CBSE Class 10

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 6 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 6 SST Work, Life and Leisure will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Work, Life and Leisure Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 6

CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 6 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Urbanisation has a long history. It took over 200 years to develop the modern city worldwide. Three processes that have shaped modern cities in decisive ways are – the rise of industrial capitalism, the establishment of colonial rule over large parts of the world, and the development of democratic ideals.

2. The process of urbanisation is traced out in two modern cities namely London and Bombay. London was the largest city in the world, and an imperial centre in the nineteenth century. Bombay was one of the most important modern cities in the Indian subcontinent.

3. London: By 1750, London was a colossal city with a population of about 675,000. Over the nineteenth century, it continued to expand. Its population multiplied four-fold in the 70 years between 1810 and 1880.

4. The city of London was a powerful magnet for migrant populations, even though it did not have large factories. During the First World War, London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods, and the number of large factories increased that opened job opportunities.

5. Growth of London was marked by rise in crime. Criminal activities increased in the city in the 1870s. Several measures were taken to put a check on such activities, for example, the population of criminals was counted, their activities were watched, etc. Many of the criminals listed were poor people who lived by stealing.

6. Poverty forced a large number of women to work as domestic servants. They also made their living through activities like tailoring, washing or matchbox making. So far children of the marginal groups were concerned, they found work in small underpaid factories. However, the Compulsory Elementary Education Act, that came in 1870, stopped children from doing work in industries.

7. As people from countryside began pouring in London after the Industrial Revolution, they faced the problem of housing. Factory or workshop owners did not house the migrant workers. Instead, individual landowners put up cheap, and usually unsafe, tenements for the new arrivals.

8. In comparison to countryside poverty was more visible in the city. People were bound to live in crowded slums which lacked sanitation. Hence, concern grew among the better-off city dwellers. They demanded that slums simply be cleared away. As a result, workers’ mass housing schemes were planned for the London poor.

9. A variety of steps were taken to clean up London. Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape the city. Large blocks of apartments were built. Attempts were also made to bridge the differences between city and countryside through ideas such as the Green Belt around London.

10. Between 1919 and 1939, a million houses were built by local authorities for housing the working classes. As the city expanded, new forms of mass transport became necessary to enable people living in garden suburbs to walk to work in the city.

11. The London underground railway partially solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and from the city. The very first section of the underground in the world opened on 10 January, 1863 between Paddington and Farrington Street in London. Now the population in the city became more dispersed.

12. The function and the shape of the family were completely transformed by life in the industrial city. Ties between members of households loosened, and among the working class the institution of marriage tended to break down. A new spirit of individualism developed among both men and women. But they did not have equal access to the new urban space. The public space became increasingly a male preserve and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women.

13. City people entertained themselves as per their affordability and taste. Wealthy Britishers went to the opera and the theatre. Working classes met in pubs to have a drink, exchange news etc. Music-halls were popular among the lower classes. By the early twentieth century, cinema became the great source of entertainment for mixed audiences.

14. Bombay: Indian cities did not mushroom in the nineteenth century because the pace of urbanisation in India was rather slow under colonial rule. Bombay was the premier city of India which expanded rapidly from the late nineteenth century.

15. Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819. The city expanded quickly. With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, large communities of traders and bankers came to settle in Bombay. Artisans and shopkeepers also flowed in the city. The establishment of textile mills opened the door for the migrants who were mostly from the nearby district of Ratnagiri.

16. Bombay was a crowded city. From its earliest days, the city did not grow according to any plan, and houses, especially in the Fort area, were interspersed with gardens. The crisis of housing and water supply became acute by the mid-1850s. The arrival of the textile mills only increased the pressure on Bombay’s housing.

17. Class distinction was clearly visible in the city. The elite class which included richer Paj’sis, Muslims and upper caste traders and industrialists of Bombay lived in bungalows while the working people lived in the thickly populated

18. Chawls were multi-storeyed structures. Each chawl was divided into smaller one-room tenements which had no private toilets. The homes being small, streets and neighbourhoods were used for a variety of activities such as cooking, washing and sleeping. Liquor shops and akharas came up in any empty spot. Chawls were also the place of the exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or demonstrations.

19. Chawls also lacked sanitation. There were fears among people about the plague epidemic. Hence, the City of Bombay Improvement Trust was established in 1898. It focused on clearing poorer homes out of the city centre.

20. Since there was scarcity of land in Bombay, so massive reclamation projects were taken up to develop the city. As a result, Bombay expanded to about 22 square miles. But increase in population did not stop. So, attempts were also made to utilise every bit of the available area. New areas were reclaimed from the sea.

21. Despite its massive overcrowding and difficult living conditions, Bombay appears to many as a ‘city of dreams’. There has been a flourishing film industry in the city. Many Bombay films deal with the arrival in the city of new migrants, and their encounters with the real pressures of daily life.

22. The process of urbanisation deteriorated the quality of air and water. Excessive noise became a feature of urban life. Hence, people in England joined campaigns for cleaner air. The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853 did not always work to clear the air. In India, Calcutta had a long history of air pollution. Its inhabitants inhaled grey smoke. The main polluters were the industries and establishments that used steam engine run on coal. The Bengal Smoke Nuisance Commission intervened and finally industrial smoke was controlled.

Work, Life and Leisure Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Urbanisation: Development of a city or town.

Metropolis: A large, densely populated city of a country or state, often the capital of the region.

Philanthropist: Someone who works for social upliftment and charity, donating time and money for the purpose.

Tenement: Run-down and often overcrowded apartment house, especially in a poor section of a large city.

Temperance Movement: A largely middle class-led social reform movement which emerged in Britain and America from the nineteenth century onwards. It identified alcoholism as the cause of the ruin of families and society, and aimed at reducing the consumption of alcoholic drinks particularly amongst the working classes.

Asphyxiation: Suffocation due to lack of oxygen supply.

Individualism: A theory which promotes the liberty, rights or independent action of the individual, rather than of the community.

Presidency cities: The capitals of the Bombay, Bengal and Madras Presidencies in British India.

Akharas: Traditional wrestling schools, generally located in every neighbourhood, where young people were trained to ensure both physical and moral fitness.

Depressed classes: A term often used to denote those who were seen within the caste order as ‘lower castes’ and ‘untouchables’.

Reclamation: The reclaiming of marshy or submerged areas or other wasteland for settlements, cultivation or other use.

Notes of History Class 10 Chapter 6 Time Period

1784: First reclamation project in Bombay began.

1847-1853: The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853 were passed.

10 January, 1863: The first section of the underground railway in the world opened between Paddington and Farrington Street in London.

1863: Calcutta became the first Indian city to get Smoke Nuisance Legislation 1865: Bombay’s first Municipal Commissioner, Arthur Crawford was appointed.

1880: The famous novel “Debganer Martye Aagaman” was written by Durgacharan Ray.

November 1887: A riot by London’s poor took place. It is widely known as the Bloody Sunday.

1918: To keep rents reasonable, Rent Act was passed.

1925: Bombay became the first film capital of India.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 5 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 SST The Age of Industrialisation will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 5

CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 5 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. We often associate industrialisation with the growth of factory industry. But even before the coming of factories in England and Europe, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. This phase of industrialisation is referred to as proto­industrialisation i.e. early form of industrialisation.

2. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, promoting them to produce for an international market. By working for the merchants, these peasants and artisans could earn more, The additional income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. They also began using their family labour resources in order to increase the production.

3. The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s but the number multiplied only in the late eighteenth century. Cotton became the symbol of the new era as its production boomed in the late nineteenth century. This became possible as a result of a series of inventions that occurred in the eighteenth century. Richard Arkwright’s cotton mill proved to be a boon.

4. The pace of industrialisation was not very fast in the beginning. Some of the reasons were – the new industries could not easily displace traditional industries, technological changes occurred slowly etc. Although James Watt improved the steam engine but for years he could find no buyers.

5. The Victorian era in Britain witnessed abundance of human labour. This prompted the industrialists not to introduce machines but to utilise human labour at low wages. In many industries such as gas works and breweries, the demand for labour was seasonal. This also encouraged the industrialists to use hand labour.

6. Here it is worth mentioning that handmade products were in great demand in Victorian Britain. But the situation was completely different in America where industrialists were keen on using mechanical power due to shortage of human labour.

7. The abundance of labour in the market made the lives of workers too tough. They came to cities to find jobs but it was not easy to get one. Many job seekers had to wait for weeks, spending sleepless nights under bridges or in night shelters. Seasonality of work in many industries added only misery to the workers.

8. The coming up of the Spinning Jenny in 1764 left many workers out of job. The women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines. This conflict over the introduction of the jenny continued for a long time. The improvement in workers’ condition came to be seen only after the 1840s with the beginning of the building activity in the cities. This opened up greater opportunities of employment.

9. Industrialisation in colonies like India occurred at a huge cost. Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. A vibrant sea track operated through the main pre-colonial ports. Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports; Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.

10. A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade – financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. Unfortunately, this network began collapsing by the 1750s. This was the period when the European companies gradually gained power by securing the monopoly rights to trade. As a result,     the old ports of Surat and Hoogly declined. Local bankers slowly went bankrupt.

11. The growth of Bombay and Calcutta as new ports indicated the growth of colonial power in India, Trade through these new ports came to be controlled by European companies and was carried in European ships.

12. On gaining the political power, the East India Company asserted a monopoly right to trade. It developed a system of management and control to ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods, It appointed the gomasthas, paid servants, to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.

13. The Company introduced the system of advances which tempted the poor weavers. They eagerly took the advances, hoping to earn more but this never happened. The loans they had accepted tied them to the company. This made their life more miserable.

14. The problems of cotton weavers in India increased with the increase of exports of British cotton goods in the early nineteenth century. Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them. By the end of the nineteenth century, factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine goods. This increased the problems of the weavers and other craftspeople.

15. The first cotton mill came up in Bombay in 1854. With the expansion of factories the demand of workers increased. In most industrial regions, workers came from the surrounding districts. Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur.

16. European Managing Agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries. They were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations and invested in mining, indigo and jute. They required these products primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

17. By the first decade of the twentieth century a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India. This was the time when the swadeshi movement had gathered momentum and people were being mobilised to boycott foreign cloth. As a result, the production of cotton piece goods increased.

18.  Till the First World War, industrial growth in India was rather slow. The war created a new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, the import of Manchester goods into India declined. Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply.

19. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs. This necessitated the establishment of several new factories. Over the war years industrial production boomed. After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market.

20. Large industries formed only a small segment of Indian economy whereas small-scale industries predominated everywhere. In the twentieth century, handloom cloth production expanded steadily with the advent of fly shuttle. This technology increased productivity per worker.

19. Indian weavers and craftsmen, traders and industrialists successfully extended the market for their produce. They created new consumers through advertisements. They used printed calendars to popularise their products. Figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs, adorned advertisements and calenders. Their advertisements also carried nationalist message.

The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Orient: The countries to the east of the Mediterranean, usually referring to Asia.

Proto: The first or early form of something.

Guild: An association of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a particular town.

Stapler: A person who staples or sorts wool according to its fibre.

Fuller: A person who ‘fulls’ or gathers cloth by pleating.

Carding: The process in which fibres, such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning.

Spinning Jenny: A multi-spindle spinning frame, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early industrial revolution.

Sepoy: An Indian soldier in the service of the British.

Fly Shuttle: A mechanical device used for weaving, moved by means of ropes and pullies.

Gomastha: A paid servant, appointed by the East India Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.

Notes of History Class 10 Chapter 5 Time Period

1730s: The earliest factories in England were set up.

1764: James Hargreaves devised Spinning Jenny.

1781: James Watt patented the new steam engine produced by Newcomen.

1830s-40s: Six-joint stock companies in Bengal were set up by Dwarkanath Tagore.

1854: In Bombay, the first cotton mill was established.

1874: The first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

1900-1912: Cotton piece goods production in India doubled.

1912: At Jamshedpur, J.N. Tata set up the first iron and steelworks.

1917: Seth Hukumchand set up the first Indian Jute mill in Calcutta.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 SST The Making of Global World will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

The Making of Global World Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 4

CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 4 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. The global world in which we are living today has not emerged overnight. It has a long history- of trade, of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much else. By and by, human societies became steadily more interlinked.

2. The silk routes played an important role in the making of a global world. These routes knitted to­gether vast regions of Asia and linked Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrived almost till the fifteenth century.

3. Food became a means of long-distance cultural exchange. Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled. Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, etc. were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus discovered the vast continent which later came to be known as the Americas or America comprising North America, South America and the Caribbean.

4. Before its discovery, America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for mil­lions of years. But from the sixteenth century, its vast lands and abundant crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere. This tempted the Portuguese and Spanish conquerors. But when they arrived in America, they also carried the germs of smallpox on their person. This disease killed and decimated the whole communities of America and paved the way for its conquest.

5. Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe. Hence, thousands fled Eu­rope for America. Slowly and steadily Americas’ importance grew and the centre of world trade moved westward. Europe now emerged as the centre of world trade.

6. The world changed profoundly in the nineteenth century. Economists identify three types of flows – the flow of trade, the flow of labour and the flow of capital within international economic exchanges. All three flows were closely interwoven and affected peoples’ lives.

7. The nineteenth-century Britain lacked self-sufficiency in food because of tremendous population growth. As a result, food grain prices were pushed up compelling people to import cheaper food from other countries. The government introduced the ‘Corn Laws’ to put a check on this trend. But these laws could not last long. They were abolished which brought striking changes in the British economy.

8. Food began to be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivat­ed, and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work. They flocked to the cities or migrated overseas in search of a better future.

9. The nineteenth-century world was a complete global world. The technological advances played a ma­jor role in it. Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from far way farms to final markets.

10. The expansion of trade and a closer relationship with the world economy resulted in the loss of free­doms and livelihoods in many parts of the world. It happened because many European countries began to colonise overseas territories in the late nineteenth century. The US also became a colonial power in the late 1890s by taking over some colonies earlier held by Spain. The colonialism left de­structive impact on the economy and livelihoods of colonized people.

11. Africa had abundant land and mineral resources. For centuries, land and livestock sustained African livelihoods and people rarely worked for a wage. In the late nineteenth century, Europeans came to Africa and established plantations and mines to produce crops and minerals for export to Europe. But they faced problems of shortage of labour.

12. Rinderpest, a devastating cattle disease, arrived in Africa in the late 1880s. The disease killed 90 percent of the cattle. The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods. It proved a blessing for the colo­nial governments. They forced Africans into the labour market.

13. In the nineteenth century, hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went to work on plantations in mines and in road and railway construction projects around the world. These labour­ers, known as indentured labourers, were forced to live in harsh conditions on the plantations.

14. With industrialization, British cotton manufacture began to expand. This caused decline in the inflow of fine Indian cotton. From the early nineteenth century, British manufacturers also began to seek overseas markets for their cloth. Excluded from the British markets by tariff barriers, Indian textiles now faced stiff competition in other international markets.

15. On the one hand, exports of Indian cotton textiles declined rapidly while on the other hand, export of raw materials increased at fast pace. Over the nineteenth century, British manufacturers flooded the Indian markets. Food grain and raw material exports from India to Britain and the rest of the world increased. But the value of British export to India was much higher than the value of British imports from India. Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries. By helping Britain balance its deficits, India played a crucial role in the late nineteenth-century world economy.

16. During the First World War, the world experienced widespread economic and political instability. The war led to the snapping of economic links between some of the world’s largest economic powers which were now fighting each other to pay for them.

17. Post-war economic recovery was a difficult task. Britain, which was the world’s leading economy in the pre-war period, in particular, faced a prolonged crisis due to huge external debts. The US, however, recovered quickly. The war helped boost the US economy. One important feature of the US economy of the 1920s was mass production. Henry Ford, a pioneer of mass production recovered the high wages by repeatedly speeding up the production line and forcing workers to work even harder. Car production in the US rose which improved its economy.

18. The Great Depression (1929-1930s) had terrifying effects on the world economy. Production, employment, incomes, trade-all declined catastrophically. Agricultural regions and communities were worst affected. Several factors were responsible for the Great Depression. Agricultural overproduction and withdrawal of US loans were major factors.

19. The Indian economy was also affected badly. India’s exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934. Wheat prices fell by 50 percent during this period. Peasants and farmers suffered more than urban dwellers who had fixed incomes in the form of salary.

20. The Second World War which broke out in 1939 crushed the world once again. At least 60 million peo- pie are believed to have been killed, directly or indirectly, as a result of the war. The war also caused an immense amount of economic devastation and social disruption. Once again the reconstruction of world economy proved to be a difficult task.

21. Two crucial influences shaped post-war reconstruction. The first was the US’s emergence as the domi­nant economic, political and military power in the western world and the second was the dominance of the Soviet Union.

22. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or the World Bank was set up to finance post-war reconstruction. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established to deal with ex­ternal surpluses and deficits of its member nations. The IMF and the World Bank are referred to as the Bretton Woods Institutions. The post-war international economic system is also described as the Bretton Woods system.

23. The Bretton Woods system played an important role in boosting up the world trade which grew annu­ally at over 8 percent between 1950 and 1970 and incomes at nearly 5 percent. From the late 1950s the Bretton Woods institutions began to shift their attention more towards developing countries.

24. Since the developing countries had no real control over their natural resources, so they organized themselves as a group, known as the Group of 77 (or G-77). They demanded a new international economic order (NIEO) which would give them more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better accessibility of manufactured goods in international markets etc.

25. The Bretton Woods system ended and globalization started with the setting up of MNCs. These MNCs increased employment opportunities to a great extent.

The Making of Global World Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Globalization: The process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture.

Silk Route: It refers to a network of ancient trade routes connecting Asia, Europe and Africa.

Dissenter: One who refuses to accept established beliefs and practices. ;

Colonialism: The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

Rinderpest: A devastating cattle disease which arrived in Africa in the late 1880s and killed 90 percent of the cattle.

Indentured Labour: A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his passage to a new country or home.

Tariff: Tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world.

Exchange Rates: They link national currencies for purposes of international trade. They are of two kinds-fixed exchange rate and floating exchange rate.

Fixed Exchange Rates: When exchange rates are fixed and governments intervene to prevent movements in them.

Flexible or Floating Exchange Rates: These rates fluctuate depending on demand and supply of currencies in foreign exchange markets, in principle without interference by governments.

Decolonization: Undoing of colonialism, where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over dependent territories.

Trade Surplus: A situation under which the value of exports is much higher than the value of imports.

Notes of History Class 10 Chapter 4 Time Period

1845-1849: The Great Potato Famine

1890’s: The US became a colonial power.

1890’s: Cattle Plague or Rinderpest spread.

1914-18: The First World War

1920’s: The US economy resumed its strong growth between 1928 to 1934 – India’s exports and im­ports really halved.

1929: The Great Depression began.

1944: United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA

1947: The IMF and the World Bank began financial operations.

1970’s: Multinational companies began to shift production operations to low-wage Asian countries.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 3 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 SST Nationalism in India will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 3

CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 3 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. In India, the growth of modern nationalism is closely connected to the anti-colonial movement. People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism.

2. The national movement began spreading to new areas and developing new modes of struggle after the First World War in 1919. The reason was clear. People were hopeful that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not happen. At this stage, a new mode of struggle was necessary to initiate under the guidance of a leader.

3. Mahatma Gandhi emerged as the new leader with his idea of satyagraha. The idea of satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth. A satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. Mahatma Gandhi believed that non-violence could unite all Indians.

4. After arriving in India from South Africa, Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised satyagraha movements at various places such as Champaran in Bihar, Kheda and Ahmedabad in Gujarat, etc. and got huge success.

5. In 1919, Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919). This Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

6. Rallies began to be organized in various cities against such unjust laws. Workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops were closed down. On 13 April, 1919 the infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. Thousands of innocent people were killed when General Dyer opened fire on them.

7. This ghastly action of the British angered the common mass in India. They took to the streets in towns and attacked government buildings. The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorize people.

8. Mahatma Gandhi now launched a more broad-based movement in India. This movement came to be known as the non-cooperation movement. It began in 1920. Various social groups participated in this movement, each with its own specific aspiration.

9. Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned and lawyers gave up their legal practices. But the effects on non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.

10. The non-cooperation movement could not last for a long time. In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw this movement as he felt it was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles.

11. Within the Congress, some moderate leaders like C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru argued for a return to council politics but younger leaders like Nehru and Bose pressed for more radical mass agitation and for full independence.

12. In 1928, the Simon Commission arrived in India to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in the country (India) and suggest changes. But the commission was boycotted because it did not have a single Indian member. In an effort to win them over, the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, announced in October 1929, a vague offer of‘dominion status’ for India. But this did not satisfy the Congress leaders.

13. In December 1929, under the presidency of J.L. Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalized the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India. It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence. But the celebrations could not attract much attention.

14. In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement when his demand to abolish the salt tax was not fulfilled. His famous salt march was accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. Thousands joined Mahatma Gandhi. On 6 April, he reached Dandi and violated the law, by manufacturing salt.

15. The movement spread far and wide. Worried by the developments, the colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one. This led to violent clashes in many places. A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression.

16. Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement and entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March 1931, which came to be known as Gandhi-Irwin Pact. As per this Pact Gandhiji went to London in December 1931 for the Second Round Table Conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed.

17. Back in India, he found that a series of measures had been imposed on Indian leaders to prevent them from organizing meetings, demonstrations and boycotts with great apprehension, Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement. But it lost its momentum by 1934.

18. This movement had its own limitations. Some of the Muslim political organizations in  India were not enthusiastic in their response to this movement. So far dalit participation was concerned, it was also limited.

19. From the mid-1920s, relations between Hindus and Muslims began to worsen. Each community organized religious processions with militant fervour, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities. So, when the Civil Disobedience Movement was started, large sections of Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle.

20. Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their concern about the status of Muslims as a minority within India. They feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be lost under the domination of Hindu majority.

Nationalism in India Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Forced recruitment: A process by which the colonial state forced people to join the army.

Boycott: The refusal to deal and associate with people, or participate in activities, or buy and use things, usually a form of protest.

Picket: A form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop, factory, or office.

Begar: Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment.

Khadi: Indian hand-spun cloth.

Satyagraha: Following the path of truth and non-violence,

Sanatan’s: The conservative high-caste Hindus.

Bhangis: The sweepers.

Harijaiv: The children of God.

Notes of History Class 10 Chapter 3 Time Period

1915: Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa.

1916: Mahatma Gandhi traveled to Champaran in Bihar.

1917: Mahatma Gandhi organized satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district in Gujarat.

1918-19: Distressed UP peasants organized by Baba Ramchandra

April 1919: Gandhian hartal against Rowlatt Act; Jallianwalla Bagh massacre

January 1921: Non-cooperation and Khilafat movement launched

February 1922: Chauri Chaura; Gandhiji withdrew Non-cooperation movement

May 1924: Alluri Sitarama Raju arrested ending a two-year armed tribal struggle

December 1929: Lahore Congress; Congress adopted the demand for ‘Purna Swaraj’

1930: B.R. Ambedkar established Depressed Classes Association

March 1930: Gandhiji’ began Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking salt law at Dandi.

March 1931: Gandhiji ended Civil Disobedience Movement

Dec. 1931: Second Round Table Conference

1932: Civil Disobedience re-launched.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 2 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 2 SST The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 2

CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 2 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Nationalism in Indo-China, which comprises the modern countries of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, developed in a colonial context. The knitting together of a modern Vietnamese nation that brought the different communities together was in part the result of colonization but, as importantly, it was shaped by the struggle against colonial domination.

2. The history of Indo-China shows different groups of people living in this area under the shadow of the powerful empire of China. Even when an independent country was established in present-day northern and central Vietnam, its rulers continued to maintain the Chinese system of government as well as Chinese culture.

3. The colonisation of Vietnam by the French brought the people of the country into conflict with the colonizers. The most visible form of French control was military and economic domination but the French also built a system that tried to reshape the culture of the Vietnamese.

4. The French began to exploit the natural resources of Vietnam for their own benefit. They built canals and drained lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation. The vast system of irrigation works built mainly with forced labour increased rice production which ultimately benefitted the French. But the French did nothing to industrialize the economy of Vietnam.

5. French colonisation was also driven by the idea of a civilizing mission. The French claimed that they were bringing modem civilisation to the Vietnamese. Education was seen as one way to civilize the native. But the French feared that education might create problems. Once educated, the Vietnamese may begin to question colonial domination. Hence, they did not want to give the Vietnamese full access to French education.

6. The French systematically dismantled the traditional educational system and established French schools for the Vietnamese. It was decided that Vietnamese be taught in the lower classes and French in the higher classes. The few who learnt French and acquired French culture were to be rewarded with French citizenship.

7. School textbooks glorified the French and justified colonial rule. The Vietnamese were represented as primitive and backward. School children were told that only French rule could ensure peace in Vietnam.

8. The Tonkin Free School was started in 1907 to provide a Western-style education which included classes in science, hygiene and French. The school also encouraged the adoption of Western styles such as having a short hair-cut. For the Vietnamese, this meant a major break with their own identity since they traditionally kept long hair.

9. Teachers and students began to oppose openly. As the numbers of Vietnamese teachers increased in the lower classes, they quickly modified the text and criticized what was stated. In 1926, a major protest erupted in the Saigon Native Girls school. This protest forced the government to change its decision in favour of the Vietnamese student.

10. Students elsewhere protested against the colonial government’s efforts to prevent the Vietnamese from qualifying for white-collar jobs. Schools thus became an important place for political and cultural battles which ultimately paved the path for the independence of Vietnam. In other institutions too the Vietnamese expressed their anger against the French.

11. Colonial domination was exercised by control over all areas of private and public life. The French occupied Vietnam militarily but they also sought to reshape social and cultural life. But when the French missionaries introduced Christianity, the Vietnamese resisted it. They were afraid of the spread of Catholicism and French power.

12. Many religious movements started in Vietnam one by one. Some of them supported the French, but others inspired movements against colonial rule. One such movement was the Hoa Hao which drew on religious ideas popular in anti-French uprisings of the nineteenth century.

13. The nationalist leaders of Vietnam cherished different opinions. Some approved the domination of the West while others rejected it. Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu Trinh were two such nationalists. While the former believed in the anti-colonial resistance, the latter opposed to the idea of resisting the French. Phan Chu Trinh accepted the French revolutionary ideal of liberty but charged the French for not abiding by the ideal.

14. Early Vietnamese nationalists had a close relationship with Japan and China. In 1907-08, several Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire modern education. But their primary objective was to drive out the French from Vietnam and re-establish the Nguyen dynasty that had been deposed by the French. These nationalists looked for foreign arms and help. Developments in China also inspired Vietnamese nationalists. In 1911, the long-established monarchy in China was overthrown by a popular movement. This motivated the Vietnamese.

15. The Great Depression of the 1930s had a deep impact on Vietnam. Prices of rubber and rice fell, leading to rural uprisings. But the French suppressed these uprisings with great severity.

16. In 1940, Japan occupied Vietnam, to control Southeast Asia. Now the nationalists had to fight against the Japanese as well as the French. The league for the Independence of Vietnam, which came to be known as the Vietminh, fought the Japanese occupation and recaptured Hanoi in 1945.

17. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam faced several problems. The French tried to regain control by using the emperor, Bao Dai, as their puppet. Faced with the French offensive, the Vietminh were forced to retreat to the hills. After eight years of fighting, the French were defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.

18. In the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat, the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. North and south were split. This division turned Vietnam into a battlefield bringing death and destruction all around. As a result, the Bao Dai regime in the south was overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Dinh Diem. Diem built a repressive and authoritarian government which was opposed by a broad opposition united under the banner of the National Liberation Front (NLF).

19. Vietnam got united with the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north and the NLF. But the US viewed this alliance with fear. It sent in troops and arms. The Us entry into the war proved costly to both the Vietnamese and the Americans.

20. The Vietnamese fought bravely against the US with whatever resources it had. They built the Ho Chi Minh trial to supply men and materials from the north to the south. The US regularly bombed j this trail but never got success in destroying this supply line because they were rebuilt quickly.

21. The Vietnamese women played an important role in this war. They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels and fighting the enemy. Between 1965 and 1975, of the 17,000 youths who worked on the Ho Chi Minh trail, 70 to 80 percent were women.

22. The US, however, could not crush the Vietnamese resistance and faced severe criticism from all around. Finally, the war was ended with a peace settlement which was signed in Paris in 1974.

The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Indentured labour: A form of labour widely used in the plantations from the mid-nineteenth century.

Syncretic: Characterised by syncretism which aims to bring together different beliefs and practices.

Concentration camp: A prison where people are detained without due process of law.

Republic: A form of government based on popular consent and popular representation. In other words, it is a form of government based on the power of the people as opposed to monarchy.

Obscurantist: Person or ideas that mislead.

Napalm: An organic compound which, when comes in contact with surfaces like human body, sticks and continues to burn.

Notes of History Class 10 Chapter 2 Time Period

1802: Nguyen Anh became emperor symbolising the unification of Vietnam under the Nguyen dynasty.

1867: Cochinchina (the south) became a French colony.

1887: Creation of the Indo-China Union, including Cochinchina, Annam, Tonkin, Cambodia and later, Laos.

1930: Ho Chi Minh formed the Vietnamese Communist Party.

1945: Vietminh started a general popular insurrection, Bao Dai abdicated. Ho Chi Minh declared independence in Hanoi.

1954: The French army was defeated at Dien Bien Phu.

1961: Kennedy decided to increase US military aid to South Vietnam.

1974: Paris Peace Treaty

1975 (April 30): NLF troops enter Saigon.

1976: The Socialist Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed.