CBSE Class 10

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 SST Federalism will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Federalism Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 2

CBSE Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.

2. A federation has two levels of government- a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. Both these levels of government enjoy their power independently of the other.

3. Unlike the unitary governments, the central government in a federal system cannot order the state government to do something.

4. There are two kinds of routes through which federations have been formed. The first route involves independent states coming together on their own to form a bigger unit and the second route is where a large country decides to divide its power between the constituent states and the national government.

5. In the first category of federations, all the constituent states usually have equal power but in the second category, the central government tends to be more powerful.

6. The Constitution declared India as a Union of States. Although it did not use the word ‘federation’, the Indian Union is based on the ‘principles of federalism’.

7. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government – the Union Government or the Central Government and the State governments. Later, a third tier of federalism was added in the form of panchayats and municipalities. These different tiers enjoy separate jurisdictions.

8. A three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State governments contains three lists. Union List includes subjects of national importance such as defense of the country, etc. State List contains subjects of state and local importance such as police, etc. Concurrent List contains subjects of common interest to both the Union as well as the State governments.

9. All states in the Indian Union do not have identical powers. Some states enjoy a special status, for example, Jammu and Kashmir. It has its own constitution.

10. The Union Territories of India do not have the powers of a state. The Central Government has special powers in running these territories.

11. The Parliament cannot on its own change this power-sharing arrangement. Any change to it has to be first passed by both the Houses of Parliament with at least two-thirds majority. The judiciary oversees the implementation of constitutional provisions and procedures.

12. The success of federalism in India is due to the nature of democratic politics in our country. The creation of linguistic states and the language policy are some of the major tests for Indian federation.

13. Restructuring the center-state relations is one more way in which Indian federalism has been strengthened in practice. The beginning of the trend of the coalition governments at the center led to a new culture of power-sharing and respect for the autonomy of State governments.

14. Federal power-sharing in India needs a third tier of government, below that of the State governments, This is called local government.

15. The basic idea behind decentralization is that there are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level. Hence, panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban areas were set up in all the states. But these were kept under the direct control of State governments.

16. In 1992, the Constitution was amended to make the third-tier of democracy more powerful and Seats are reserved in the local government bodies for the scheduled castes, scheduled ‘ tribes and other backward classes. At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.

17. Rural local government is known as Panchyati Raj. There is a gram panchayat in each village, or a group of villages. The gram panchayat works under the overall supervision of the gram sabha.

18. The local government structure goes right up to the district level. A few gram panchayats together make a panchayat samiti or block or mandal. All the panchayat samitis in a district together constitute the zilla parishad.

19. Local government bodies exist for urban areas as well. In small cities, there are municipalities and in big cities, the institution for local governance is called municipal corporation.

Federalism Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Federalism: A system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.

Jurisdiction: The area over which someone has legal authority.

Diversity: The quality or state of having many different forms, types, ideas, etc. The state of having people who are of different races or who have different cultures in a group or organization.

Linguistic: Of language.

Coalition: A union, especially a temporary union of political parties.

Unitary: Of a unit or units. In the unitary form of government, either there is only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to the central government.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 SST Power Sharing will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Power Sharing Class 10 Notes Social Science Civics Chapter 1

CBSE Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. In a democracy, all power does not rest with anyone organ of the state. An intelligent sharing of power among legislature, executive and judiciary is very important to the design of democracy.

2. The two stories from Belgium and Sri Lanka show how democracies handle demands for power-sharing. The stories end with conclusions that power-sharing is important in democracy.

3. The ethnic composition of Belgium, a small country, is very complex. Of the country’s total population, 59 percent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language. Another 40 percent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining one percent of the Belgians speak German. In the capital city Brussels, 80 percent people speak French while 20 percent are Dutch-speaking.

4. The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. The Dutch-speaking community resented it which resulted in tensions between the two communities.

5. The Belgian leaders amended their constitution four times to solve this problem. Their constitution now prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government and no single community can make decisions unilaterally. Also the state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.

6. Sri Lanka too has a diverse population. The major social groups are the Sinhala-speakers (74%) and the Tamil-speakers (18%).

7. When Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948, the leaders of the Sinhala community sought to secure dominance over the government by virtue of their majority. As a result, the democratically elected government adopted a series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. This strained the relationship between the Sinhala and Tamil communities. And soon there was a civil war.

8. In Belgium, the leaders have realized that the unity of the country is possible only by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions. Such a realization resulted in mutually acceptable arrangements for power-sharing.

9. Sri Lanka shows that if a majority community wants to force its dominance over others and refuses to share power, it can weaken the unity of the country.

10. Power-sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. In modern democracies, power-sharing arrangements can take many forms –

1. power is shared among different organs of government,
2. power can be shared among governments at different levels,
3. power may also be shared among different social groups, and
4. power-sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power.

Power Sharing Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Democracy: Government by all the people, usually through elected representatives.

Ethnic: A social division based on shared culture.

Majoritarianism: A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority.

Civil war: A violent conflict between opposing groups within a country that becomes so intense that it appears like a war.

Prudential: Based on prudence or on careful calculation of gains and losses.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 7 SST Lifelines of National Economy will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Lifelines of National Economy Class 10 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 7

CBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Movement of goods and services can be other three important domains of our earth-land, water and air. Based on these, transport is classified into land, water and air transports.

2. Today, the world has been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast-moving transport. A well-developed communication system has contributed a lot in this regard.

3. Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and interest, etc., have been contributing to India’s socio-economic progress in many ways.

4. India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 2.3 million km at present. Roads in India are classified in the following classes according to their capacity-Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways, National Highways, State Highways, District Roads, Border Roads.

5. Roads can also be classified on the basis of the type of material used for their construction such as metalled and unmetalled roads. Metalled roads are all weathered roads whereas unmetalled roads get out of use in the rainy season.

6. Distribution of roads is not uniform in the country. Density of all roads varies from only 12.14 km in Jammu and Kashmir to 517.77 km in Kerala as on 31 March, 2011.

7. Railways are the important mode of transportation for goods and passengers in India. They play a major role in activities like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances.

8. The northern plains of India have a good network of railways. But the hilly terrains of the peninsular region and the Himalayas mountainous regions are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines. It was also difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand.

9. Pipeline transport network is a new arrival on the transportation map of India. These are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertiliser factories and big thermal power plants.

10. Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. It is a fuel-efficient and environment-friendly mode of transport.

11. Mandavi, Zuari and Cumberjua, Sunderbans, Barak, backwaters of Kerala and tidal stretches of some other rivers are important inland waterways on which substantial transportation takes place.

12. India’s trade with foreign countries is carried from the ports located along the coast. Some major seaports of India are Kandla in Kuchchh, Mumbai, Marmagao, New Mangalore, Tuticorin, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Paradwip, etc.

13. Airways are the fastest and the most comfortable mode of transport. It can cover very difficult terrains, dreary deserts, dense forest and long oceanic stretches with great ease. Air India provides international air services. Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. Provides helicopter services.

14. Modern means of communication serve as lifelines of our national and its modern economy. Personal communication and mass communication including television, radio, press, films etc., are the major means of communication in the country.

15. The Indian postal network handles parcels as well as personal written communications. Cards and envelopes are considered first-class mail and book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals are considered second class mail.

16. India has one of the largest telecom networks in Asia. Not only urban places but even villages in India have been covered with Subscriber Trunk Dialling or STD telephone facility. There is a uniform rate of STD facilities all over India.

17. Mass communication provides entertainment and creates awareness among people about various national programmes and policies. Doordarshan, the national television channel of India, is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. It broadcasts a variety of programmes for people of different age groups.

18. International trade takes place through sea, air or land routes. Advancement of international trade of country is an index to its economic prosperity.

19. India has trade relations with all the major trading blocks and all geographical regions of the world. The commodities imported to India include petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals and machinery.

20. Tourism in India is well developed. More than 15 million people are directly engaged in tourism industry. Tourism also promotes national integration, provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.

Lifelines of National Economy Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Transport: Act of carrying goods or passengers from one place to another.

Linguistic: Of language.

Lifeline: A thing on which someone or something depends or which provides a means of escape from a difficult situation.

Mass communication: Means of communication through which one can communicate with several people at the same time.

Golden quadrilateral: A network of roads which connects Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways.

National Highways: Broad roads which connect extreme parts of the country.

Road density: The length of road per 100 sq. km of area.

Export: Sending goods or services to another country for sale.

Import: Bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale.

Hinterland: The remote areas of a country away from the coast or the banks of major rivers.

Trade: The exchange of goods among people, states and countries.

Harbour: A deep coast of the sea which provides shelters to the seagoing vessels.

Tourism: The commercial organisation and operation of holidays and visits to places of interest.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 6 SST Manufacturing Industries will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 6

CBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Manufacturing sector is the backbone of economic development. Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

2. Agriculture and industry move hand in hand. Development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has helped agriculturists in increasing their production. It has also made the production processes very efficient.

3. The trend of growth rate in manufacturing over the last decade has been around 7 per cent per annum. The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12 per cent. Since 2003, manufacturing is once again growing at the rate of 9 to 10 per cent per annum.

4. Industrial locations are influenced by availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market, etc. The places where industries are located, urbanisation takes place. Cities provide markets and also provide services like banking, insurance, etc.

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6. Agro-based industries such as cotton, jute, silk, sugar, etc., are based on agricultural raw materials.

7. The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy. It is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e. from raw material to the highest value added products.

Note: Content Mentioned On Page No. 74-75 Ncert, Geograpy Textbook i.e. Aluminum smelting, Chemical industries, Fertilizer industry, Cement industry is not required to be delivered in calss room during instruction.

8. The cotton textile industry, mainly located in Maharashtra and Gujarat, has close links with
agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving etc. This industry supports many other industries such as chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials, etc.

9. India exports yarn to Japan, USA, UK, Russia, France, East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, etc. The country has a large share in the world trade of cotton yarn, accounting for one fourth of the total trade.

10. India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh. The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1859 at Rishra. After partition in 947, the jute mills remained in India but most jute-producing areas went to East Pakistan, which is now Bangladesh.

11. India ranks second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first place in the production of gur and khandsari. In 2010-11, there were over 662 sugar mills in the country spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, etc. This industry is seasonal in nature.

12. The iron and steel industry is the basic industry since all the other industries depend on it for their machinery. This is also a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are : heavy and bulky.

13. In 2010-11, India ranked fourth among the world crude steel producers. It is the largest producer of sponge iron. In 2010-11, per capita consumption of steel in the country was only around 49 kg per annum against the world average of 182 kg.

14. The automobile industry enjoys key importance in India. Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are manufactured in India at various centres. After the liberalisation, this industry got a jump.

15. The electronics industry is associated with a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, telephone exchange, etc. Bangalore is the electronic capital of India.

16. Industries play a significant role in India’s economic growth. But at the same time they have degraded environment by polluting land, water, air and noise. Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.

17. Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents discharged into rivers. Thermal power plants also pollute water.

18. To control environmental degradation, it is essential to reduce industrial pollution of fresh water, Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry also needs to be regulated legally. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.

Manufacturing Industries Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Industrial agglomeration or agglomeration economies: Agglomeration economies are the benefits that come when firms and people locate near one another together in cities and industrial clusters.

Agro-based industry: The industry that converts the agricultural products into industrial products.

Mineral-based industry: The industry that uses mineral and metals as raw materials.

Basic or key industry: The industry that supplies its products or raw materials to manufacture other goods.

Consumer industry: The industry that produces goods for direct use by consumers.

Small-scale industry: The industry that invests capital of about one crore.

Public sector industry: The industry owned and operated by government agencies.

Private sector industry: The i4ndustry owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.

Light industry: The industry that uses light raw materials and produces light goods.

Yarn: Spun thread used for knitting, weaving, or sewing.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 5 SST Minerals and Energy Resources will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 5

CBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Minerals are important for our life. Life processes cannot occur without them. Almost everything we use is made of minerals.

2. Geologists define mineral as a ‘homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure’. Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc.

3. Minerals are usually found in ores which are accumulations of minerals with other elements. The mineral content of the ore must be in sufficient concentration to make its extraction commercially viable.

4. Minerals occur in various forms. In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks, and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Some minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals.

5. Minerals are classified as following:

6. Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. India is rich in good quality iron ores. Magnetite is the finest iron ore and is valuable in the electrical industry. There are four major iron ore belts in India – Odisha-Jharkhand belt, Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt, Bellary- Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt and Maharashtra-Goa belt.

7. India’s reserves and production of non-ferrous minerals is not very satisfactory. However, these minerals play a vital role in a number of metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries.

8. Mica is a non-metallic mineral which is found in the northern edge of the Chotanagpur plateau. Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer.

9. Limestone is a rock mineral. It is the basic raw material for the cement industry and is essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.

10. Mineral resources are finite and non-renewable. Hence, their conservation is important. Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes are steps in conserving our mineral resources for the future.

Energy Resources

11. We are heavily dependent on energy resources. We need it for cooking, lighting, heating, propelling vehicles and for driving machinery in industries. We can classify energy resources in the following ways:

12. Coal provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs. It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs. There are four types of coal-peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite. Bituminous coal is commercially valuable. Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal

13. Petroleum, also known as mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries.

14. Natural gas is used as a source of energy as well as an industrial raw material in the petrochemical industry. It is considered an environment-friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions.

15. We are heavily dependent on electricity. It is generated mainly in two ways – by running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydroelectricity, and by burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power.

16. Solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material are renewable and therefore, they should be used more and more. India has the largest programmes for these renewable energies resources.

17. Energy is the basic requirement for economic development of a country. Since its consumption in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country, so there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.

18. India is one of the least energy-efficient countries in the world. So, it is important for us to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources.

Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Mineral: A homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.

Ferrous mineral: Minerals having iron contents.

Non-ferrous mineral: Minerals having no iron contents.

Mineral ore: The raw metal extracted from the earth mixed with soil and other impurities.

Mining: An economic activity of extracting minerals from the earth.

Metallic mineral: Minerals having metal contents.

Ore: An accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements.

Hydroelectricity: Electricity generated by running water.

Thermal electricity: Electricity generated by burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas.

Biogas: A mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.

Geologist: A scientist who studies origin and structure of earth.

Fossil fuel: Buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials, formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure of heat and pressure in the earth’s crust over hundreds of millions of years.

Lignite: Low-grade brown coal.

Anthracite: The highest quality hard coal.

Geothermal energy: The heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the earth.