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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 7 Print Culture and the Modern World

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 7 Print Culture and the Modern World.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
Give reasons for the following :
(a) Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295.
(b) Martin Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it.
(c) The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an Index of Prohibited Books from the mid-sixteenth century.
(d) Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press and freedom of association.
Answer:
(a) Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295 due to the following reasons :

1. The earliest kind of print technology – system of hand printing – was developed in China, Japan and Korea.
2. From AD 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper – also invented there – against the inked surface of woodblocks.
3. Marco Polo, a great explorer, had gone to China for exploration.
4. In 1295 he returned to Italy and brought this knowledge with him.
5. From Italy this technology spread to other parts of Europe.
6. Religious preachers too were help in spreading print culture.
7. However, it may be mentioned here luxury editions were still handwritten on vellum meant for aristocratic people and rich monastic libraries which scoffed at printed books as cheap vulgarities. Merchants and students in the university towns bought the cheaper printed copies.
8. With the growing demand for books, woodblock printing gradually became more and more popular.
9. By the early fifteenth century, woodblocks were being widely used in Europe to print textiles, playing cards and religious pictures with simple brief texts.

(b) Because it was the printing press which gave him a chance to criticise many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.

(c) Print and popular literature encouraged many distinctive interpretations of religious faiths and ideas. In the 16th century, Manocchio, a miller in Italy began to read books available readily in his locality. He gave a new interpretation of the Bible and formulated a view of God, and creation that enraged the Roman Catholic Church.
As a result, Manocchio was hauled up twice, and ultimately executed when the Roman Church began its inquisition, and to repress the therapeutical ideas. After this several control measures were imposed on publishers and booksellers. In 1558, the Roman Church decided to maintain an Index of prohibited books.

(d) Mahatma Gandhi uttered these words in 1922 during the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922). Because according to him without the liberty of speech, the liberty of the press, and freedom of association, no nation can even survive. If the country was to get free from foreign domination, then these liberties were quite important. If there is no liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom of association, then there is no nationalism. Nationalism requires these three prerequisites for its survival. Mahatma Gandhi fully knew the fact. That is why, he said so, particularly about these three freedoms. How could one ever think of nationalism in the absence of these three essential conditions?

Question 2.
Write short notes to show what you know about:
(a) The Gutenberg Press
(b) Erasmus’s idea of the printed book
(c) The Vernacular Press Act.
Answer:
(a) The Gutenberg Press :

1. It was invented by Gutenberg by adopting existing technology to design his innovation.
2. He used olive press as a model for the printing press and moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet.
3. By 1448, he perfected his system. Gutenberg developed metal types for each of the 26 characters of the Roman alphabet.
4. He devised a way of moving them around so as to compose different words of the text. This came to be known as the moveable type printing machine.
5. It remained the basic print technology over the next 300 years.
6. The Gutenberg press could print 250 sheets on one side per hour.
7. Bible was the first book that was printed by him. It took three years to print 180 copies but this was fast production at that time.

(b) Erasmus’s idea of the printed book : Erasmus was a Latin scholar and a Catholic reformer. He criticised the excesses of Catholicism. He, however, kept his distance from Luther and did not join his movement against the Church. He was worried about printing on a large scale because he thought that some of the books might be good in contributing some useful knowledge but most of the books are slanderous, scandalous, raving, irreligious and seditious. Such books are harmful and their number is so large that even valuable books lose their value. So, he was against printing of books.

(c) The Vernacular Press Act:
Causes :

1. Before 1857, the East India Company encouraged publication of newspapers.
2. During the period of William Bentick, Thomas Macaulay formulated new rules that restored the earlier freedoms of the press.
3. After 1857 the Indian press began publishing a lot of information which helped in the awakening of the masses.
4. The vernacular press became nationalist. The attitude of the press enraged the Englishmen and they demanded to put restrictions on the vernacular press.
   II. It was under above conditions that the Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878. It was modelled on the Irish Press Laws. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. This Act was against the freedom of press and the vernacular press was kept under stringent control.
   For example when a newspaper report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned, and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated. But in spite of this repressive measure, the nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of the country. They went on reporting misrule of the British government in India and encouraged nationalist activities.

Question 3.
What did the spread of print culture in nineteenth-century India mean to :
(a) Women
(b) The poor
(c) Reformers?
Answer:
(a) Women: The spread of print culture in nineteenth-century India was very important in the following ways for the women :

1. The lives and feelings of women began to be written in clear and intense ways.
2. Women’s reading increased enormously in middle-class homes.
3. Liberal husbands and fathers started educating women at home. When women’s schools were opened after the mid-nineteenth century, they sent them to schools for education.
4. Articles were written in journals about the need for education for women. Sometimes syllabus and suitable reading material was published which could be used for home-based schooling.
   Thus print culture helped in the improvement of the condition of women in society. Some of them wrote books and autobiographies. For example, Rashsundari Debi wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban which was published in 1876. Kailashbashini Debi (Bengal), Tarabai Shinde, and Pandita Ramabai (Maharashtra) were famous women writers. However, the conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed. Muslims too feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances.
5. Women started writing about their own lives. From the 1860s, a few Bengali women like Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women at home doing hard domestic labour and treated unjustly by the very people they served.
6. In 1880, in present-day Maharashtra, Tarabai Shinde, and Pandita Ramabai wrote with passionate anger about the miserable lives of the upper caste Hindu women.
7. In Hindi too, a large segment of printing was devoted to the education of women.

(b) The Poor : Print culture helped the poor people significantly in the following ways :

1. Very cheap small books were brought to the markets in nineteenth-century Madras towns and sold at cross-roads, allowing poor people travelling to markets to buy them.
2. Public libraries were set up from the early twentieth century, expanding the access to books. These libraries were located mostly in cities and towns, and at times in prosperous villages. For rich local patrons, setting up a library was a way of acquiring prestige.
3. From the late nineteenth-century, cases of caste discrimination were published. For example Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of ‘low caste’ protest movements, wrote about the injustices of the caste system in his Gulamgiri (1871).
4. Social reformers tried to restrict excessive drinking among them to bring literacy and sometimes, to propagate the message of nationalism.

(c) (i) Reformers used newspapers, journals and books to highlight the social evils prevailing in the society. Raja Ram Mohan Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi to highlight the plight of widows.

(ii) From the 1860s, many Bengali women writers like Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women about how women were imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labour and treated unjustly by the menfolk, they served.

In the 1880s, in present-day Maharashtra, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote with passionate anger about the miserable lives of the upper-caste Hindu women, especially the widows. The poor status of women was also expressed by the Tamil writers.

(iii) Jyotiba Phule was a social reformer. He wrote about the poor condition of the ‘low caste’. In his book Gulamgiri (1871), he wrote about the injustices of the caste system.

In the 20th century, B.R. Ambedkar also wrote powerfully against the caste system. He also wrote against untouchability.
E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker, also known as Periyar, too wrote about the caste system prevailing in Madras (Chennai).

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 6 Work, Life and Leisure

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Work, Life and Leisure.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
Give two reasons why the population of London expanded from the middle of the eighteenth century.
Answer:
(i) Industrialisation was the most important factor which attracted people to London.
(ii) The textile industry of London attracted a large number of migrants, fit The city of London attracted people from all walks of life like clerks, shopkeepers, soldiers, servants, labourers, beggars, etc.

Question 2.
What were the changes in the kind of work available to women in London between the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries?
Answer:
Earlier in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, women used to work in factories. But with technological developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to adopt the following types of jobs:

1. They worked within households. Thus according to the 1861 census, there were a quarter of a million domestic servants in London of whom the vast majority were women. Many of them were recent migrants.
2. A large number of women used their homes to increase family income by taking in lodgers or through such activities as tailoring, washing or matchbox making.
3. There was a change once again in the twentieth century. Women got employment in war-time industries and offices. They withdrew from domestic service.

Question 3.
How does the existence of a large urban population affect each of the following? Illustrate with historical examples.
(a) A private landlord
(b) A Police Superintendent in charge of law and order
(c) A leader of a political party.
Answer:
(a) Effects of large urban population over a private landlord: As a result of industrialization, a large number of people from the rural areas moved to London, thereby increasing the population of London manifold. Such a situation created many problems for most of the residents of London.

However, some sections of the society, such as the private landlords stood to gain. They sold their land to the needy people a: very high rates. They built cheap tenements on their land, rented them to the poor workers, and amassed quite large sums of money as rents,

(b) Effects of large urban population on a police superintendent: A large urban population of London created many problems for the Police Superintendent, who was in charge of law and order

(i) The overcrowding of London led to the growth of crime in that city According to one estimate. there were about 20.000 criminals living in London in the 1870s. The presence of such a large number of criminals in London created a serious law and order problem for the Police Superintend.

(ii) When a fire in the slums burnt down many small tenements and killed many people, the police had a hard Time to control the situation.

(iii) Many movements of the workers for better wages, better housing facilities and Just voting rights meant a great headache for the police.

(c) Effects of a Large Urban Population on a Leader of a Political Party: A large City population was a great threat to the law and order of the city. The political parties could easily instigate such crowds to any agitation against the government. Most political movements of the 19th century, like the Chartist movement for the right to vote for every adult and 10 hours movement, etc., were the direct results of the overcrowding of London.

Question 4(a).
Give explanations for the following :
(а) Why well-off Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor in the nineteenth century?
Answer:
(a) (i) Living in slums was very dangerous for the labourers. They lived upto an average age of 29 years as compared to the average life expectancy of 55 among the higher and the middle classes.
(ii) Such slums were not only harmful for the slum dwellers, but they were also a threat to the public health, and could easily lead to any epidemic,
(iii) Poor housing could prove a great fire hazard and could engulf other areas in the fire disaster.
(iv) Especially, after the Russian Revolution of 1917. it was felt that poor housing could lead to any social disaster, and could lead to rebellions by the poor slum dwellers.
(v) Lack of proper houses was also increasing the pollution level.

Question 4(b).
Why a number of Bombay films were about the lives of migrants?
Answer:
Most of the people in the film industry were themselves migrants who came from cities like Lahore, Calcutta, Madras and contributed to the national character of the industry. Those who came from Lahore, then in Punjab, were especially important for the development of the Hindi film industry. Many famous writers, like Ismat Chughtai and Saadat Hasan Manto, were associated with the Hindi cinema.

Question 4(c).
What led to the major expansion of Bombay’s population in the mid-nineteenth century?
Answer:
(c) (i) In 1819, Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency. So it attracted more and more people towards the city.
(ii) With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, a large number of traders and bankers along with artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay or Mumbai.
(iii) As a result of the establishment of many industries along with the expansion of the cotton industry, more and more people migrated to Bombay from the neighbouring areas, especially from the nearby district of Ratnagiri.
(iv) Bombay dominated the maritime trade of India with the European countries.
(v) The introduction of railways, also encouraged a higher scale of migrants to this city.
(vi) Famine in the dry regions of Kutch drove a large number of people into Bombay or Mumbai.
(vii) When Bombay became the hub of Indian films, many new people—artists, dramatists, play writers, poets, singers, story writers flocked to this city despite its massive overcrowding.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 5 The Age of Industrialisation

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 5 The Age of Industrialisation.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
Explain the following :
(a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.
(b) In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.
(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
(d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India.
Answer:
(a) The Spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves in 1764. This machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demands. By the use of this machine, a single worker could make a number of spindles, and spin several threads at n time. It simply meant that as a result of this machine, many weavers would be left without any job and became unemployed. It was this lea: of unemployment which —ace women workers, who survived on hand spinning. began attacking the new machines.

(b) The earlier phase of industrialization in which large scale production was carried out for the international market not at factories but in decentralised units.
(i) Huge demand: The world trade expanded at a very fast rate during the 17th and 18th centuries. The acquisition of colonies
was also responsible for the increase in demand. The town producers failed to produce the required quantity.
(ii) Powerful town producers:

• The town producers were very powerful,
• The producers could not expand the production a: will. This was because in the towns, urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people within the trade.

(iii) Monopoly rights: The rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to the countryside.

(iv) New economic situation in the countryside: Open fields were disappearing in the countryside and the commons were being enclosed. Cottagers and poor peasants who were earlier depended on common lands became jobless So when merchants came around and offered advances to produce, peasants households eagerly agreed.

(c) (i) Most of the European companies had huge resources, so it was very difficult for the Indian merchants and traders to face the competition.
(ii) The European companies were gaining power by securing a variety of concessions from the local courts.
(iii) Some of the companies got the monopoly rights to Dade.
All this resulted in the decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly through which local merchants had operand. Exports from these ports fell dramatically, the credit that had financed the earlier trade began drying up. and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt.
(iv) In the last years of the seventeenth century, the gross value of -race that passed through Sura: had been t 16 million. By the 1740s. it had slumped to 3 million rupees.
(v) With the passage of time. Surat and Hoogly decayed. Bombay (Mumbai), and Calcutta (Kolkata) grew.

(d) (i) Monopoly right : Once the East India Company established political power, it asserted a monopoly right to trade.
(ii) New system: After establishing monopoly over trade :t proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. This it did through a series of steps.
(iii) Appointing Gomasthas: The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the doth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weavers. It appointed a paid secant called the Gomostha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(iv) System of advances: To have a direct control over the weavers, the company- started the system of advances. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those, who took loans had to hand over the doth they produced to the Gomastha. They could not take it to any other trader.
(v) Use of power: The places where the weaver refused to cooperate the Company used its police. At many places, weaver was often beaten and flogged for delays in supply.

Question 2.
Write True or False against each statement:
(a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 percent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.
(b) The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century.
(c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.
(d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve their productivity.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) True
(c) False
(d) True,

Question 3.
Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation.
Answer:
The parly phase of industrialization in which large-scale production was carried out for the international market not at factories but in decentralised units.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 4 The Making of Global World

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 4 The Making of Global World.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.
Answer:
(i) Exchange of food: Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange. It is believed that ‘noodles’ travelled west from China to become ‘spaghetti’.

(ii) Exchange of germs: The Portuguese and Spanish conquests and colonisation of America were decisively underway by the mid-sixteenth century. The European conquest was not just a result of superior firepower. In fact, the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon at all. It was the germs such as those of smallpox that they carried on their person. Because of their long isolation, America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. Smallpox in particular proved a deadly killer. Once introduced, it spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any European reaching there. It killed and decimated whole communities, paving the way for conquest.

Question 2.
Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.
Answer:
The colonisation of the Americas took place in the mid-sixteenth century. It was, however, not due to the superior military strength of the Spanish conquerors. The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon at all but it was primarily due to the global transfer of disease that helped in the colonisation of the Americas. The Spaniards carried on their person, the germs such as those of smallpox into the Americas. The local inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases due to their long isolation. It resulted in – spread of these diseases in the continent. Smallpox in particular killed and decimated many communities and paved the way for conquest and colonisation of the Americas. It was not a warfare. John Winthorp, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony in New England, wrote in May 1634 that smallpox signalled God’s blessing for the colonists ‘…. the natives …. were near all dead of smallpox, so as the Lord had cleared our title to what we possess.’ Thus it can be said that the guns could be bought or captured and turned against the invaders but not diseases such as smallpox to which the conquerors were mostly immune.

Question 3.
Write a note to explain the effects of the following :
(a) The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.
(b) The coming of rinderpest to Africa.
(c) The death of men of working-age in Europe because of the World War.
(d) The Great Depression on the Indian economy.
(e) The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.
Answer:
(a) Effects of the British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws were as follows :

1. Food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. ,
2. Vast areas of land were left uncultivated. As a result of it thousands of men and women became unemployed. They shifted to cities and settled there, Many migrated to overseas in search of work.

(b) The coming of rinderpest or cattle plague to’Africa : Rinderpest arrived in Africa in the late 1880s. It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa. Entering Africa in the east, rinderpest moved west ‘like forest fire’ and reached Africa’s Atlantic coast in 1892.
It had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihood and the local economy as mentioned below :

1. On its way it killed 90 per cent of the cattle.
2. The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods.
3. Planters, mine owners and colonial governments monopolised the remaining cattle resources and strengthened their power. They forced the Africans into the labour market.
4. Control over the remaining cattle resource enabled European colonisers to conquer and sub-due Africa. The coming of rinderpest shows how in an era of conquest even a disease affecting cattle reshaped the lives and fortunes of thousands of people and their relations with the rest of the world.

(c) The death of men of working age in Europe because of the world war had the
following effects :

1. The death and injuries reduced the able-bodied work force in Europe.
2. Almost in every family some members had died during the war. Thus, with fewer numbers within the family, household incomes declined after the war.

(d) The effects of the Great Depression on the Indian economy were as given below :

1. By the early twentieth century the global economy had become integrated. The crisis in one part of the world quickly affected the other parts affecting lives, economies, and societies. Colonial India had become an exporter of agricultural goods and importer of manufacturers. Thus the depression affected Indian trade badly. The exports and imports decreased to half between 1928 and 1934.
2. Prices in India fell sharply. For example, between 1928 and 1934, wheat prices fell by 50 percent.
3. The peasants suffered more than the urban people. In spite of the fall in agricultural prices, the government did not reduce the land revenue. Peasants producing for the world market were the worst hit e.g., the collapse of gunny exports led to crash in the price of raw jute to more than 60 percent.
4.  In general peasants’ indebtedness increased. They used their savings, mortgaged lands, and sold their jewelry and precious metals to meet their expenses.
5. India, however, became an exporter of gold. The famous economist John Maynard Keynes thought that Indian gold exports promoted global economic recovery.
6. In urban India, the condition of people was, however, better because prices had fallen and they with their fixed incomes could purchase more. Industrial investment also increased due to tariff protection to industries under the pressure of the nationalists.
   Thus, the Great Depression had affected adversely the rural economy but it was less harmful for urban India.

(e) The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries had the following effects :

1. It stimulated world trade and capital flows.
2. Low wages in countries like China had made these countries attractive destinations for investments by foreign MNCs competing to capture world markets. For example, Indian markets are flooded with most of the TVs, mobile phones, and toys that are made in China. This is because of the low-cost structure of the Chinese economy, most importantly its low wages.
3. The world’s economic geography has been transformed as countries such as India, China and Brazil have undergone a rapid economic transformation. For example, India has followed policies of liberalisation and globalisation.

Question 4.
Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.
Answer:
The impact of technology on food availability was significant. The railways, steamships, the telegraph were important inventions which transformed the nineteenth-century world as mentioned below :

1. Railways, lighter wagons, and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets.
2. Earlier in the trade of meat, animals were shipped live from America to Europe and then slaughtered.
   This system had drawbacks as mentioned below :
   (a) Animals took more space on the ship.
   (b) Many died in voyage.
   (c) Many fell ill and lost weight.
   (d) Many became unfit to eat.
   In view of the above meat was expensive luxury beyond the reach of the European poor.
3. Earlier there was less demand due to high prices. The new technology i.e., refrigerated ships, enabled the transport of perishable foods over long distances because now the animals were slaughtered at the starting point and then transported to other places as frozen meat.
   This reduced the price of meat. The poor could also afford meat and add to their diet. Better living conditions promoted social peace within the country and support for imperialism abroad. Thus, technology made the availability of food products possible in different and faraway places.

Question 5.
What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?
Answer:
The main aim of the post-war international economic system was to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world. The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire in the USA agreed upon its framework.
The Bretton Woods Conference established the following institutions :

1. International Monetary Fund: Its aim was to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations.
2. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or World Bank was set “Up to finance post-war reconstruction.
3. The above institutions are known as The Bretton Woods institutions or Bretton Woods twins. The post-war international economic system is also often described as the Bretton Woods system. It was based on fixed exchange rates. National currencies were pegged to the dollar at a fixed exchange rate. The dollar itself was anchored to gold at a fixed price of $ 35 per ounce of gold.
4. The decision-making in these institutions is controlled by the western industrial powers. The US has an effective right of veto over key IMF and World Bank decisions.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 3 Nationalism in India

These Solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science. Here we have given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 3 Nationalism in India.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Question 1.
Explain :
(a) Why the growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement?
(b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India?
(c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
(d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw this Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer:
(a)

1. In India, as in Vietnam and many other colonies, the growth of modem nationalism is intimately connected to the Anti-colonial Movement. People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together.
2. The European powers considered their culture more civilised, modern, and superior. They forcefully started imposing their culture on the colonies. This also aroused the feeling of nationalism.
3. Gandhiji used ‘Satyagraha’ against the Britishers. This also promoted the spirit of nationalism among the people.
4. The anti-colonial movement was a united struggle by the people against foreigners. The united struggle was responsible for arousing the spirit of nationalism.

(b) The War created a new economic and political situation :

1. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes, customs duties were raised, and income tax introduced.
2. Through the war years, prices increased – doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading to extreme hardships for the common people.
3. Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers, and forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.

(c) 

1. Rowlatt Act was passed through the Imperial Legislative Council on a report of the Sedition Committee, headed by Justice Rowlatt.
2. It was the black act which gave the government and the police to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without tried for two years.
3. The Act was passed despite the united opposition of the Indian members of the Council.
   This Act became one of the factors due to which Gandhiji launched the Non-Cooperation Movement.

(d) In February 1922, Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement due to the following reasons:

1. The movement was turning violent. At Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a Bazar turned into a violent clash in which more than 20 policemen were killed.
2. Gandhiji felt that the Safyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggle.
3. Within the Congress, some leaders were tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils, which were set up under the Government of India Act, 1919.
4. Industrialists, workers, peasants etc. interpreted the term ‘Swaraj’ in their own way. At many places like that of Andhra Pradesh, leaders like Alluri Sitaram Raju asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force. But their values were not approved by the Congress.

Question 2.
What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha ?
Answer:

• It was a non-violent method of mass agitation against the Oppressor.
• It emphasised the power of truth and the need to search the truth.
• It suggested that if the cause was true if the struggle was against injustice, there is no need for physical force to fight the oppressor.
• People-including the oppressors had to be persuaded to see the truth instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence.
• By this struggle, the truth was bound to be victorious.

Question 3.
Write a newspaper report on :
(a) The Jallianwalla Bagh massacre.
(b) The Simon Commission.
Answer:
(a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre :
Amritsar
13 April 1919
Today is Baisakhi day. The people of Punjab celebrate this day with pomp and show. The festival commemorates the establishment of the Khalsa panth or Sikh order by tenth Sikh Guru, Gobind Singh on Baisakhi Day on April 13, 1699. It also marks the start of the harvest season in Punjab and Haryana.

Today to celebrate Baisakhi a large crowd of non-violent protesters against the policy of the government along with pilgrims gathered in Jallianwala Bagh. There were thousands of men, women and children. People had come from the villages around Amritsar. It was a peaceful gathering and people were enjoying the festival.

General Dyer had imposed Martial Law in the city. However, it was not announced properly. People who had come from outside did not know about it.

The Bagh-space comprised 6 to 7 acres and was walled on all sides. General Dyer could not tolerate the gathering. He came with his troops and ordered them to fire on the crowd for ten minutes directing their bullets largely towards the gates through which people were trying to flee. The firing went on till the ammunition was exhausted. After the massacre, the wounded were left without medical help. The exact number of casualities is not known. It included people of all ages i.e., children, women, young and old. It is injustice with the people of Punjab.

(b) Simon Commission :
New Delhi,
15 January 1928
The new Tory government in Britain has appointed a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon in response to the nationalist movement in India. The Commission will look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. It is really strange that though object of the commission is to look into an -indian problem but no Indian has been appointed as its member. All the members were Britishers. This is gross injustice. Indians must raise their voice against it and resist the Commission at all levels so that the British government may include Indians in the Commission.

Question 4.
Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter I.
Answer:
There are two images of Bharat Mata one by Abanindranath Tagore and the second by another artist. In the image by Tagore, Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure. She has been shown as calm, composed, divine and spiritual. She is shown also as dispensing learning food and clothing. Abanindranath Tagore tried to develop a style of painting that could be seen as truly Indian.

In the second figure, Bharat Mata is shown with a trishul, standing beside a lion and an elephant both symbols of power and authority. This figure is a contrast to the one painted by Abanindranath Tagore. On the other hand, the image of Germania by Philip Veet wears a crown of oak leaves which stands for heroism. Thus, there is one similarity between Bharat Mata and Germania – both have an element of bravery i.e., power, authority, and heroism.

Hope given NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 3 are helpful to complete your homework.

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