Prasanna

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 8 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 8 SST Novels, Society and History will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Novels, Society and History Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 8

CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 8 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. The novel is a form of literature, born from print. It first took firm root in England and France. Novels began to be written from the seventeenth century, but they really bloomed from the eighteenth century with the emergence of new groups of lower-middle-class people in England and France.

2. With the growth of readership and expansion of the market for books, authors began to experiment with different literary styles. Walter Scott collected popular Scottish ballads which he used in his historical novels about the wars between Scottish clans. The epistolary novel used the private and personal form of letters to tell its story. Samuel Richardson’s Pamela told much of its story through an exchange of letters between two lovers.

3. Initially, novels were costly and therefore not accessible to the poor. But the establishment of circulating libraries in 1740 solved this problem. Technological improvements in printing brought down the price of books and innovations in marketing led to expanded sales.

4. By and by novels gained popularity. While reading novels, the reader was transported to another person’s world. In rural areas, people would collect to hear one of them reading a novel aloud, often becoming deeply involved in the lives of characters. When Charles Dickens’s Pickwick Papers was serialised in a magazine in 1836, it attracted a vast number of readers.

5. Some of the nineteenth-century novels focused on the terrible effects of industrialization on people’s lives and characters. For example, Charles Dickens’s Hard Times and Oliver Twist. Emile Zola’s Germinal on the life of a young miner in France explores in harsh detail the grim conditions of miners’ lives.

6. By the eighteenth century, novels began exploring the world of women-their emotions and identities, their experiences and problems. The novels of Jane Austen give us a glimpse of the world of women in genteel rural society in the early-nineteenth-century Britain. But other women novelists such as Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre dealt with women who broke established norms of society before adjusting to them.

7. Novels for young boys were full of adventure set in places remote from Europe. Books like R.L. Stevenson’s Treasure Island and Rudyard Kipling’s Jungle Book became very popular. G.A. Henty’s historical adventure novels for boys were also popular during the height of the British empire.

8. For adolescent girls, there were love stories. Novels like Ramona by Helen Hunt Jackson and a series entitled What Katy Did by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey became very popular among girls.

9. Novels became popular in India too but from the nineteenth century when Indians got familiar with the Western novel. Some of the earliest Indian novels were written in Bengali and Marathi. The earliest novel in Marathi was Baba Padmanji’s Yamuna Paryatan, which used a simple style of storytelling to speak about the plight of widows. This was followed by Lakshman Moreshwar Halbe’s.

10. Novels began appearing in south Indian languages during the period of colonial rule. O. Chandu Menon’s Indulekha was the first modern novel in Malayalam. Kandukuri Viresalingam’s Rajashekhara Caritamu was in Telugu.

11. In the north, novels began to be written in Hindi. The first proper modern Hindi novel titled Pariksha  Guru was written by Srinivas Das of Delhi. But this novel could not win many readers, as it was perhaps too moralizing in its style.

12. However, a novel-reading public in Hindi was created by the writings of Devaki Nandan Khatri. His best-seller, Chandrakanta is believed to have contributed immensely in popularising the Hindi language and the Nagari script among the educated classes of those times. But Hindi novel achieved excellence with the writing of Premchand. His novels like Sevasadan, Rangbhoomi and Godan became great hits.

13. Many of the Bengali novels were located in the past, their characters, events and love stories based on historical events. Another group of novels dealt with the social problems and romantic relationships between men and women. The popular Bengali novelists were Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay.

14. Novels were a valuable source of information on Indian customs and traditions. They were also meant to popularise some ideas. Writers like Viresalingam used the novel mainly to propagate their ideas about society among a wider readership. Novels also helped in creating a sense of natural pride among their readers by glorifying accounts of the past.

15. The novel was a medium of entertainment among the middle class. The circulation of printed books allowed people to amuse themselves in new ways. There was a great demand for detective and mystery novels. Reading a novel was just like daydreaming.

16. Not all welcomed novels. There were many people who advised, especially women and children to stay away from the immoral influence of novels. Some parents kept novels in the lofts in their house, out of their children’s reach. Young people often read them in secret.

17. Women did not only read novels, they also began to write them. In the early decades of the twentieth century, women in south India wrote novels and short stories.

18. By and by novels began to be written to empower women. Rokeya Hossein’s novel Padmarag showed the need for women to reform their condition by their own actions. With growing trend of writing novels or reading them among women, many men became suspicious. As a result, women began to write in secret.

19. Novels were not only written by members of the upper caste but also by the lower caste. Potheri Kunjambu was a lower caste writer from north Kerala. He wrote a novel called Saraswativijayam in 1892, mounting a strong attack on caste oppression.

20. From the 1920s, in Bengal too a new kind of novel emerged that depicted the lives of peasants and low castes. Advaita Malla Burman’s Titash Ekti Nadir Naam is an epic about the Mallas, a community of fisherfolk.

21. Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer was a Muslim novelist in Malayalam. He wrote short novels and stories in the ordinary language of conversation. His novels spoke about details from the everyday life of Muslim households. He also brought into Malayalam writing themes which were considered very unusual at that time – poverty, insanity and life in prison.

22. The novel helped in popularising the sense of belonging to a common nation. Another way was to include various classes in the novel so that they could be seen to belong to a shared world. Premchand’s novels are filled with all kinds of powerful characters drawn from all levels of society.

Novels, Society and History Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Gentlemanly classes: People who claimed noble birth and high social position.

Epistolary: A type of novel written in the form of a series of letters.

Serialized: A format in which the story is published in installments, each part in a new issue of a journal.

Vernacular: The normal, spoken form of a language rather than the formal, literary form.

Satire: A form of representation through writing, drawing, painting, etc. that provides a criticism of society in a manner that is witty and clever.

Classical: Representing an exemplary standard within a traditional and long-established form or style.

Notes of History Class 10 Chapter 8 Time Period

1740: Introduction of circulating libraries.

1749: Henry Fielding’s Tom Jones was issued in six volumes.

1836: Charles Dickens’s Pickwick Papers was serialized in a magazine.

1852: Karuna o Phulmonir Bibaran, first novel in Bengali was published.

1857: Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay’s Anguriya Binimoy, the first historical novel in Bengal was written.

1882: Srinivas Das’s novel Pariksha Guru was published. It was the first proper modern novel.

1885: Emile Zola’s Germinal was published on the life of a young miner in France.

1894: Jungle Book of Rudyard Kipling became great hits.

1905: Rokeya Hossein’s Sultana’s Dream was published. In it, she shows a topsy-turvy world in which women take the place of men.

1936: Godan was published and became Premchand’s best-known work.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 7 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 7 SST Print Culture and the Modern World will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Print Culture and the Modern World Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 7

CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 7 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand-printing. From AD 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper. The imperial state in China was the major producer of printed material. Textbooks for civil service examinations were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state.

2. The uses of print diversified by the seventeenth century. A new readership emerged that preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies etc. This new reading culture was accompanied by a new technology. With the establishment of Western powers in China in the nineteenth century, western printing techniques and mechanical presses began to be imported. Shanghai became the centre of the new print culture.

3. In Japan, hand-printing was introduced around AD 768-770 by Buddhist missionaries from China. The Diamond Sutra is the oldest Japanese book printed in AD 868. In medieval Japan, books were cheap and abundant. In the late eighteenth century, libraries and book stores in Japan were packed with hand-printed material on various types such as books on women, etc.

4. Print came to Europe in 1295. The credit goes to Marco Polo who brought the technology of woodblock printing from China to Italy. Soon the demand for books increased in Europe and booksellers all over the continent began exporting books to many different countries. By the early fifteenth century, woodblocks were being widely used in Europe to print textiles, playing cards, etc.

5. The invention of a new print technology was needed for quicker and cheaper reproduction of texts. Gutenberg’s printing press, which came in the 1430s, solved this problem. The first book that Gutenberg printed was the About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them. By the standards of the time this was the fast production.

6. Between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set in most countries of Europe. As the number of printing presses grew, book production boomed. This resulted in the emergence of a new reading public. Earlier, reading was restricted to the elites. Now books could reach out to wider sections of people.

7. Books could be read-only by the literate, and the rates of literacy in most European countries were very low till the twentieth century. Hence, printers began publishing popular ballads and folk tales, and such books would be profusely illustrated with pictures. These were sung and recited at gatherings in villages and in tavern in towns. Oral culture thus entered print and printed material was orally transmitted.

8. A large section of people, however, did not welcome the printed book. Religious authorities and monarchs, as well as many writers and artists criticized the new printed literature. They had fears if there was no control over what was printed and read then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread.

9. But printing of books did not stop. With increase in literacy rates and number of schools in Europe, there was a virtual reading mania. New forms of popular literature appeared in print, targeting new audiences. Booksellers employed pedlars who roamed around villages, carrying little books for sale. Newspapers and journals were also printed which proved to be very informative. The ideas of scientists and philosophers now became more accessible to the common people.

10. By the mid-eighteenth century, there was a common conviction that books could change the world, liberate society from tyranny, and herald a time when reason and intellect would rule. Many historians opine that the French Revolution took place only because of the emergence of print culture.

11. Literacy rates continued to increase in Europe which in turn increased the number of new readers among children, women and workers. A children’s press was set up in France in 1857. This press published new works as well as old fairy tales and folk tales. There were penny magazines for women. The novels of Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot became popular among women in India, the printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid-sixteenth century.

12. In the beginning books were printed in different Indian languages such as Konkani and Kanara. The English language press began to grow in India from the eighteenth century. But at that time publication was restricted to officially sanctioned newspapers that could counter the flow of information that damaged the image of the colonial government.

13. By the close of the eighteenth century, a number of newspapers and journals appeared in print. There were Indians, too, who began to publish Indian newspapers, for example, the weekly Bengal Gazette.

14. Indian society in the early nineteenth century suffered from several evils. Many enlightened Indians like Raja Rammohun Roy criticised existing practices and campaigned for reform, while others countered the arguments of reformers. These debates were carried out in public and in print. Printed tracts and newspapers spread the new ideas and shaped the nature of the debate.

15. By the end of the nineteenth century, a new visual culture was taking shape in India. With the setting up of an increasing number of printing presses, visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies. Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced images for mass circulation.

16. Cheap prints and calendars were now easily available in the market. These prints began shaping popular ideas about modernity and tradition, religion and politics, and society and culture. By the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons were being published in journals and newspapers, commenting on social and political issues.

17. Reading among Indian women increased enormously in the middle-class homes. Many journals began carrying writings by women, and explained why women should be educated. But conservative Hindus and Muslims were against women’s education. The rebel women defied these conservative people. In East Bengal, Rashsundari Debi wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban which was published in 1876. Other women writers were Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai.

18. While Urdu, Tamil, Bengali and Marathi print culture had developed early, Hindi printing began seriously only from the 1870s. In the early twentieth century, journals written for and sometimes edited by women, became very popular. They discussed issues like women’s education and the national movement.

19. From the late nineteenth century, issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed tracts and essays. Jyotiba Phule wrote about the injustices of the caste system in his Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker also wrote on caste and their writings were read by people all over India.

20. The colonial government never gave full freedom to the native press. As vernacular newspaper carried nationalist messages, the colonial government passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. Despite repressive measures, nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India. They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities.

Print Culture and the Modern World Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Calligraphy: The art of beautiful and stylized writing, j Autobiography: The story of a person’s life written by that person.

Anthology: A published collection of poems or other pieces of writing,

Vellum: A parchment made from the skin of animals.

Platen: In letterpress printing, platen is a board which is pressed onto the back of the paper to get the impression from the type.

Compositor: The person who composes the text for printing.

Galley: Metal frame in which types are laid and the text composed.

Ballad: A historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung or recited.

Taverns: Places where people gathered to drink alcohol, to be served food, and to meet friends and exchange news.

Inquisition: A former Roman Catholic court for identifying and punishing heretics.

Heretic: A person who holds an opinion contrary to accepted beliefs or teachings of the Church.

Heretical: Beliefs which do not follow the accepted teachings of the Church.

Satiety: The state of being fulfilled much beyond the point of satisfaction.

Denominations: Subgroups within a religion.

Almanac: An annual publication giving astronomical data, information about the movements of the sun and moon, timing of full tides and eclipses, and much else that was associated with people’s everyday life.

Chapbook: A term used to describe pocket-size books that are sold by travelling pedlars,

Despotism: A system of governance in which absolute power is exercised by an individual, unregulated by legal and constitutional checks.

mama: Legal scholars of Islam and the sharia (a body of Islamic law).

Fatwa: A legal pronouncement on Islamic law usually given by a mufti, a legal scholar, to clarify issues on which the law is uncertain.

Vernacular: The normal, spoken form of a language rather than the formal, literary form.

Notes of History Class 10 Chapter 7 Time Period

768-770AD: Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan.

868AD: The oldest Japanese book Diamond Sutra was printed.

1430S: Johann Gutenberg developed the first printing press.

1517: Martin Luther, the religious reformer wrote Ninety Five Theses.

1558: To control publishers and booksellers, an index of Prohibited Books was formulated.

1821: Sambad Kaumudi was published by Raja Rammohun Roy.

1878: Vernacular Press Act was passed.

1920s: Popular works were sold in cheap series, called the Shilling series in England.

1928: Begum Rokeya Hossein, a noted educationist criticized men for withholding education from women.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 6 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 6 SST Work, Life and Leisure will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

Work, Life and Leisure Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 6

CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 6 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. Urbanisation has a long history. It took over 200 years to develop the modern city worldwide. Three processes that have shaped modern cities in decisive ways are – the rise of industrial capitalism, the establishment of colonial rule over large parts of the world, and the development of democratic ideals.

2. The process of urbanisation is traced out in two modern cities namely London and Bombay. London was the largest city in the world, and an imperial centre in the nineteenth century. Bombay was one of the most important modern cities in the Indian subcontinent.

3. London: By 1750, London was a colossal city with a population of about 675,000. Over the nineteenth century, it continued to expand. Its population multiplied four-fold in the 70 years between 1810 and 1880.

4. The city of London was a powerful magnet for migrant populations, even though it did not have large factories. During the First World War, London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods, and the number of large factories increased that opened job opportunities.

5. Growth of London was marked by rise in crime. Criminal activities increased in the city in the 1870s. Several measures were taken to put a check on such activities, for example, the population of criminals was counted, their activities were watched, etc. Many of the criminals listed were poor people who lived by stealing.

6. Poverty forced a large number of women to work as domestic servants. They also made their living through activities like tailoring, washing or matchbox making. So far children of the marginal groups were concerned, they found work in small underpaid factories. However, the Compulsory Elementary Education Act, that came in 1870, stopped children from doing work in industries.

7. As people from countryside began pouring in London after the Industrial Revolution, they faced the problem of housing. Factory or workshop owners did not house the migrant workers. Instead, individual landowners put up cheap, and usually unsafe, tenements for the new arrivals.

8. In comparison to countryside poverty was more visible in the city. People were bound to live in crowded slums which lacked sanitation. Hence, concern grew among the better-off city dwellers. They demanded that slums simply be cleared away. As a result, workers’ mass housing schemes were planned for the London poor.

9. A variety of steps were taken to clean up London. Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape the city. Large blocks of apartments were built. Attempts were also made to bridge the differences between city and countryside through ideas such as the Green Belt around London.

10. Between 1919 and 1939, a million houses were built by local authorities for housing the working classes. As the city expanded, new forms of mass transport became necessary to enable people living in garden suburbs to walk to work in the city.

11. The London underground railway partially solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and from the city. The very first section of the underground in the world opened on 10 January, 1863 between Paddington and Farrington Street in London. Now the population in the city became more dispersed.

12. The function and the shape of the family were completely transformed by life in the industrial city. Ties between members of households loosened, and among the working class the institution of marriage tended to break down. A new spirit of individualism developed among both men and women. But they did not have equal access to the new urban space. The public space became increasingly a male preserve and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women.

13. City people entertained themselves as per their affordability and taste. Wealthy Britishers went to the opera and the theatre. Working classes met in pubs to have a drink, exchange news etc. Music-halls were popular among the lower classes. By the early twentieth century, cinema became the great source of entertainment for mixed audiences.

14. Bombay: Indian cities did not mushroom in the nineteenth century because the pace of urbanisation in India was rather slow under colonial rule. Bombay was the premier city of India which expanded rapidly from the late nineteenth century.

15. Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819. The city expanded quickly. With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, large communities of traders and bankers came to settle in Bombay. Artisans and shopkeepers also flowed in the city. The establishment of textile mills opened the door for the migrants who were mostly from the nearby district of Ratnagiri.

16. Bombay was a crowded city. From its earliest days, the city did not grow according to any plan, and houses, especially in the Fort area, were interspersed with gardens. The crisis of housing and water supply became acute by the mid-1850s. The arrival of the textile mills only increased the pressure on Bombay’s housing.

17. Class distinction was clearly visible in the city. The elite class which included richer Paj’sis, Muslims and upper caste traders and industrialists of Bombay lived in bungalows while the working people lived in the thickly populated

18. Chawls were multi-storeyed structures. Each chawl was divided into smaller one-room tenements which had no private toilets. The homes being small, streets and neighbourhoods were used for a variety of activities such as cooking, washing and sleeping. Liquor shops and akharas came up in any empty spot. Chawls were also the place of the exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or demonstrations.

19. Chawls also lacked sanitation. There were fears among people about the plague epidemic. Hence, the City of Bombay Improvement Trust was established in 1898. It focused on clearing poorer homes out of the city centre.

20. Since there was scarcity of land in Bombay, so massive reclamation projects were taken up to develop the city. As a result, Bombay expanded to about 22 square miles. But increase in population did not stop. So, attempts were also made to utilise every bit of the available area. New areas were reclaimed from the sea.

21. Despite its massive overcrowding and difficult living conditions, Bombay appears to many as a ‘city of dreams’. There has been a flourishing film industry in the city. Many Bombay films deal with the arrival in the city of new migrants, and their encounters with the real pressures of daily life.

22. The process of urbanisation deteriorated the quality of air and water. Excessive noise became a feature of urban life. Hence, people in England joined campaigns for cleaner air. The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853 did not always work to clear the air. In India, Calcutta had a long history of air pollution. Its inhabitants inhaled grey smoke. The main polluters were the industries and establishments that used steam engine run on coal. The Bengal Smoke Nuisance Commission intervened and finally industrial smoke was controlled.

Work, Life and Leisure Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Urbanisation: Development of a city or town.

Metropolis: A large, densely populated city of a country or state, often the capital of the region.

Philanthropist: Someone who works for social upliftment and charity, donating time and money for the purpose.

Tenement: Run-down and often overcrowded apartment house, especially in a poor section of a large city.

Temperance Movement: A largely middle class-led social reform movement which emerged in Britain and America from the nineteenth century onwards. It identified alcoholism as the cause of the ruin of families and society, and aimed at reducing the consumption of alcoholic drinks particularly amongst the working classes.

Asphyxiation: Suffocation due to lack of oxygen supply.

Individualism: A theory which promotes the liberty, rights or independent action of the individual, rather than of the community.

Presidency cities: The capitals of the Bombay, Bengal and Madras Presidencies in British India.

Akharas: Traditional wrestling schools, generally located in every neighbourhood, where young people were trained to ensure both physical and moral fitness.

Depressed classes: A term often used to denote those who were seen within the caste order as ‘lower castes’ and ‘untouchables’.

Reclamation: The reclaiming of marshy or submerged areas or other wasteland for settlements, cultivation or other use.

Notes of History Class 10 Chapter 6 Time Period

1784: First reclamation project in Bombay began.

1847-1853: The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853 were passed.

10 January, 1863: The first section of the underground railway in the world opened between Paddington and Farrington Street in London.

1863: Calcutta became the first Indian city to get Smoke Nuisance Legislation 1865: Bombay’s first Municipal Commissioner, Arthur Crawford was appointed.

1880: The famous novel “Debganer Martye Aagaman” was written by Durgacharan Ray.

November 1887: A riot by London’s poor took place. It is widely known as the Bloody Sunday.

1918: To keep rents reasonable, Rent Act was passed.

1925: Bombay became the first film capital of India.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 5 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 SST The Age of Industrialisation will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 5

CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 5 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. We often associate industrialisation with the growth of factory industry. But even before the coming of factories in England and Europe, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. This phase of industrialisation is referred to as proto­industrialisation i.e. early form of industrialisation.

2. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, promoting them to produce for an international market. By working for the merchants, these peasants and artisans could earn more, The additional income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. They also began using their family labour resources in order to increase the production.

3. The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s but the number multiplied only in the late eighteenth century. Cotton became the symbol of the new era as its production boomed in the late nineteenth century. This became possible as a result of a series of inventions that occurred in the eighteenth century. Richard Arkwright’s cotton mill proved to be a boon.

4. The pace of industrialisation was not very fast in the beginning. Some of the reasons were – the new industries could not easily displace traditional industries, technological changes occurred slowly etc. Although James Watt improved the steam engine but for years he could find no buyers.

5. The Victorian era in Britain witnessed abundance of human labour. This prompted the industrialists not to introduce machines but to utilise human labour at low wages. In many industries such as gas works and breweries, the demand for labour was seasonal. This also encouraged the industrialists to use hand labour.

6. Here it is worth mentioning that handmade products were in great demand in Victorian Britain. But the situation was completely different in America where industrialists were keen on using mechanical power due to shortage of human labour.

7. The abundance of labour in the market made the lives of workers too tough. They came to cities to find jobs but it was not easy to get one. Many job seekers had to wait for weeks, spending sleepless nights under bridges or in night shelters. Seasonality of work in many industries added only misery to the workers.

8. The coming up of the Spinning Jenny in 1764 left many workers out of job. The women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines. This conflict over the introduction of the jenny continued for a long time. The improvement in workers’ condition came to be seen only after the 1840s with the beginning of the building activity in the cities. This opened up greater opportunities of employment.

9. Industrialisation in colonies like India occurred at a huge cost. Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. A vibrant sea track operated through the main pre-colonial ports. Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports; Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.

10. A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade – financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. Unfortunately, this network began collapsing by the 1750s. This was the period when the European companies gradually gained power by securing the monopoly rights to trade. As a result,     the old ports of Surat and Hoogly declined. Local bankers slowly went bankrupt.

11. The growth of Bombay and Calcutta as new ports indicated the growth of colonial power in India, Trade through these new ports came to be controlled by European companies and was carried in European ships.

12. On gaining the political power, the East India Company asserted a monopoly right to trade. It developed a system of management and control to ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods, It appointed the gomasthas, paid servants, to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.

13. The Company introduced the system of advances which tempted the poor weavers. They eagerly took the advances, hoping to earn more but this never happened. The loans they had accepted tied them to the company. This made their life more miserable.

14. The problems of cotton weavers in India increased with the increase of exports of British cotton goods in the early nineteenth century. Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them. By the end of the nineteenth century, factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine goods. This increased the problems of the weavers and other craftspeople.

15. The first cotton mill came up in Bombay in 1854. With the expansion of factories the demand of workers increased. In most industrial regions, workers came from the surrounding districts. Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur.

16. European Managing Agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries. They were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations and invested in mining, indigo and jute. They required these products primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

17. By the first decade of the twentieth century a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India. This was the time when the swadeshi movement had gathered momentum and people were being mobilised to boycott foreign cloth. As a result, the production of cotton piece goods increased.

18.  Till the First World War, industrial growth in India was rather slow. The war created a new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, the import of Manchester goods into India declined. Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply.

19. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs. This necessitated the establishment of several new factories. Over the war years industrial production boomed. After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market.

20. Large industries formed only a small segment of Indian economy whereas small-scale industries predominated everywhere. In the twentieth century, handloom cloth production expanded steadily with the advent of fly shuttle. This technology increased productivity per worker.

19. Indian weavers and craftsmen, traders and industrialists successfully extended the market for their produce. They created new consumers through advertisements. They used printed calendars to popularise their products. Figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs, adorned advertisements and calenders. Their advertisements also carried nationalist message.

The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Orient: The countries to the east of the Mediterranean, usually referring to Asia.

Proto: The first or early form of something.

Guild: An association of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a particular town.

Stapler: A person who staples or sorts wool according to its fibre.

Fuller: A person who ‘fulls’ or gathers cloth by pleating.

Carding: The process in which fibres, such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning.

Spinning Jenny: A multi-spindle spinning frame, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early industrial revolution.

Sepoy: An Indian soldier in the service of the British.

Fly Shuttle: A mechanical device used for weaving, moved by means of ropes and pullies.

Gomastha: A paid servant, appointed by the East India Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.

Notes of History Class 10 Chapter 5 Time Period

1730s: The earliest factories in England were set up.

1764: James Hargreaves devised Spinning Jenny.

1781: James Watt patented the new steam engine produced by Newcomen.

1830s-40s: Six-joint stock companies in Bengal were set up by Dwarkanath Tagore.

1854: In Bombay, the first cotton mill was established.

1874: The first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

1900-1912: Cotton piece goods production in India doubled.

1912: At Jamshedpur, J.N. Tata set up the first iron and steelworks.

1917: Seth Hukumchand set up the first Indian Jute mill in Calcutta.

On this page, you will find NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 4 Notes Pdf free download. CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 SST The Making of Global World will seemingly, help them to revise the important concepts in less time.

The Making of Global World Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 4

CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 4 Notes Understanding the Lesson

1. The global world in which we are living today has not emerged overnight. It has a long history- of trade, of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much else. By and by, human societies became steadily more interlinked.

2. The silk routes played an important role in the making of a global world. These routes knitted to­gether vast regions of Asia and linked Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrived almost till the fifteenth century.

3. Food became a means of long-distance cultural exchange. Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled. Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, etc. were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus discovered the vast continent which later came to be known as the Americas or America comprising North America, South America and the Caribbean.

4. Before its discovery, America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for mil­lions of years. But from the sixteenth century, its vast lands and abundant crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere. This tempted the Portuguese and Spanish conquerors. But when they arrived in America, they also carried the germs of smallpox on their person. This disease killed and decimated the whole communities of America and paved the way for its conquest.

5. Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe. Hence, thousands fled Eu­rope for America. Slowly and steadily Americas’ importance grew and the centre of world trade moved westward. Europe now emerged as the centre of world trade.

6. The world changed profoundly in the nineteenth century. Economists identify three types of flows – the flow of trade, the flow of labour and the flow of capital within international economic exchanges. All three flows were closely interwoven and affected peoples’ lives.

7. The nineteenth-century Britain lacked self-sufficiency in food because of tremendous population growth. As a result, food grain prices were pushed up compelling people to import cheaper food from other countries. The government introduced the ‘Corn Laws’ to put a check on this trend. But these laws could not last long. They were abolished which brought striking changes in the British economy.

8. Food began to be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivat­ed, and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work. They flocked to the cities or migrated overseas in search of a better future.

9. The nineteenth-century world was a complete global world. The technological advances played a ma­jor role in it. Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from far way farms to final markets.

10. The expansion of trade and a closer relationship with the world economy resulted in the loss of free­doms and livelihoods in many parts of the world. It happened because many European countries began to colonise overseas territories in the late nineteenth century. The US also became a colonial power in the late 1890s by taking over some colonies earlier held by Spain. The colonialism left de­structive impact on the economy and livelihoods of colonized people.

11. Africa had abundant land and mineral resources. For centuries, land and livestock sustained African livelihoods and people rarely worked for a wage. In the late nineteenth century, Europeans came to Africa and established plantations and mines to produce crops and minerals for export to Europe. But they faced problems of shortage of labour.

12. Rinderpest, a devastating cattle disease, arrived in Africa in the late 1880s. The disease killed 90 percent of the cattle. The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods. It proved a blessing for the colo­nial governments. They forced Africans into the labour market.

13. In the nineteenth century, hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went to work on plantations in mines and in road and railway construction projects around the world. These labour­ers, known as indentured labourers, were forced to live in harsh conditions on the plantations.

14. With industrialization, British cotton manufacture began to expand. This caused decline in the inflow of fine Indian cotton. From the early nineteenth century, British manufacturers also began to seek overseas markets for their cloth. Excluded from the British markets by tariff barriers, Indian textiles now faced stiff competition in other international markets.

15. On the one hand, exports of Indian cotton textiles declined rapidly while on the other hand, export of raw materials increased at fast pace. Over the nineteenth century, British manufacturers flooded the Indian markets. Food grain and raw material exports from India to Britain and the rest of the world increased. But the value of British export to India was much higher than the value of British imports from India. Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries. By helping Britain balance its deficits, India played a crucial role in the late nineteenth-century world economy.

16. During the First World War, the world experienced widespread economic and political instability. The war led to the snapping of economic links between some of the world’s largest economic powers which were now fighting each other to pay for them.

17. Post-war economic recovery was a difficult task. Britain, which was the world’s leading economy in the pre-war period, in particular, faced a prolonged crisis due to huge external debts. The US, however, recovered quickly. The war helped boost the US economy. One important feature of the US economy of the 1920s was mass production. Henry Ford, a pioneer of mass production recovered the high wages by repeatedly speeding up the production line and forcing workers to work even harder. Car production in the US rose which improved its economy.

18. The Great Depression (1929-1930s) had terrifying effects on the world economy. Production, employment, incomes, trade-all declined catastrophically. Agricultural regions and communities were worst affected. Several factors were responsible for the Great Depression. Agricultural overproduction and withdrawal of US loans were major factors.

19. The Indian economy was also affected badly. India’s exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934. Wheat prices fell by 50 percent during this period. Peasants and farmers suffered more than urban dwellers who had fixed incomes in the form of salary.

20. The Second World War which broke out in 1939 crushed the world once again. At least 60 million peo- pie are believed to have been killed, directly or indirectly, as a result of the war. The war also caused an immense amount of economic devastation and social disruption. Once again the reconstruction of world economy proved to be a difficult task.

21. Two crucial influences shaped post-war reconstruction. The first was the US’s emergence as the domi­nant economic, political and military power in the western world and the second was the dominance of the Soviet Union.

22. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or the World Bank was set up to finance post-war reconstruction. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established to deal with ex­ternal surpluses and deficits of its member nations. The IMF and the World Bank are referred to as the Bretton Woods Institutions. The post-war international economic system is also described as the Bretton Woods system.

23. The Bretton Woods system played an important role in boosting up the world trade which grew annu­ally at over 8 percent between 1950 and 1970 and incomes at nearly 5 percent. From the late 1950s the Bretton Woods institutions began to shift their attention more towards developing countries.

24. Since the developing countries had no real control over their natural resources, so they organized themselves as a group, known as the Group of 77 (or G-77). They demanded a new international economic order (NIEO) which would give them more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better accessibility of manufactured goods in international markets etc.

25. The Bretton Woods system ended and globalization started with the setting up of MNCs. These MNCs increased employment opportunities to a great extent.

The Making of Global World Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Globalization: The process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture.

Silk Route: It refers to a network of ancient trade routes connecting Asia, Europe and Africa.

Dissenter: One who refuses to accept established beliefs and practices. ;

Colonialism: The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

Rinderpest: A devastating cattle disease which arrived in Africa in the late 1880s and killed 90 percent of the cattle.

Indentured Labour: A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his passage to a new country or home.

Tariff: Tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world.

Exchange Rates: They link national currencies for purposes of international trade. They are of two kinds-fixed exchange rate and floating exchange rate.

Fixed Exchange Rates: When exchange rates are fixed and governments intervene to prevent movements in them.

Flexible or Floating Exchange Rates: These rates fluctuate depending on demand and supply of currencies in foreign exchange markets, in principle without interference by governments.

Decolonization: Undoing of colonialism, where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over dependent territories.

Trade Surplus: A situation under which the value of exports is much higher than the value of imports.

Notes of History Class 10 Chapter 4 Time Period

1845-1849: The Great Potato Famine

1890’s: The US became a colonial power.

1890’s: Cattle Plague or Rinderpest spread.

1914-18: The First World War

1920’s: The US economy resumed its strong growth between 1928 to 1934 – India’s exports and im­ports really halved.

1929: The Great Depression began.

1944: United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA

1947: The IMF and the World Bank began financial operations.

1970’s: Multinational companies began to shift production operations to low-wage Asian countries.