by an Indian woman.

11. On the basis of data received from census, the literacy rate is determined once every in 10 years. In the most recent census of 2001, these figures have grown to 76 per cent for boys and men, and 54 per cent for girls and women.

12. It has been noticed that SC, ST and Adivasi backgrounds girls leave school at a rate that is higher than , the category ‘All Girls’. However, this gap is reducing but has not gone away.

13. The 2001 census also found that Muslim girls are less likely, than Dalit and Adivasi girls, to complete primary school. There are several reasons why children from Dalit, Adivasi and Muslim communities leave school.

14. Especially in rural and poor areas there may not even be proper schools and or teachers who teach on a regular basis. Due to the transport unavailability, unable to bear the cost of educating all their children, boys may get preference in this situation.

15. Many children also leave school because they are discriminated against by their teacher and classmates.

16. There are other spheres such as – legal, violence and health, where the situation of women and girls has improved. These changes have not happened automatically. Women individually and collectively have struggled to bring about these changes. This struggle is known as the Women’s Movement. Many men support the women’s movement.

17. Different strategies have been used to spread awareness, fight Campaigning, raising awareness, protesting, showing solidarity etc., are some of the important struggles under women movements activities. An important part of the women’s movement is fight against discrimination and violence including domestic and mental violence.

18. Efforts made by the women’s movement led the Supreme Court to formulate guidelines in 1997 to protect women against sexual harassment at the workplace and within educational institutions.

Growing Up as Boys and Girls Class 7 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Stereotype: When we believe that people belonging to particular groups are bound to have certain fixed characteristics or can only do a certain type of work.

Discrimination: When we do not treat people equally or with respect it is called discrimination.

Violation: When someone forcefully breaks the law or rule or openly shows disrespect he has committed a violation.

Sexual harassment: This refers to physical or verbal behaviour that is of a sexual nature and against the wishes of a woman.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Civics Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 4 SST Growing Up as Boys and Girls will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Growing Up as Boys and Girls Class 7 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 4

CBSE Class 7 Civics Chapter 4 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. The societies in which we grow up teach us about kind of behaviour which is acceptable for girls and boys.

2. Societies also teach us what boys and girls can or cannot do.

3. Samoan Islands is a southern part of the Pacific Ocean. The children of Samoan society did not go to school in the 1920s. Being the young people, therefore, they learnt many things at different points in their childhood. They learnt to take care of children or do household work, fishing, coconut plantation.

4. Girls had to continue looking after small children or do errands for adults till they were teenagers. Once they became teenagers they had much more freedom. After the age of 14 or so, girls also went on fishing trips, worked in the plantations, and learnt how to weave baskets. In the cooking boys were supposed to do most of the work while girls helped with the preparations.

5. In Madhya Pradesh boys and girls went to separate schools. The schools of girls and boys were designed very differently from each other. The girls always went in groups, perhaps because they also carried fears of being teased or attacked.

6. A clear distinction between boys and girls can be seen from a very young age. Boys are usually given cars, gun while girls are given dolls, utensils etc., to play with. It is because of telling children that they will have different futures and they have specific roles to play when they grow up to be men and women.

7. Most of the people do not feel that housework is a real work. In our societies housework is undertaken by the women. Housework involves various works such as cooking, cleaning, wash-up, care-giving to the children, elderly and sick members and these lie with women. The work that women do within the home is not recognized as work.

8. A lot of work is done by domestic workers in many homes, particularly in towns and cities. They do sweeping and cleaning, washing clothes and dishes, cooking, looking after young children or the elderly.

9. Most domestic workers are women and sometimes these may be young boys or girls. Even these domestic workers are not treated with little respect. They are working hard from early morning to late night. In many cases they are not permitted to eat completely.

10. Housework actually involves different tasks. Many of these require heavy physical works such as to fetch water, carry heavy head-loads, lifting and carrying articles etc., and in most of the cases these tasks are undertaken by the domestic workers.

Growing Up as Boys and Girls Class 7 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Identity: Identity is a sense of self-awareness of who one is. Typically, a person can have several identi­ties. For example, person can be a girl, a sister and a musician.

Double-burden: Literally, it means a double load. This term is commonly used to describe the women’s work situation; their outside and inside the homework.

Care-giving: Caregiving refers to a range of tasks related to looking after and nurturing.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 7 Civics Chapter 3 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 7 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 SST How the State Government Works will seemingly help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

How the State Government Works Class 7 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 3

CBSE Class 7 Civics Chapter 3 Notes Understanding The Lesson

1. Government works at three levels-local, state and national.

2. Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) are elected by the people. MLA of the area represents people.

3. Every state in India has a Legislative Assembly. Each state is divided into different areas or constituencies of MLAs and MPs.

4. Different political parties stand their candidates in the elections. The independent candidates can also fight as an independent candidate.

5. A political party whose MLAs win more than half the number of constituencies in a state can be said to be in a majority.

6. A political party whose MLAs have won more than half the number of constituencies in a state can said to be in a majority. The majority of a single party or groups of parties together can form government. This party is called ruling party and all other members who do not support or participate in the government are called opposition.

7. The MLAs belonging to the ruling party will elect their leader who will become the chief minister. The chief minister then selects other people as ministers. It is the Governor of the state who appoints the chief minister and other ministers.

8. The chief minister and other ministers have the responsibility of running various government departments or ministries.

9. A Legislative Assembly is a place where all the MLAs meet to discuss various issues. All the members of Legislative Assembly meet in the Assembly and can express their opinions and ask questions related to the issue or give suggestions. The concern minister then replies to the questions and tries to assure the Assembly that adequate steps are being taken.

10. The decisions taken in the Legislative Assembly have to be approved by the members of the legislative assembly.

11. The government take action through various departments like the Public Works Department (PWD), the Agriculture Department, the Health Department, the Education Department and so on. Ministers are head of these departments, who are also member of Legislative Assembly and elected by the people.

12. In a democracy, there are various ways through which people express their views and also take action. Not only in the Legislative Assembly but also through the TV channels, newspapers, periodicals and other organizations, the government functioning, policies etc, are regularly discussed.

13. Organization of ‘press conference’ is also a medium to express about the policies and functioning of a department or ministry of government. In a ‘press conference’ a press note is issued to the print and electronic media for the wide circulation to the mass.

14. On any matter, which affects a government it may form a committee. After looking at various aspects of the problem or issue, the committee submit its report to the government and then government may adopt it as a whole or partially. Accordingly, the action is taken on report of the committee.

15. The main work of the government is to implement its laws, rules, regulation and policies made in various fields. The government may amend, modify in the laws, rules, regulation and policies or can make new one, so that an effective system may run and most of the people can get the benefit of government policies.

How the State Government Works Class 7 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Constituency: A particular area of voters from which they chose their representative.

Majority: Majority represents to more than half members of the Assembly.

Ruling party: Party which makes government. Press conference To call a gathering of journalists from the media for reporting purpose